Scribd
Upload
42 views22 pages

Control Structures - Part 1

This document discusses control structures in programming, which provide selection and repetition to alter the sequential flow of a program. It covers conditional statements like if/else and switch that allow different code to execute based on certain conditions being true. Loops like while and for are also mentioned. Examples are provided of if statements to compare values and switch statements to select different code paths based on the value of a variable. Exercises are listed to write programs using control structures.

Uploaded by

ehsan.amimul3795
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views22 pages

Control Structures - Part 1

This document discusses control structures in programming, which provide selection and repetition to alter the sequential flow of a program. It covers conditional statements like if/else and switch that allow different code to execute based on certain conditions being true. Loops like while and for are also mentioned. Examples are provided of if statements to compare values and switch statements to select different code paths based on the value of a variable. Exercises are listed to write programs using control structures.

Uploaded by

ehsan.amimul3795
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Control Structures Part 1

Control Structures
Flow of control is the order in which statements are executed Unless something special happens a program is executed sequentially When we want something special to happen we need to use a control structure Control Structures provide two basic functions: selection and repetition

Control Structures
Sequence: { S1, S2 Sk } Conditional: if, if/else, switch Loop: while, for, do.. while

Question

If you want to do something depending a certain condition, what would you need to specify?

Answer
The keyword if The condition The line(s) of code that must be executed when the condition is true Optionally: the line(s) of code that must be executed when the condition is false

if (expression) statement1;

if (expression) { statement1; statement2; Statement3; }


5

If statement
int x = if (x % { cout << } else { cout << } /* something */; 2 == 0) "x is even" << endl;

"x is odd" << endl;

Common Mistake
It is easy to mix up the assignment operator "=" with the equality operator "==". What's wrong with this:

if (grade=100) cout << "your grade is perfect RPI has decided to give you your degree today!\n";
7

Relational Operators
if (truth == true) { /* if equal */ } if (x < 96) { /* if smaller */ }
== != < > <= >= && || is is is is is is and or equal to not equal to smaller bigger smaller of equal bigger or equal

if (x == 1 && y == 2) { /* if both are true */ }


8

Examples
Assume we declared the following variables: int a = 2, b=5, c=10; Here are some examples of boolean conditions we can use: if (a == b) if (a != b) if (a <= b+c) if(a <= b) && (b <= c) if !((a < b) && (b<c))

Relational Operators

Comparing Simple Data Types


assigned to Sample expression Value

Values variables

x = 80 and y = 22 x = 80 and y = 22 x = 80 and y = 22 a = 60 and b = 42 Both operands are

x<y x + y > 100 x + y <= a + b

FALSE TRUE TRUE

4 > 10

FALSE

constants

10

Relational Operators

Comparing Simple Data Types


Valu e
TRUE The ASCII value of is 32, and the ASCII value of a is 97.

Expressio n
< a

Explanation

Because 32 is less than 97, so the expression results in a TRUE


value. R > T FALSE The ASCII value of R is 82 and the ASCII value of T is 84. Because 82 is less than 84, so the expression results in a FALSE value. + < * FALSE The ASCII value of + is 43, and the ASCII value of * is 42. Because 43 is greater than 42, so the expression results in a FALSE value.

11

If statement- Examples

Write a flowchart and a program that input two integer numbers and display teh larger on the screen

12

Answer
int main() { int x, y; cout << "Please enter two integer numbers : "; cin >> x >> y; if (x > y) cout << x << " is the larger number" << endl; else cout << y << " is the larger number" << endl; system("pause"); //this statement is needed when using DEV C++ return 0; }

13

If statement- Examples

Write a program to welcome new customers to your on-line store, and then ask them whether they have a credit card or not.
If yes: inform them that the maximum purchase is RM2000 If no: display an apology saying that the store is unable to process any purchase transactions without a credit

14

Answer
int main() { char YesOrNo; cout << "WELCOME TO MY STORE\n\n "; cout << "Do you have a credit card? (Y/N) : "; cin >> YesOrNo; if (YesOrNo == 'N') { cout << "\n We are sorry, but purchases can only be made using credit card.\n" ; cout << " But you are welcomed to browse in our store.\n " << endl; } else cout << "\n Please note that maximum purchase is RM2000.\n " << endl; system("pause"); //this statement is needed when using DEV C++ return 0; }
15

Nested If statement : Multiple selection


if it is very cold, wear a heavy coat, else, if it is chilly, wear a light jacket, else, if it is windy wear a windbreaker, else, if it is hot, wear no jacket.

16

The Switch Statement

One of several possible actions is taken, depending on the contents of a variable.

17

The Switch Statement


switch ( <variable> or expression ) { case value1: Code to execute if <variable> == value1 break; case value2: Code to execute if <variable> == value2 break; ... case valuen: Code to execute if <variable> == value3 break; default: Code to execute if <variable> not equal any of the value

18

The Switch Statement

Write a program to ask the user to enter a letter grade and then respond with an appropriate message regarding the academic status. If grade is a or A say Good Job If grade is b or B say Pretty good If grade is c or C say Better get to work If grade is d or D say You are in trouble If grade is not A, B, C or D Say You are failing

1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

Notice how complicated will be the program if we use if.. Else!!!!


19

The Switch Statement


switch (grade) { case ('A') :cout << "Good Job!\n" ;

break;
case ('B') :cout << "Pretty good.\n" ; break; case ('C') :cout << "Better get to work.\n" ; break;

case ('D') :cout << "You are in trouble.\n" ;


break; default : cout << "You are failing!!\n" ; }
20

Lab Exercises

Write a program that finds the minimum of three integers Write a program that simulates a simple calculator. It reads two integers and a character. If the character is a +, the sum is printed; if it is a -, the difference is printed; if it is a *, the product is printed; if it is a /, the quotient is printed; and if it is a % , the remainder is printed. Use switch statement

21

Lab Exercises

Write a program that tests whether an input integer is positive or negative Write a program that reads the users age and then prints You are a child if the age <18, You are an adult if age between 18 and 65, and You are a senior citizen if age >= 65

22

You might also like