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Chapter 9
Design for Sheet Metalworking
1 Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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OutLine
9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESSWORKING
9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 9.2.6 Individual Dies for Profile Shearing Cost of Individual Dies Individual Dies for Piercing Operations Individual Dies for Bending Operations Miscellaneous Features Progressive Dies

9.3 PRESS SELECTION

9.3.1 Cycle Times

9.4 TURRET PRESS WORKING 9.5 PRESS BRAKE OPERATIONS 9.6 DESIGN RULES
Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.1 Introduction
Parts are made from sheet in two ways: 1. Dies to

Make blanks change shape of blanks add features through piercing operations

2.

CNC punching machines

arrays of sheet metal parts from individual sheets. punches in rotating turrets (turret presses)
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9.1 Introduction

Stiffness

per unit cost in sheet form is max for steels

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9.1 Introduction

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING

A sheet metal part is produced through a series of shearing and forming operations. 1. Individual dies on separate presses 2. Progressive die: different stations within a single die.
Strip

is moved incrementally through die while press cycles. punches at different positions along die produce successive features in part.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING -Cut-off operation

applies

to parts that have two parallel edges & "jigsaw" together along length of strip. Trailing edge of part must be precise inverse of leading edge

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING -Cut-off operation

Advantages: Simple tooling Minimization of manufactured scrap. Manufactured scrap: scrap sheet metal produced as a direct result of the manufacturing process.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Part-off die

Sheet metal part designed with two parallel edges, but ends cannot jigsaw together. Two die blocks and a punch passing between them to remove material separating ends of adjacent parts. Sheared ends should not meet strip edges at an angle less than about 15 to ensure a good-quality sheared edge with a min of tearing & edge distortion at ends of cut. Avoid Full semicircular ends or corner blend radii
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Part-off die

Part-off

process offers same advantage as cut-off Die is a little more complex than a cutoff die.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Part-off die

Scrap is increased because adjacent parts must be separated by at least twice sheet metal thickness to allow adequate punch strength.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING - blanking die

parts do not have two straight parallel edges. Blank can be almost any closed contour. Increase in mfg scrap. Edges of part must be separated from edges of strip by nearly twice sheet metal thickness to minimize edge distortion.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING - blanking die

Extra

scrap area / part = 4 material thickness part length Blanking dies are more expensive to produce than cut-off or part-off dies.

Additional plate, stripper plate, positioned above die plate with separation sufficient to allow sheet metal strip to pass between. Stripper plate aperture matches contour of punch so that it uniformly supports strip while punch is removed from it on upward stroke of press.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING cut off & drop-through die
If

both ends are symmetric, then adjacent parts can be arranged on strip at a 180 orientation to each other. Each press stroke produces two parts.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING cut off & drop-through die
A

rounded edge on the die side of part from initial deformation as sheet is pressed downward against die edge. Final separation of part from strip is by brittle fracture, which leaves a sharp edge, or burr, on punch side of part. Sharp edges on opposite sides of adjacent parts. De-burring: sharp edges must be removed: tumbling Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

For

each type of die the cost includes a basic die set:

Cds = die set purchase cost, $ Au = usable area between guide pillars, cm2
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Mfg point system to estimate cost of tooling elements such as: die plate Punch punch retaining plate stripper plate, etc. The system includes time for: mfg die elements Assembly tryout of die Assembly includes custom work on die set:

drilling and tapping of holes fitting of metal strips or dowel pins to guide sheet metal stock in die
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Basic
1. 2.

mfg points are determined by:

size of punch complexity of profile to be sheared

Profile

complexity is measured by index Xp as

P = perimeter length to be sheared, cm L,W = length & width of smallest rectangle surrounding the punch, cm
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

L

and W:

Blanking die, or a cut-off and drop-through die: length & width of smallest rectangle surrounding the entire part. Part-off die: L is distance across strip while W is width of zone removed from between adjacent parts. Cut-off die: L and W are dimensions of a rectangle surrounding end contour of part. for either cut-off or part-off, min punch width W of about 6 mm should be allowed to ensure sufficient punch strength.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Basic

point score is multiplied by a correction factor for the plan area of punch

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Basic manufacturing points:

Part-off die: 9% less than for blanking Cut-off die: 12% less than for blanking

For die mfg, where CNC wire EDM is used to cut the necessary profiles in:

die blocks punch blocks punch holder plates stripper plates

each

mfg point in Fig. 9.9 corresponds to one equivalent hour of die making.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

This

includes time for cutting, squaring, & grinding required tool steel blocks & plates. Estimated point score from Figs. 9.9 & 9.10 does not include effect of:
thicker-gage

sheet metal higher-strength sheet metal very large production volumes of parts
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Recommendations

on die plate thickness hd fit quite well with the relationship

U = ultimate tensile stress of sheared sheet metal Ums = ultimate tensile stress of annealed mild steel V = required production volume, thousands h = sheet metal thickness, mm value of hd is usually rounded to nearest one eighth of an inch to correspond with standard tool steel stock sizes.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Mfg

points in Fig. 9.9 were determined for the condition

Or

hd = 25 mm cost of dies changes with die plate thickness according to a thickness factor fd:
Or fd

= 0.75 Whichever is the larger.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Mfg points Mp for a blanking die:

Mpo

= basic mfg points (Fig. 9.9) f1w = plan area correction factor (Fig. 9.10) fd = die plate thickness correction factor (Eq. 9.5)

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example A sheet metal blank 200mm long by 150mm wide, plain semicircular ends with radius 75 mm. 500,000 parts, 16 gage low carbon steel. Estimate cost of a blanking die to produce part and % of manufactured scrap.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example
Required

blank area =200 x150 mm2. 50mm space is allowed around part for securing of die plate & installation of strip guides Required die set usable area Au is
Au = (20 + 2 x 5) x (15 + 2 x 5) = 750 cm2
Eq

9.1: cost of die set

Cds = 120 + (0.36 x 750) = $390

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example
Perimeter

mm L, W = 150 and 200 mm Perimeter complexity index Xp=5712/(150x200) = 10.9 Basic mfg point score (Fig. 9.9), Mpo = 30.5 plan area LW = 300 cm2 correction factor (Fig. 9.10) = 2.5
Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

of Required blanking punch, P = 571

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example
For

500,000 parts of thickness 1.52mm , die plate thickness (Eq 9.3) hd = 26.6 mm Die plate thickness correction factor (Eq. 9.5) fd =1.03 Total die mfg points Mp =1.03x2.5x30.5=78.5 hour $40/h for die making Blanking die cost = 390+78.5x40 = $3530
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example Area of each part Ap = 251.7 cm2 Separation between each part on strip and between part and strip edges should be 3.04mm (twice material thickness), area of sheet used for each part, As =(200+3.04) x (150 +2 x 3.04) mm2 = 316.9 cm2 Scrap % = (316.9 - 251.7)/316.9 x 100 = 20.6

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example If part were redesigned with 80mm radius ends (Fig. 9.11b), it could then be produced with a part-off die. What would be die cost and % of mfg scrap for this case? perimeter to be sheared = length of two 80 mm arcs = P = 388.9mm With 3.04mm separating parts end to end on strip: L, W of part-off punch =106.5 and 150mm
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example

Complexity index Xp = 388.92/(106.5 x 150) = 9.5 part plan area = 300 cm2 , mfg points are the same as for blanking die. part-off dies are 9% less expensive than blanking dies for same Cpx value, and values of fd and f1w are unchanged, total die mfg hours are M = 0.91 x 1.03 x 2.5 x 30.5 = 71.4 $40/h for die making Part-off die cost = 390 + 71.4 x 40 = $3,250
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Cost of Individual Dies

Example Area of each part = 257.9 cm2 edges of strip correspond to edges of part area of sheet used for each part As = (200 + 3.04) x 150 mm2 = 304.6 cm2 Scrap % = (304.6 - 257.9)/304.6 x 100 = 15.3

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Piercing
Operations

A piercing die: same as blanking die except that material is sheared by punching action to produce internal holes or cut-outs in the blank. Piercing dies: several punches Individual punch areas have only a minor effect on final die cost. Main cost drivers: 1. number of punches 2. size of part 3. perimeter length of cutting edges of any nonstandard punches.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Piercing
Operations
1.

