NUMBERING SYSTEM

NUMBERING SYSTEM
Decimal
Binary
Octal
Changing Numbering System Process
Basic Operation
DECIMAL
A decimal number (based on the number 10)
contains a decimal point.
To understand decimal numbers you must first
know about place value.
When we write numbers, the position (or
place) of each number is important.
In the number 327:
o The 7 is in the Units position, meaning just 7 (or 7 1s)
o The 2 is in the Tens position meaning 2 tens (or twenty)
o The 3 is in the Hundreds position meaning 4 hundreds
As we move left, each position is 10 times bigger!
From Units, to Tens, to Hundreds, to Thousands,
to Ten-Thousands, to Hundred-Thousands, to
Millions!
As we move right, each position is 10 times
smaller.
From Millions, to Hundred-Thousands, to Ten-
Thousands, to Thousands, to Hundreds, to Tens,
to Units.
But what if we continue past Units?
What is 10 times smaller than Units?




But we must first write a decimal point, so we know exactly
where the Units position is.

are! (Tenths) th
10
1
The decimal point is the most important part of a decimal
number. It is exactly to the right of the Units position.
Without it, we would be lost and not know what each position
meant.
Now we can continue with smaller and smaller values, from
tenths, to hundredths, and so on, like in this example:
So, our decimal system lets us write numbers
as large or as small as we want, using the
decimal point.
Numbers can be placed to the left or right of a
decimal point, to indicate values greater than
one or less than one.
17.591
The number to the left of the decimal point is
a whole number (17 for example).
As we move further left, every number place
gets 10 times bigger.
The first digit on the right means tenths
(1/10).
As we move further right, every number place
gets 10 times smaller (one tenth as big).
The word decimal really means based on
10.
From Latin decima: a tenth part.
A decimal fraction is a fraction where the
denominator (the bottom number) is a number such
as 10, 100, 1000, etc (in other words a power of ten).
10
23
: this like look would "2.3" So
100
1376
: this like look would "13.76" So
Or, you could think of a decimal number as a
whole number plus a decimal fraction.
10
3
and 2 : this like look would "2.3" So
100
76
and 13 : this like look would "13.76" So
BINARY
A binary number is made up of only 0s and 1s.

110100
Example of a binary number

There is no 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 in binary!
How do we count using binary?


Binary
1 We start 0
2 Then 1
??? But then there is no symbol for 2. What do we do?
Well, how do we count in decimal?



0 Start at 0
Count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and then
9 This is the last digit in decimal
10 So we start back at 0 again, but add 1 on the left
The same thing is done in binary:



Binary
0 Start at 0
1 Then 1
10 Now start back at 0 again, but add 1 on the left
11 1 more
??? But now what?
What happens in decimal?


99 When we run out of digits,
100 We start back at 0 again, but add 1 on the left
Binary
0 Start at 0
1 Then 1
10 Start back at 0 again, but add 1 on the left
11
100 1is added to the next position on the left
101
110
111
1000 Start back at 0 again and add 1 on the left
1001 And so on!
Decimal VS Binary


In the decimal system there are the Units, Tens,
Hundreds, etc.
In binary, there are Units, Twos, Fours, etc, like this:
The word binary comes form bi- meaning two. We
see bi- in words such as bicycle (two wheels) or
binocular (two eyes).

When you say a binary number, pronounce each digit
(example, the binary number 101 is spoken as one
zero one, or sometimes one-oh-one). This way
people dont get confused with the decimal number.

A single binary digit (like 0 or 1) is called a bit. For
example 11010 is five bits long. The word bit is made
up from the words binary digit.
To show that a number is a binary number,
follow it with a little 2 like this:


This way people wont think it is the decimal
number 101 (one hundred and one).
2
101
Value of a Number in Binary
The value of the n-th digit in a number in base two is
equal to . 2
1 n
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
n-th
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
1
2
n
State the value of the underlined digit in each of the
following numbers in
a)


b)


c)
2
10 1 1100
4 2 1
2
=
2
0010 1 1
16 2 1
4
=
2
101010 1
64 2 1
6
=
Binary in Expanded Notation
A number in base two can be written in expanded
notation as the sum of the product of the digit and
its digit value.
Example 1:


notation? expanded in 1111 is What
2
as written be can 1111
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 + + +
Example 2:


notation? expanded in 1001 is What
2
as written be can 1001
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
2 1 2 0 2 0 2 1 + + +
Example 3:


notation? expanded in 1.1 is What
2
as written be can 1.1
2
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
0
2
1
1 2 1
Example 4:


notation? expanded in 10.11 is What
2
as written be can 10.11
2
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
2 1
0 1
2
1
1
2
1
1 2 0 2 1
Example 5:


notation? expanded in 110.01 is What
2
as written be can 110.01
2
( ) ( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
2 1
0 1 2
2
1
1
2
1
0 2 0 2 1 2 1
OCTAL
The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is
the base-8 number system, and uses the digits
0 to 7.
So, what if we had eight fingers, or for some
other reason, we decided to start over every
eighth number instead of every tenth?
In this system, there are eight symbols to work
with:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
We dont need an 8 or a 9 at all: out of just
those eight symbols above, we are going to
represent every possible number!
So, we start by listing all the symbols after the
zero.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
When we get to that point, were out of symbols. So
what do we do?
We go all the way down to zero, and add a one to our
left: we write one-zero (10).
It means the number that comes after seven, or what
we normally call eight.
When we write one-oh (10) in base eight, we dont
mean ten, we mean the number eight.
The numbers in base eight look just like our normal
numbers (except that they never use the symbols 8 or
9), but they dont mean the same things.
Now we start counting on the right again: one-
one, one-two, one-three, and so on (11, 12,
13, ).
Soon we hit one-seven (17) and we run out of
digits again, so we have to increment on the
left: two-zero, or 20. Every eighth number, we
start over again.

