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Facsimile or Fax Machine Is An

A fax machine electronically scans graphical information from paper using a light beam and charge coupled device (CCD). The CCD converts light reflections into electrical signals representing the image, which are compressed, modulated onto a carrier signal, and transmitted over phone lines. At the receiving end, the signals are demodulated, decompressed to recover the original image data, and used to thermally print a copy of the transmitted image on paper. Control circuits synchronize the transmission and allow operators to start, stop, and dial the fax machines.

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Rubini Ravichandran
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65 views17 pages

Facsimile or Fax Machine Is An

A fax machine electronically scans graphical information from paper using a light beam and charge coupled device (CCD). The CCD converts light reflections into electrical signals representing the image, which are compressed, modulated onto a carrier signal, and transmitted over phone lines. At the receiving end, the signals are demodulated, decompressed to recover the original image data, and used to thermally print a copy of the transmitted image on paper. Control circuits synchronize the transmission and allow operators to start, stop, and dial the fax machines.

Uploaded by

Rubini Ravichandran
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FAX (facsimile) Facsimile or fax machine is an electronic system.

It is used for transmitting graphical information through wires or through free space (i.e. with the help of electro-magnetic waves).

To send a fax means to send graphical information on a paper. When we want to send a fax, the graphical information on paper is SCANNED by strong light beam (its working is fairly similar to Xerox machine). While scanning, reflected light varies depending on the details in graphical information.

The variations in light are converted into equivalent electrical signals.

This conversion is done with the help of Charge Coupled Device (CCD) and electronic memory circuits.
Then the signals are transmitted over telephone line or through free space.

Fax machine

By opposite process, the transmitted graphical information is reproduced in printed form (on paper) at receiving end of fax machine. Fax machine is used to send letters, photographs, maps etc. In short, any information in printed form on paper can be sent with the help of fax machine.

How a document is scanned in fax machine?

The process of scanning is done electronically. The paper is fed into the rollers. Upper rollers rotate clockwise and lower rollers rotate anticlockwise. So the paper is pulled into the machine. The light source focuses a strong light beam on the paper. The light beam reflects from paper surface and through mirror assembly, it is incident on CCD (Charge Coupled Devices).
. The light beam reflects from paper surface and through mirror assembly, it is incident on CCD (Charge Coupled Devices).

Working of CCD The CCD is a light sensitive semiconductor device.


It has a very large number of tiny capacitor like devices.

These are reverse biased silicon photodiodes arranged in matrix form on a silicon chip.

They convert variations in light signals into proportional electrical signals.


The complete information on paper is NOT stored on CCD.

The beam of light source scans the paper horizontally (i.e. along width of paper, row-by-row).

When it goes from one end to another, the CCD becomes occupied. Then charged information on CCD is given out to electronic memory and next scanning process starts, until complete paper is scanned.

Fax machine individual block

Transmitter block
When paper as graphical information is inserted into fax machine, it is scanned row by row. The CCD converts this information into proportional analog signals. This output is fed to A/D converter circuit. Its output is in digital form. This digital data becomes extremely huge due to scanning details in the document. So it is

This circuit is made up of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology. Hence, the size of data in bits (binary digits) is reduced.
The compressed data output is fed to modulator.

It is the modem, which can modulate & demodulate digital data. In modem, a carrier wave is modulated using the data and transmitted over telephone line.

Receiver block
When fax signal reaches receiver block through telephone line, it is demodulated using demodulator within modem. Thus, at its output we get original data only in compressed form. To expand the data it is fed to digital data expansion block. The data is recovered by removing its data compression into ORIGINAL SIZE. The signals are fed to thermal printer.

Control blocks This is very complex circuit used for HANDSHAKING between two fax machines, during communication.

During this process, different audio tones and beeps are exchanged and produced.

This process takes place as follows:

When a fax machine is dialed, called machine responds to it by producing an audio tone.

The calling machine sends synchronous signals, so both machines start at the same time The called machine compares this signal as per its own standards and acknowledges to sync. signals. Then the printing begins.

Operator controls block provides user-friendly controls like start, stop, number to be dialed and a number of other functions.

Motor control circuit controls speed of motor and paper rollers. It is a constant speed controller circuit called as governor circuit.

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