The Revolution: Second Phase

CHAPTER 11

Group 3

Overview:
-Aguinaldo went to Hong Kong to deposit money in two banks; only the interest was withdrawn and used for the exiles -Aguinaldo, with two companions, went to Singapore to confer with American Consul E. Spencer Pratt -Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cooperate with Commodore George Dewey -war between USA and Spain -Governor-General Basilio Augustin made desperate attempts to win over the Filipinos to the Spanish side

Group 3

RELIEF ON PRIMO DE RIVERA -The good intentions of Primo de Rivera for the solution of the Philippine problem was frustrated when the conservative party of Spain succeeded.

-The Liberal party sent General Basilio Augustino to the Philippines as Primo de Riveras successor.
-General Augustino arrived in Manila on April 9, 1898.

-Primo de Rivera turned the reins of the Philippine government to his successor.

Jon Gaitano

AMERICAN DESIGNS ON THE PHILIPPINES

-Spanish and American relations were turning worse -The Cuban revolution had drawn the United States to the side of the Cuban rebels. -Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., conceived the idea of attacking Manila. -Theodore appointed Commodore George Dewey.

-Commodore took the offensive action against the Spanish flotilla based in Manila.

Jon Gaitano

THE SPANISH- AMERICAN WAR

- was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. -Spain's Ambassador to the United States, Dupuy de Lome, wrote a friend in Havana, Cuba, in January 1898 stating the President William McKinley was a weakling and a low politician. -After Maine, an american battleship, was sunk in Havana Harbor, political pressures coming mainly from Roosevelt drove McKinley to start a war he wished to avoid.

-at April 25, Dewey received a cable from the Secretary of the Navy Long stating the a war has commenced between US and Spain, on the same day the congress passed a formal declaration of war. this message was an offshoot from the teller resolution.
Anthony Ang

THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY

-Dewey sailed from Mirs Bay, newar Hongkong for the Philippines with seven heavily armed ships. -May 1, 1898, his fleet entered Manila Bay almost undetected, he hoped to find Admiral Patricio Montojo's fleet there and give battle immediately but. - The spanish fleet, meanwhile, was near Sangley Point Cavite, waiting for the best opportunity to go into the fray but in the dawn's light dewey saw the outlines of the Spanish ships and immediately ordered his men to approach it. -the naval battle that followed can be considered a massacre, though the Spanish ships outnumbered those of the Americans, the Americans had more tonnage while the Spanish ships were poorly armed. -At 12:30 P.M. the destruction of Montojo's fleet was complete and a white flag was raised by the Spaniards.
Anthony Ang

AGUINALDO AND CONSUL WILDMAN

Rounseville Wildman -> American consul at Hongkong promptly met him and informed him that Dewey had left instructions to make arrangements for Aguinaldos return. Wildman suggested that upon his return to the Philippines , Aguinaldo should establish a dictatorial government during the war against but after the war he should establish a government similar to the U.S.

Aguinaldo gave Php 117,000 to Wildman for the arms (rifles and ammunition). The first shipment came with 2000 rifles and 200 000 rounds of ammunition which are worth for Php 50 000. The second shipment worth Php 67 000 didnt came.

Nathalie Saldivar

AGUINALDO AND THE HONGKONG JUNTA

The Filipino compose the Hongkong Junta met on May 4 to discuss the steps to be taken in the face of new developmens. Agoncillo informed the Committer of the arrival of Aguinaldo and suggested the temporary suspension of the meeting. Aguinaldo asked the members of the Junta to advise him what to do.

After the exchange of opinions, the Junta unanimously decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead the Filipinos against the Spaniards.

Nathalie Saldivar

AGUINALDO RETURNS
Aguinaldo was convinced of the wisdom of he Juntas decision and to be prepared for his return in the Philipinnes. Dewey launch took him to Olympia where he was given honors due a general Aguinaldo said that the United States need no colonies and that there were no doubts that United States will recognize Philippine independence.

