C Programming

Strings and Arrays

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Agenda
Arrays Strings

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Agenda Diagram Representation

The following is a diagrammatic model to understand the c program well. It is nothing but Pictorial Representation of variables.
Data Type

Any variable either it is normal or pointer can be represented using this diagram. Lets take one simple example int i = 10; char c = 100;
Starting address

<value>
Variable Name int Ending address

10
Note: 32 bit system Size of character is 1 byte Size of Integer is 4 byte
char

1000

1003

Size of float is 4 byte

Size of double is 8 byte

100
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Arrays Basic Concepts

A contiguous group of data items. It has a name which identifies the array Each item / element, in an array is of the same data type An array item is accessed by an index Use the array subscript operator [] Index starts at 0 and ends at n -1 Array can be single or multiple dimensions

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Array Representation
This will create an area in memory for a, which is 6*sizeof (int)

int a[6] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};

What is the value of a? What is the value of a[0]? What is the value of &a[2] ? => What is the value of *(&a[2]) ?
1000

3
a

6
1023

1008 ???

The above expression can be rewritten as a[2] The above expression can be rewritten in pointer notation as *(a+2)
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Arrays - Declaration
The declaration can be single or multiple dimension Array Initialization can be any of the following types
Separate Initialization lists Sized vs unsized

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Arrays Single Dimension Array Declaration & Initialization list

Data type name [size] where size is an integer constant expression
Eg: int intarray [ 15 ] float floatarray [ 20 ] char chararray [ 256 ]

Initialization List
Data type name [ size ] = {initval0, initval1, } where size is an integer constant expression and items in the initialization lists are constant expressions.
Eg: int intarray [ 5 ] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
float floatarray [2] = {1.5f, 2.3f} char chararray [2] = {h, i}

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Data Types Arrays Single Dimension Array Declaration Unsized Initialization list Data type name [] = {initval0,.. Initvaln } where initvals are constant expressions
Eg: int intarray [ ] = {1,2,3,4} (Note: sizeof) float floatarray [ ] = {1.5f, 2.5f} char chararray [ ] = {a, b, c } Size of array indicated by number of initializers (Need to give examples)

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Data Types Arrays Multi Dimension Array Declaration & sized Initialization list
Data type name [size1][size2] where size1 and size2 are integer constant expressions
Eg: int intarray [2][3]

With sized initialization list

Data type name [size1][size2] = {{initval0,.}, {. Initvaln} } where size1 and size2 are integer constant expressions and initvals are constant expressions
Eg: int intarray [2][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}

With unsized initialization list

Data type name [ ][size2] = {{initval0,.}, {. Initvaln} } where size2 is integer constant expressions and initvals are constant expressions
Eg: int intarray[ ] [3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}

Only the first dimension can be unsized

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Data Types Single Dimension Array Sample

// single dimension arrays int main() { int grades[10]; // array declaration int i; // separate initialization for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { grades [ i ] = 0; } // array usage grades [ 0 ] = 100; grades [ 1 ] = grades [ 0 ] 10; return 0; }
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// as lvalue // lvalue and rvalue

Data Types Single Dimension Array Sample

/* single dimension arrays with initialization list */ int main() { /* array declaration*/ int grades [ 5 ] = { 95, 60, 93, 92, 94 }; int i; /* arrays go well with for loops */ for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) { /* array usage */

printf (Grade %i is %i \n, i, grades [ i ] );

} }

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Data Types Single Dimension Array Sample

// single dimension arrays with initialization list (unsized) int main() { // array declaration int grades [ ] = { 95, 90, 93, 92, 94 }; int i, size; size = sizeof ( grades) / sizeof ( int ); // arrays go well with for loops for ( i = 0; i < size; i++ ) { // array usage

printf (Grade %d is %d \n, i, grades [ i ] );

} return 0; }
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Data Types Multi Dimension Array Sample

// multiple dimension arrays with initialization list main() { // array declaration int ages [ 2 ] [ 3 ] = { { 22, 21, 55 }, { 33, 29, 40 } }; int i, j; // arrays go well with for loops for ( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) { for ( j = 0; j < 3; j++ ) { // array usage

printf (Age %d,%d is %d\n, i, j, ages [ i ] [ j ] ); }

} }
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Strings
There are no Strings in C.

