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Introduction To DB Transparencies

The document outlines the objectives and key concepts of Chapter 1, which introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, how the database approach arose to address these limitations, and defines what constitutes a database and DBMS. It also describes the typical components and personnel involved in a DBMS environment, provides a brief history of database systems, and discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS.

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Nidhi Bharatiya
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141 views23 pages

Introduction To DB Transparencies

The document outlines the objectives and key concepts of Chapter 1, which introduces databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, how the database approach arose to address these limitations, and defines what constitutes a database and DBMS. It also describes the typical components and personnel involved in a DBMS environment, provides a brief history of database systems, and discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS.

Uploaded by

Nidhi Bharatiya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Introduction to Databases Transparencies

Chapter 1 Objectives
u

Some common uses of database systems. The characteristics of file-based systems.

The problems with the file-based approach.


The meaning of the term database.

Chapter 1 Objectives
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The meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS). The typical functions of a DBMS. The major components of the DBMS environment. The personnel involved in the DBMS environment.

Chapter 1 Objectives
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The history of the development of DBMSs. The advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

File-based Systems
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A collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports). Each program defines and manages its own data.

File-based Processing

Limitations of File-based Approach


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Separation and isolation of data

Each program maintains its own set of data. Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs.

Duplication of data

Same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item.

Limitations of File-based Approach


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Data dependence File structure is defined in the program code.

Incompatible file formats Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each others files.
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Limitations of File-based Approach


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Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs Programs are written to satisfy particular functions. Any new requirement needs a new program.

Database Approach
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Arose because: Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently. No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs. Result - the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
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Database
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A shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. System catalog (data dictionary or metadata) provides the description of the data to enable programdata independence. Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organization's information.
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Database Management System (DBMS)


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A software system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and which provides controlled access to this database.

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Database Management System (DBMS)

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Database Approach
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Data definition language (DDL). Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints. All specifications are stored in the database. Data manipulation language (DML). General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
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Database Approach
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Controlled access to database may include:


A security system. An integrity system. A concurrency control system. A recovery control system. A user-accessible catalog.

A view mechanism.

Provides users with only the data they want or need to use.

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Components of DBMS Environment

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Components of DBMS Environment


u

Hardware

Can range from a PC to a network of computers.


DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the application programs.

Software

Data Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.

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Components of DBMS Environment


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Procedures

Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database and DBMS.

People

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Roles in the Database Environment


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Data Administrator (DA) Database Administrator (DBA) Database Designers (Logical and Physical) Application Programmers End Users (native and sophisticated)

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History of Database Systems


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First-generation Hierarchical and Network Second generation Relational Third generation Extended Relational Object-Oriented
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Advantages of DBMS
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u u u

u
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Control of data redundancy. Data consistency More information from the same amount of data. Sharing of data. Improved data integrity. Improved security. Enforcement of standards. Economy of scale.
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Advantages of DBMS
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Balanced conflicting requirements Improved data accessibility and responsiveness Increased productivity Improved maintenance through data independence Increased concurrency Improved backup and recovery services
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Disadvantages of DBMS
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Complexity Size Cost of DBMS Additional hardware costs Cost of conversion Performance Higher impact of a failure

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