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Amity School of Engineering & Technology: B. Tech. (MAE), V Semester Rdbms Sunil Vyas

This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how DBMS were developed to address issues with using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, and lack of integrity and security. It then describes the logical and physical levels of abstraction in a DBMS, and different data models including the entity-relationship and relational models.

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Jose Antony
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58 views

Amity School of Engineering & Technology: B. Tech. (MAE), V Semester Rdbms Sunil Vyas

This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how DBMS were developed to address issues with using file systems to store data, such as data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, and lack of integrity and security. It then describes the logical and physical levels of abstraction in a DBMS, and different data models including the entity-relationship and relational models.

Uploaded by

Jose Antony
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Amity School of Engineering & Technology


B. Tech. (MAE),V Semester RDBMS Sunil Vyas

Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Module 1: Introduction

Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Database Management System (DBMS)


Collection of interrelated data Set of programs to access the data DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use. Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

Databases touch all aspects of our lives

Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Purpose of Database System


In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files

Difficulty in accessing data


Need to write a new program to carry out each new task

Data isolation multiple files and formats Integrity problems


Integrity constraints become part of program code Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

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Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)


Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all

Concurrent access by multiple users


Concurrent accessed needed for performance Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time

Security problems

Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

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Levels of Abstraction
Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record name : string; street : string; city : string; end; View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes.

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An architecture for a database system

View of Data

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Instances and Schemas


Similar to types and variables in programming languages Schema the logical structure of the database
e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) Analogous to type information of a variable in a program Physical schema: database design at the physical level Logical schema: database design at the logical level

Instance the actual content of the database at a particular point in time


similar to the value of a variable

Physical Data Independence the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema
Applications depend on the logical schema In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.

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Data Models
A collection of tools for describing
data data relationships data semantics data constraints

Entity-Relationship model Relational model Other models:


object-oriented model semi-structured data models Older models: network model and hierarchical model

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Entity-Relationship Model
Example of schema in the entityrelationship model

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E-R model of real world


Entities (objects)

Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)


E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch

Relationships between entities


E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts

Widely used for database design


Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in the relational model (coming up next) which is used for storage and processing

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Relational Model
id name Johnson Smith Johnson Jones Smith

Attributes

Example of tabular data in the relational customercustomeraccountmodel customerCustomerstreet city number


192-83-7465 019-28-3746 192-83-7465 Alma North Alma Main North Palo Alto Rye A-101 A-215 A-201 A-217 A-201

Palo Alto
Harrison Rye

321-12-3123
019-28-3746

Amity School of Engineering & Technology

A Sample Relational Database

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