Nathalie Saldivar

AGUINALDO RETURNS
-May 7, McCulloch -Dewey -Consul Wildman -Ilam; May 17 -Cavite; May 19 -Olympia

Stephanie Cajes

10

RENEWAL OF STRUGGLE
-Bataan -end of May -Monet -June 1898

Stephanie Cajes

11

SPANISH ATTEMPTS TO WIN OVER FILIPINOS

-Governor-General Basilio Augutin -Viva la Autonomia -Pedro A. Paterno -Truce of Biyak-na-Bato -May 28 -Consultative Assembly

Stephanie Cajes

12

SIEGE OF MANILA

So in Manila there are: -Walled City (Intramuros) -Suburbs/arrabales(Tondo, Santa Cruz etc.) Happenings: -Manila is the place where Dewey's destruction happened on the Spanish Navy ships. *After the siege: -Dewey the American blocked Manila for preventing ships from entering and leaving the bay. -He did not invaded the city for he had no enough men to occupy it. He waited for other troops/reinforcements for back-up.

Dominique Tombo

13

Meanwhile: -Aguinaldo had a strategy.

His strategy: -He will scarce the food and water supply the people who are in the Suburbs. In the suburbs, Spaniards,aliens and Filipino soldiers who is serving them lived. June 6 -Aguinaldo offered Governor General Augustin for honorable honor but he refused.

Because of the refusal: -Emilio Aguinaldo continued the siege in letting the people in the suburbs starve.

Dominique Tombo

14

SPANISH-AMERICAN SECRET AGREEMENT

-Dewey reinforcements came to the Philippines namely in the commands of Gen. Thomas Anderson(June 30,1898), Gen. Francis V. Greene (July 17,1898), Gen. Mac-Arthur(July 31). Meanwhile, Dewey made use of his diplomatic skill: -Started negotiations with Augustin,through the Belgian Consul, Andre, about the surrender. Jaudenes (real Name: Gen. Fermin Jaudenes) -Believed that Spain is hopeless in the face of the enemy. Jaudenes did: -insisted that to implementing the Spanish Code of Honor by negotiating that there should be a mock battle so to save their pride and honor. But: Filipinos should be excluded in participation in the Mock Battle. *Dewey and Merrit accepted the terms even if it is like a treachery to Aguinaldo.
Dominique Tombo

15

BEGINNINGS OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN RIFT

-General Francis Greene asking of Aguinaldo's cooperation by letting American occupy the bay side of area. -Exclusion of the Filipino troops from the Walled City . Because of the mentioned above, the effects were: -Suspicions and a feeling of anxiety of Aguinaldo. -Other Filipino military soldiers like Gen. Pio del Pilar were harboring the same suspicions like Aguinaldo. -A Friendly Alliance between Philippines and America became a silent hostility.

Dominique Tombo

16

THE MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA

-Dewey and Merritt issued a joint ultimatum to Jaudenes -At 9:30a.m. the Olympia began the bombardment of the Spanish positions in the Fort -The Spanish hoisted the white flag at about 11:20a.m.

Marne Fuentes

17

TERMS OF CAPITULATION
-General Greene with his chief of staff Captain Bates makes their way to the Ayuntamiento to confer with General Jaudenes -Admiral Dewey sent his flag lieutenant, Brumby, as his representative to the negotiations -Merritt personally went to the Ayuntamiento to negotiate the surrender of Manila

-The document containing the terms of surrender was formally signed by the representatives of both sides on August 14

Marne Fuentes

18

THE PROTOCOL FOR PEACE

-On August 10 a draft of a peace treaty between the United States and the Spanish was being established -On August 12 President Mckinley issued a proclamation directing that "all military operations against the enemy be suspended".

Marne Fuentes

19

Download the Summary of Chapter 11: www.mediafire.com/historyateneo

Group 3

20

The Malolos Republic

Chapter 12

Group 3

21

Overview:
-Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong -Aguinaldo established: Dictatorial Government and Revolutionary Government -United States, however, had decided to take control of the Philippines ; in December 1898 the Treaty of Paris between Spain and US was concluded

-Spain gave the Philippines to US

-Even so, Filipino Leaders proclaimed the Philippine Republic in Malolos with Aguinaldo as President

Group 3

22

THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT -Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, the adviser of Aguinaldo was the one who told him to form a dictatorial government. -Aguinaldo made it known in the morning of May 24, 1898 that he was going to establish a dictatorial government, and later that day, he did. -The decree nullified the orders issued under the authority of the Biyak-na-Bato Republic and asserted that the Dictatorial Government was temporary in nature.

