Introduction to Programming

CSCE 110
Drawn from James Tams material

Computer Programs
Binary is the language of the computer
________ e.g., gpc
1) A programmer writes a computer program 2) A ___________ converts the program into a form that the computer can understand

3) An _________ program is created

4) Anybody who has this ___________ installed on their computer can run (use) it.

Translators
Convert computer programs to machine language Types
________________
Each time that the program is run the ____________ translates the program (translating a part at a time). If there are any errors during the process of __________ the program, the program will stop running right when the error is encountered.

Translators
Convert computer programs to machine language Types
___________________ ___________________
Before the program is run the _________ translates the program (compiling it all at once). If there are any errors during the ____________ process, no machine language executable will be produced. If there are no errors during _______________ then the translated machine language program can be run.

Compiling Programs: Basic View

Pascal program Pascal compiler filename.p input gpc output Machine language program

a.out

Basic Structure Of Pascal Programs

Program name.p (Pascal source code)

Part I: Header
Program documentation program name (input, output);

Part II: Declarations

const :

Part III: Statements

begin : end.

Header
Program documentation
Comments for the reader of the program (and not the computer)
(* *) Marks the ____________ of the documentation Marks the ____________ of the documentation

Program heading
Keyword: program, Name of program, if input and/or output operations performed by the program.

Example Header
(* * Tax-It v1.0: This program will * electronically calculate your tax * return. * This program will only allow you to * complete a Canadian tax return *) program taxIt (input, output);

Documentation

Heading

Declarations
List of constants More to come later during this term regarding this section

Statements
The instructions in the program that actually gets things done They tell the computer what to do as the program is running Statements are __________________________ Example statements: display a message onscreen, prompt the user for input, open a file and write information to that file etc. Much more to come later throughout the rest of the term regarding this section

The Smallest Pascal Program

program smallest; begin end.

Note: The name in the header "smallest" should match the filename "smallest.pas". You can find an copy of this program here and the compiled version is here.

Creating and Compiling Pascal in the CS Department

Text Editor
PSPad Use a text editor to create file filename.pas

Pacal Program
filename.pas (Unix file)

Pacal Compiler
gpc Machine Language Program
a.out (Unix file)

To compile the program in Unix type gpc filename.pas

To run the program in Unix type a.out

Source Code Vs. Executable Files

Source Code
A file that contains the Pascal program code. It must end with a dot-p or a dot-pas suffix (program name.p). Can be viewed and edited. Cannot be executed.

program smallest; begin : : end.

Source Code Vs. Executable Files

Executable Code
ELF^A^B^A^@^@^@ ^@^@^@^@^@^@^ @^B^@^B^@^@^@^ A^@^A^Zh^@^@^@4 ^@^B\263\370^@^@^ @^@^@4^@ ^@^E^@(^@^]^@^Z^ @^@^@^F^@^@^\ : :

A file that contains machine language (binary) code. By default this file will be called a.out. It cannot be directly viewed or edited (meaningless). It can be executed.

1. Syntax/Compile Errors
Text editor PSPad
Pascal program filename.p (Unix file)

They occur as the program is being compiled

Pascal compiler gpc

Syntax error:

____________ ____________ ___________.

2. Runtime Errors
Text editor PSPad Pascal program filename.p (Unix file)

They occur as the program is running and _____________________________.

Pascal compiler gpc Machine language program a.out (Unix file)

Executing a.out

Runtime error

(________________)

3. Logic Errors
Text editor
PSPad Pascal program filename.p (Unix file)

They occur as the program is running, ______________________________.

