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    Research Methodology

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    Mohamed Imran Predhanekar
    This document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It defines research methodology as how data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in investigations of nature and matter. It discusses topics such as selecting a research topic based on personal interest or social problems, common limitations like time and funding, how to conduct a literature review, choosing appropriate qualitative or quantitative methodology, data collection methods, data analysis techniques for categorical and continuous data, drawing conclusions, and presenting research findings according to the APA style guide.

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    Research Methodology

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Imran Predhanekar
    2K views25 pages
    This document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It defines research methodology as how data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in investigations of nature and matter. It discusses topics such as selecting a research topic based on personal interest or social problems, common limitations like time and funding, how to conduct a literature review, choosing appropriate qualitative or quantitative methodology, data collection methods, data analysis techniques for categorical and continuous data, drawing conclusions, and presenting research findings according to the APA style guide.

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    Methodology

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    This document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It defines research methodology as how data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in investigations of nature and matter. It discusses topics such as selecting a research topic based on personal interest or social problems, common limitations like time and funding, how to conduct a literature review, choosing appropriate qualitative or quantitative methodology, data collection methods, data analysis techniques for categorical and continuous data, drawing conclusions, and presenting research findings according to the APA style guide.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views25 pages

    Research Methodology

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Imran Predhanekar
    This document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It defines research methodology as how data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in investigations of nature and matter. It discusses topics such as selecting a research topic based on personal interest or social problems, common limitations like time and funding, how to conduct a literature review, choosing appropriate qualitative or quantitative methodology, data collection methods, data analysis techniques for categorical and continuous data, drawing conclusions, and presenting research findings according to the APA style guide.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Research Methodology

    [email protected]

    What is research methodology? What constitutes a research topic? How to select a research topic? What are some of the limitations encountered when doing or thinking of doing a research project? What is a literature review? Where do I find sources of information for my literature review? How to select an appropriate methodology? What are some of the common types of qualitative methodology? What are some of the common types of quantitative methodology? What type of data to collect? How to collect data? How to analyze data? What are some of the tests used on categorical data? What are some of the tests used on continuous data? How to draw conclusions from data? How to present research findings? How to present your paper according to the APA style?

    CONTENTS

    What is Research Methodology?

    Is defined as a highly intellectual human activity used in the investigation of nature and matter and deals specifically with the manner in which data is collected, analyzed and interpreted

    What Constitutes a Research Topic?


    Unanswered question Unsolved question Concern Query Statement of inquiry

    How to Select a Research Topic?

    Personal interest Social problem Testing theory Prior research Program evaluation Human service practice Minorities in research

    What are some of the Limitations Encountered when Doing or Thinking of Doing a Research Project?

    Time constraints Financial consideration Anticipating and avoiding problems Equipment limitations Human resource limitations Out of the box thinking In the box thinking 6

    What is a Literature review?


    Systematic review of available resources
    Theoretical and conceptual concepts

    Identification of independent and dependent variables


    Measurement and operational definitions Selection of appropriate research technique Sampling strategy Statistical technique Findings and conclusions of similar studies studied

    Where do I find Sources of Information for my Literature Review?


    Books Journals Internet Data bases Archives Interviews Observations Reports Records
    8

    How to Select an Appropriate Methodology?


    What is the nature of the problem being investigated?

    Is the problem being investigated subjective or objective?


    Four types of research methods:
    Qualitative

    Quantitative
    Mixed (qualitative and quantitative) Critical and action oriented

    What are some of the Common Types of Qualitative Methodology?


    Surveys
    Longitudinal Cross-sectional, correlation Experimental

    Quasi-experimental
    Ex-post facto research

    10

    What are some of the Common Types of Quantitative Methodology?

    Biographical Phenomenological

    Ethnographical
    Case study

    11

    What Type of Data to Collect? Categorical


    nominal-observations that can be coded ordinal-observations that can be ranked

    Continuous

    -Observations

    measured
    Mixed

    that can be counted or

    matrix of categorical and continuous data

    12

    How to Collect Data?

    Observations Interviews Reports Records

    13

    How to Analyze Data?

    Need to consider the type of data collected -categorical -continuous -mixed

    14

    What are some of the Tests Used on Categorical Data?


    Chi-squared test-to determine the relationship between variables Fishers test-to compare two unpaired groups McNemars test-to analyze a matched casecontrol study Kappa-to quantify interafter agreement Wilcoxon test- to compare one group to a hypothetical value Kruskal-Wallis test-to compare three or more groups Spearman test-to compare association between variables
    15

    What are some of the Tests Used on Continuous Data?

    T test- to compare one or two groups ANOVA-to compare three or more groups Pearson test-to compare the association between variables

    16

    How to Draw Conclusions from Data?


    Use of graphical presentations Use of statistical analyses Sharing data among colleagues and receiving constructive feedback Critically analyzing data and results

    17

    How to Present Research Findings?


    Tables-matrix of rows and columns representing variables Figures-visual organization of data/observations -pictures -pie charts -line charts -bar charts -flow charts -organizational charts -cartogram charts -Gantt charts -scatter plot charts

    18

    How to Present your Paper According to the APA style?


    APA stands for American Psychological Association APA is the most commonly used style in the Social Sciences APA provides useful guidelines on:
    style in text citations references

    19

    APA Style
    Third person should be used Active voice should be used Writing should be clear, concise and plain General format should be:
    paper size-8.5 x 11 1 margins on all sides double spaced written in 12 point font using Times New Roman short title and page number on the upper right hand corner of every page
    20

    General Format of APA Paper


    Title Abstract Main Body
    methodology results discussion conclusions

    References

    21

    APA Referencing Style


    Last name of author, followed by initials Last names of authors arranged alphabetically in the reference list Capitalize the first letter of the first word in titles and subtitles Capitalize all major words in journal titles Italicize titles of books and journals

    22

    APA In-text Citation

    Authors last name and year of publication placed in parenthesis next to where the information is cited Three or more authors, use all three when first cited then followed by the first author et al., year for subsequent in-text citations

    Six or more authors, use the last name of the first author followed by et al., year of publication

    23

    References

    Pattron, D. 2000. Fundamentals of Scientific Research. New York: Scientific Publishers http://owl.english.purdue.edu Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. http://www.apastyle.org

    24

    THE BEGINNING

    25

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