Viruses

Presented by: Cory chairotunnisa

Student Learning Outcomes

Student will be able : Description of the characteristics of viruses, specically their structures, shapes and specificaty. To explain the replication of viruses through the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle The role of viruses in disease, the replication of retroviruses, and a comparison of viroids and prions to viruses Outline the two pathways of viral replication (lytic and lysogenic cycle).

What are Viruses

A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells Latin- POISON They are little more than pieces of genetic material protected by protein coats. Parasitic obligat

Dead or Alive?
NON-LIVING Particles that have characteristics of LIVING --- They DO Mutate and Recombine, do not grow/reproduce Because they are parasites, they can not survive and thrive without a host or group of host cells. The hosts provide viruses with all the chemicals and molecules they need to survive and reproduce. Viruses can lie dormant within any host or environment until the proper conditions for their activity are provided. Some viruses are also classified as 'persistent viruses'. Such viruses can enter and exit host cells without killing them. each different virus is stimulated by different conditions and they all have different, specific functions they affect in their host.

Viruses vs. Bacteria

Electron microscope 500 times smaller than bacteria=5 - 350 nm = 1/10th a R.B.C. parasitic, dependent cause disease Ordinary light microscope 1-10 microns can survive without help from any other living thing rarely cause disease

What is a Virus? 4C
Cannot reproduce without a host Capsid head filled with DNA or RNA Covered in a sticky glycoprotein coat for specific attachment to host cell site

Shapes of viruses

Viral Shapes
Polyhedral: polio

Viral Shapes
Cylindrical: tobacco mosaic

Viral Shapes
Studded capsid: HIV, influenza

Viral Shapes
Polyhedral head with protein tails: bacteriophage

Virus Kompleks

Kapsid / Kepala

Selubung Ekor

Serabut Ekor

Replication
5 STEPS: 1. ABSORPTION 2. PENETRATION 3. SYNTHESIS OF VIRAL COMPONENTS 4. MATURATION 5. RELEASE lytic- the cell membrane of the host is completely destroyed, killing the cell lysogenic- lays dormant until lytic cycle budding- mature viruses leave the cell a few at a time.

http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/structure.html

Lytic cycle
Viruses that cause host cell to burst are referred to as virulent viruses

Step 6: host cell bursts, releasing newly-constructed viruses into the environment to infect other host cells

Step 1: virus attaches Step 2: virus inserts nucleic acid

Step 5: viral parts are assembled into new viruses

Step 3: host cells DNA is destroyed

Step 4: virus takes over cells metabolism and viral parts are constructed

Lysogenic cycle
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Virus attaches to host Inserts nucleic acid Viral DNA incorporates itself into hosts DNA Provirus reproduced when host cell reproduces Lysogenic phase continues Provirus emerges and enters lytic cycle

Step 1: virus attaches

Step 2: virus inserts nucleic acid

Step 3: viral DNA is incorporated into host cells forming provirus

Step 6: provirus pops out of DNA and enters lytic cycle

Step 5: lysogenic phase continues

Step 4: Provirus is replicated when host cell replicates

Common Viruses Virus-causing diseases

Epstein-Barr Epstein-Barr Hepatitis Hepatitis HIV HIV Marbury/Ebola Marbury/Ebola Polio Polio Rubella Rubella Yellow Fever Yellow Fever Hantavirus Hantavirus Herpes Herpes Influenza Influenza Measles Measles Rabies Rabies Smallpox Smallpox

Hanta virus
Carried by mice and rats 1976- became evident in the Korean War; caused bleeding disease called Korean hemorrhagic fever causes capillaries to leak blooddamages organs no VA; 50% of cases end in fatality

Hepatitis
Hepatitis means inflammation of liver
HAV poor sanitation and hygiene (Oral/Anal contact) HBV spread like HIV and very infectious. Worlds most common virus to cause cancer. VA HCV, HDV, HEV etc. (Via Blood and causes liver disease and cirrhosis)

Herpes
Greek- to creep 4 groups, 2 main types: herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and (HSV-2) HSV-1:transmitted by direct contact with an active sore or a genital secretion containing viruses; cold sores; fever blisters
HSV-2: Symptoms can be triggered by fever, other viral infections, fatigue, stress, menstruation, ultraviolet energy from the sun, or the wind; blisters that itch and sore for 2-20 days

HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
Infects the immune system and can lead to AIDS. People can be infected with the virus for many years without becoming ill and still transmit it to others. travels from host to host via blood. 4 million worldwide: mostly homosexual/bisexual men, drug users, African Americans, Hispanics no VA b/c virus mutates quickly; there is treatment to help live longer (AZT); prevention is best defense

HIV
AIDS = break down of the immune system & death due to common diseases versus death by AIDS virus

Influenza
the flu causes global pandemic
every year 1901- isolated from chickens 25-50 million Americans catch it each year; 10k-40k die from it; also affects animals has genetic material protected by a sphere protected by layers of fat and protein types A, B, C can last for hours in dried mucus

Marburg/Ebola

part of a group of viruses called filoviruses.

some of the most lethal viruses known. Marburg virus has a 25% fatality rate and the Ebola virus can have a fatality rate of up to 90% severe diarrhea, bloody vomiting, hemorrhages from every orifice, and skin comes off disease was linked to the exposure from a shipment of African green monkeys from Uganda can pass through contact of blood from an infected person, but mode of transmission is unknown No VA

Measles
the most infectious common disease
Especially in Africa, measles can cause death from pneumonia, diarrhea, and malnutrition.