Pascal compiler gpc Machine language program

a.out (Unix file)

Program Executing a.out

______________ ______________ ______________

Reserved Words
Have a predefined meaning in Pascal that cannot be changed

and array begin case const div do downto else

end file for foward function goto if in label

For more information on reserved words go to the url: http://www.gnu-pascal.de/gpc/index.html

Reserved Words
Have a predefined meaning in Pascal that cannot be changed

and array begin case const div do downto else

end file for foward function goto if in label

mod nil not of or packed procedure program record

repeat set then to type until var while

For more information on reserved words go to the url: http://www.gnu-pascal.de/gpc/index.html

Standard Identifiers
Have a predefined meaning in Pascal that SHOULD NOT be changed Predefined constants
false true maxint

Predefined types
boolean char integer real text

Predefined files
input output

For more information on standard identifiers go to the url: http://www.gnu-pascal.de/gpc/index.html

Predefined Functions
abs arctan chr cos eof eoln exp ln odd ord pred round sin sqr sqrt succ trunc

Know the ones in Table 3.1 of your book.

Predefined Procedures
dispose get new pack page put read readln reset rewrite unpack write writeln

Variables
Set aside a location in memory
This location can store __________ piece of information

Used to store information (temporary)

At most the information will be accessible _________________________________

Picture from Computers in your future by Pfaffenberger B

Variable Types
integer whole numbers real whole numbers and fractions char alphabetic, numeric and miscellaneous symbols (in UNIX type man ascii) boolean a true or false value

Using Variables
Usage (__________________________!)
Declaration Accessing or assigning values to the variables

Declaring Variables
Sets aside memory Memory locations are addressed through the name of the variable

Declaring Variables
Sets aside memory Memory locations are addressed through ________ _______________
Name of variable

RAM

RESERVED

Declaring Variables
Declare variables between the begin and end.

Part I: Header
Program documentation program name (input, output);

Part II: Declarations

const :

Part III: Statements

begin
: end.
Declare variables just after the begin

Declaring Variables
Format:
var name of first variable : type of first variable; var name of second variable : type of second variable;

Example Declaring Variables

program variableExample1; begin var height : real; var weight : real; var age : integer; end.

Variable Declaration

You can find an copy of this program here and the compiled version is here.

Global Variables
Variables declared outside of the begin-end pair.
program anExample; var num1 : integer; Global variable: DONT DO IT THIS WAY begin var num2 : integer; Non-global variable (local variable): DO IT THIS WAY end.

For now avoid doing this (additional details will be provided later in the course): generally this is regarded as ______ programming style.

Variable Naming Rules

Should be _______________ Any combination of letters, numbers or underscore (________ begin with a number and _________ begin with an underscore) Can't be a reserved word (see the Reserved Words slide)

Variable Naming Conventions (2)

Avoid using _________ identifiers (see the Standard Identifiers slides) Avoid distinguishing variable names only by ________ For variable names composed of multiple words separate each word by __________ _________________________ (except for ___________) or by using ____________.

Variable Naming Conventions

Okay:
tax_rate firstName

Not Okay
(___________________) - 1abc test.msg good-day program

Not okay
(_________________) x writeln

Accessing Variables
Can be done by referring to the name of the variable Format:
name of variable

Example:
num

Assigning Values To Variables

Format:
Destination := Source;
The source can be any ________________ (_______________, ________________ or ________________________)

Example of Assigning Values

program variableExample2; begin var height : real; var weight : real; var age : integer; weight := height * 2.2; end.

NO!

You can find an copy of this program here and the compiled version is here.

Assigning Values To Variables

program variableExample2; begin var height : real; var weight : real; var age : integer; height := 69; weight := height * 2.2; end.

_____________

Important lesson: ALWAYS _____________ your variables to some default starting value before using them.

Assigning Values To Variables

program variableExample;
begin var num1 : integer; var num2 : real; num1 num2 num2 num1 end. := := := := 12; 12.5; num1; num2;
Rare Not allowed!

Avoid assigning ________ types

Reminder
Variables Must First Be Declared Before They Can Be Used!
RAM

The ________ Way

program anExample; begin var num : integer; num := 888; end. num 888

Reminder
Variables Must First Be Declared Before They Can Be Used!
RAM

The __________ Way

program anExample; begin

Compile Error:
Where is num???

num := 888;
var num : integer; end.

