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Calculus of Parametric Equations

This document discusses parametric equations and how to calculate properties of curves defined parametrically. It provides the formula for finding the slope of a parametrized curve as the ratio of the derivatives of x and y with respect to the parameter. It also shows how to calculate higher order derivatives of parametrized curves. Examples are given for finding points where the tangent line is horizontal or vertical. Finally, formulas are presented for calculating the length and surface area of curves defined parametrically.

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316 views13 pages

Calculus of Parametric Equations

This document discusses parametric equations and how to calculate properties of curves defined parametrically. It provides the formula for finding the slope of a parametrized curve as the ratio of the derivatives of x and y with respect to the parameter. It also shows how to calculate higher order derivatives of parametrized curves. Examples are given for finding points where the tangent line is horizontal or vertical. Finally, formulas are presented for calculating the length and surface area of curves defined parametrically.

Uploaded by

Twevle
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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-6

-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
Sec 9.2 In section 9.1, we talked
about parametric equations.
Parametric equations can be
used to describe motion that is
not a function.
( ) ( )
x f t y g t = =
If f and g have derivatives at t, then the parametrized
curve also has a derivative at t.

The formula for finding the slope of a parametrized


curve is:

dy
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
=
This makes sense
if we think about
canceling dt.
We assume that the
denominator is not
zero.
The formula for finding the slope of a parametrized
curve is:

dy
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
=

If we consider the curve traced out by a moving


particle, then dy/dt and dx/dt are the horizontal and
vertical velocities of the particle.

dy/dx, the slope of the tangent line at (x, y) is the
ratio of the horizontal and vertical velocities.
To find the second derivative of a parametrized curve,
we find the derivative of the first derivative:

dy
dt
dx
dt
'
=
2
2
d y
dx
( )
d
y
dx
'
=
1. Find the first derivative (dy/dx).
2. Find the derivative of dy/dx with respect to t.
(This is the second derivative of y with respect to t.
3. Divide by dx/dt.

-1
-0.5
0
0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5
Example:
2
2 3
2
Find as a function of if and .
d y
t x t t y t t
dx
= =

Example:
2
2 3
2
Find as a function of if and .
d y
t x t t y t t
dx
= =
1. Find the first derivative (dy/dx).

dy
dy
dt
y
dx
dx
dt
'
= =
2
1 3
1 2
t
t

2. Find the derivative of dy/dx with respect to t.


2
1 3
1 2
dy d t
dt dt t
' | |

=
|

\ .
( )
2
2
2 6 6
1 2
t t
t
+
=

Quotient Rule

3. Divide by dx/dt.
2
2
d y
dx

dx
dt
dy
dt
'
=
( )
2
2
2 6 6

1 2
1 2
t t
t
t
+

( )
2
3
2 6 6
1 2
t t
t
+
=

Example: Find the points on the curve where the


tangent is horizontal or vertical.

x = cos3, y = 2sin
dx/d = -3sin(3)
dy/d = 2cos
To find the horizontal tangent, set dy/d = 0:

0 = 2 cos
0=cos
= /2 + n (n is an integer)
x = cos(/2 + (n)) = 0
x = 0
y = 2sin(/2 + (n))
y = 2, -2
Points where horizontal tangents are (0,2) and (0, -2)
To find vertical tangent: Set dx/d = 0
0 = -3sin(3)
0 = sin (3)

= 0 or (/3)n
3 = 0 or n
= 0, :
x= cos (30); y = 2sin(0)
x = 1, y = 0
=(/3)n :
x= cos3(/3)n
x= cos(n)
x= -1, 1
y = 2sin(/3)n)
3, 3 y =
The equation for the length of a parametrized
curve is similar to our previous length of curve
equation:

(Notice the use of the Pythagorean Theorem.)


2 2
dx dy
L dt
dt dt
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
Likewise, the equations for the surface area of a
parametrized curve are similar to our previous
surface area equations:
( )
Revolution about the -axis 0 x y >
2 2
2
b
a
dx dy
S y dt
dt dt
t
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
}
( )
Revolution about the -axis 0 y x >
2 2
2
b
a
dx dy
S x dt
dt dt
t
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
}

( )
Revolution about the -axis 0 x y >
2 2
2
b
a
dx dy
S y dt
dt dt
t
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
}
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
This curve is:
( )
( ) ( )
sin 2
2cos 5
x t t t
y t t t
= +
= +
t

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