This system works great until we get to 77,
and then we cant increment the left-handed
digit any more. So we move to the left again
and write one-zero-one (100).
Its important to remember again that this
doesnt mean the same thing we normally call
one hundred so its best not to call it that:
call it one-zero-one.

Value of a Number in Octal
The value of the n-th digit in a number in base eight
is equal to . 8
1 n
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
n-th
0
8
1
8
2
8
3
8
4
8
5
8
1
8
n
State the value of the underlined digit in each of the
following numbers in
a)


b)


c)
8
32 1 457
64 8 1
2
=
8
753 2 122
1024 512 2 8 2
3
= =
8
5763 3 2
12288 4096 3 8 3
4
= =
Octal in Expanded Notation
A number in base eight can be written in expanded
notation as the sum of the product of the digit and
its digit value.
Example 1:


notation? expanded in 261 is What
8
as written be can 261
8
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2
8 1 8 6 8 2 + +
Example 2:


notation? expanded in 4271 is What
8
as written be can 4271
8
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
2 1 8 7 8 2 8 4 + + +
Example 3:


notation? expanded in 5.2 is What
8
as written be can 5.2
8
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
0
8
1
2 8 5
Example 4:


notation? expanded in 3.21 is What
8
as written be can 3.21
8
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
2 1
0
8
1
1
8
1
2 2 3
Example 5:


notation? expanded in 45.17 is What
8
as written be can 45.17
8
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
2 1
0 1
8
1
7
8
1
1 8 5 8 4
What does 1235 base eight really mean?





So we can say 1235 base eight equals 669
base ten.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
669
512 1 64 2 8 3 1 5
8 1 8 2 8 3 8 5
1235
3 2 1 0
8
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
CHANGING NUMBERING
SYSTEM PROCESS
Converting to Decimal (base 10)
Convert from Decimal (base 10)
Converting to Decimal
Convert Binary into Decimal
Convert Octal into Decimal
Convert Binary into Decimal
decimal to 1011 Convert
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
10
0 1 2 3
2
11
1 2 0 8
2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 1011
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
decimal to 1111 Convert
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
10
0 1 2 3
2
15
1 2 4 8
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1111
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
Convert Octal into Decimal
decimal to 235 Convert
8
( ) ( ) ( )
10
0 1 2
8
157
5 24 128
8 5 8 3 8 2 235
=
+ + =
+ + =
decimal to 55 Convert
8
( ) ( )
10
0 1
8
45
5 40
8 5 8 5 55
=
+ =
+ =
Convert from Decimal
Convert Decimal into Binary
Convert Decimal into Octal
Convert Decimal into Binary
binary into 5 Convert
10
1 R
0
1 2
0 R
1
2 2
1 R
2
5 2

1) Divide 2 into the number you are trying

to convert.
2) Write the quotient (the answer) with a
remainder.
3) Repeat this division process using the
whole number from the previous
quotient.
4) Continue repeating this division until the
number in front of the remainder is only
zero.
5) The answer is the remainders read from
the bottom up.

2 10
101 5 =
Convert Decimal into Binary
binary into 9 Convert
10
1 R
0
1 2
0 R
1
2 2
0 R
2
4 2
1 R
4
9 2

2 10
1001 9 =
Convert Decimal into Octal
octal into 140 Convert
10
2 R
0
2 8
1 R
2
17 8
4 R
17
140 8

1) Divide 8 into the number you are trying

to convert.
2) Write the quotient (the answer) with a
remainder.
3) Repeat this division process using the
whole number from the previous
quotient.
4) Continue repeating this division until the
number in front of the remainder is only
zero.
5) The answer is the remainders read from
the bottom up.

8 10
214 140 =
Convert Decimal into Octal
octal into 202 Convert
10
3 R
0
3 8
1 R
3
25 8
2 R
25
202 8

8 10
312 202 =
BASIC OPERATION
Addition of two numbers in binary
Subtraction of two numbers in binary
Addition of Two Number in Binary
2 2 2
10 1 1 = + i.
ii.
iii.

2 2 2 2 2 2
11 1 10 1 1 1 = + = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
100 10 10 1 1 1 1 = + = + + +
2 2
110111 10010 +
Find the sum of

i.


ii.
2
1001001 =
2 2
10111 100111 +
2
111110 =
Subtraction of Two Number in Binary
2 2 2
1 1 10 = i.
ii.
iii.

2 2 2
10 1 11 =
2 2 2
11 1 100 =
2 2
1011 110110
Calculate

i.


ii.
2
101011 =
2 2
1110 110001
2
100011 =