Fundamentals of Chapter 1 Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Dr. Farid Farahmand

A little History

What is a computer?
[Merriam-Webster

Dictionary] one that computes; specifically : programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. [Wikipedia] A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

Classification of Computers (power and price)

Personal computers Mainframes Supercomputers Dedicated controllers Embedded controllers

Mainframes
Massive amounts of memory Use large data words64 bits or greater Mostly used for military defense and large business data processing Examples: IBM 4381, Honeywell DPS8

Personal Computers

Any general-purpose computer intended to be operated directly by an end user

Range from small microcomputers that work with 4-bit words to PCs working with 32-bit words or more They contain a Processor - called different names

built using Very-LargeScale Integration technology; the entire circuit is on a single chip Central Processing Unit (CPU) Microprocessor Unit (MPU) similar to CPU
Microprocessor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

Supercomputers

Fastest and most powerful mainframes

Contain multiple central processors (CPU) Used for scientific applications, and number crunching Now have teraflops performance

FLoating Point Operations Per Second (FLOPS) Used to measure the speed f the computer

Examples of special-purpose supercomputers:

Belle, Deep Blue, and Hydra, for playing chess Reconfigurable computing machines or parts of machines GRAPE, for astrophysics and molecular dynamics Deep Crack, for breaking the DES cipher MDGRAPE-3, for protein structure computation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer

Microcontrollers

Embedded Systems

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time An integrated device which consists of multiple devices

Microprocessor (MPU) Memory I/O (Input/Output) ports

Often has its own dedicated software

A little about Microprocessor-based Systems

Evolution

First came transistors Integrated circuits

SSI (Small-Scale Integration) to ULSI Very Large Scale Integration circuits (VLSI) Microcomputers (with CPU being a microprocessor) Components: Memory, CPU, Peripherals (I/O) Example: Personal computers

1- Microprocessors (MPU)

2- Microcontroller (MCU)

Microcomputers (with CPU being a microprocessor) Many special function peripheral are integrated on a single circuit Types: General Purpose or Embedded System (with special functionalities)

Microprocessor-Based Systems
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Input/Output (I/O) circuitry Buses Address bus Data bus Control bus

MPU

CLK

GPCPU

Reg

CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit Register Arrays Microprocessor-based System

Control Unit

Microprocessor-Based System with Buses: Address, Data, and Control

Microprocessor-based Systems
Microprocessor
The

microprocessor (MPU) is a computing and logic device that executes binary instructions in a sequence stored in memory. Characteristics:
General Binary Register-based Clock-driven Programmable

purpose central processor unit (CPU)

Microprocessor-based Systems
Microprocessor

the brains of the computer

contains:

Arithmetic Register Logic Arrays Unit its job is to fetch instructions, decode them, and then execute them 8/16/32/etc bit (how it moves the data

Control Unit

ALU performs computing tasks manipulates the data/ performs numerical and logical computations Registers are used for temp. storage Control unit is used for timing and other controlling functions contains a program counter (next instructions address and status register)

System software: A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system

Evolution of CPUs

Transistors

Vacuum Tubes: A devise to control, modify, and amplify electric signals Then can transistors Designed by John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain, scientists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey - 1947 In 1960 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce designed the first integrated circuit (IC) Fairchild company manufactured logic gates

Integrated Circuits

Advances in manufacturing allowed packing more transistors on a single chip Transistors and Integrated Circuits from SSI (Small-Scale Integration) to ULSI Birth of a microprocessor and its revolutionary impact

Microprocessors

Noyce and Gordon Moore started Intel Intel designed he first calculator Intel designed the first programmable calculator Intel designed the first microprocessor in 1971 Model 4004 4-bit; 2300 transistors, 640 bytes of memory, 108 KHz clock speed

First Processors

Intel released the 8086, a 16-bit microprocessor, in 1978 Motorola followed with the MC68000 as their 16bit processor The 16-bit processor works with 16 bit words, rather than 8 bit words Instructions are executed faster Provide single instructions for more complex instructions such as multiply and divide 16 bit processors evolved into 32 bit processors Intel released the 80386 Motorola released the MC68020

Evolution of CPUs

In 1965, Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, indicated that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented. Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future.

