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    Biochemistry of Hormones 1

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    Hazel Grace Bellen
    Hormones work through three main steps: initial signal perception when a hormone binds to a receptor on a target cell; signal transduction and amplification as the hormone-receptor complex activates a cascade of biochemical events; and a final cellular response. Receptors determine which cells can respond to a hormone and different receptors may elicit different responses. Hormone binding activates proteins that phosphorylate other proteins, producing the hormone response through messenger molecules like cAMP and calcium. Auxin and cytokinin also have specific binding proteins, while gibberellins and abscisic acid have less clear evidence of binding proteins. Calcium and inositol triphosphates can act as second messengers in plants, stimulating responses through calcium

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    Biochemistry of Hormones 1

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Grace Bellen
    183 views21 pages
    Hormones work through three main steps: initial signal perception when a hormone binds to a receptor on a target cell; signal transduction and amplification as the hormone-receptor complex activates a cascade of biochemical events; and a final cellular response. Receptors determine which cells can respond to a hormone and different receptors may elicit different responses. Hormone binding activates proteins that phosphorylate other proteins, producing the hormone response through messenger molecules like cAMP and calcium. Auxin and cytokinin also have specific binding proteins, while gibberellins and abscisic acid have less clear evidence of binding proteins. Calcium and inositol triphosphates can act as second messengers in plants, stimulating responses through calcium

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    Hormones work through three main steps: initial signal perception when a hormone binds to a receptor on a target cell; signal transduction and amplification as the hormone-receptor complex activates a cascade of biochemical events; and a final cellular response. Receptors determine which cells can respond to a hormone and different receptors may elicit different responses. Hormone binding activates proteins that phosphorylate other proteins, producing the hormone response through messenger molecules like cAMP and calcium. Auxin and cytokinin also have specific binding proteins, while gibberellins and abscisic acid have less clear evidence of binding proteins. Calcium and inositol triphosphates can act as second messengers in plants, stimulating responses through calcium

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    183 views21 pages

    Biochemistry of Hormones 1

    Uploaded by

    Hazel Grace Bellen
    Hormones work through three main steps: initial signal perception when a hormone binds to a receptor on a target cell; signal transduction and amplification as the hormone-receptor complex activates a cascade of biochemical events; and a final cellular response. Receptors determine which cells can respond to a hormone and different receptors may elicit different responses. Hormone binding activates proteins that phosphorylate other proteins, producing the hormone response through messenger molecules like cAMP and calcium. Auxin and cytokinin also have specific binding proteins, while gibberellins and abscisic acid have less clear evidence of binding proteins. Calcium and inositol triphosphates can act as second messengers in plants, stimulating responses through calcium

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    BIOCHEMISTRY OF HORMONES PART 1

    How do hormones work?

    Initial Signal Perception Signal Transduction and Amplification Final Response

    Initial Signal Perception

    Reaction of hormone with receptor site target cell- cell that respond to the hormone Formation of hormone-receptor complex

    Initial Signal Perception


    Importance of Receptors 1. Presence or absence of particular receptor determine which cells are able to respond to that hormone 2. Different cell types possesses different receptors that may elicit different responses to the same hormone <<<

    Signal Transduction and Amplification

    Activated hormone-receptor complex sets into motion a cascade of biochemical events that leads to final response The hormone-receptor complex activates the g protein which also binds and activates adenylate cyclase that in turn stimulates the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

    Signal Transduction and Amplification

    Alternative pathway: G protein may interact with an ion channel which controls the flow of calcium to the cell. The calcium binds with calmodulin. Both pathway results into activation of specific protein kinases.

    Hormone Binding Proteins in Plants


    Binding must be specific The receptor should exhibit high affinity for the hormone Receptors can be saturated with hormone molecules The hormone must bind reversibly with putative receptor <<<

    Final Response

    Activated protein kinase enzymes phosphorylate other proteins, giving rise to hormone response. 2 classes of messengers first messenger- hormone second messenger- cAMP and calcium Amplification- a single hormone will only activate one molecule of adenylate cyclase but each molecule will produce hundreads of cAMP molecules that will stimulate the response <<<

    Auxin Binding Proteins


    Two Tissues that Respond to Auxin by Cell Enlargement Callus cultures of tobacco pith tissue Maize coleoptiles

    Auxin Binding Proteins


    Callus Cultures of Tobacco Pith Tissues Associated with membrane fractions
    One has relatively low affinity for auxin but high affinity for napthylphthalmic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor One has moderate binding affinity for IAA but does not bind NPA

    Distributed with cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions


    Has high affinity for IAA Functions the same as steroid hormones in animal cell <<<

    Auxin Binding Proteins

    Maize Coleoptile
    Only one membrane-associated auxin binding protein designated as ABP1, a 43kDa glycoprotein dimer with 22 kD units with high affinity for IAA Localized at endoplasmic reticulum but also found to be associated with the plasma membrane and the cell Antibodies (designated as IgG) raised against the auxin binding protein (designated as IgG-antiABP) inihibit both auxin-induced coleoptile elongation and auxin induced hyperpolarization <<<

    Cytokinin Binding Proteins

    CBF-1 protein from wheat germ- loosely associated with ribosomes after washing ribosomal fraction with salt; might have a role in regulation the protein translation process

    Gibberlin and Abscisic AcidBinding Proteins

    GA has little attention; no confirmed reports of high affinity binding proteins There is a strong evidence for a high affinity ABA-binding site on guard cell protoplasts

    Second Messengers in Plants


    1. Calcium- controls physiological process in plants which includes cell elongation and division, cytoplasmic streaming, the secretion and activity of various enzymes, hormone action and tactic and tropic responses Calmodulin- calcium binding protein; many many of its properties are similar with bovine calmodulin

    Second Messengers
    How Calcium Functions Effectively? Cystosolic Ca2+ concentration must be low and under metabolic control through the action of membrane bound calcium-dependent ATPases Concentration of cystosolic Ca2+ is also under control of light and hormones

    Second Messengers
    Calcium as Second Messengers Ca2+ reacts with calmodulin that results CaMCa2+ This complex activates certain enzymes. There are two classes of enzymes, the NAD kinases and protein kinases

    Second Messengers
    2. Phosphoinositides- inositol triphosphate system The hormone receptor complex activates the enzyme phospholipase C Phospholipase C catalyzes the breakdown of phosphotidylinositol biphosphate to inositol triphosphate and diacyglycerol Inositol triphosphate moves to cytoplsam where it stimulates the release of calcium

    Second Messengers
    Inositol Triphosphate System cont. Ca2+ binds with calmodulin, the complex may stimulate a response or through activation of protein kinase

    Hormones and Gene Action

    The gene may be turned on or off by a hormone The hormone may increase (upregulated ) or decreased (downregulated) its output

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