Nonstandard punch: cross-sectional shape other than circular, square, rectangular, or obround Mfg point score: three main components Based only on area of part to be pierced, base manufacturing score is:

L, W = length & width of rectangle enclosing all holes to be punched, cm

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Piercing
Operations

1. 2. 3. 4.

Eq 9.7 predicts number of hours to mfg:

basic die block punch retaining plate stripper plate die backing plate

This must be added to time to mfg punches and to produce corresponding apertures in die block. This time depends upon:
1. 2.

number of required punches total perimeter of punches

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Piercing
Operations
2.

Mfg time Mpc for custom punches

Pp

= total perimeter of all punches, cm Np = number of punches Eq 9.8: estimates time to mfg nonstandard punches & for cutting corresponding die apertures

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3.

Operations Standard punch shapes (Fig. 9.12):

9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Piercing

Mfg hours, Mps for standard punches and die inserts, and for time to cut appropriate holes in punch retaining plate and die plate: K = 1 for round holes K = 3.5 for square, rectangular, or obround holes Np = number of punches Nd = number of different punch shapes and sizes

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Piercing
Operations - Example

Determine cost of piercing die to punch three holes. Rectangle that surrounds the three holes has dimensions 120 x 90 mm nonstandard "C shaped hole has a perimeter length equal to 260mm.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Piercing
Operations - Example

Base mfg score (Eq. 9.7) = Mpo = 23 + 0.03(12 x 9) = 26 h Number of hours required to mfg custom punching elements for nonstandard aperture (Eq 9.8)
Mpc = 8 + 0.6 x 26 + 3 = 26.6 h

Equivalent mfg time for punches, die plate inserts, etc., for the two "standard" circular holes (Eq 9.9)
Mps = 2 x 2 + 0.4 x 1 = 4.4 h

50 mm space is allowed around part in die set required plate area = Au = (20+2 x 5) x (10+2 x 5) = 600 cm2 die set cost = $336 Estimated piercing die cost, assuming $40/h for die making = 336 + (26 + 26.6 + 4.4) x 40 = $2,616
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations

Bends are typically produced by one of two die-forming methods: 1. V-die and punch combination (Fig. 9.14a)
Least expensive type of bending die difficulty of precisely positioning metal blank and a resulting lack of precision in bent part

2.

Wiper die (Fig. 9.14b)

Greater control of bend location on part

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations

U-die (double-wiper die) Z-die (double v-die)

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations
part shown can be formed in a single die. a z-die first forms front step. Lower die block then proceeds to move downward against spring pressure so that stationary wiper blocks adjacent to the three other sides displace the material upward.
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Operations In order to determine number of separate bending dies required for a particular part, apply the following rules:
1.

9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending

2.

3.

Bends that lie in the same plane, such as the four bends surrounding the central area in Fig. 9.16, can usually be produced in one die. Secondary reverse bends in displaced metal, such as lower step in Fig. 9.16, can often be produced in the same die using a z-die action. Secondary bends in displaced metal that would lead to a die-locked condition will usually be produced in a separate die.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations

Bends a, c, and d or bends a, b, and d could be formed in one die by a combination of a wiper die and a z-die. Remaining bend would then require a 2nd wiper die and a separate press operation. Bend b could be produced in the 2nd die using a tooling arrangement (Fig. 9.18).

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations

Bend b could be produced in the 2nd die using a tooling arrangement (Fig. 9.18).

