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Transmission Efficiency

This document discusses techniques for improving transmission efficiency in data communications. It describes multiplexing, which allows multiple data sources to share a transmission medium simultaneously. This saves on transmission costs. Specific multiplexing techniques covered include frequency division multiplexing, used in radio and television; synchronous time division multiplexing, used in digital telephone systems; and statistical time division multiplexing, used for cable modems. The document also discusses data compression techniques, which reduce file sizes to transmit more data using fewer bits. Common compression algorithms like Run Length Encoding, Huffman Encoding, and Lempel-Ziv Encoding are described.

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247 views26 pages

Transmission Efficiency

This document discusses techniques for improving transmission efficiency in data communications. It describes multiplexing, which allows multiple data sources to share a transmission medium simultaneously. This saves on transmission costs. Specific multiplexing techniques covered include frequency division multiplexing, used in radio and television; synchronous time division multiplexing, used in digital telephone systems; and statistical time division multiplexing, used for cable modems. The document also discusses data compression techniques, which reduce file sizes to transmit more data using fewer bits. Common compression algorithms like Run Length Encoding, Huffman Encoding, and Lempel-Ziv Encoding are described.

Uploaded by

Gunz Teritory Omz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission Efficiency

Business Data Communications, 4e

Transmission Efficiency: Multiplexing


Several data sources share a common transmission medium simultaneously Line sharing saves transmission costs Higher data rates mean more cost-effective transmissions Takes advantage of the fact that most individual data sources require relatively low data rates

Multiplexing Diagram

Alternate Approaches to Terminal Support


Direct point-to-point links Multidrop line Multiplexer Integrated MUX function in host

Direct Point-to-Point

Multidrop Line

Multiplexer

Integrated MUX in Host

Frequency Division Multiplexing


Requires analog signaling & transmission Total bandwidth = sum of input bandwidths + guardbands Modulates signals so that each occupies a different frequency band Standard for radio broadcasting, analog telephone network, and television (broadcast, cable, & satellite)

FDM Example: ADSL


ADSL uses frequency-division modulation (FDM) to exploit the 1-MHz capacity of twisted pair. There are three elements of the ADSL strategy Reserve lowest 25 kHz for voice, known as POTS Use echo cancellation 1 or FDM to allocate a small upstream band and a larger downstream band Use FDM within the upstream and downstream bands, using discrete multitone

Discrete Multitone (DMT)


Uses multiple carrier signals at different frequencies, sending some of the bits on each channel. Transmission band (upstream or downstream) is divided into a number of 4-kHz subchannels. Modem sends out test signals on each subchannel to determine the signal to noise ratio; it then assigns more bits to better quality channels and fewer bits to poorer quality channels.

Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)


Used in digital transmission Requires data rate of the medium to exceed data rate of signals to be transmitted Signals take turns over medium Slices of data are organized into frames Used in the modern digital telephone system
US, Canada, Japan: DS-0, DS-1 (T-1), DS-3 (T-3), ... Europe, elsewhere: E-1, E3,

SONET/SDH
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is an optical transmission interface proposed by BellCore and standardized by ANSI. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), a compatible version, has been published by ITU-T Specifications for taking advantage of the highspeed digital transmission capability of optical fiber.

SONET/SDH Signal Hierarchy

STS-1 and STM-N Frames

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing


Intelligent TDM Data rate capacity required is well below the sum of connected capacity Digital only, because it requires more complex framing of data Widely used for remote communications with multiple terminals

STDM: Cable Modems


Cable TV provider dedicates two channels, one for each direction. Channels are shared by subscribers, so some method for allocating capacity is needed\-typically statistical TDM

Cable Modem Scheme

Transmission Efficiency: Data Compression


Reduces the size of data files to move more information with fewer bits Used for transmission and for storage Combines w/ multiplexing to increase efficiency Works on the principle of eliminating redundancy Codes are substituted for compressed portions of data Lossless: reconstituted data is identical to original (ZIP, GIF) Lossy: reconstituted data is only perceptually equivalent (JPEG, MPEG)

Run Length Encoding


Replace long string of anything with flag, character, and count Used in GIF to compress long stretches of unchanged color, in fax transmissions to transmit blocks of white space

Run-Length Encoding Example

Huffman Encoding
Length of each character code based on statistical frequency in text Tree-based dictionary of characters Encoding is the string of symbols on each branch followed.
String TEA SEA TEN Encoding 10 00 010 011 00 010 10 00 110

Lempel-Ziv Encoding
Used in V.42 bis, ZIP buffer strings at transmitter and receiver replace strings with pointer to location of previous occurrence algorithm creates a tree-based dictionary of character strings

Lempel-Ziv Example

Video Compression
Requires high compression levels Three common standards used:
M-JPEG ITU-T H.261 MPEG

MPEG Processing Steps


Preliminary scaling and color conversion Color subsampling Discrete cosine transformation (DCT) Quantization Run-length encoding Huffman coding Interframe compression

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