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DWDM
DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

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CONTENTS
Concepts - DWDM Evolution of DWDM Architecture of Optical networking Salient Features of DWDM Wavelength Routing Protocol Wavelength Management DWDM with SONET/SDH or IP over DWDM Conclusion Future Optical Networks
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Concepts - DWDM

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What is WDM/DWDM?
WDM/DWDM is a fiber-optic transmission technique where multiple optical signals are transmitted on a single fiber using different wavelengths. The Different optical signals are multiplexed in Wavelength Domain.

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Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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How Do We Differ Between WDM & DWDM

Classification of WDM: When channel spacing > 100 GHz called WDM When channel spacing < 100 GHz called DWDM When channel spacing < 25 GHz called UDWDM

0.8 nm =100 GHz

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Introduction To Multiplexing
What is multiplexing? Multiplexing is a process of putting all the signals into a common channel in different ways and the component is called multiplexer. What is de-multiplexing? De-multiplexing is a process which separates out all the multiplexed signals and the component is called de-multiplexer.
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Time Division Multiplexing

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Difference Between TDM & WDM

TDM - (Time Division Multiplexing)
Type of multiplexing in which different signals are multiplexed in different time slots. In TDM each time slots is fixed for different signals sequentially.If there is any vacant time slot that can be utilized for other signal,by using STDM -(Statistical Time Division Multiplexing).

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Difference Between TDM & WDM

WDM-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Type of multiplexing in which different signals are multiplexed at different wavelengths for full time slots. When each wavelength is multiplexed from different TDM signals then the multiplexing is called TDM over WDM.

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Total Throughput Of A Fiber For TDM Over WDM Multiplexing.

Different Wavelength
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Challenges To Be Faced
Increased service needs due to Internet and Intranet Fiber exhaust Layered bandwidth management

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Solutions
Laying more fiber Time division multiplexing (TDM) DWDM

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Laying More Fiber

Economic solution where cost of fiber laying is

minimal
May not be able to provide new services or utilize

bandwidth management capability of a unifying

optical layer
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Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Assigns incoming optical signals to specific frequencies (wavelength, l) within a designated frequency band Multiplexes the resulting signals out onto one fiber Incoming signals are never terminated in the optical layer

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Increased Network Capacity DWDM

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Issues Of Optical Networking

Dispersion management Polarization mode dispersion Non-linear effects Optical Test and Measurement Scaling the Optical Network Error-Correcting Code

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Evolution of Optical Networks

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Generations Of WDM Networks

First Generation: Dense WDM networks with linear architecture used in point-to-point link, as a high bandwidth pipes between two network elements. These systems are integrated with optical amplifiers and electronic regenerators. Second Generation: WDM networks with ring and mesh architectures. These systems are integrated with optical amplifiers, OADMs, Dispersion compensators, OXCs and electronic regenerators. Third Generation: DWDM and OTDM networks (All-optical networks )with linear, ring and mesh architectures. These systems are integrated with optical 3R regeneration, OADM, OXC (which supports Photonic packet switching)
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DWDM Networks Evolution

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Evolution of The Photonics Layer

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140 G up to 65 km (Alcatel98) PMD Limited. 32 5 G to 9300 km (1998) 64 5 G to 7200 km (Lucent97) 10010 G to 400 km (Lucent97) 1610 G to 6000 km (1998) 13220 G to 120 km (NEC96) 7020 G to 600 km (NTT97) 1022 Wavelengths on one fiber (Lucent 99)

Recent WDM Records

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Architecture of Optical Networks

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Layers of Typical Networks

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Typical Optical Core Network

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Typical Point To Point Optical Link

Tx
Post Amplifier
Signal Power

Rx
Line Amplifier

Pre Amplifier

Receiver Sensitivity Link Length

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Linear Backbone Link

Optical Multiplexer Post Amplifier Line Amplifier Optical Demultiplexer Pre Amplifier

Wavelengths

Wavelengths

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Backbone Link With OADM

Mux Demux
OADM

Mux

Demux

Drop Wavelengths

Add Wavelengths

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Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer

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Backbone Link With OXC

Add/Drop Ports Mux Demux OXC Mux Demux

Add/Drop Ports

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Salient Features of DWDM

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Salient Features
The interface can be bit-rate and format independent Can be easily integrated with existing equipment in the network (SONET/SDH) Access gained to the untapped capacity in the embedded fiber High Cost Saving as Laying Cost of the Fiber is 70% of the Total OFC Network Cost
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Salient Features contd

Combines multiple optical signals combined together as a group can be amplified and transported over a single fiber to increase capacity Allows to expand the Network Capacity in Multifold by changing the End Equipments. Provides the flexibility to expand capacity in any portion of the network Grand Cost Reduction in Time to Market and BW Provisioning.
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Salient Features contd