Epidemics used to happen every two to three years

VA caused by a paramyxovirus and travels primarily in droplets released by coughing or sneezing. Likes to grow in the mucous lining of the respiratory tract

Polio
causes paralytic poliomyelitis, which means inflammation of the spinal cord
are the most dangerous of the enterovirus group; targets the host nerve cell Only humans, monkeys, and chimps get polio; passed through feces

VA

Rabies
1708- first outbreak of dog rabies about 30,000 deaths from this disease per year mostly in poor countries; eliminated in many countries; VA 2 forms: furious rabies, dumb rabies

only way to determine if an animal is infected or not is to kill it and examine

its brain. can only be transmitted by a bite (saliva)of a sick warm-blooded mammal or by eating infected meat "neurotropic" meaning it loves nerve cells; drives its victims crazy

Rubella
similar to measles but less benign and infectious
unborn babies are at high risk for birth defects if the mother contracts the disease during the first trimester

50k cases a year until VA (MMR) can cause birth defects such as heart problems, deafness, language disorders, and bone lesions

Smallpox
first disease to be completely eradicated from nature; also most destructive in history part of the orthopoxvirus genus which include cowpox, rabbitpox, monkeypox, amelpox One droplet of exhaled moisture from an infected person contains a thousand more viruses than needed to infect someone first recorded in Egypt- Rameses V

germ is now stored in liquid nitrogen in about 600 one inch long test tubes in max security in the CDC in Atlanta and at the Institute for Viral Preparations in Moscow

Yellow Fever
shaped the development of America
originally from Africa 1802- killed 22,000 of Napoleons 25,000 troops mosquito is carrier 1937- VA, but impossible to wipe out this disease. Symptoms include yellow skin and black vomit

Control of viruses = Prevention

Vaccination: individuals are infected with active, but relatively harmless strain of virus
Makes some people sick Smallpox virus, flu

Antibiotics do nothing for a person infected with a virus!

Immune System
Leukocytes
T lymphocyte- (killer, suppressor, helper) B lymphocyte- identify antigens and produce antibodies Eosinophils- MBP, effects of allergic
reaction

Basophils-contain histamines Monocytes-remove debris from infections that

have passed. Monocytes also help to defend against fungi and diseases like Tuberculosis.

Neutrophils-have chemicals which are toxic to bacteria and fungi.

DNA transforming viruses

Adenoviridae- double stranded linear type A;
respiratory infection

Herpesviridae- double stranded linear type B; herpes Poxviridae- double stranded linear type C; smallpox Papovaviridae-double stranded circular; warts Parvoviridae- single stranded linear; roseola

DNA Viruses

Adenovirus

Papillomavirus

Molluscum Contagiosum Virus

(one-half scale)

Herpes Simplex Virus

Hepatitis B Virus

RNA Virus Pictures Viruses RNA

Influenzavirus Paramyxovirus Enterovirus

Rotavirus Rift Valley Fever Virus

RNA transforming viruses

Picornaviridae- single stranded positive sense;
common cold

Orthomyxoviridae- segmented single stranded

negative sense; influenza

Paramyxoviridae- single stranded negative sense;

measles

Reoviridae- segmented double stranded; respiratory

and gastrointestinal infections

Retroviridae- single stranded (2) strands positive

sense; AIDS, tumors

Virusoids, Viroids, Prions

Prions are infectious proteins Viroids are common plant pathogens which are a serious economic problem; smaller than viruses Virusoids belong to a larger group of infectious agents called satellite RNAs, found in bacteria, plants, fungi, invertebrates and vertebrates. Satellite genomes encode proteins, satellite viruses encode capsid proteins

Plant virology
Seeds: transmit virus infection due to external contamination of the seed with virus particles, or because of infection of the living tissues of the embryo.
Vegetative propagation/grafting: These techniques of plant propagation provide the opportunity for viruses to spread to new plants. Vectors: Many different groups of living organisms can act as vectors and spread viruses from one plant to another:bacteria, fungi, nematodes necrosis, hypoplasia, hyperplasia

Gene Silencing
Antisense technology
geneticists can inactivate a gene that may cause disease or be defective highly specific method
make an RNA strand 15-20 bases in length complementary to the mRNA. The synthesized RNA will attach itself to the mRNA and prevent that portion of the mRNA from creating the gene on the duplicate DNA strand

used to treat several viruses including AIDS, Herpes, Chicken Pox, and Hepatitis