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    Real Time Opearting System

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    Tech_MX
    Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are operating systems that are designed to process and respond to inputs from the real world in a timely manner by guaranteeing bounded response times. RTOS are used in applications where guaranteed response times are required for correct operation such as avionics systems, medical devices, traffic control systems, and industrial automation. The document discusses what an RTOS is, compares RTOS to general purpose operating systems, describes common RTOS characteristics and functions such as task management, scheduling, and interrupt handling, and provides examples of applications and specific RTOS like VxWorks.

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    Real Time Opearting System

    Uploaded by

    Tech_MX
    221 views32 pages
    Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are operating systems that are designed to process and respond to inputs from the real world in a timely manner by guaranteeing bounded response times. RTOS are used in applications where guaranteed response times are required for correct operation such as avionics systems, medical devices, traffic control systems, and industrial automation. The document discusses what an RTOS is, compares RTOS to general purpose operating systems, describes common RTOS characteristics and functions such as task management, scheduling, and interrupt handling, and provides examples of applications and specific RTOS like VxWorks.

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    Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are operating systems that are designed to process and respond to inputs from the real world in a timely manner by guaranteeing bounded response times. RTOS are used in applications where guaranteed response times are required for correct operation such as avionics systems, medical devices, traffic control systems, and industrial automation. The document discusses what an RTOS is, compares RTOS to general purpose operating systems, describes common RTOS characteristics and functions such as task management, scheduling, and interrupt handling, and provides examples of applications and specific RTOS like VxWorks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    221 views32 pages

    Real Time Opearting System

    Uploaded by

    Tech_MX
    Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are operating systems that are designed to process and respond to inputs from the real world in a timely manner by guaranteeing bounded response times. RTOS are used in applications where guaranteed response times are required for correct operation such as avionics systems, medical devices, traffic control systems, and industrial automation. The document discusses what an RTOS is, compares RTOS to general purpose operating systems, describes common RTOS characteristics and functions such as task management, scheduling, and interrupt handling, and provides examples of applications and specific RTOS like VxWorks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 32
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that an RTOS is an operating system designed to handle real-time applications where deterministic response times are required. It discusses the differences between RTOS and general purpose OS, types of RTOS, characteristics, functions and applications of RTOS.

    In a soft real-time system, it is undesirable but not catastrophic if deadlines are occasionally missed. A hard real-time system has time-critical deadlines that must be met or else a catastrophic failure can occur.

    Some main characteristics of an RTOS are reliability, predictability, performance, scalability and consistency.

    REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

    TOPICS OF DISCUSSION.
    WHAT IS RTOS. COMPARISON BETWEEN RTOS AND GENERAL OPERATING SYSTEMS. TYPES OF RTOS. CHARACTERISTICS OF RTOS. FUNCTIONS OF RTOS. APPLICATIONS OF RTOS. EXAMPLE OF SOME RTOS CONCLUSION.

    What is Real Time ?


    Real time in operating systems:
    The ability of the operating system to provide a required level of service in a bounded response time.
    - POSIX Standard 1003.1

    WHAT IS RTOS.
    It responds to inputs immediately(Real-Time). Here the task is completed within a specified time delay. In real life situations like controlling traffic signal or a nuclear reactor or an aircraft, The operating system has to respond quickly.

    What a RTOS is not


    Real time computing is equivalent to fast computing. Real time systems operate in a static environment Real time programming involves assembly coding, priority interrupt programming, writing device drivers.

    Soft RTOS
    In a soft real-time system, it is considered undesirable, but not catastrophic, if deadlines are occasionally missed. Also known as best effort systems Most modern operating systems can serve as the base for a soft real time systems. Examples:
    multimedia transmission and reception, networking, telecom (cellular) networks, web sites and services computer games.

    Hard RTOS
    A hard real-time system has time-critical deadlines that must be met; otherwise a catastrophic system failure can occur. Absolutely, positively, first time every time Requires formal verification/guarantees of being to always meet its hard deadlines (except for fatal errors). Examples:
    air traffic control vehicle subsystems control Nuclear power plant control

    CHARACTERISTICS OF RTOS.

    Consistency

    Reliability

    Scalability

    Predictability

    Performance

    FUNCTIONS OF RTOS
    Task management Scheduling. Resource Allocation. Interrupt Handling.

    Task management
    In Real Time Applications the Process is called as Task which takes execution time and occupies memory.
    Task management is the process of managing tasks through its life cycle.

    Task States
    Pended Ready Delayed

    Suspended

    Run

    Task/Process States
    Each task/Process can belong to one and only one state The Scheduler only operates on the processes in the Ready state There is a single process in the Run/current state at any time. Transitions to and from the Ready queue are affected as a part of the execution of the RTOS resource/object services or as a result of timing events

    Typical Task Operations


    creating and deleting tasks,
    controlling task scheduling, and

    obtaining task information.

