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Overview of Financial Statement Analysis

This document provides an overview of financial statement analysis. It discusses how analysis is used to evaluate business prospects and risks, and is an information source for decision makers such as investors, creditors, and managers. The main types of analysis covered are credit analysis, equity analysis, and management and control analysis. Financial statements reflect a company's planning, investing, financing, and operating activities. Ratio, comparative, common-size and valuation analyses are introduced as tools to evaluate financial position and performance.

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Ahmed Zaheer
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views

Overview of Financial Statement Analysis

This document provides an overview of financial statement analysis. It discusses how analysis is used to evaluate business prospects and risks, and is an information source for decision makers such as investors, creditors, and managers. The main types of analysis covered are credit analysis, equity analysis, and management and control analysis. Financial statements reflect a company's planning, investing, financing, and operating activities. Ratio, comparative, common-size and valuation analyses are introduced as tools to evaluate financial position and performance.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Zaheer
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview of Financial Statement Analysis

1
CHAPTER

Business Analysis
Evaluate Prospects

Evaluate Risks

Business Decision Makers Equity investors Creditors Managers Merger and Acquisition Analysts External Auditors Directors Regulators Employees & Unions Lawyers

Information Sources for Business Analysis


Quantitative Financial Statements Industry Statistics Economic Indicators Regulatory filings Trade reports Qualitative
Management Discussion & Analysis Chairpersons Letter Vision/Mission Statement Financial Press Press Releases Web sites

Credit Analysis

Equity Analysis

Management & Control Types of Business Analysis

Labor Negotiations

Regulation

Director Oversight

Financial Management

External Auditing Mergers, Acquisitions & Divestitures

Credit Analysis
Creditors
Trade Creditors Provide goods or services Most short-term Usually implicit interest Bear risk of default Non-trade Creditors Provide major financing Most long-term Usually explicit interest Bear risk of default

Credit Analysis
Credit worthiness: Ability to honor credit obligations (downside risk)

Liquidity Ability to meet shortterm obligations Focus: Current Financial conditions Current cash flows Liquidity of assets

Solvency Ability to meet longterm obligations Focus: Long-term financial conditions Long-term cash flows Extended profitability

Equity Analysis
Assessment of downside risk and upside potential
Technical Analysis Charting Patterns in price behavior or volume history Predict future price movements

Fundamental Analysis Determine value without reference to price Analyze and interpret
Economy Industry Company

(or Fundamental Value)

Intrinsic Value

Value of Company (or stock) without reference to market value (or stock price)

Strategy

Intrinsic value > Market value Intrinsic value < Market value Intrinsic value = Market value

Buy Sell Hold

Business Environment & Strategy Analysis Industry Analysis Strategy Analysis

Financial Analysis Analysis of Sources Risk &Uses of Profitability Funds Analysis Analysis

Accounting Analysis

Prospective Analysis

Cost of Capital Estimate

Intrinsic Value

Accounting Analysis
Process to evaluate and adjust financial statements to better reflect economic reality

Comparability problems across firms and across time Manager estimation error Distortion problems Earnings management Distortion of business

Accounting Risk

Financial Analysis
Process to evaluate financial position and performance using financial statements
Profitability analysis Evaluate return on investments Risk analysis Evaluate riskiness & creditworthiness Analysis of cash flows Evaluate source & deployment of funds

Common tools

Ratio analysis

Cash flow analysis

Prospective Analysis
Process to forecast future payoffs
Business Environment & Strategy Analysis

Accounting Analysis

Financial Analysis

Intrinsic Value

Dynamics of Business Activities


Business Activities
Investing Financing Planning

Time
Beginning of period

Operating

Planning
Investing Financing End of period

Business Activities
Competition Market demands Planning Activities: Goals & Objectives Pricing

Tactics

Distribution

Promotion
Projections

Managerial performance

Opportunities

Obstacles

Business Activities
Financing activities Owner (equity) Nonowner (liabilities)

Financing

Business Activities
Investing activities Buying resources Selling resources

Investing

Financing

Investing = Financing

Business Activities
Investing Activities Planning Activities Financial Activities

Operating Activities
Revenues and expenses from providing goods and services

Financial Statements Reflect Business Activities Planning Investing


Current:

Financing
Current:

Operating
Sales Cost of Goods Sold Selling Expense Administrative Expense Interest Expense Income Tax Expense

