Intelligent People. Uncommon Ideas.

Automated Testing vs Manual Testing

By Bhavin Turakhia CEO, Directi
(shared under Creative Commons Attribution Share-alike License incorporated herein by reference) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)

Manual Tests

Coding Process with Manual Tests

Write code Uploading the code to some place Build it Running the code manually (in many cases filling up forms etc step by step) Check Log files, Database, External Services, Values of variable names, Output on the screen etc If it does not work, repeat the above process

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Automated Tests

Coding Process with Automated Unit Tests

Write one or more test cases Auto-compile and run to see the tests fail Write code to pass the tests Auto-compile and run If tests fail -> make appropriate modifications If tests pass -> repeat for next method Finish writing code (with all unit tests passing) Write a Functional Test using any tool Auto-compile and run If tests fail -> make appropriate modifications If tests pass -> move ahead

Coding Process with Automated Functional Tests

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Effort and Cost

Lets assume 6 test cases Effort required to run all 6 manually => 10 min Effort required to write unit tests for all 6 cases => 10 min Effort required to run unit tests for all 6 cases => < 1 min Number of testing iterations => 5 Total manual testing time => 50 min Total unit testing time => 10 min
Release 1 2 3 4 5 Manual Test 10 10 10 10 10 Auto Test 10 0 0 0 0 Manual Test Cumulative 10 20 30 40 50

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Effort and Cost

Adding incremental Unit test cases is cheaper than adding incremental Manual Test Cases Eg registerDomain

Case 1: Register a .com domain with all correct fields Case 2: Register a .com domain with an invalid nameserver

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Testing is boring

Noone wants to keep filling the same forms There is nothing new to learn when one tests manually People tend to neglect running manual tests Noone maintains a list of the tests required to be run if they are manual tests They are fun and challenging to write One has to carefully think of design for reusability and coverage They require analytical and reasoning skills They represent contribution that is usable in the future

Automated Tests on the other hand are code

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Testing is not reusable
The effort required is the same each time One cannot reuse a Manual Test

Automated Tests are completely reusable

IMPORTANT: One needs to setup a Continuous Integration Server, a common Code Repository and a organization structure Once written the Automated Tests form a part of the codebase They can be reused without any additional effort for the lifetime of the Project

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Tests provide limited Visibility and have to be Repeated by all Stakeholders
Only the developer testing the code can see the results Tests have to be repeated by each stakeholder For eg Developer, Tech Lead, GM, Management

Automated Tests provide global visibility

Developers, Tech Leads and Management can login and see Test Results No additional effort required by any of them to see the software works!!

Release 1 2 3 4 5

Manual Testing by Dev 10 10 10 10 10

Manual Testing by Team Leads 5 5 5 5 5

Manual Testing by Mgmt 3 3 3 3 3

Dev Manual Total Manual Total Manual Test Test Testing Auto Test Cumulative Cumulative 18 18 18 18 18 10 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 18 36 54 72 90

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Testing ends up being an Integration Test

In a typical manual test it is very difficult to test a single unit In most circumstances you end up checking the unit alongwith backend services Introduces fragility if something else breaks the manual test breaks

Automated Tests can have varying scopes

One can test a unit (class / method), a module, a system etc

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Testing requires complex Manual Setup and Tear Down

Can involve frequently running db queries Can involve making changes to backend servers Steps become more complex with multiple dependent test cases

Automated Tests can have varying scopes and require less complex setup and teardown
Unit Tests have external dependencies mocked so no setup / teardown required Setup and Tear down are automated in Functional Tests using framework support

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Testing has a high risk of missing out on something

Each time a developer runs manual tests it is likely he will miss out on an important test case New developers may have no clue about the battery of tests to be run

Automated Tests have zero risk of missing out a predecided test

Once a Test becomes a part of Continuous Integration it will run without someone having to remember to run it

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Tests do not drive design

Manual tests are run post-facto and hence only drive bug-patching

Automated Tests and TDD / Test-First development drive design

Writing a Unit test first clarifies the requirement and influences design Writing Unit Tests with Mock Objects etc forces clean design and segregation through abstraction / interfaces / polymorphism etc

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Tests do not provide a safety-net

Manual tests are run post-facto and hence only drive bug-patching

Automated Tests provide a safety-net for refactoring / additions

Even New developers who have never touched the code can be confident about making changes

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Tests have no training value Automated Tests act as documentation
Reading a set of Unit Tests clarifies the purpose of a codebase They provide a clear contract and define the requirement They provide visibility into different use cases and expected results A new developer can understand a piece of code much more by looking at Unit Tests than by looking at the code Unit Tests define the expected behavior of the code

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Automated Tests vs Manual Tests

Manual Tests create crazy code clutter

Most manual testing involves System.outs to check values of variable names Useless log file entries in app server, db server etc Cause code / log / console clutter

if then(s), flag based logging, event based log entries etc

Slows down the application

Automated Tests reduce code clutter to zero

Log file entries / System.outs are replaced by assertions in test code Even if specific console / log entries are needed they can reside in the test and not in the code Keep a live application / logs / console clutter-free and fast

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Summary
1.
Manual Tests take more Effort and Cost more than Automated Test to write and run Manual Testing is boring Automated Tests are reusable Manual Tests provide limited Visibility and have to be Repeated by all Stakeholders Automated Tests can have varying scopes and can test single units of code by Mocking the dependencies Automated tests may require less complex setup and teardown

2. 3. 4. 5.
6.

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Summary
7.
Automated Testing ensures you dont miss out on running a test 8. Automated Testing can actually enforce and drive clean design decisions 9. Automated Tests provide a Safety Net for refactoring 10.Automated Tests have Training value 11.Automated Tests do not create clutter in code/console/logs

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Why do people not write Automated Tests

Initial learning curve

Understanding Unit Testing Frameworks and Functional Testing Frameworks Understanding Continuous Integration and effective usage of it Understanding and learning Code Coverage Tools Figuring out how to organize the tests How to create Mock Objects? How to automate the running of the tests each time? Where to commit the tests?

Am I really going to be working on this same module again? Will my tests be re-used? If not what is the point?

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Why do people not write Automated Tests

Solution
Spend time during First Release to freeze / design / implement A Code Repository structure that incorporates Unit Tests and
Designate Responsibility Each developer MUST write Unit tests for multiple use cases per unit Designate a specific Developer to write Functional Tests The developer who writes the tests is also responsible for organizing
them, committing them and linking them in CI Functional Tests A CI Server integrated with the release Unit Testing Framework (any xUnit framework) Functional Testing Tools (Sahi / Watir / Selenium / QTP etc) Code Coverage Tools (Clover) Testing guidelines and principles

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Why do people not write Automated Tests

Dont give up
If you come across a hurdle, pair Make sure you complete your testing responsibility

Check Code Coverage

Use code coverage tools while coding and post-coding to check parts of your code that are covered by tests

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What to Test

Unit Tests
Ideally do not cross class boundaries Definitely do not cross process-boundaries Write a unit test with multiple cases

Functional Tests
UI Tests using specific tools (Watir / Selenium / QTP / White etc) Tests one layer below the UI (Using APIs)

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Best Practices

You must use a unit testing frameworks (theres one for every platform) You must have an auto-build process, a CI server, autotesting upon commits etc Unit Tests are locally during the day, and upon commit by CI Server Over a period of time you may want to have your CI Server run tests selectively Tests must be committed alongwith code

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Best Practices

Organize the tests properly If you do not commit Tests they are not reusable and the reduced effort advantage is lost

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