    Scheduling in RTOS
    More information about the tasks are known No of tasks Resource Requirements Release Time Execution time Deadlines Being a more deterministic system better scheduling algorithms can be devised.

    Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS


    Clock Driven Scheduling
    Weighted Round Robin Scheduling Priority Scheduling (Greedy / List / Event Driven)

    Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS (contd)


    Clock Driven All parameters about jobs (release time/ execution time/deadline) known in advance. Schedule can be computed offline or at some regular time instances. Minimal runtime overhead. Not suitable for many applications.

    Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS (contd)


    Weighted Round Robin Jobs scheduled in FIFO manner Time quantum given to jobs is proportional to its weight Example use : High speed switching network QOS guarantee. Not suitable for precedence constrained jobs. Job A can run only after Job B. No point in giving time quantum to Job B before Job A.

    Scheduling Algorithms in RTOS (contd)


    Priority Scheduling (Greedy/List/Event Driven) Processor never left idle when there are ready tasks Processor allocated to processes according to priorities Priorities static - at design time Dynamic - at runtime

    Priority Scheduling
    Earliest Deadline First (EDF)
    Process with earliest deadline given highest priority

    Least Slack Time First (LSF)


    slack = relative deadline execution left

    Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS)


    For periodic tasks Tasks priority inversely proportional to its period

    Resource Allocation in RTOS


    Resource Allocation
    The issues with scheduling applicable here. Resources can be allocated in
    Weighted Round Robin Priority Based

    Some resources are non preemptible


    Example : semaphores

    Priority Inversion if priority scheduling is used

    Other RTOS issues


    Interrupt Latency should be very small
    Kernel has to respond to real time events Interrupts should be disabled for minimum possible time

    For embedded applications Kernel Size should be small


    Should fit in ROM

    Sophisticated features can be removed


    No Virtual Memory No Protection

    INTERRUPTS HANDLING OF RTOS.


    An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or from a program with in a computer that causes the main program that is operating system to stop and figure out what to do next. Interrupts cause the processor to suspend the operations whatever it is doing instead execute the code that will respond to the event whatever caused the interrupt.

    APPLICATIONS OF RTOS.

    Almost all the modern telecommunication systems make use of RTOS . Radar systems, network switching control systems, satellite monitoring systems, satellite launch-control and maneuvering mechanisms, global positioning systems all have their roots in RTOS. Now a days RTOS are increasingly finding use in strategic and military operations. These are used in guided missile launching units, track-and-trace spy satellites, etc.

    Comparison of RTOS
    VXWorks
    Scheduler
    Synchronizatio n mechanism POSIX support Scalable Custom hw support Kernel size Multiprocessor support

    pSOS
    Preemptive

    eCos
    Preemptive

    Preemptive
    No condition variable

    Y Y Y
    BSP

    Y Linux Y
    HAL, I/O package -

    Y Y
    BSP

    VxMP/ VxFusion (accessories)

    16KB
    PSOS+m kernel

    Y/only basic support (SMP)

    VxWorks
    Created by Wind River. Current Version: VxWorks 6.0 VxWorks is the most established and most widely deployed device software operating system. Currently there are more than 300 million devices that are VxWorks enabled. The core attributes of VxWorks, include high performance, reliability, determinism, low latency and scalability.

    VxWorks (contd..)
    Enhanced error management Backward compatibility to previous versions features for exception handling and template support Extensive POSIX 1003.1, .1b, .1c compatibility Scheduling
    Uses preemptive priority with round robin scheduling to accommodate for both

    Real time processes Non-real time processes

    VxWorks (contd..)
    Memory Protection
    MMU based memory protection.

    Reduced Context Switch time


    Saves only those register windows that are actually in use When a tasks context is restored, only the relevant register window is restored To increase response time, it saves the register windows in a register cache useful for recurring tasks

    microkernel
    Several types of semaphores
    binary, counting mutual exclusion with priority inheritance

    256 priorities POSIX compliant

    Microkernel features (cont.)


    High scalability

    Incremental linking and loading of components


    Fast, efficient interrupt and exception handling Optimized floating-point support

    Dynamic memory management


    System clock and timing facilities

    A note on POSIX
    Portable Operating System Interface set of standards under ISO/ IEEE charter POSIX standard 1003.1b, (formerly called 1003.4) for RTOS makes it easier to move applications from one operating system to another.

    CONCLUSION.
    RTOS have been the heroes in most of the technological areas, right from fuel injection system to nuclear reactor control, satellite control, global positioning systems, and fully equipped high-tech warfare aircrafts. And the best is yet to come!

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