Anthony Ang and Marne Fuentes

23

TREATMENT OF ENEMY
-in general the Filipinos treated the Spanish prisoners with justice. -in some instances though, the spanish prisoners were maltreated because of the hatred that the Filipinos felt for their old masters. -Aguinaldo issued a circular, on May 29, 1898, urging the people to stop the disgraceful treatment of Spanish prisoners. - he issued another order on June 1 providing that all classes of crimes were to be tried by competent military tribunals. Again and again, he imposed upon the people the necessity of respecting the persons and property of the enemy.

Anthony Ang and Marne Fuentes

24

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
-General Emilio Aguinaldo -June 5, 1898 -June 12, 1898: Independence Day -Kawit, Cavite *Julian Felipe -composer -Marcha Filipina Magdalo Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March) (click icon to play) *Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo -made the Philippine National Flag -assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza -made the flag in Hong Kong *Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista -prepared the Act of the Declaration of Independence
Kristianna Navidad and Dominique Tombo

25

*The Philippine Declaration -signed by 98 persons, including an American army officer

*August 1, 1898

APOLINARIO MABINI -the sublime paralytic -received his law degree from UST -Early 1896: contracted an illness; infantile paralysie -member of Rizals La Liga Filipina -1898: became Aguinaldos trusted adviser -was called the Dark Chamber of the President -also called Brains of the Philippine Revolution

Kristianna Navidad and Dominique Tombo

26

REORGANIZATION OF LOCAL GOVERNNMENT

Decree Of June 18, 1898 *Electors were to elect: 1. town chief- president of the assembly 2. headman for each barrio- vice president 3. Three (3) delegates (Popular Assembly): a. delegate for police and internal order b. delegate for justice and civil registry (secretary) c. delegate for taxes and property *The chief of the towns with their elected the provincial chief and 3 -Provincial Council: chief for the general welfare of respective popular assemblies councilors deputy was to propose measure the inhabitants of the province

Kristianna Navidad and Dominique Tombo

27

*Election of delegate (elected by chief of towns) from each province who would constitute the Revolutionary Congress
Proportion of Delegate to the Congress: -City of Manila and the Province of Cavite: 3 delegates each -Province of the first class: 2 delegates each -The rest of the Provinces: 1 delegate each *Appointment of a commissioner of the central government for each province

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE Decree OF June 20, 1898: *Spanish Penal Code was to remain in force -town chief was automatically the judge of the town -Provincial Council: appointed a judge to examine the proceedings -Commission of Justice -Popular Assembly (Civil Case)
Kristianna Navidad and Dominique Tombo

28

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

1 month - duration of the dictatorial government established by Aguinaldo - May 24 to June 23, 1898 June 23, 1898 Aguinaldo issued a decree setting up the Revolutionary Government Chief of State from Dictator to President 4 Departments created: Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce Department of War and Public Works Department of Police and Internal Order, Justice, Education and Hygiene Department of Finance, Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry

a. b. c.
d.

Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

29

Decree of June 23, 1898 -creation of Congress To watch over the general interest of the Philippine people, and the carrying out of the revolutionary laws; to discuss and vote upon said laws; to discuss and approve, prior to their ratification, treaties and loans; to examine and approve the accounts presented annually by the Secretary of Finance, as well as extraordinary and other taxes which may hereafter imposed.
July 15, 1898 First Cabinet Appointments: a. Secretary of War and Public Works: Baldomero Aguinaldo b. Secretary of the Interior: Leandro Ibarra c. Secretary of Finance: Mariano Trias d. Secretary of Foreign Affairs: *Cayetano Arellano was offered the pos., but he declined *Apolinario Mabini took the position

Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

30

September 28 - Departments were increased into 6: a. Foreign Affairs b. War c. Interior d. Welfare e. Justice f. Treasury

THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

Barasoain, Malolos where Aguinaldo convoked the Revolutionary Congress

Congress Delegates a. Under June 18 Decree each province should elect a delegate b. Under June 23, Decree delegates will be appointed in unpacified provinces September 4 Aguinaldo appointed 50 delegates to the Congress September 10 60 delegates were appointed in the Congress
Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

31

September 15 basilica of Barasoain was filled with delegates and spectators *Morning: Banda Pasig played the National Anthem Aguinaldos speech was written by Felipe Buencamino *Afternoon: Election of Congress Officers: a. President Pedro Paterno b. Vice President - Benito Legarda c. First Secretary Gregorio Araneta d. Second Secretary Pablo Ocampo September 17 delegates created the Permanent Commission of Justice, as provided in the decree on June 23
Constitutional Committess of Congress: a. Committee of Felicitation b. Committe on Message c. Committee on Internal Regulations d. The Reception Committee e. The Budget Committee f. Committee on Festivities g. Committee on Style h. Committee for Drafting the Constitution
Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

32

September 29 the first significant act of the Congress was the ratification of the independence proclaimed at Kawit on June 12
Convent of Malolos Church office and official residence of Aguinaldo Now we witness the truth of what the famous President Monroe said to the effect that the United States was for the Americans; now I say that the Philippines is for the Filipinos.

THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

Congress Mabini envisioned the Congress to be an advisory body of the President in preparing the decree of June 18 and June 23

Arguments of Mabini that were overruled by Congress: a. It was necessary to have a strong Executive b. Congress was convoked not to frame a constitution but to advise the president c. submission of Constitutional Plan of the Philippine Republic
Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

33

Felipe G. Calderon most prominent member of the committee, which was created to draft the constitution - set aside Paternos Constitutional Plan (which smelled strongly of the Spanish Constitution of 1869) Cayetano Arellano brilliant but unreconstructed mestizo - advised Calderon to derive inspiration from the constitutions of Mexico, Belgium, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil and France October 8 Calderon presented the draft of the Constitution

October 21 printed copies were made

October 25 discussions began Catholicism as Religion of State -was later subjected to amendments -it has been decided to separate the Church and the State January 21, 1899 Aguinaldo promulgated the constitution as the Malolos Constitution
Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

34

Subject: Separation of Church and State 1. The Filipino People, though up in arms against Catholic Spain, were not anti-Catholic but merely anti-Clerical 2. Many of the delegates learned from the bitter lesson of Philippine history in voting against the union of Church and State which, under Spain, was the fundamental basis of Spanish colonial system.

Democratic Manifestations of the separation of the Church and the State: 1. It became the cornerstone of Philippine Democracy 2. showed nationalism 3. showed democratic orientation of those who voted for separation 4. showed keen sense of history of the people who voted for separation

Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

35

THE CONSTITUTION The Malolos Constitution the first important Filipino document ever produced by the peoples representatives - roots on American soil - government that was popular, representative and responsible - provided the national and individual rights of Filipinos and aliens (foreigners) - safeguards against abuses the Filipinos and foreigners - entails 3 branches of government 3 BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT a. Legislative Powers *Assembly of Representatives (delegates) -delegates are elected according to law -exercise legislative powers -elected the President of the Republic

Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

36

*Permanent Commission -would sit as law-making body when Congress was not in session
*The Cabinet -composed of Secretaries of the different Depratments of the government -responsible not to the President, but to the Assembly *Supreme Court and inferior courts -administration of justice -Chief Justice: elected by the Assembly with concurrence of the President and the Cabinet UNIQUE Malolos Constitution a. The provisions making the Assembly of the Legislative branch superior to either the executive or the judicial branch b. It provided a Permanent Commission to sit as a legislative body when the Assembly was not in session c. It established a unicameral legislature

Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

37

Why is Legislature Omnipotent? a. Calderon feared the predominance of the ignorant military elements which were solidly behind Aguinaldo b. To counteract their (military elements) ignorance, a strong legislature arm was purposely provided so that the executive would not be able to create an oligarchy composed of ignoramuses Purpose of Permanent Commission a. To check the powers of the executive even if the assembly is in recess b. So that the executive could not usurp the powers that could make him powerful enough to institute an oligarchy of ignoramuses Why was a unicameral legislature established? a. For an emerging country, a bicameral legislature might only lead to delay in administrative efficiency b. Given that there were not enough competent Filipinos to fill the seats of a bicameral legislature
Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