Evolution of CPUs

Tukwila World's First 2-Billion Transistor Microprocessor - Next-generation Intel Itanium processors (codenamed Tukwila)

http://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/2billion.htm

Remember

Microprocessor-based Systems
Memory

Memory is a group of registers

16 register address: 0-15 in binary: 01111; Address lines: A0-A3 storing the binary codes for the sequence of instructions specified by programs (program) storing binary data that the computer needs to execute instructions (data)

Serves two major purposes

Microprocessor-based Systems
Memory Types
R/W:

Read/Write Memory; also called RAM

It is volatile (losses information as power is removed) Write means the processor can store information Read means the processor can receive information from the memory Acts like a Blackboard! ROM: Read-Only memory; It is typically non-volatile (permanent) can be erasable It is similar to a Page from your textbook

Microprocessor-based Systems
Memory Classification
Basic Technologies: Semiconductor Magnetic Optical (or combination)

Expensive Fast/

Cheap Slow

Onetime programmable Electronically Erasable PROM

Microprocessor-based Systems -one transistor and one

capacitor to store a bit Memory Classificationthus -Leakage problem, requires refreshing -Used for dynamic data/program storage -Cheap and slow! -4/6 transistor to save a single bit - Volatile - Fast but expensive

Expensive Fast/

Cheap Slow

Onetime programmable Electronically Erasable PROM

Erasable ROMs

Marked Programmed ROM

Programmed by the manufacturer Can be programmed in the field via the programmer Uses ultraviolet light to erase (through a quartz window) OTP refers to one-time programmable Each program location can be individually erased Expensive Requires programmer Can be programmed in-circuit (in-system) Easy to erase (no programmer) Only one section can be erased/written at a time (typically 64 bytes at a time)

Programmable ROM (PROM) Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

FLASH

Microprocessor-based Systems
I/O Ports

The way the computer communicates with the outside world devices I/O ports are connected to Peripherals

Peripherals are I/O devices

Input devices Output devices Printers and modems, keyboard and mouse scanner Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Examples

Microprocessor-based Systems - BUS

The three components MPU, memory, and I/O are connected by a group of wires called the BUS

Address bus

consists of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel signal lines (wires) - unidirectional these lines contain the address of the memory location to read or written consists of 4 to 10 (or more) parallel signal lines CPU sends signals along these lines to memory and to I/O ports examples: Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, I/O Write consists of 8,16, or 32 parallel signal lines bi-directional only one device at a time can have its outputs enabled, this requires the devices to have three-state output

Control bus

Data bus

Expanded Microprocessor-Based System

1. Note the directions of busses 2. What is the width of the address bus? 3. What is the value of the Address but to access the first register of the R/WM?

You must know how to draw it!

Remember: 111 1111 1111 = 2^11=2K

So what are microcontrollers?

First Microcontrollers

IBM started using Intel processors in its PC Intel started its 8042 and 8048 (8-bit microcontroller) using in printers Apple Macintosh used Motorola 1980 Intel abandoned microcontroller business By 1989 Microchip was a major player in designing microcontrollers PIC: Peripheral Interface Controller

Embedded controllers
Used to control smart machines Examples: printers, auto braking systems Also called microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCU)

Embedded controllers
Software Characteristics

No operating systems Execute a single program, tailored exactly to the controller hardware Assembly language (vs. High-level language) Not transportable, machine specific Programmer need to know CPU architecture Speed Program size Uniqueness

Microcontroller Unit (MCU)

Block Diagram

An integrated electronic computing and logic device that includes three major components on a single chip

Microprocessor Memory I/O ports Timers A/D converter Serial I/O Parallel Slave Port

Includes support devices

All components connected by common communication lines called the system bus.

