Characteristics of Force: - Composition and Resolution of Forces - Force System Analysis

Characteristics of force
Composition and resolution of forces Force system analysis
A sliding vector
A sliding vector uses the line of action rather than the point of application to describe force; and is sliding when the body is rigid, the resultant external effects, rather than internal forces and the deformations, are investigated. Sliding vectors are more common in sport and include: Magnitude
Direction Point of application Line of action
Biceps curl illustrating properties of force
Force systems
Forces acting on a body are usually summed using vector analysis to derive their resultant values. Depending on how forces are applied to given structures that move under their influence, various kinds of motion may result. The following systems show fundamental ways in which forces may act.
Force systems
Linear force system: When forces act in a straight line they are said to be colinear in a system called a linear system of forces.
10N 4N 2N 5N 3N
Resultant = F
R = 10 -4 + -2 + 5 +3 = 18 - 6 = +12 Newtons
Parallel force system

When the action lines of the forces under consideration are parallel to one another and lie in the same plane, the system may be called a parallel force system. Parallel forces are applied some distance from each other. If the body is in equilibrium the sum of the forces acting in one direction will negated by the sum of the forces acting in the opposite direction. Rotating forces can occur from parallel forces. A special case of parallel force system is known as a couple.
A force couple occurs when two forces of equal magnitude act at a distance from each other in opposite directions. Under these circumstances they produce a turning action. As long as force A is equal and opposite to that exerted by individual B. The body will not go anywhere; there will be no linear displacement or acceleration, and the resultant of the two forces will be zero. The body is turned.These forces acting in this situation are known as force couples and the torque (moment). Torque couple = force x perpendicular distance Resultant = F = 0
Parallel force system- force couples
Force couple
R=F=0 R = +135 - 135 = 0
F = 135 N B B A F = 135 N Note in the human body, no true force couples exist. 2 metres A Torque couple = force x distance T couple = 135 N x 2 m T = 270 Nm
Concurrent force system

A concurrent force system is one in which the lines of action of all forces intersect at a common point. Such forces may be applied to a body from two or more different angles so that projections of their action lines will cross. This intersection need not be inside the body.
Concurrent force system
a) Lines of force intersect inside the body
b) Lines of force intersect outside the body
General force system

General force system is where the previous categories are not met.
Force arms force rope
F feet
F floor
Force vectors
A force has magnitude and direction Magnitude 30 newtons Direction at 45 degrees
Force vectors
Any force can be divided into a vertical and a horizontal components
vertical
horizontal
The resultant (net) is the vector sum of two or more vectors. It is the result of adding vectors together. If displacement vectors A, B, and C are added together, the result will be vector R. To say that vector R is the resultant displacement of displacement vectors A, B, and C is to say that a person who walked with displacements A, then B, and then C would be displaced by the same amount as a person who walked with displacement R. Displacement vector R gives the same result as displacement vectors A + B + C. That is why it can be said that A+B+C=R
Resultants
Pythagorean theorem
Example of applied forces at an angle
Example
A force is directed at an angle to the horizontal. In such a situation, the applied force can be resolved into two components. These two components can be considered to replace the applied force at an angle. By doing so, the situation has been simplified into a familiar situation in which all the forces are directed either horizontally or vertically. Once the situation has been simplified, the problem can be solved like any other problem. The task of determining the acceleration involves first determining the net force by adding up all the forces as vectors and then dividing the net force by the mass to determine the acceleration. In the above situation, the vertical forces are balanced (i.e., Fgrav, Fy, and Fnorm add up to 0 N), and the horizontal forces add up to 29.3 N, right (positive) (i.e., 69.3 N, right + 40 N, left = 29.3 N, right). The net force is 29.3 N, right and the mass is 10 kg (m = Fgrav/g); therefore, the acceleration is 2.93 m/s/s.
Practical example
Ry Rx Ay Ax
mg
FBD of the foot segment during the swing phase of walking showing linear forces and accelerations.
Force system analysis

The force system analysis involves: The Mechanical system of interest Assumptions Free body diagram (FBD) Equations of motion Mathematical solution
The force analysis system example using running
Mechanical system
Mechanical system- force at the knee. A sketch is drawn including location of force whole body, down to isolated limb. Divide the body (segment) into two parts. The system is then drawn with solid lines, everything else is ignored (Hierarchical model).
Assumptions
Assumptions decide whether it is one, two or 3-D, decide which external forces to include/exclude decide on the magnitude and direction of possible known forces, decide on the material and structure of the system. (muscles involved, mechanical principles of the movement, how many planes of motion).
Free body diagram (FBD)

Used to reduce complexity of chosen analysis defines extent of the analysis and identifies the significant forces involved in the action. Assume rigid bodies. Forces are often summarized as resultant forces or called resultant intersegmental joint forces. F = sum of all muscles segment F muscle + sum of all ligaments + sum of all bone contact forces + sum of all other forces such as soft tissue. (Will aid in the hierarchical model, muscles involved and mechanical principles applied).
FBD example
c. b. a. d. Knee Fj Fa Fw Fm
knee
Fw
Fg x
Fg
Free-body diagrams
Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram is reflective of the magnitude of the force. The direction of the arrow reveals the direction in which the force acts. Each force arrow in the diagram is labeled to indicate the type of force. It is customary in a free-body diagram to represent the object by a box and to draw the force arrow from the center of the box outward in the direction in which the force is acting. acting upon an object in a given situation. The size of the arrow in a free-body diagram is reflective of the magnitude of the force. The direction of the arrow reveals the direction in which the force acts.
Equations of motion 2-D

Translation max = Fx1 = Fx2 + Fxn maz = Fz1 = Fz2 + Fzn rotation Iyz = Mz1 + Mz2 + Mzn
In the equations
m = mass of the system ax = acceleration of the center of mass of the system in x direction az = acceleration of the center of mass of the system in z direction Fix = force component I acting on the system of interest in x direction Fiz = force component I acting on the system of interest in z direction Iz = moment of inertia of the system of interest about an axis perpendicular to the -z plane through the CM of the system. z = angular acceleration of the system of interest with respect to the CM Mzi = moment produced by the force F1 with respect to the center of mass
Mathematical solution
The equations of motion have n unknowns. The number of motion equations can be equal or be smaller or larger. Equal, m = n, n determined Smaller, m < n, n underdetermined Larger, m > n, n overdetermined
Draw a FBD for the clean and jerk/ snatch when the bar is at the knees.

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Characteristics of Force: - Composition and Resolution of Forces - Force System Analysis

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Characteristics of force

Composition and resolution of forces Force system analysis

Biceps curl illustrating properties of force

Parallel force system

Parallel force system- force couples

Concurrent force system

Concurrent force system

a) Lines of force intersect inside the body

b) Lines of force intersect outside the body

General force system

A force has magnitude and direction Magnitude 30 newtons Direction at 45 degrees

Example of applied forces at an angle

Force system analysis

The force analysis system example using running

Free body diagram (FBD)

Equations of motion 2-D

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