38

The Constitution as a whole is a monument to the capacity of the Filipinos to chart their own course along democratic lines.
From DARK AGES into LIGHT OF WISDOM

Vincent Cuzon and Stephanie Cajes

39

THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

-Apolinario Mabini as President of the Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign Affairs -Teodoro Sandico as Secretary of the Interior -Baldomero Aguinaldo as Secretary of War -Mariano Trias as Secretary of Finance -Gracio Gonzaga as Secretary of Welfare, including Public Instruction, Public Works, Communications, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.

The cabinet, according to Mabini: Belongs to no party, nor does it desire to form one; it stands for nothing save the interests of the fatherland.
-January 23, 1899 The Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Malolos in colorful ceremonies. -Aguinaldo was proclaimed President of the Republic. -Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of war, Spaniards and other aliens granting them the right to engage in business within the limits of the Republic.
Aiko Naul and Nathalie Saldivar

40

REVOLUTIONARY PERIODICALS
-The Philippines had to make its ideals and aspirations known to all the world. -Revolutionary Government founded its official organ El Heraldo de la Revolucion. -The name changed until it became Graceta de Filipinas. -These newspapers published the official texts of the decrees of the government, some news items and Tagalog poems, all nationalistic.

La Independencia most famous of the periodicals. -Its first number came out on September 3, 1898. -Cecilio Apostol (Catullo), Jose Palma, Rafael Palma (Dapit Hapon), Fernando Ma. Guerrero (Fulvio Gil), Epifanio de los Santos (G.Solon), Jose G. Abreu (Kaibigan), Mariano V. del Rosa Sevilla and Florentina Arellano. -The American authorities tried to suppress it, but did not succeed because of its nationalism.

Aiko Naul and Nathalie Saldivar

41

Other Nationalistic Newspapers

-La Republica Filipina -La Libertad -Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan -Columnas Volantes -La Federacion -La Revolucion -La Oportunidad

Most of the those newspapers were short-lived but were unanimous in their policy of fighting for the independence of the country.

Aiko Naul and Nathalie Saldivar

42

EDUCATION -The schools were closed for the time being because of the destruction to the peace and order condition. -August 29, 1898 The Secretary of the Interior ordered the provincial governors to reestablish the schools that had been opened before. -Php 35,000 was the budget for 1899 by Aguinaldo an item for public instruction. -October 24 decree was issued outlining the curriculum of the Burgos Institute.

Subjects: -Latin Grammar -Universal Geography and History -Spanish Literature -Mathematics -French -English -Physics -Chemistry -Philosophy -Natural Laws
Aiko Naul and Nathalie Saldivar

43

-Higher education was provided. -Aguinaldo created the Literary University of the Philippines. -Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez was appointed the first president, then succeeded by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero. -The University did not live long.

Aiko Naul and Nathalie Saldivar

44

DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES

-Promulgation of decrees -June 24 & August 10, 1898 Hongkong Junta -Diplomatic agents: Felipe Agoncillo(US), Mariano Ponce and Faustino Lichauco(Japan), Antonio Regidor(England), Juan Luna and Pedro Roxas(France), Eriberto Zarcal(Australia).

Francis Figueroa and Edzel Gaitano

45

THE TREATY OF PARIS

-August 12, 1898 Protocol of Peace. -American commissioners: Cushman Davis, William P. Frye, Whitelaw Reid, George Gray, William R. Day -Spanish commissioners: Eugenio Montero Rios, Chairman and Buenaventura Abarzuza, Jose de Garnica, Wencelao Ramirez de Villa-Urutia, General Rafael Cerero.

-December 10, 1898- The treaty of Paris was signed.

-February 4, 1899- The unfortunate rupture of Filipino-American hostilities.

Francis Figueroa and Edzel Gaitano

46

Download the Summary of Chapter 12: www.mediafire.com/historyateneo

Group 3

47