Physics 1301: Lecture 18, Pg 1

Lecture 18: Drag forces and Force Examples

F
g
=
mg
F
DRAG
v
Fixed Pulley
m
1
m
2
j
a
1
a
2
T
1
T
2
Physics 1301: Lecture 18, Pg 2
Quiz 2, Thursday and Friday
The second quiz will be
On Thursday in your discussion session, group quiz
On Friday at 8.00am, individual quiz
Last names beginning A-R in room 150
Last names beginning S-Z in room 166
The quiz will be particularly on Fishbane Chapters 4,5 but
anything we have done in the course so far may come up.
There will be one long problem in the group quiz, two long
problems and 5 multiple choice problems in the individual
One question will be very similar to one of the questions
you have done for homework.
You can bring into the quiz one side of normal sized paper
with hand-written notes and formulae.
Try to use the Competent Problem Solver template
Physics 1301: Lecture 18, Pg 3
Ncos
N
Nsin

Going round the bend

Going round a bend requires an
acceleration (force) towards the center of
the circle
The force may be supplied by friction or
the normal force in a banked curve
Going horizontally round a banked curve,
(at same level on the banking), no friction
Choose axes with x horizontal towards
center of the circle and y vertical
Resolve horizontally
Nsin=ma=mv
2
/r
Resolve vertically
Ncos=mg
x
y
tan=v
2
/rg

v=\rgtan

Physics 1301: Lecture 18, Pg 4
Now with friction
Car wants to travel up the plane,
therefore friction points down the
plane
If the car is just about to slide,
taking the curve at maximum
velocity, the friction force f=u
s
N
Resolving horizontally
mv
2
/r=Nsin+fcos
=N(sin+u
s
cos)
Resolving vertically
mg = Ncos-fsin
= N(cos-u
s
sin)





Going round the bend
Ncos-fsin
N
Nsin+fcos


f
( )
( ) sin cos
cos sin
rg v
s
s

+
=
If u=0 (no banking) rg v
s
u =
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 5
Drag Forces
When an object moves through a viscous medium, like air
or water, the medium exerts a drag force that opposes the
motion of the object relative to the medium.
F
g
= mg
F
DRAG
v
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 6
Drag Forces:
The drag force is typically proportional to the speed v
of the object raised to some power n. Typically n ~ 1 for
low speeds, and n ~ 2 for high speeds.
This will result in a maximum (terminal) velocity.
F
D
= bv
n
F
g
= mg
F
D
v
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 7
Terminal velocity:
Suppose F
D
= bv
2
. Sally jumps out of a plane and after
falling for a while her downward speed is a constant v.
What is F
D
after she reaches this terminal speed?
What is the terminal speed v?

F
TOT
= F
D

- mg = ma = 0.
F
D

= mg

Since F
D
= bv
2
bv
2
= mg



b
mg
v =
F
D
= bv
2
F
g
= mg
F
D
v
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 8
Many-body Dynamics
Systems made up of more than one object

Objects are typically connected:

By ropes & pulleys
By rods, springs, etc
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 9
Atwoods Machine:
Find the accelerations, a
1

and a
2
, of the masses.
What is the tension in the
string T ?
Masses m
1
and m
2
are attached to an ideal massless
string and hung as shown around an ideal massless
pulley.
Fixed Pulley
m
1
m
2
y
a
1
a
2
T
1
T
2
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 10
Atwoods Machine...
Draw free body diagrams for each object
Applying Newtons Second Law: ( y -components)

T
1
- m
1
g = m
1
a
1
T
2
- m
2
g = m
2
a
2

But T
1
= T
2
= T
since pulley is ideal

and a
1
= -a
2
= -a
since the masses are
connected by the string
T
1
a
2
m
2
g
Free Body Diagrams
T
2
y
a
1
m
1
g
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 11
Atwoods Machine...
T - m
1
g = -m
1
a (a)

T - m
2
g = m
2
a (b)

Two equations & two
unknowns
we can solve for both
unknowns (T and a).
subtract (b) - (a):
g(m
1
- m
2
) = a(m
1
+ m
2
)

a =

Substitute for a in (b)


g
) m m (
) m m (
2 1
2 1
+
-
) (
2
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 2 1 2
2
2 1
2 1
2
m m
m gm
T
m m
m m gm m m gm
T
gm
m m
m m
gm T
+
=
+
+ +
=
+
+

=
Fixed Pulley
m
1
m
2
y
a
1
a
2
T
1
T
2
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 12
Atwoods Machine...
m
1
m
2
y
a
a
T
T

So we find:
a
m m
m m
g =

+
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
g
) m m (
m m 2
T
2 1
2 1
+
=
Atwoods Machine
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 13
Is the result reasonable?
Check limiting cases!

Special cases:
i.) m
1
= m
2
= m a = 0 and T = mg. OK!
ii.) m
2
or m
1
= 0 |a| = g and T= 0. OK

Atwoods machine can be used to determine g
(by measuring the acceleration a for given masses).

