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Course Assessment
Class Participation : Test /Assignment/IT Quiz : Presentation : Mid - Term Exam : End -Term Exam : TOTAL 10% 10% 10% 10% 60%
: 100%
CHAPTER 1 Basics of Computing

1.1 Computer Applications 1.2 What is a Computer? 1.3 Computer Generations 1.4 Classification of Computers
Computer Application
Education Banking System Science/Aerospace Business & Marketing Government Entertainment
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Applications
At Home
Mostly to check mails Small documentation Gaming Music and Video To solve homework Photo Printouts using Good Printers
Applications..
In Education
Schools to Universities To Educate necessary skills demanded by Industries To give a demo or training Server the purpose of Teaching Aids To convey messages using Internet
Applications
In Science
To analyze large data acquired over a period of time To do complex floating point arithmetic Image Processing Research
Applications.
In Industry
To develop software, mostly to automate the manual work To provide necessary solution to clients needs Software is developed for the needs of networking, banking, business, retail etc
Applications..
Entertainment
Music Industry Games Movies to watch and create 200 Linux Machines in parallel to create visualization in Titanic, the movie Cartoons, special effects Nowadays to promote theirs productions
Business
Banking
To store, access and modify huge amounts of data Online business called e-business is becoming popular with a small amount of limitations Paying bills become easy and time saving online promotions
Applications
Government
Biometrics Attendance Monitoring Weather Forecasting and military applications Online payment of taxes, Insurances
What is a Computer?
System Unit
A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it in a storage media for future use
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Computer Generation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation
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First Generation of Computers
1. Vacuum tubes
1946-1958
Second Generation of Computers
1. Vacuum tubes 2. Transistors
1946-1958
1959-1964
Third Generation of Computers
1. Vacuum tubes 2. Transistors 3. Integrated circuits
1946-1958
1959-1964
1964-1970
Fourth Generation of Computers
1. 2. 3. 4.
Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated circuits VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits
1946-1958
1959-1964
1964-1970
1971 - present
Fifth Generation of Computers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated circuits VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits Artificial Intelligence
1944-1958
1959-1964
1964-1970
1971 - present
Present & Beyond
1st Generation (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes

Memory was made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes Gave off so much heat
Input and output media were punched cards and magnetic tapes
Very large in size, taking up entire rooms.
IBM Punched Card (input)
Magnetic Tapes (output)
Vacuum Tubes (memory) 18
UNIVAC
UNIVersal Automatic Computer
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
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2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Transistor

Vacuum tubes were replaced with transistors
An electronic switch that alternately allow or disallow electronic signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes
These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce
Much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate less heat, conduct electricity faster.
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3rd Generation (1964 - 1970) :
Integrated Circuit
An electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic components into one small silicon chip called semiconductor.
The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip has increased, shrinking both the size and cost of computers. Keyboards and monitors were used. Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage
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4th Generation (1971-Present) : Microprocessor

A silicon chip on which transistors are integrated onto it. Microprocessor can do all the processing of a full-scale computer smaller in size , faster in speed.
These circuit integrations are known as Largescale integrated (LSI) and Very Large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits
Microprocessors led to the invention of personal computers.
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5th Generation (Present & Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications. such as voice recognition, that are being used today
Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with making computers behave and think like humans. AI studies include robotics, expert systems, games, etc..
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Questions
List the 5 generations of computers. Magnetic tapes and vacuum tubes were used in which generation? We are now in the _____ generation. Processor = microprocessor = CPU ( T/F?)
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Classification of Computers
(1) Supercomputers
The Fastest computer Used for intensive numerical Computation The most expensive. process billions of instructions in a second Can have hundreds of processors. Speed is measured in nanoseconds used by some exclusive group only Main memory around >64 GB & Secondary Storage In TeraByte scientific research, weather forecasting, climate research (global warming),
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(2)Mainframes
1 to 16 CPUs (modern machines more) Organizations such as banks & insurance companies which process large number of transactions on-line. Process data at very high speed Less expensive than Supercomputer used for processing large amount of data user work with terminal e.g. IBM Mainframe
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(3)Workstations Powerful desktop computers Used by engineers and scientists for engineering applications, software development, application that require a high amount of computing power
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(4)Servers designed to support a computer network that allows you to share files, application software, hardware, such as printers and other network resources. Mainframes, personal computers can be used as a server. Server computers usually have following characteristics: Designed to be connected to one or more networks The most powerful CPUs available Multiple CPUs to share the processing tasks Large memory and disk storage High-speed communications capabilities
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(5)Microcomputers / PC The most common for home users , computers that can fit on a desktop or in one's briefcase. Can perform all of its input, processing, output and storage activities by itself.
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Why are COMPUTERS so Useful?

Storage Reliability Speed Accuracy Communication Versatile No Emotions
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Questions
advantages of computers? Supercomputers are used for _______ What are portable computers?
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CHAPTER 1 Basics of Computing

First Generation of Computers

Second Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes 2. Transistors

Third Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes 2. Transistors 3. Integrated circuits

Fourth Generation of Computers

Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated circuits VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits

Fifth Generation of Computers

Present & Beyond

1st Generation (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes

IBM Punched Card (input)

Magnetic Tapes (output)

Vacuum Tubes (memory) 18

UNIVersal Automatic Computer

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Transistor

3rd Generation (1964 - 1970) :

4th Generation (1971-Present) : Microprocessor

5th Generation (Present & Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence

Why are COMPUTERS so Useful?

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