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations
Cost of bending dies: A point score related to tool mfg hours. Based on area of flat part to be bent and final depth of bent part, the base die mfg score for bending is:

L,W = length & width of rectangle surrounding part, cm D = final depth of bent part, cm, or 5.0, whichever is larger

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations

Additional number of points are added for length of bend lines to be formed and for number of separate bends to be formed simultaneously:

Lb = total length of bend lines, cm Nb = number of different bends to be formed in die

Cost of a die set must be added according to Eq. 9.1

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Individual Dies for Bending
Operations
Example

Fig. 9.16: Part is produced from a flat blank 44cm long by 24cm wide. Five bends Total length of bend lines = 76 cm Height of formed part from top edge of box to bottom of step = 12cm Eq. 9.10: Mpo = [18+0.023x(44 x 24)]x(0.88+0.02 x 12) =42.3x1.12 = 47.4h Additional points for bend length & multiple bends:
Mpn = 0.68 x 76 + 5.8 x 5 = 80.7 h

5.0 cm clearance around part in die set, then cost of die set is estimated from Eq. 9.1
Cds = 120 + 0.36 x (54 x 34) = $780

$40/h for tool making cost of bending die: Cd = 780 + (47.4 + 80.7) x 40 = $5900
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Miscellaneous Features

A lance: cut in sheet metal part that is required for an internal forming operation. Cutting edges of punch are pressed only partway through the material thickness, sufficient to produce the required shear fracture.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Miscellaneous Features

Depressions: localized shallow-formed regions produced by pressing sheet downward into a depression in the die plate with a matching profile punch. Beads: Patterns of long, narrow depressions onto the open surfaces of sheet metal parts in order to increase bending stiffness. In a depression sheet material reduces in thickness as a result of being stretched around the punch profile.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Miscellaneous Features

Depression on left side of part (Fig. 9.19), assume material is stretched by around 15% in every direction. Because volume of metal stays constant after forming, thickness will have been reduced by nearly 30%. Embossed region on right side of part (Fig. 9.19) is reduced in thickness by direct compression between punch and die.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Miscellaneous Features

Hole flanges: produced by pressing a taper or bulletnosed cylindrical punch into a smaller punched hole. Material is stretched by entry of larger punch and displaced in direction of punch travel. Due to ductility limitations: flanged height = 2 to 3 *sheet metal thickness

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Miscellaneous Features

Cost of dies for these miscellaneous operations can be determined from equations for costs of piercing dies. Eq 9.7 : determine base cost of die plates, punch blocks, etc. Eq. 9.8: Additional cost of punch and die machining Parameter Pp = perimeter of forming or cutting punches Number Mpx of additional hours of punch and die machining is

Nsp = total number of separate surface patches to be machined on punch faces and matching die surfaces

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Progressive Dies

Multi-station die on a single press. Stations within die carry out different piercing, forming, & shearing operations as sheet metal is transported incrementally through die.
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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Progressive Dies

For complex-shaped parts, perimeter will usually be sheared in increments at different stations with only final parts of profile being sheared at last station.

More uniform distribution of shearing forces among different stations, resulting in balanced loads on die. Bending operations to be performed with wiper dies when portions of perimeter around bend have been removed.

Two additional holes in strip (Fig. 9.20) are punched at 1st station & then engaged with taper-nosed punches at 2nd station.

more precise registration between stations so that part accuracy does not depend on accuracy of strip feeding mechanism.

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9.2 DEDICATED DIES AND PRESS WORKING Progressive Dies-Cost

Cpd = 2Cid (9.13) Cpd = cost of single progressive die Cid = cost of individual dies for blanking, cut-off or partoff, piercing, and forming operations for the same part Factor of 2: moderate complex parts Factor of 3: very complex parts Factor of 1.5: very simple parts

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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

Required

force f for: blanking, piercing, lancing, etc., is given by

h = gage thickness, m ls = length to be sheared, m

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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Example: circular disks 50 cm in diameter are to be blanked from No. 6 gage commercial-quality, low-carbon steel. (Tables 9.1 & 9.2):

thickness of 6 gage steel = 5.08 x 10-3 m ultimate tensile strength, U = 330 x103 kN/m2

required

blanking force f = 0.5 x (330 x 103) x (5.08 x 10-3) x (p x 50 x 10-2) = 1316.6kN Table 9.3: 1750kN press
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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Bending or shallow forming operations: required forces are usually much less than for shearing. Fig. 9.22: assume inside bend radius, r = 2*h