Service providers can lease individual wavelengthsas opposed to an entire fiberto their high-use business customers Increases the distances between network elements

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Salient Features Contd

The systems number of wavelengths and bit rate are upgradeable Standard Transaction Language 1 (TL-1) interfaces are widely available for DWDM systems to provide a maintenance interface

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Capacity Expansion Evolution A Strategy for Long Term

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Advantages Of DWDM
Offers services such as: Email Video on Demand Multimedia Wavelength Management Over the following formats IP ATM SONET/SDH
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Open Data Networks with DWDM

Today core DWDM system uses Proprietary Mux and management Systems. ITUT defines standard wavelength Grid but Still many aspects of DWDM systems are implemented in different ways by different vendors.

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Factors To be Thought For Standardization

Optical Spectrum Used Wave Grid Spacing Power and Amplification schemes Mechanisms for Optical Amp Gain Adjustment Methods of Forward Error Correction Systems Engineering Aspects
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WaRP

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Wavelength Routing Protocol (WaRP)

WaRP Views Network as a Bandwidth Pool and Provides for point and click auto provisioning of wavelength paths. WaRP Solution enables the creation of Optical Network with efficiencies of the mesh architectures and the speed of the SONET / SDH rings.
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Wavelength Management

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Managed Wavelength Services

One or More wavelengths are leased on a DWDM system. This wavelength can be a point to point or meshed based intelligent optical network

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Channel Spacing Using Wavelength

Short Band Long Band

Wavelength (nm)

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DWDM Market Share

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Major Players in the Field

Classification:
Long haul
Nortel

Metro
Nortel

Ciena
Lucent Alcatel NEC Others

ONI
Ciena Cisco Sorrento Others
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http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=3911
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DWDM NETWORKS

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Sparse and Dense WDM

10Mbps Ethernet (10Base-F) uses 850 nm 100 Mbps Ethernet (100Base-FX) + FDDI use 1310 nm Some telecommunication lines use 1550 nm

WDM: 850nm + 1310nm or 1310nm + 1550nm

Dense Closely spaced 1nm separation
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Sparse and Dense WDM WDM Applications and Sample Products Types of Fibers: Limiting factors to single wavelength Wavelength router and optical crossconnect Upcoming Technologies: Optic wireless, Quasi Soliton, OTDM Packet Switching, Optical CDMA, ...
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WDM Applications
WANs: Fiber links WDM DWDM Links Undersea Links: Amplifiers High maintenance cost Can't put too many fibers DWDM highly successful in long-haul market. Not yet cost-competitive in metro market. Bandwidth demand is low and more dynamic. Many new lower cost products for metro market.
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Sample Products
Nortel/Cambrian: Optera Metro: 32 2.5G Optera LH: 2560622Mbps, 12801.25Gbps (Gb Ethernet), 6402.5Gbps, 16010Gbps Pirelli Optical Systems: 12810G TeraMuX WaveMux H-DWDM with Soliton OMDS 32lWDM System Monterey Networks: Wavelength Router TM 256256 OC-48 scalable to 160 Tbps blocking any to any. Non-

Fully hot swappable w/o fiber swap 1+1 or 1:N APS. Straight IP over DWDM.
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Key Components
Optical Fiber Tunable Lasers Optical Mux/Demux Fast tuning receivers Wavelength converters Amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA)s Splitters, Combiners
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DWDM Systems & Optical Amplifiers

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Optical Amplifier
Bi directional Amplifiers Unidirectional Amplifiers

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Optical Add Drop Multiplexer

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Components Used in DWDM Networks

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Components Used in DWDM Networks

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All Optical Semiconductor Wavelength Converter

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Optical Modulator

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Optical Network Products

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Development Milestones in Optical Components

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Splitters/Combiners
Control Control Control

Larger switches can be built out of 2 2 building block `

By MEMS technology one can have large matrix switch

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Products (Cont)
Sentry: 402.5G long haul 800 km Optical Line Amplifier: EDFA, 1540-1560nm Sentry ADM: OC-48 ADM at any amplifier site Firefly: 242.5G Short haul, point-to-point, 1310nm WaveWatcher SNMP & TMN Fault Management System WaveWatcher SNMP & TMN Element Management System
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Products - Ciena
Ciena MultiWave Family: 16, 40, 96-channel systems with SONET/ATM/IP to DWDM CoreDirector: 256 OC-48 or 64 OC192 (640G total) Switch, Optical signaling and routing protocol EdgeDirector: ATM VP ring with 50ms APS, DS1 to OC3, 10-100Base-T interfaces, RIP and OSPF CoreStream: 2.5G or 10G (to 2 Tbps total) DWDM Long Haul transport Metro: 242.5G duplex ADM nodes on a 2 fiber ring
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Products (Cont)
Sycamore:
SN 6000 Intelligent Optical Transport Node OC-192 DWDM Allows OC-48 IP/ATM/SONET inputs Private line applications 28 OC-48 inputs per rack SILVX Optical Network Management System