There is an agreed upon convention to store string like data structures in arrays of characters.
Part of the convention includes terminating strings with a null character. In many cases "string" operations in C look just like those found in other languages. Do not be deceived. This is C...memory must be managed properly (by you)!
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Strings
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main() { char chararray[] = {'H','e','l','l','o'}; char word[] = {'H','e','l','l','o','\0'}; char string[] = "This is string"; printf("chararray = %s\n", chararray); printf("word = %s\n", word); printf("string = %s\n", string); chararray = Hello word = Hello string = This is string string length of chararray is 5 size of chararray is 5 string length of word size of word is 5 is 6

string length of string is 14 size of string is 15

printf("string length of chararray is %d \n", strlen(chararray)); printf("size of chararray is %d \n\n", sizeof(chararray)); printf("string length of word is %d \n", strlen(word)); printf("size of word is %d \n\n", sizeof(word)); printf("string length of string is %d \n", strlen(string)); printf("size of string is %d \n\n", sizeof(string)); return 0; }

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Note: Sizeof function returns the memory occupied by the strings including \o character Strlen() function returns the length of the string, which 15 excludes the \o (null) character

Strings
char *a = "Hello "; char *b = "world"; strcat(a, b); printf("%s\n", a); What do you expect in the output?
char a[12] = "Hello "; char *b = "world"; strcat(a, b); printf("%s\n", a);

Here, char *a, and char *b are pointing to literal constant string and it will be stored in constant data area. We can not change the constant data The program will produce segmentation fault.
char *a; char *b = World; a = (char *) malloc (sizeof (char) * 15); strcpy(a, Hello ); strcat(a, b); printf("%s\n", a); 16 free(a);
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Strings
We can represent the strings in a diagram.
char string[12] = Hello ; char *b = world; H strcat (string, b); printf(%s\n, string); 1000 Output: Hello World
char char

\0

\0 w

\0

1000 char *

string

1011

w 4000 4000

\0

4005

5000 b Copyright 2006 Wipro Technologies

5003

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Strings

We implement string-like data structures using array of characters

char s1[10]; /* Not a string! ??? */
char *s2; /* Not a string! */ char s3[10] = "foo"; /* Not a string ??? */ char *s4 = "bar";

What acts like a string? A pointer to a character followed by a sequence of characters terminating in a null byte
char s5[10] = "foo";
f o o \0 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??

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Strings String functions

#include <string.h> strcpy(p, s); strcmp(p, s); strcat(p, s); strlen(s); char *strchr(const char *string, int c) char *strstr(const char *S1, const char *S2) char *strtok(char *SOURCE, char *DELIMITERS)

Note: strcpy and strcat dont malloc space p must be allocated to be large enough to hold the results char s1[10] = "foo"; char *s2 = "foobar"; strcpy(s2, s1); /* Okay? */ No! strcpy(s1, s2); /* Okay? */ Yes!
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Strings String functions

strdup It is used to duplicate a string

#include <string.h> char *strdup (const char *s);
What does it do? Different than strcpy? Cautions? It allocates memory using malloc and copies into it the string addressed by s, including null terminated character. It is developers responsibility to free the allocated storage by calling free function

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Strings String functions

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main() { char *word = NULL; char *string = Hello World;

word = strdup(string);
printf(%s\n, word); free(word);

return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Output:
Hello World
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Strings String functions

gets char *gets(char *s);

gets() reads a line from stdin into the buffer pointed to by s until either a terminating newline or EOF, which it replaces with '\0'. No check for buffer overrun is performed! Leads to buffer overflow
Because it is impossible to tell without knowing the data in advance how many characters gets() will read, and because gets() will continue to store characters past the end of the buffer, it is extremely dangerous to use. It has been used to break computer security. Use fgets() instead.

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Strings String functions

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char buffer[10]; gets(buffer); printf("buffer = %s\n", buffer); return EXIT_SUCCESS; }

Output: $ outputgets Hello buffer = Hello

$outputgets

Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their buffer = Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their Segmentation fault
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Strings String functions

strtok - extract token from string
#include <string.h>

char *strtok (char *s, const char *delim);

A `token' is a nonempty string of characters not occurring in the string delim, followed by \0 or by a character occurring in delim. The strtok() function can be used to parse the string s into tokens. The first call to strtok() should have s as its first argument. Subsequent calls should have the first argument set to NULL. Each call returns a pointer to the next token, or NULL when no more tokens are found.
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Strings String functions

If a token ends with a delimiter, this delimiting character is overwritten with a \0 and a pointer to the next character is saved for the next call to strtok. The delimiter string delim may be different for each call. This function modifies its first argument. The identity of the delimiting character is lost. This function cannot be used on constant strings. The strtok() function returns a pointer to the next token, or NULL if there are no more tokens.

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Strings String functions

#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stddef.h>

int main() { char string[] = "Words seperated by spaces -- and, punctuation!" char delimiters[] = " -,;:!_";
char *token, *cp; token = strtok(string, delimiters); while (token!=NULL) { printf("%s\n", token);; token = strtok(NULL, delimiters); } return 0; }
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Output: $ ./token Words seperated by spaces and punctuation

Thank You
Contact: mahesh.balasubramanian@wipro.com Or Unix FCG

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