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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Under these conditions, as material is bent around die profile, through increasing angle q: length of outer surface increases to 3hq. length of centerline of material (neutral axis) remains nearly constant at 2.5hq. strain in outer fibers of material is:
strain

decreases to zero from outer fibers to centerline, and then becomes compressive, increasing to nearly -0.2 on inside surface.
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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

average

strain in bent material = 0.5e work done per unit volume on material as it forms around die = stress * strain assume that punch radius = 2 * thickness 90 bend: punch moves down, while in contact with part, through a distance of ~5h. volume of material subjected to bending is
Lb

= bend length
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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

energy
f

balance:

= average press force that moves through distance 5h and Reed [4] give an empirical relationship for wiper die bending as
r1

Eary

= profile radius of punch r2 = profile radius of die

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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Shallow forming (Fig. 9.19): vertical resisting force from walls is

L = perimeter of depression. for a depression with vertical walls (q =90) required punch force can approach twice force required to shear material around perimeter.

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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Fig. 9.19: required force for an embossing operation is
A

= area to be embossed F = constraint factor > 1 As size of embossed region increases, factor F increases exponentially.

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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Cycle Times
Ostwald, time to:
1. 2. 3.

load a blank or part into a mechanical press, operate the press, and remove part following the press operation

is

proportional to perimeter of rectangle enclosing part:

L, W = rectangular envelope length & width, cm Apply 2/3 of time given by Eq 9.22 for shearing or piercing of flat parts (automatic press ejection)
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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Cycle Times - Example
Fig. 9.20: compare cycle times and processing costs for using individual dies to those for progressive die working. Part is made from No. 8 gage stainless steel.

Ultimate tensile stress = 515MN/m2 Outer perimeter of part = 370 mm thickness = 4.17mm Eq 9.14: required shear force for blanking outer perimeter, f1 =0.5x(515x103)x(4.17x370 x10-6)= 397kN For piercing obround cutout with perimeter 149mm, required force, f2 = 160 kN
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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Cycle Times - Example

Force required for bending tab across ~25 mm bend line, with assumed 6mm tool profile radii, is given from Eq. (9.19) as
f3 =0.333x515x103x(25x10-3)x(4.172x10-6/((6+6)x10-3)= 6.2kN

Table 9.3: blanking operation would require 500 kN press, and piercing and bending operations could be carried out on the smallest 200 kN press.

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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Cycle Times - Example
Individual Dies For blanking and piercing operations: assume automatic ejection of blanks and scrap. cycle time for these two operations will be 2/3 of time for loading and unloading given by Eq. (9.22):
t1 = 0.67 x (3.8 + 0.11(10 + 11.5)) = 0.67 x 5.4 = 3.6s

For bending operation, part unloading is required:

t2 = 5.4 s

Table 9.3: press hourly rates processing cost per part, Cp = [(3.6/3600)x76 + (3.6/3600)x55 + (5.4/3600) x 55] x 100 cents = 21.4 cents
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9.3 PRESS SELECTION

Cycle Times - Example
Progressive Die required press force, f = f1 +f2 +f3 = 563 kN space required for four die stations = 4 x 100 + 3(2 x 4.17) = 418.5 mm Table 9.3: press has:

press force = 1750 kN operating cost =105 $/h press speed = 35 strokes/min

estimated cycle time per part = t = 60/35 = 1.7s processing cost per part, Cp = (1.7/3600) x 105 x 100 = 5.0 cents
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9.6 DESIGN RULES

For

parts that are to be manufactured with dedicated dies, design outer profile with parallel straight edges defining part width. To allow for satisfactory shearing in cut-off or part-off operations, end profiles should meet straight edges at angles no less than 15.
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9.6 DESIGN RULES

No

narrow projections or notches that will require narrow weak sections in either punches or die plates (dimensions marked "a" in Fig. 9.27)

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Avoid

Small holes or narrow cut-outs that will require fragile punches. Internal punched holes should be separated from each other, and from outside edge, with sufficient clearance to avoid distortion of narrow sections of workpiece material during punching.

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Both

feature dimensions and feature spacings should be at least twice material thickness. Fig. 9.27, satisfactory blanking and punching will require that dimensions labeled "a" through "d" should all be greater than or equal to twice gage thickness.