Cash Accounts Receivable Inventories Marketable Securities Land, Buildings, & Equipment Patents Investments

Notes Payable Accounts Payable Salaries Payable Income Tax Payable Bonds Payable Common Stock Retained Earnings

Noncurrent:

Noncurrent:

Net Income Income statement

Liabilities & Equity

Assets
Balance Sheet

Cash Flow
Statement of Cash Flows

Balance Sheet
Statement of Shareholders Equity

Financial Statements

Balance Sheet Income Statement Statement of Shareholders Equity Statement of Cash Flows

Balance Sheet
Total Investing = Total Financing = Creditor Financing + Owner Financing

Dell Financing (in $billions) $23.215 = $16.730 + $6.485

Income Statement
Revenues Cost of goods sold = Gross Profit Gross profit Operating expenses = Operating Profit

Dell Profitability (in $billions)

$49,205 - $40,190 = $9,015 Gross Profit


$9,015 - $4,761 = $4,254 Operating profit

Statement of Cash Flows


Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net Cash Flows from Investing Activities Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Additional Information
(Beyond Financial Statements)

Management Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) Management Report Auditor Report Explanatory Notes to Financial Statements Supplementary Information (10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, 20-F) Proxy Statement

Analysis Preview
Yr1 Yr2 Yr3

Comparative Analysis Purpose: Evaluation of consecutive financial statements Output: Direction, speed, & extent of any trend(s) Types: Year-to-year Change Analysis Index-Number Trend Analysis

Analysis Preview

Analysis Preview

Analysis Preview
Common-Size Analysis

Purpose : Evaluation of internal makeup of financial statements Evaluation of financial statement accounts across companies Output: Proportionate size of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, & expenses

Analysis Preview
Common-Size Analysis

Analysis Preview

Analysis Preview
Ratio Analysis
Purpose : Evaluate relation between two or more economically important items (one starting point for further analysis) Output: Mathematical expression of relation between two or more items Cautions: Prior Accounting analysis is important Interpretation is key -- long vs short term & benchmarking

Analysis Preview
Valuation
Valuation - an important goal of many types of business analysis

Purpose: Estimate intrinsic value of a company (or stock) Basis: Present value theory (time value of money)

Analysis Preview
Debt (Bond) Valuation

Bt is the value of the bond at time t It +n is the interest payment in period t+n F is the principal payment (usually the debts face value) r is the interest rate (yield to maturity)

Analysis Preview
Equity Valuation

Vt is the value of an equity security at time t Dt +n is the dividend in period t+n k is the cost of capital E() refers to expected dividends

Analysis Preview
Equity Valuation - Free Cash Flow Model

FCFt+n is the free cash flow in the period t + n [often defined as cash flow from operations less capital expenditures] k is the cost of capital E() refers to an expectation

Analysis Preview
Equity Valuation - Residual Income Model

BV is the book value at the end of period Rit+n is the residual income in period t + n [defined as net income, NI, minus a charge on beginning book value, BV, or RIt = NIt - (k x BVt-1)] k is the cost of capital E() refers to an expectation

Analysis in an Efficient Market


Three assumed forms of market efficiency
Weak Form - prices reflect information in past prices Semi-strong Form - prices reflect all public information Strong Form - prices reflect all public and private information

Analysis in an Efficient Market


Market Efficiency
assumes competent and informed analysis distinguish aggregate from individual behavior reflects information (both reliable and unreliable) cross-country differences in rewards to analysis

Financial statement analysis relevant to more than just market analysis, e.g.,
credit and lending auditing valuation of nonpublicly traded firms mergers and acquisitions etc.

Book Organization
Financial Statement Analysis
Part I Introduction and Overview Part II Accounting Analysis Chapter 3: Analyzing Financial Activities Chapter 4: Analyzing Investing Activities Chapter 5: Analyzing Investing Activities: Special topic Chapter 6: Analyzing Operating Activities Part III Financial Analysis
Chapter 7: Cash Flow Analysis Chapter 8: Return on Invested Capital Chapter 9: Profitability Analysis Chapter 10: Prospective Analysis Chapter 11: Credit Analysis Chapter 12: Equity Analysis and Valuation

Chapter 1: Overview of Financial Statement Analysis


Chapter 2: Financial Reporting and Analysis

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