Corvis: CorWave supports OC-192

SONET/ATM/IP streams to 3200 km

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Products (Cont)
Optical Networks Inc: ONLINE 9000 Metro Nodes,
OPTX Metro Network Operating System (design, configuration, operation), OLMP Optical link management

NEC: Submarine WDM System 1610G up to 300km

expandable to 3210G

Monterey Networks:
Teraseed: Single chip. Clustered to create switch matrix. Wavelength Routing Protocol TM (WaRP TM )
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Products (Cont)
Tellium: Aurora 32: Carrier Class Optical Switch Aurora 512: Bidirectional carrier class 1.2 Tbps nonblocking optical switch Alidian Networks: Optical Service Networks (OSN): Metro and Access Rings with ATM/FR/TDM/SONET Services with QoS
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Products -CISCO
CISCO:
12000 Gigabit Switch Router with OC-48c line card Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT) a) Uses SONET framing b) Dual Ring c) Both rings used simultaneously Spatial Reuse Protocol (SRP) 4 SRP fairness algorithm

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Products (Cont)
Intelligent Protection Switching (IPS): Handles

events at layer 1, 2, and 3 (APS handles only layer 1). Can provide reduced capacity during failures.
Canoga Perkins Corp: Converter MMF/SMF 8M1.25G to 1310/1550nm Integral Access: PurePacket Node DSL Access Mux (DSLAM), Voice, Data to DWDM/MPLS

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Products- LUCENT
Lucent WaveStar Family:
OLS 400G/80G/40G/10G/2.5G: 80OC-48 or 40OC192 (point-to-point) Bandwidth Manager: 1152 STS-1/384 STM-1 Switch Fabric with electrical and optical interfaces

Lucent OpticGate Family: Allows connecting ATM

Switches and IP routers to 400G. MetroPoint: 162.5G to 60 km AllMetro: 402.5G with add/drop OpticAir: 42.5Gbps to 5 km FT-2000: STS-1 to OC-48 SONET
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Products (Cont)
Lucent OptiStar Family: OC48/OC12/1G: nonDWDM
Network adapters for NT/2000/Linux

OSICOM : 322.5G Gigamux (point-to-point)

More Vendors: ADC, Bosch, DSC, Ericsson, Fujitsu, Hitachi, NEC, Scientific-Atlanta, and Tellabs
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DWDM with SONET/SDH or IP over DWDM

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Different Approaches For IP Over WDM

IP/FRAME RELAY/SONET/WDM IP/FRAME RELAY/ATM/SONET/WDM IP/ATM/SONET/WDM IP/SONET/WDM IP/WDM The Approach for direct IP over WDM Optical adaptation layer approach MPLS lambda-labeling approach
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Different Networks Layers

IP with (PPP/HDLC/SDL) IP/MPLS
Frame Relay

ATM
SONET/SDH/PDH Optical Adaptation Layer Physical Layer (Optical Fiber)
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Functions Of Optical Adaptation Provides end-to-end Layer

Optical Adaptation Layer

Optical Channel Layer

Optical Multiplex Section Layer Optical Transmission Section Layer

transparent networking Carry multiplexing for Provides multi protocols The overhead optical multi wavelengthincludes fault detection and signals performance includes The overhead monitoring monitoring fault and performance

This transmits optical signals on various kinds of fibers

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Conclusion

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DWDM Is The Best Solution For The Present And Future Scenario

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Future Optical Networks

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Future Evolutions
Hybrid switching paradigms Spatial fiber switching techniques Full Photonic Packet Switching Migration switching regimes (packet, circuit, burst, label, hybrid) IP over voice (to make all data centric networks) Dynamic and tunable optical components

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Future Networks on DWDM

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Future Networks on DWDM

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Optical Time Domain Multiplexing

To modulate a CW Light to desire format and at high bit rate > 40 Gbps
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Optical Time Domain Demultiplexing

Modulators are used (which increases the price) for OTDM To get desired chirp parameter for enhancing the transmission distance
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Potential Evolution Of Optical Networking Towards Packet Switching

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Hybrid Switching

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Summary
DWDM allows 32- to 128- channels per fiber Several types of fibers with different dispersion characteristics Wavelength routers/switches all-optical networks Solitons allow high-datarate over very long distances Optical Packet switching is around the corner.
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