Named Constants
A memory location that is assigned a value that ______________________________ Declared in the constant declaration ("const") section The naming conventions for choosing variable names generally apply to constants but the name of constants should be all ____________. (You can separate multiple words with ___________________).

Named Constant Format

const NAME_OF_FIRST_CONSTANT = value of 1st const; NAME_OF_SECOND_CONSTANT = value of 2nd const; etc.

Named Constant Examples

const TAX_RATE = 0.25; SAMPLE_SIZE = 1000; YES = True; NO = False;

Declaring Named Constants

Named constants are declared in the declarations section

Part I: Header
Program documentation program name (input, output);

Part II: Declarations

const :
Declare constants here

Part III: Statements

begin : end.

Named Constants Compilable Ex.

program anExample; const TAX_RATE = 0.25; SAMPLE_SIZE = 1000; YES = True; NO = False; MY_FIRST_INITIAL = J; begin var grossIncome : real; var afterTaxes : real; grossIncome := 100000; afterTaxes := grossIncome (grossIncome * TAX_RATE); end.

Purpose Of Named Constants

Makes the program easier to understand
populationChange := (0.1758 0.1257) * currentPopulation;

Better

const Magic Numbers BIRTH_RATE = 0.1758; (_____________ _____________!) DEATH_RATE = 0.1257; begin populationChange := (BIRTH_RATE DEATH_RATE) * currentPopulation;

What do these mean???

Purpose Of Named Constants

Makes the program __________________
If the constant is referred to _______________ throughout the program, changing the value of the constant _______ will change it throughout the program.

Purpose Of Named Constants

program population (output); const BIRTH_RATE = 0.1758; DEATH_RATE = 0.1257; begin var populationChange : real; var currentPopulation : real; populationChange := (BIRTH_RATE - DEATH_RATE) * currentPopulation; if (populationChange > 0) then writeln(Births: , BIRTH_RATE, Deaths:, DEATH_RATE, Change:, populationChange) else if (populationChange < 0) then writeln(Births: , BIRTH_RATE, Deaths:, DEATH_RATE, Change:, populationChange) end.

Purpose Of Named Constants

program population (output); const BIRTH_RATE = 0.5; DEATH_RATE = 0.1257; begin var populationChange : real; var currentPopulation : real; populationChange := (BIRTH_RATE - DEATH_RATE) * currentPopulation; if (populationChange > 0) then writeln(Births: , BIRTH_RATE, Deaths:, DEATH_RATE, Change:, populationChange) else if (populationChange < 0) then writeln(Births: , BIRTH_RATE, Deaths:, DEATH_RATE, Change:, populationChange) end.

Purpose Of Named Constants

program population (output); const BIRTH_RATE = 0.1758; DEATH_RATE = 0.01; begin var populationChange : real; var currentPopulation : real; populationChange := (BIRTH_RATE - DEATH_RATE) * currentPopulation; if (populationChange > 0) then writeln(Births: , BIRTH_RATE, Deaths:, DEATH_RATE, Change:, populationChange) else if (populationChange < 0) then writeln(Births: , BIRTH_RATE, Deaths:, DEATH_RATE, Change:, populationChange) end.

Performing Calculations
Operation
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Real number division Integer division

Symbol (Operator)
+ * / DIV

Remainder (modulo)

MOD

Priority of Operators
High:
* / DIV MOD

Low:
+ unary + unary -

Program Documentation
It doesnt __________________________ It doesnt __________________________ __________________________________ It is for ____________________________

Program Documentation
What does the program do e.g., tax program. What are its capabilities e.g., it calculates personal or small business tax. What are its limitations e.g., it only follows Canadian tax laws and cannot be used in the US.

Program Documentation
What is the version of the program
If you dont use numbers for the different versions of your program then consider using dates.

How does the program work.

This is often a description in English (or another highlevel) language that describes the way in which the program fulfills its functions. The purpose of this description is to help the reader more quickly understand how the program works