Predetermined Motion Time Systems

Sections: 1. Overview of Predetermined Motion Time Systems 2. Methods-Time Measurement 3. Maynard Operation Sequence Technique

Chapter 14

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

PMTS Defined
An alternative to direct time study that does not require performance rating. A database of basic motion elements and their associated normal time values, together with procedures for applying the data to analyze manual tasks and establish standard times for the tasks

Basic motions include: Reach Grasp Move Release

A set of tables that listing time values that corresponds to basic motion elements, the lowest level in hierarchy of manual work activity.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Historical Notes
Frank B. Gilberth- 17 therbligs Asa B. Segur Motion Time Analysis (MTA) - the first commercial PMT system (1922) and base on Gilberths 17 therbligs H. Quick Work-factor system (1934-1938): cognitive work involved Harold B. Maynard Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) (1948): very successful and widely used G.Chris Hyde- Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards (MODAPTS) 1966 Kjell B. Zandin- Maynard Operations Sequence Technique (MOST)(1970s) Computerization of systems as commercial products

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

PMTS Procedure
Common in all PMT systems
1. Synthesize/Analyze method that would be used to perform the task The method is described in terms of basic motion elements
Retrieve normal time values for each motion element Sum the element times to determine the task normal time Evaluate method to make improvements by eliminating motions reducing distances using both hands simultaneously etc. Apply allowances to determine standard time
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2.

3.

4.

Performance Rating
No need for performance rating

Different PMT systems use different definitions of standard performance

In general basic motion times are rated based on 100% performance rate (normal or standard performance) MTM and MOST:
daywork standard performance If a day work pace=100, a normal pace=130 Most workers can achieve daywork performance

MTA
based on a faster working pace, one MTA times must be multiplied by 125% Most workers can not achieve standard performance according to MTA

If the organization defines the standard differently, an adjustment should be made

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

performance

PMTS Levels and Generations

First-level PMT Systems use the basic motion elements Reach, grasp, and move used separately to define the task Higher-level systems combine several motion elements into motion aggregates Reach and grasp combined into one element called get First-level systems were chronologically the first to be developed and are called first generation PMTS

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Comparisons
First-level PMTS Higher-level PMTS

Most accurate
High application speed ratio Most suited to highly repetitive short cycles Basic motion elements Very detailed

Less accurate
Less time to set standards Longer cycle times feasible Motion aggregates Less detailed

Highest flexibility
Detailed

Less flexible
Simplified and condensed

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Methods-Time Measurement (MTM)

Procedure which analyzes any manual operation or method into the basic motions required to perform it and assigns to each motion a predetermined time standard which is determined by the nature of the motion and the conditions under which it is made Time units are TMUs 1 TMU = 10-6 hr = 0.0006 min = 0.036 sec 1 sec = 27.8 TMU MTM is a family of products available through the MTM Association (www.mtm.org)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Methods-Time Measurement

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

MTM-1
Operates at the basic motion element level in our pyramidal structure of work Most MTM-1 basic motions involve hand and arm movements Also includes elements for eye, leg, foot, and body actions Many of the basic motion elements correspond to the original therbligs developed by Frank Gilbreth More appropriate for tasks that are highly repetitive and cycle times are less than 1 min Application speed ratio is about 250.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

 R10C takes 8.4 TMUs

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

 G1C3 takes 10.8 TMUs

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

 M6B12.5 takes 3.9+1.11(8.9)=13.8 TMUs

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Round peg in a round hole: S(ymmetrical) Key inserted in a lock: N(on)S(ymmetrical) P3NSD takes 53.4 TMUs
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

 RL1 takes 2 TMUs

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Other MTM Systems

MTM-2 Second-level PMTS in which basic motion elements are combined into motion aggregates (11 motions) GET combines Reach and Grasp PUT combines Move and Position Application speed ratio is about 100. For tasks that are not highly repetitive and cycle times are greater than 1 min

MTM-3 Third-level PMTS which has four motion categories 1. Handle 2. Transport 3. Step and foot motions 4. Bend and arise
Application speed ratio is about 35. Some motion elements are ignored (e.g., eye movement)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Maynard Operation Sequence Technique

MOST is a high-level PMTS based on MTM Same time units as MTM: TMU Developed around 1967 under the direction of Kjell Zandin MOST is a product of H.B. Maynard and Company (an educational and consulting firm), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (www.hbmaynard.com)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

MOST in the Work Pyramid

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Basic MOST
Focused on work involving the movement of objects (e.g., parts, tools) from one location to another in the workplace Uses motion aggregates Called activity sequence models Three activity sequence models: General move object moved freely in space Controlled move object remains in contact with a surface Tool use use of hand tools (e.g., hammer, screwdriver)

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Activity Sequence Model

Consists of sequence model parameters, which correspond roughly to basic motion elements Sequence model parameters for General Move: A Action distance (move hands or feet) horizontal body motions B Body motion (sit, stand up) vertical body motions G - Gain control (closely related to grasp) P Placement (e.g., position, lay aside, orient) Standard sequence in General Move: ABGABPA ABG: to get an object; ABP: to move the object to a new location; A: return to original position
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

1 Index = 10 TMU

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Example: General Move

Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time for the following work activity: A worker walks 5 steps, picks up a small part from the floor, returns to his original position, and places the part on his worktable. Solution A10B6G1A10B0P1A0 where A10=walk 5 steps; B6=bend and arise; G1=gain control of small part; A10=return back; B0=no body motion; P1:lay aside part on table; A0=no motion The sum of index values: 28. Normal time: 10*28=280 TMUs
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Controlled move
Used when an object is moved through a path that is somehow constrained. M-Move, controlled X-Process time I-Align Standard sequence in controlled move: ABGMXIA ABG: to get an object; MXI: to move the object followed by a process time and alignment, A: to return
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Example: Controlled move

Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time for the following work activity: A worker takes 2 steps, grasp the waist-level feed lever on the lathe, pulls up the lever approximately 15 cm to engage the feed. Process time to turn the part is 25 sec. Solution: 25 sec.s=69.5 indices A3B0G1M1X70I0A0 where A3=walk 2 steps; B0=no body motion; G1=gain control of lever; M1=pull the lever up 15 cm: X70=process time of ; I0=no alignment; A0=no motion The sum of index values: 75. Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by 10*75=750 TMUs Normal Pearson Education,P.Inc., UpperISBN 0-13-140650-7. rights= 27 seconds time:Mikell Groover, Saddle River, NJ. All reserved. 2007

Tool use
Applies a variety of work situations F-fasten L-loosen C-cut S-surface treat M-measure R-record T-think Only one is used in a sequence: ABGABP*ABPA ABG: to get the tool, ABP: put the tool in the position, *: tool use code; ABP: put the tool aside, A: return Example 14.4 (page 387)
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Other Versions of MOST

Maxi MOST for work cycles performed fewer than 150 times per week and there are variations in the cycle Can be applied to tasks of several hours Mini MOST for highly repetitive work cycles performed more than 1500 times per week Clerical MOST similar to Basic MOST but designed for clerical tasks

MOST for Windows Computerized technique that allows user to apply Basic MOST, Maxi MOST, or Mini MOST to the task
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.