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    Water Pollution: Prepared by

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    Aryan Vaidh
    1. Water pollution comes from a variety of sources including agriculture, industry, and cities. Runoff from farms contains excess fertilizers and pesticides, while industrial facilities and urban areas discharge untreated waste. 2. Both surface water and groundwater are threatened by pollution. Surface water pollution reduces oxygen levels and harms aquatic life, while groundwater pollution from leaks and spills contaminates drinking water sources. 3. Improving wastewater treatment, reducing agricultural and urban runoff, and preventing accidental spills can help curb water pollution. Technological solutions like advanced sewage treatment and protected drinking water systems also help ensure access to clean water.

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    Water Pollution: Prepared by

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    Aryan Vaidh
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    1. Water pollution comes from a variety of sources including agriculture, industry, and cities. Runoff from farms contains excess fertilizers and pesticides, while industrial facilities and urban areas discharge untreated waste. 2. Both surface water and groundwater are threatened by pollution. Surface water pollution reduces oxygen levels and harms aquatic life, while groundwater pollution from leaks and spills contaminates drinking water sources. 3. Improving wastewater treatment, reducing agricultural and urban runoff, and preventing accidental spills can help curb water pollution. Technological solutions like advanced sewage treatment and protected drinking water systems also help ensure access to clean water.

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    1. Water pollution comes from a variety of sources including agriculture, industry, and cities. Runoff from farms contains excess fertilizers and pesticides, while industrial facilities and urban areas discharge untreated waste. 2. Both surface water and groundwater are threatened by pollution. Surface water pollution reduces oxygen levels and harms aquatic life, while groundwater pollution from leaks and spills contaminates drinking water sources. 3. Improving wastewater treatment, reducing agricultural and urban runoff, and preventing accidental spills can help curb water pollution. Technological solutions like advanced sewage treatment and protected drinking water systems also help ensure access to clean water.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views23 pages

    Water Pollution: Prepared by

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Vaidh
    1. Water pollution comes from a variety of sources including agriculture, industry, and cities. Runoff from farms contains excess fertilizers and pesticides, while industrial facilities and urban areas discharge untreated waste. 2. Both surface water and groundwater are threatened by pollution. Surface water pollution reduces oxygen levels and harms aquatic life, while groundwater pollution from leaks and spills contaminates drinking water sources. 3. Improving wastewater treatment, reducing agricultural and urban runoff, and preventing accidental spills can help curb water pollution. Technological solutions like advanced sewage treatment and protected drinking water systems also help ensure access to clean water.

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    Water Pollution

    Prepared By

    Key Concepts
    Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants Major pollution problems of surface water

    Major pollution problems of groundwater


    Reduction and prevention of water pollution Drinking water quality

    Types, Effects, and Sources of Water Pollution


    Water is polluted by infectious bacteria, inorganic and organic chemicals, and excess heat. Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living orgReduction and prevention of water pollution The WHO estimates that 3.4 million people die prematurely each year from waterborne diseases. In the U.S., an estimated 1.5 million people a year become ill from infectious agents.

    Scientists monitor water quality by using bacterial counts, chemical analysis, and indicator organisms. One method of measuring water quality involves measuring the number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria present in a water sample. Drinking water should not contain any colonies/100 milliliters, Chemical analysis includes checking inorganic and organic chemicals present, sediment content, and turbidity of water. Indicator species are living organisms that are monitored to determine levels of pollution.

    Sources of Water Pollution


    Point sources Nonpoint sources Biological oxygen demand Water quality
    Water Quality
    Good Slightly polluted

    Do (ppm) at 20C

    8-9

    6.7-8
    4.5-6.7 Below 4.5 Below 4

    Moderately polluted
    Heavily polluted Gravely polluted

    Point and Nonpoint Sources


    NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes

    Urban streets

    Cropland Animal feedlot Suburban development POINT SOURCES

    Factory

    Wastewater treatment plant

    Sources of water pollution


    The leading sources of water pollution are agriculture, industries, and 1. Agricultural activities are the leading cause of water pollution from erosion, overgrazing, fertilizers and pesticides, and excess salt from irrigated soils. 2. Industrial facilities are another large source of water pollution, and mining is a third source.

    One of every five people in the world lacks access to safe drinking water. Ninety-five percent of people in developed countries and 74% of people in developing countries have access to clean drinking water. In a warmer world, too much rain and too little rain can increase water pollution.

    Pollution of Freshwater Streams


    Streams can recover from moderate levels of degradable water pollutants if the flows are not reduced.

    1.

    A combination of dilution and biodegradation can allow recovery of stream pollution


    The breakdown of pollutants by bacteria creates an oxygen sag curve. Organisms that have a high oxygen demand cant survive in the curve. Volume of the stream, volume of wastes entering, flow rate, temperature, and pH levels all affect how great a sag curve is produced.

    2.

    3.

    Oxygen Sag Curve


    Clean Zone Types Of Organisms Decompositio n Zone Septic Zone Clean Zone

    Concentration

    Time Of Distance Downstream

    Water Pollution: Now


    Most developed countries have reduced point source pollution, but toxic chemicals and pollution from non-point sources are still problems. Stream pollution in most developing countries is a serious and growing problem. Half of the worlds 500 major rivers are heavily polluted, and most of them run through developing countries where waste treatment is minimal or nonexistent. For example: Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, little economic development, and a large population interact to cause severe pollution of the Ganges River in India.

    Pollution of Lakes
    Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories

    Discharge of detergents ( phosphates)

    Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia)

    Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates)

    Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces)

    Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates)

    Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use)

    The Great Lakes

    Groundwater Pollution: Causes


    Low flow rates Low oxygen Few bacteria Cold temperatures

    Hazardous waste injection well

    Pesticides Coal strip mine runoff


    De-icing road salt Pumping well Waste lagoon Gasoline station Water pumping well Landfill Buried gasoline and solvent tank Cesspool septic tank Sewer Leakage from faulty casing Discharge

    Accidental spills

    Confined aquifer
    Groundwater flow

    Pollution of Groundwater
    Experts rate groundwater pollution as a lowrisk ecological problem; it is rated as a highrisk health problem. The extent of groundwater contamination is generally unknown Prevention is the most effective and affordable way to protect groundwater from pollutants.

    Ocean Pollution
    Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries. Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Runoff of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxicmicroscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals.

    Closed shellfish beds Closed beach Oxygen-depleted zone

    Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders. Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat. Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish. p. 505 Fig. 21-10,

    Case Study: Chesapeake Bay


    Largest US estuary Relatively shallow Slow flushing action to Atlantic Major problems with dissolved O2

    Oil Spills
    Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks

    Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering


    Significant economic impacts

    Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters


    Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

    Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution


    Nonpoint Sources Reduce runoff Buffer zone vegetation Reduce soil erosion Point Sources Clean Water Act Water Quality Act

    Technological Approach: Septic Systems


    Require suitable soils and maintenance

    Technological Approach: Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage Treatment


    Uses physical and chemical processes Removes nitrate and phosphate Expensive Not widely used

    Drinking Water Quality


    Purification of urban drinking water Protection from terrorism Purification of rural drinking water Safe Drinking Water Act

    Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)


    Bottled water

    Thank You

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