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Digital Image Processing in Photogrammetry

This document discusses digital image processing techniques used in photogrammetry. It begins with an overview of digital image fundamentals like quantization and resampling. Then it discusses common digital image processing tasks like smoothing and gradient operators for feature extraction. It also covers pansharpening techniques to increase the spatial resolution of multispectral imagery. Key algorithms discussed include nearest neighbor, bilinear, and bicubic interpolation for resampling, as well as Sobel filters and Canny edge detection. Examples are provided to illustrate resampling and pansharpening methods.

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Richard Oliver
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265 views

Digital Image Processing in Photogrammetry

This document discusses digital image processing techniques used in photogrammetry. It begins with an overview of digital image fundamentals like quantization and resampling. Then it discusses common digital image processing tasks like smoothing and gradient operators for feature extraction. It also covers pansharpening techniques to increase the spatial resolution of multispectral imagery. Key algorithms discussed include nearest neighbor, bilinear, and bicubic interpolation for resampling, as well as Sobel filters and Canny edge detection. Examples are provided to illustrate resampling and pansharpening methods.

Uploaded by

Richard Oliver
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing in Photogrammetry

overview
Part 1 Digital Image Fundamentals Digital Image Quantization, bit depth, histogram Resampling Part 2 Digital Image Processing Fundamentals Smoothing operators Gradient operators Feature extraction Pansharpening

Photogrammetric processes
System level tasks:
Algorithms for storing, accessing, displaying images (e.g. zoom in and out, panning). Manipulation of digital imagery

Low level tasks:


Algorithms for processing and matching images, extract features from images Image processing, orientation, orthophotos, DEM

Middle level tasks:


Algorithms for image segmentation Surface and feature reconstruction

High level tasks:


Algorithms for image understanding Object Recognition, image interpretation

Digital Image
The continuous range of details, intensities and colours are converted to discrete digital values when the image is stored in a computer.

Digital Image
A digital image is a function f(x,y) discretised on the locations (x,y) (i.e. Sampling) and on the brightness levels (i.e. Quantisation) Matrix with x,y as rows and columns and f as matrix element Matrix element = picture element (PIXEL)

Sampling

Quantization

Digital Image

Image = Matrix (nx, ny) =

Digital Image
Discretisation representation of digital images

Quantization B/W Image

Quantization Colour Image

Bit depth
-The human eye can only discern about 10 million different colours -Saving an image in more than 24 bpp is excessive if only for viewing. -Colour gradations in 8bit (or less) images are seen in the image histogram.

Histogram B/W
Histogram: Grey value frequencies
Mean: Reflects the overall brightness of an image Std. Dev. : Measure for the contrast

Histogram - Colour
Histogram: Grey value frequencies
Mean: Reflects the overall brightness of an image Std. Dev. : Measure for the contrast

Histogram manipulation
Histogram: Brightness and Contrast

Histogram manipulation
Histogram Equalization

Resampling
Different operation with digital images require an interpolation of the grey values (e.g. rotation, magnification, etc)

Grey-values in g2(x,y) after the operation are no more in an integer position => Solution: resampling Mainly 4 procedures: (a) Nearest Neighbour (b) Bilinear Interpolation (c) Bicubic Interpolation (d) Spline Applications: Image measurements ia matching Orthophoto generation Image rectification

Resampling
Example

Resampling - Nearest neighbor

- It uses the value of the next pixel as new grey-value - No new grey-value is computed - Fast but not good results - The image intensity is preserved - Histogram before/after resampling is very similar

Resampling Bilinear interpolation

Resampling Bicubic interpolation & Spline


Bicubic -4x4 neighborhood of known pixels (16 pix.) -Closer pixels with higher weighting -Sharper images -Standard in many image editing programs (incl. Adobe Photoshop), printer drivers and incamera interpolation.

Spline

-Computationally expensive -Retain the most image information after an interpolation. -Useful when multiple rotations / distortions are applied. -Not optimal for single step enlargements

Smoothing operators

- Remove noise - Reducing resolution Common convolution filters: - Average - Gaussian - Edge Preserving Smoothing

Smoothing operators
- Remove noise - Reducing resolution Common convolution filters: - Average - Gaussian - Edge Preserving Smoothing (EPS)

Smoothing operators
Gaussian Intensity graph of a step function

smoothed with a Gaussian filter

Smoothing operators : Noise Removal


Original

EPS

Smoothing operators : Noise Removal


Original EPS

Original

EPS

Smoothing operators : Noise Removal


Original Gaussian EPS

Smoothing operators : Reducing Resolution

Gradient operators
- Detect changes in images, occurring within small regions - Used for e.g. edge enhancement, corner detection, detection of road lines, Discontinuities - e.g. Sobel

Feature extraction: Edges


Edges are pixels where the brightness function changes abruptly. Detecting edge pixels : determining local discontinuities in gray levels. Linking edge pixels into edges: identification of edge pixels that belong to the same edge. Grouping edges: identifying straight line segments, polylines, etc.

Feature extraction: Edges


Canny extractor 1. Smoothing: using a gaussian smoothing operator 2. Gradient 3. Non-maximum suppression 4. Hysteresis threshold

Feature extraction: Edges


Canny Grad. Thresh

Feature extraction: Edges

Pansharpening - Methods
A pixel level fusion technique Increase spatial resolution Preserve spectral information in the multispectral data. Different methods: a) Intensity Hue Saturation, b) Principal components analysis, c) Wavelet transformation

Pansharpening
IHS transformation

RGB color space is hardware-oriented: it reflects the use of CRTs. In the HIS color is described by a single representative of one monochromic wave of light Hue with the specification of Saturation measure and Intensity measure.

Pansharpening - example
IKONOS PAN: 1m MS: 4 m

Pansharpening - example
PAN: 0.6 m MS: 2.5 m

Pansharpening - example

Pansharpening - considerations
Factors to be considered before performing sharpening : The application for which the sharpened data is to be used Co-registration of the multispectral and panchromatic images (incl. the geometric corrections and models) Viewing angle of the imagery Time difference in acquisition of panchromatic & multispectral images Resampling algorithm Radiometric quality and preprocessing

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