MCU Architecture

RISC (Harvard) Reduced instruction set computer Simple operations Simple addressing modes Longer compiled program bust faster to execute Uses pipelining CISC (Von Neuman) Complex instruction set computer More complex instructions (closer to highlevel language support)
Bench marks: How to compare MCUs together MIPS: Million Instructions / second (Useful when the compilers are the same)

Main 8-bit Controllers

Microchip

RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer) Has sold over 2 billion as of 2002 Cost effective and rich in peripherals CISC architecture Has hundreds of instructions Examples: 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11 CISC architecture Has hundreds of instructions Examples: 8051, 8052 Many difference manufacturers: Philips, Dallas/MAXIM Semiconductor, etc. RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer) Cost effective and rich in peripherals AVR

Motorola

Intel

Atmel

Lets continue..
Numbering system Data format

Memory operation
System Software (hardware/Software) Example of a microprocessor / microcontroller based

Memory

A semiconductor storage device consisting of registers that store binary bits Two major categories

Read/Write

Memory (R/WM) Read-only-Memory (ROM)

Symbolic Representation of Memory Contents

CODE: READ PORT A WRITE PORT B STOP

Addresses

Registers
What is the address bus value? PORT A = 8000H PORT B = 8001H

Fetch / Decode / Execute

Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages (1 of 3)

All

High-level Language Assembly Language Machine Language

Machine Language: binary instructions

programs are converted into the machine language of a processor for execution

Difficult

to decipher and write Prone to cause many errors in writing

High-level Language

Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages (2 of 3)

Assembly Language Machine Language

Assembly Language: machine instructions represented in mnemonics

Has

one-to-one correspondence with machine instructions Efficient in execution and use of memory; machine-specific and not easy to troubleshoot

High-level Language

Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages (3 of 3)

Assembly Language Machine Language

High-Level Languages (such as BASIC, C, and C++)

Written

in statements of spoken languages (such as English)

machine independent easy to write and troubleshoot requires large memory and less efficient in execution

Unsigned

Data Format (8-bit) (1 of 4)

Signed

Unsigned Integers: All eight bits (Bit0 to Bit7) represent the magnitude of a number
Range

0 to FF in Hex and 0 to 255 in decimal

Unsigned

Data Format (8-bit) (2 of 4)

Signed

Signed Integers: Seven bits (Bit0 to Bit6) represent the magnitude of a number.
The

eighth bit (Bit7) represents the sign of a number. The number is positive when Bit7 is zero and negative when Bit7 is one. Positive numbers: 0 to 7F (0 to 127) Negative numbers: 80 to FF (-1 to -128) All negative numbers are represented in 2s complement

Data Format (8-bit) (3 of 4)

Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)

8

bits of a number divided into groups of four, and each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9 Four-bit combinations from A through F in Hex are invalid in BCD numbers

Example: 0010 0101 represents the binary coding of the decimal number 25d which is different in value from 25H.

Data Format (8-bit) (4 of 4)

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

Seven-bit

alphanumeric code with 128 combinations (00 to 7F) Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to 9, symbols, and commands

Storing Bits in Memory

We can store in different memory types

EEPROM, FLASH, RAM, etc.

In an 8-bit RAM

Each byte is stored in a single memory register Each word is stored in two memory locations (registers) DATA 0x1234

0x12REG11 (High-order byte)

0001 0010 0011 0100

0x34REG10 (Low-order byte)

What if we want to store -8? Remember -8111 1000 (in twos complement)

Design Examples ..

Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors

MPU-Based Time and Temperature System

MCU-Based Time and Temperature System

References

Read about microcontrollers: http://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/2_01chapter.htm Lots of good information exist on Wikipedia about microcontrollers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ History of transistors: http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa061698.htm Nice transistor timeline by Intel: http://www.intel.com/technology/timeline.pdf I used a few slides from here: http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/courses/ceng336/_documents/introduct ion.pdf