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Heat Diffusion Equation

The heat diffusion equation describes heat transfer by conduction in solids. It states that the rate of increase of energy storage equals the energy generation rate plus the net heat transfer rate. For one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer without internal heat generation, the heat diffusion equation reduces to the Laplace equation. The general solution to the Laplace equation involves integrating twice to determine the temperature distribution. Boundary conditions are needed to solve for the constants of integration. Heat transfer analyses can model composite walls by dividing the wall into layers and applying thermal resistances in series. Insulation materials are commonly specified by their thermal resistance R-value, which is the material thickness divided by its thermal conductivity.

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Gaye Kanaltı
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332 views7 pages

Heat Diffusion Equation

The heat diffusion equation describes heat transfer by conduction in solids. It states that the rate of increase of energy storage equals the energy generation rate plus the net heat transfer rate. For one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer without internal heat generation, the heat diffusion equation reduces to the Laplace equation. The general solution to the Laplace equation involves integrating twice to determine the temperature distribution. Boundary conditions are needed to solve for the constants of integration. Heat transfer analyses can model composite walls by dividing the wall into layers and applying thermal resistances in series. Insulation materials are commonly specified by their thermal resistance R-value, which is the material thickness divided by its thermal conductivity.

Uploaded by

Gaye Kanaltı
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Diffusion Equation

Apply this equation to a solid undergoing conduction heat transfer:


E=mc
p
T=(V)c
p
T=(dxdydz)c
p
T
dy
dx
Energy balance equation:
dE
dt
dE
dt
g
= + + q q E E
dW
dt
in out

1 2
q
x

q
x+dx

x
y
q KA
T
x
K dydz
T
x
q q dq q
q
x
dx
x
x x
x dx x x x
x
=
c
c
=
c
c
= + = +
c
c
+
( )
All go to zero
Heat Diffusion Equation (2)
( )
Energy Storage = Energy Generation + Net Heat Transfer
t
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
p x x dx
x
p x x
p
c T dxdydz qdxdydz q q
q T
c dxdydz qdxdydz q q dx
t x
T
qdxdydz k dxdydz
x x
T T T T
c q k k k
t x x y y z z

+
c
= +
c
c c
= + +
c c
c c
=
c c
c c c c c c c
= + + +
c c c c c c c
Generalized to three-dimensional
Note: partial differential operator
is used since T=T(x,y,z,t)
Heat Diffusion Equation (3)

c
T
t
q
x
k
T
x y
k
T
y z
k
T
z
c
T
t
k
T
x
T
y
T
z
q k T q
where
x y z
T
T
x
T
y
T
z
p
p
c
c
= +
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ = V +
V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

,

,
Special case1: no generation q = 0
Special case 2: constant thermal conductivity k = constant
is the Laplacian operator
Special case 3:
t
and q = 0
The famous Laplace'
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0 s equation
1-D, Steady Heat Transfer
Assume steady and no generation, 1- D Laplace' s equation
function of x coordinate alone
Note: ordinary differential operator is used since T = T(x) only
The general solution of this equation can be determined by integting twice:
First integration leads to
dT
dx

Integrate again T(x) = C
Second order differential equation: need two boundary conditions to
determine the two constants C and C
1
1 2
d T
dx
T x y x t T x
cons t C
x C
2
2
1
2
0 = =
= =
+
, ( , , , ) ( ),
tan .
.
T(x=0)=100C=C
2

T(x=1 m)=20C=C
1
+C
2
, C
1
=-80C
T(x)=100-80x (C)


100
20
T
x
1-D Heat Transfer (cont.)
Recall Fourier' s Law:
q = -kA
dT
dx
If the temperature gradient is a constant
q = constent (heat transfer rate is a constant)
dT
dx
where
,
, ( ) , ( ) =

= = = =
T T
L
T x T T x L T
2 1
1 2
0
T
1

T
2

x
L
q kA
dT
dx
kA
T T
L
T T
L kA
q
T T
R
where R
L
kA
= =

=

=

=
1 2 1 2
1 2
( / )
, : thermal resistance
q (I)
T
1
(V
1
)
T
2
(V
2
)
R (R)
Electric circuit analogy
I = (V
1
-V
2
)/R
Composite Wall Heat Transfer
T
1

T
2

L
1
L
2

k
1
k
2

T
2
T
1
R
1
=L
1
/(k
1
A)
R
2
=L
2
/(k
2
A)
T
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
T
Also, q= ,
T T T T T T
q
R R R
L L
k A k A
T L
T T qR T q
R k A

= = =
+ | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
| |

= =
|
\ .
Note: In the US, insulation materials are often specified in terms of
their thermal resistance in (hr ft
2
F)/Btu ----> 1 Btu=1055 J.
R-value = L/k, R-11 for wall, R-19 to R-31 for ceiling.
T
R value
The thermal resistance of insulation material can be characterized
by its R-value. R is defined as the temperature difference across the
insulation by the heat flux going through it:
R
T
q
T
k
T
x
x
k
= = =
A A
A
A
A
"
The typical space inside the residential frame wall is 3.5 in. Find the R-value if
the wall cavity is filled with fiberglass batt. (k=0.046 W/m.K=0.027 Btu/h.ft.R)
R
x
k
ft
Btu h ft R
R ft h Btu R = = = ~
A 0 292
0 027
10 8 11
2
.
. / . .
. ( . . / )

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