EC301 : Computer Network Fundamental

Chapter 3.0 : Data Transmission & Networking Media

Noted prepared by: Pn. Wan Fazlini Idayu binti Wan Fakari

CLO 3: you should be able to select addressing scheme of TCP/IP in Local Area Network (LAN) properly using network configuration tool. (C4) CLO 4: you should be able to create a simple network connection using Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) in accordance to IEEE 802.11 protocols. (P7)
note: C4 = analysis, P7=origination

Chapter 3 will appear in: Lab (2) Quiz (3)

3.1 Basics of Data Transmission

Data transmission
Data transmission is the physical transfer of data over a point-topoint or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibres, wireless communication channels, and storage media.

The data is represented as an electro-magnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave or infra-red signal.
While analog communications is the transfer of continuously varying information signal, digital communications is the transfer of discrete messages. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation is carried out by modem equipment.

3.1.1

Basic Data Transmission Concepts

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Analog and digital signaling Data modulation Simple, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission Multiplexing Point-to point transmission Broadcast transmission Throughput Bandwidth

Analog Signaling
Electronic signal that varies directly with time changes for an infinite range of time. (Isyarat elektronik yang berubah secara terus dengan
perubahan masa untuk satu julat masa tak terhingga)

Your speech, a siren, and live music are all examples of analog waves. (percakapan, siren, dan muzik merupakan contoh gelombang analog)

using of continuous signals to represent information/data. (menggunakan isyarat selanjar untuk mewakili maklumat/data)
An analog signal is characterized by four fundamental properties: amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and phase. (Sebuah isyarat analog dicirikan oleh empat sifat: amplitud, frekuensi, panjang
gelombang, dan fasa)

Analog SignalingCont
amplitude is a measure of its strength at any given point in time. (amplitud adalah ukuran kekuatan pada setiap titik masa yang frequency is a number of wave cycles in one second (f=1/t). t=The times of waves amplitude cycles from its starting point, through its highest amplitude and its lowest amplitude. (merupakan jumlah kitaran gelombang di dalam satu Wavelength is a distance between corresponding points on a waves cycle phase refers to the change or movement of the signal in the form of angle. (Kadar perubahan atau pergerakan bagi
isyarat dlm btk sudut) saat. t=masa bagi gelombang melengkapkan 1 kitaran dari titik awal, melalui amplitud tertinggi dan terendah) tertentu)

Analog SignalingCont

amplitude

frequency

wavelength

phase

Digital Signaling
Digital signals are composed of pulses of precise, positive voltages and zero voltages. (isyarat digital terdiri dari
pulsa yang tepat, voltan positif dan sifar)

A pulse of positive voltage represents a 1. A pulse of zero voltage represents a 0. (Sebuah pulsa voltan positif mewakili 1 dan
pulsa voltan sifar mewakili 0)

Every pulse in the digital signal is called a binary digit, or bit. (Setiap pulsa pada isyarat digital disebut sebagai angka binari, atau bit) A bit can have only one of two possible values: 1 or 0. Eight bits together form a byte. (bit hanya boleh mempunyai satu
daripada dua nilai yang mungkin: 1 atau 0. Lapan bit membentuk satu bait)

Digital SignalingCont
using of discrete signals to represent information/data. (menggunakan isyarat diskret untuk mewakili
maklumat/data)

Number, letters or icons are all examples of digital signal. (Nombor, huruf atau ikon merupakan contoh isyarat digital) Advantage:
more reliable than analog transmission noise affects digital transmission less severely

Digital SignalingCont

Differences between analog & Digital

Analog signals are continuous where digital signals are discrete

TV, some telephones, and tape recorders all use analog signals while the digital signal is numbers, letters or icons

Criteria for Analog and Digital Signal

Analog Signal: 1. Analog signal are continuous. 2. Analog signal is continuously variable. 3. The primary disadvantage of an analog signal is noise. 4. Sound waves are a continuous wave and as such are analog in the real world. 5. Analog signal required lesser bandwidth capacity than digital capacity. Digital Signal: 1. Digital signal is discrete. 2. Digital signal are based on 0's and 1's. 3. Noise is much easier to filter out of a digital signal. 4. Most computers used such as the PC work using digital signals. 5. Digital signal required greater bandwidth capacity than analog signals.

Data Modulation
The data signals issued by your computer must be converted into analog form before they get to the media transmission. They must be converted back into digital form when they arrive at the ISPs access server.

A modem (modulator/demodulator) accomplishes this translation.

Modulates digital signals into analog signals at the transmitting end, then demodulates analog signals into digital signals at the receiving end.

Data Modulation
Is a technology used to modify analog signals to make them suitable for carrying data over a communication media. (teknologi yang digunakan untuk menukar isyarat
analog bagi membolehkannya membawa data melalui media komunikasi)

In modulation, a simple wave, called a carrier wave, is combined with another analog signal to produce a unique signal that gets transmitted from one node to another. (Dalam modulasi, gelombang yang disebut gelombang pembawa,
digabungkan dengan isyarat analog lain untuk menghasilkan isyarat yang unik yang akan dihantar dari satu node ke yang lain)

The carrier wave has preset properties (including frequency, amplitude, and phase)

Data ModulationCont
Its purpose is to help convey information; in other words, it is only a messenger. Another signal, known as the information wave (data wave), is added to the carrier wave. When the information wave is added, it modifies one property of the carrier wave (for example, the frequency, amplitude, or phase).

Data ModulationCont
The result is a new, blended signal that contains properties of both the carrier wave and added data. When the signal reaches its destination, the receiver separates the data from the carrier wave.