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

"e,

corner radii in die plate: Radii equal to at least twice gage thickness will minimize corner stress concentrations in die plate, which may lead to crack formation and failure.

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Incorporate

relief cut-outs dimensioned as "d," at ends of proposed bend lines that terminate at internal corners in outer profile. If for any reason holes that intersect outer profile must be punched later, then diameter should be at least three times gage thickness to accommodate offset loading to which punch will be subjected.
Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

When

formed features are being considered, principal design constraint is max tensile strain the material can withstand (Table 9.2). Fig. 9.28:

component made from low-carbon, commercial-quality steel Transition from surface to top of bridge = 45.

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Assuming uniform stretching of bridge, tensile strain along bridge is If max permissible strain in tension is 0.22 (Table 9.2), then from Eq. (9.29) successful forming will be assured if Length of bridges > 4 times height For different materials or varying geometries, tensile strains must be estimated & compared to permissible max value.
Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Louver (Figure 9.29): Length of front edge must be greater than a certain multiple of louver opening height H, determined by material ductility and end ramp angles exactly as in the bridge calculation.

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Stretching also occurs at right angles to louver edge where material is stretched upward into a circular arc. This will not cause material failure, since front edge of louver will be pulled backward as tensile stress develops in the surface. Choice of radius R (Fig. 9.29) is more one of appearance and amount of space taken up by a single louver.

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Hole flange (Figure 9.30)

Hole flanging: provide increased local thickness for tapping of screw threads Hole flange is formed by pressing a taper-nosed punch of diameter D into a smaller punched hole of diameter d. Tensile strain around top edge of formed flange is

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Hole flange (Figure 9.30)

e < permissible material ductility Typical values of flange height in sheet steel components range between 2 and 3 times material gage thickness.

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Beads (Fig. 9.31)

Ribs may be circular V-shaped. For a required height, H, width and shape of rib must be chosen so that required amount of stretching across rib does not exceed material ductility.

Radius at base of rib must be greater than a certain value to prevent overstraining material on underside of part.
Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Beads (Fig. 9.31)

Max tensile strain in bending is in the outer fibers of the sheet on the outside of the bend and is governed by the ratio of inside bend radius, r, to sheet gage thickness, h. For a bend through any angle q, length of outer surface is length of surface in center of sheet (neutral axis) is strain on outer surface is Radius r is defined precisely by profile radius of bending tool: convex radius of die block for a wiper die convex radius of punch in a v-die.

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Beads (Fig. 9.31)

Min acceptable radius value can be obtained from Eq. (9.34) and ductility of material to be bent. Example: low-carbon, commercial-quality steel with ductility 0.22, Eq. (9.34) gives

Inside bend radius twice sheet thickness (limiting value for a material with 20% ductility)

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba

Fig. 9.32: slots would almost certainly have to be punched after the bending operation. This is because small separation, l, of edges of slots from bend line would result in distortion of slots during bending if they were punched first.

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

If part contains other holes or slots that are now on nonparallel surfaces to the one shown, then two separate dies and operations are needed for punching where one would otherwise have been sufficient. Edge of circular holes should preferably be 2 times sheet thickness from beginning of a bend. For slots parallel to a bend this clearance should increase to 4 times sheet thickness.

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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Blanked parts or punched holes with max dimensions up to 10cm can be held to tolerances of around 0.05 mm As part size increases, precision is more difficult to control For a part with dimensions as large as 50 cm permissible tolerances are in the range of 0.5 mm. For formed parts, or formed features, variation tends to be larger and minimum tolerances attainable are in the range of 0.25 mm for small parts. A tight tolerance between punched holes, which are on parallel surfaces separated by bends, would require holes to be punched after bending at greater expense. If holes are on nonparallel surfaces, then machining may be necessary to obtain required accuracy.
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9.6 DESIGN RULES

Minimization of manufactured scrap

nesting If individual dies are to be used, then part should be designed if possible for cut-off or part-off operations. Figure 9.33:

cut-off design lacks elegance of rounded end profiles. acute sharp corner will be removed during debarring

Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba