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Router Introduction: ICND1 v1.0 - 4-1

Routers are networking devices that connect separate networks and route traffic between them. As networks grow larger, it is infeasible for each computer to know the address of every other computer, so networks are split into discrete segments connected by routers. Routers keep track of these separate networks and route packets between them using interfaces that connect to different networks like LANs and WANs. Router components include internal components like CPU, RAM, ROM, flash memory and NVRAM that store configurations, as well as external interfaces that connect the router to outside networks.

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Viet Thang Nguyen
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94 views16 pages

Router Introduction: ICND1 v1.0 - 4-1

Routers are networking devices that connect separate networks and route traffic between them. As networks grow larger, it is infeasible for each computer to know the address of every other computer, so networks are split into discrete segments connected by routers. Routers keep track of these separate networks and route packets between them using interfaces that connect to different networks like LANs and WANs. Router components include internal components like CPU, RAM, ROM, flash memory and NVRAM that store configurations, as well as external interfaces that connect the router to outside networks.

Uploaded by

Viet Thang Nguyen
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Router introduction

ICND1 v1.04-1

Router
With a network that has hundreds or even thousands of computers linked together, there has to be some agreed-upon way for those devices to address one another and communicate.

ICND1 v1.04-2

Router
As a network grows larger, it is not feasible for each computer to keep track of the individual address of every other computer on the network.

ICND1 v1.04-3

Router
There must be some scheme for reducing the amount of information, each computer has to hold locally in order to communicate with every other computer.

ICND1 v1.04-4

Router
The scheme used to involve splitting an large network into many separate but connected networks

ICND1 v1.04-5

Router
The job of keeping track of these discrete networks is then given to specialized computers called routers.

ICND1 v1.04-6

Routers Function
Routers are used to route packets from one network number to another.

There are two things to consider with router:


than one interface on a router.

You cannot configure the same network number on more A router does not forward broadcasts by default.

ICND1 v1.04-7

Routers Components
There area two kinds of routers components:

Internal components
o FLASH

o CPU (Central Processing Unit) o ROM (Read Only Memory) o NVRAM (Nonvolatile RAM)

External component (interface)


o WAN

o RAM (Random Access Memory)

o LAN
o Console/AUX
ICND1 v1.04-8

Routers Components

CPU

ROM

RAM
Console Auxiliary

FLASH
Interface

NVRAM

ICND1 v1.04-9

Internal Components: ROM


- Contains power-on diagnostics, a bootstrap program, and operating system software. - The main tasks for ROM are hardware diagnostics during router bootup and loading the Cisco IOS software from flash to RAM. - ROMs are not erasable. - They can only be upgraded by replacing the ROM chips in the sockets.

CPU
ROM RAM Consol Auxiliar e y FLASH NVRAM

Interface
ICND1 v1.04-10

Internal Components: RAM


- Random Access Memory (RAM) is split by the IOS into Main and Shared memory. - Main memory is used to store router configuration and IOS data structures such as running-config, routing tables, switching cache, and ARP tables... - Shared memory buffers packets waiting to be processed (This type of memory is only used by 2500, 2600, 4000 routers. The 7000 routers have a switch processor that controls the flow of packets through the router).

- The contents of RAM are lost when power is removed.


- RAM can be upgraded.

CPU
ROM
Main Shared

FLASH
Interface

NVRAM

Console Auxiliary

ICND1 v1.04-11

Internal Components: Flash


- Flash memory holds the full current version of IOS running on the router. - Flash memory is erasable memory that can be overwritten with newer versions of the IOS. - The IOS may be in uncompressed or compressed form. - In most routers (2600, 3600, 4000,) an executable copy of the IOS is transferred to RAM during the boot process. flash.
CPU ROM RAM
Console Auxiliary

In other routers such as 2500, the IOS may be run directly from

FLASH Interface

NVRAM
ICND1 v1.04-12

Internal Components: NVRAM


- Nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM) is used to store the startup configuration. - (NVRAM) does not lose its contents when the router is turn off.

CPU ROM RAM


Console Auxiliary

FLASH Interface

NVRAM

ICND1 v1.04-13

Internal Components: Buses


Most routers contain a System bus and a CPU bus.

The System bus is used for communication between the CPU and The CPU bus is used by the CPU for accessing components from
router storage (This bus transfers instructions and data to or from specified memory addresses).
Interface CPU

the interfaces and/or expansion slots (This bus transfers the packets to and from the interfaces).

Memory

ICND1 v1.04-14

External Components: Interface


The interfaces are the router connections to the outside. The three types of interfaces are:

Local Area Network (LANs). Wide Area Network (WANs). Management Ports (Console/AUX).

ICND1 v1.04-15

ICND1 v1.04-16

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