Data ModulationCont

Data ModulationAnalog

Data ModulationDigital

Transmission Direction Mode

Simplex signals may travel in only one direction sometimes called one-way, or unidirectional, communication. Exp: Radio

Transmission Direction ModeCont

Half-Duplex signals may travel in both directions over a medium but in only one direction at a time. Exp: walkie-talkie

Transmission Direction ModeCont

Full-Duplex signals are free to travel in both directions over a medium simultaneously also be called bidirectional transmission or, sometimes, simply duplex. Exp: telephone

Multiplexing
A form of transmission that allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium. (Satu bentuk
penghantarn yang membolehkan beberapa isyarat dihantar serentak melalui satu medium)

Used to increase the amount of data that can be transmitted in a given time span. (digunakan untuk meningkatkan
jumlah data yang boleh dihantar dalam jangka waktu tertentu)

A device that can combine many signals on a channel called multiplexer (mux). (Sebuah peranti yang boleh menggabungkan
beberapa isyarat pada saluran disebut multiplexer (Mux))

Demultiplexer (demux) separates the combined signals and regenerates them in their original form.
(Demultiplexer (demux) memisahkan gabungan isyarat dan mengembalikannya kepada bentuk asal)

MultiplexingCont

Computer M Computer U X D E M U X

Computer

Computer

Computer

Computer

MultiplexingCont

MultiplexingCont

MULTIPLEXING

Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)

MultiplexingCont
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
FDM is an analog technique. The signal was modulated by n separate modulator's into n different carrier frequencies.

MultiplexingCont

Computer

Computer

M
Computer U

Channel 1
Channel 2 Channel 3

X
Computer

D E M U X

Computer

Computer
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

MultiplexingCont
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
TDM is a digital technique. Can be used when loading/capacity of data rates for media transmission is greater.

MultiplexingCont

Computer M

Computer D E M U X

Computer

U
X

3 2

Computer

Computer
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Computer

MultiplexingCont
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Is equivalent with FDM Is a technology used with fiber-optic cable. WDM enables one fiber-optic connection to carry multiple light signals simultaneously.

MultiplexingCont
Cahaya berbilang
Cahaya tunggal

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Relationships Between Nodes

Point-to-point
When a data transmission involves only one transmitter and one receiver

Broadcast
Transmission involves one transmitter and multiple receivers.

Relationships Between Nodes

Relationships Between Nodes

Throughput
the measure of how much data is transmitted during a given period of time

Bandwidth
measure of the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that a medium can transmit.

3.1.2

Common Transmission Flaws Affecting Data Signals

a. Noise - any undesired electrical disturbance in a circuit, degrading the useful information in a signal b. Attenuation - the loss of energy suffered by radiation as it passes through matter, esp as a result of absorption or scattering c. Latency

Noise
noise is any undesirable influence that may degrade or distort a signal. (hingar ialah pengaruh yang tidak diingini yang boleh
mengurangkan atau menukar isyarat)

A common source of noise is EMI (electromagnetic interference), or waves that emanate from electrical devices or cables carrying electricity. (Sumber umum bagi hingar
adalah EMI (gangguan elektromagnet), atau gelombang yang berasal dari peranti elektrik atau kabel pembawa elektrik)

One type of EMI is RFI (radiofrequency interference), or electromagnetic interference caused by radiowaves. (Salah satu jenis EMI adalah RFI (gangguan frekuensi
radio), atau gangguan elektromagnet yang disebabkan oleh gelombang radio)

Noise
Strong broadcast signals from radio or TV towers can generate RFI. (kekuatan isyarat broadcast dari radio atau TV dapat menghasilkan
RFI)

When EMI noise affects analog signals, this distortion can result in the incorrect transmission of data, just as if static prevented you from hearing a radio station broadcast. (Ketika hingar EMI mempengaruhi isyarat analog, ia akan menghasilkan
penghantaran data yang salah)

Noise
Crosstalk
occurs when a signal traveling on one wire or cable infringes on the signal traveling over an adjacent wire or cable. (terjadi apabila isyarat yang melalui satu wayar atau kabel
melanggar/mempengaruhi isyarat yang melalui wayar atau kabel yang berdekatan) Cable Wire transmitting signal Crosstalk

Wires affected by crosstalk

bersambung pada 3/9/2012.

Attenuation
The strength of a signal falls off with distance over any transmission medium. (kekuatan signal berkurangan disebabkan oleh jarak
sesuatu media penghantaran)

Problems are dealt by the use of amplifiers or repeaters.

(Masalah ditangani dengan menggunakan amplifier atau repeater)

A device that regenerates a analog signal is called a amplifier. Analog signals pass through an amplifier, an electronic device that increases the voltage, or strength, of the signals. (Sebuah peranti yang Menjana kembali isyarat analog disebut penguat. A device that regenerates a digital signal is called a repeater. (Sebuah peranti yang Menjana kembali isyarat digital disebut
repeater(pengulang))

isyarat Analog melalui sebuah penguat, sebuah peranti elektronik yang meningkatkan voltan, atau kekuatan isyarat)

Attenuation

An analog signal distorted by noise and then amplified

AttenuationCont

A digital signal distorted by noise and then repeated

Latency
delay between the transmission of a signal and its eventual receipt. (penangguhan di antara penghantaran dan penerimaan akhir
sesuatu isyarat)

Although electrons travel rapidly, they still have to travel, and a brief delay takes place between the moment you press the key and the moment the server accepts the data. This delay is called latency.