For this machine



a
) m m (
) m m (
g
1 2
1 2
+
=
-
a
m m
m m
g =

+
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
g
m m
m m 2
T
2 1
2 1
) ( +
=
For m
1
=1kg, m
2
=1.05kg a=0.24m/s
2

m
1
=1kg, m
2
=1.02kg a=0.10m/s
2
Height 1m from ground d=1=1/2at
2
t = 2.9sec and 4.5sec
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 14
Given T
1
, m
1
and m
2
, what are a and T
2
?
Free body diagram for m
1
T
1
- T
2
= m
1
a (a)
Free body diagram for m
2
T
2
= m
2
a (b)
Add (a) + (b):

T
1
= (m
1
+ m
2
)a a





Plugging solution into (b):


Problem: Two strings & Two Masses on
horizontal frictionless floor:
2 1
1
m m
T
+
=
2 1
2
1 2
m m
m
T T
+
=
m
2
m
1
T
2
T
1
a
i
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 15
ICQ: Three Blocks
Three blocks of mass 3m, 2m, and m are connected by
strings and pulled with constant acceleration a. What is
the relationship between the tension in each of the
strings?
(a) T
1
> T
2
> T
3
(b) T
3
> T
2
> T
1
(c) T
1
= T
2
= T
3

T
3

T
2
T
1

3m
2m
m
a
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 16
ICQ: Three Blocks
Three blocks of mass 3m, 2m, and m are connected by
strings and pulled with constant acceleration a. What is
the relationship between the tension in each of the
strings?
(a) T
1
> T
2
> T
3
(b) T
3
> T
2
> T
1
(c) T
1
= T
2
= T
3

T
3

T
2
T
1

3m
2m
m
a
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 17
ICQ: Three Blocks Solution
Draw free body diagrams!!
T
3

3m
T
3
= 3ma
T
3

T
2

2m
T
2
- T
3
= 2ma
T
2
= 2ma +T
3
> T
3


T
2
T
1

m
T
1
- T
2
= ma
T
1
= ma + T
2
> T
2


T
1
> T
2
> T
3
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 18
ICQ: Three Blocks Solution
Alternative solution:
T
3

T
2
T
1

3m
2m
m
a
Consider T
1
to be
pulling all the boxes
T
3

T
2
T
1

3m
2m
m
a
T
2
is pulling only
the boxes of mass
3m and 2m
T
3

T
2
T
1

3m
2m
m
a
T
3
is pulling only
the box of mass 3m
T
1
> T
2
> T
3
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 19
Attached bodies on two inclined planes
All surfaces frictionless
m
1
m
2
smooth peg
u
1
u
2
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 20
How will the bodies move?
From the free body diagrams for each body, and the chosen
coordinate system for each block, we can apply Newtons
Second Law:
Taking x components:

1) T
1
- m
1
g sin u
1
= m
1
a
1X

2) T
2
- m
2
g sin u
2
= m
2
a
2X'


But T
1
= T
2
= T
and a
1X
= -a
2X
= -a
(constraints)
m
2
m
2
g
N
x
y
u
2
T
2

m
1
g
m
1
y
x
T
1

N
u
1
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 21
Solving the equations
Using the constraints, solve the equations.
T - m
1
gsin u
1
= -m
1
a (a)
T - m
2
gsin u
2
= m
2
a (b)

Subtracting (a) from (b) gives:
m
1
gsin u
1
- m
2
gsin u
2
= (m
1
+m
2
)a


So:

a
m m
m m
g
=
+
1 1 2 2
1 2
sin sin
u u
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 22
Special Case 1:
m
1
m
2
u
1
u
2
m
1
m
2
If u
1
= 0 and u
2
= 0, a = 0.
Boring

a
m m
m m
g
=
+
1 1 2 2
1 2
sin sin
u u
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 23
Special Case 2:
If u
1
= 90 and u
2
= 90,
a
m m
m m
g =

+
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
m
2
T
T

m
1
Atwoods Machine
m
1
m
2
u
1
u
2

a
m m
m m
g
=
+
1 1 2 2
1 2
sin sin
u u
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 24
Special Case 3:
If u
1
= 0 and u
2
= 90,
m
1
m
2
Lab configuration
m
1
m
2
u
1
u
2

a
m m
m m
g
=
+
1 1 2 2
1 2
sin sin
u u
a
m
m m
g =
+
2
1 2
( )

Do it yourself:
Calculate a if there is
friction on the planes!
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 25
ICQ: Hand and block
In which case does block m experience a larger
acceleration? In (1) there is a 10 kg mass hanging from a
rope. In (2) a hand is providing a constant downward
force of 10g N. In both cases the ropes and pulleys are
massless and there is no friction.

(a) Case (1) (b) Case (2) (c) same
m

F =10g N
Case (2)
a
m

10kg

a
Case (1)
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 26
ICQ: Hand and block
In which case does block m experience a larger
acceleration? In (1) there is a 10 kg mass hanging from a
rope. In (2) a hand is providing a constant downward
force of 10g N. In both cases the ropes and pulleys are
massless and there is no friction.

(a) Case (1) (b) Case (2) (c) same
m

F =10g N)
Case (2)
a
m

10kg

a
Case (1)
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 27
T = ma (a)
10g -T = 10a (b)
For case (1) draw FBD and write F
NET
= ma for each block:
ICQ: Hand and Block, solution
Add (a) and (b):
10g = (m + 10)a
2
10
10g
s
m
m
a
+
=
N
m
mg
T
10
10
+
=
Is less than the force of
the hand
(a)
m

10kg

a
(b)
T
T
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 28
ICQ: Hand and Block, solution
The answer is (b) Case (2). Gravity has to accelerate the
10kg mass as well as the m kg mass
T = 10g= ma
2
10
s
m
m
g
a =
For case (2)
Case (1)
m

10kg

a
2

10
10
s
m
m
g
a
+
=
a
m

F = 10g N
Case (2)
2
s
m

10
m
g
a =
Physics 1301: Lecture 17, Pg 29
Homework

Check again the homework problems on Chapters 4 and 5
Next week we will start Work and Kinetic Energy (read
chapters 6.1-6.3)
Good luck in the quiz