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INCONEL (nickel-chromium-iron) alloy 600 (UNS N06600/W.Nr. 2.4816) is a standard engineering material for applications which require resistance to corrosion and heat. The alloy also has excellent mechanical properties and presents the desirable combination of high strength and good workability. The limiting chemical composition of INCONEL alloy 600 is shown in Table 1. The high nickel content gives the alloy resistance to corrosion by many organic and inorganic compounds and also makes it virtually immune to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking. Chromium confers resistance to sulfur compounds and also provides resistance to oxidizing conditions at high temperatures or in corrosive solutions. The alloy is not precipitation hardenable; it is hardened and strengthened only by cold work. The versatility of INCONEL alloy 600 has led to its use in a variety of applications involving temperatures from cryogenic to above 2000F (1095C). The alloy is used extensively in the chemical industry for its strength and corrosion resistance. Applications include heaters, stills, bubble towers and condensers for processing of fatty acids; evaporator tubes, tube sheets and flaking trays for the manufacture of sodium sulfide; and equipment for handling abietic acid in the manufacture of paper pulp. The alloy's strength and oxidation resistance at high temperatures make it useful for many applications in the heat-treating industry. It is used for retorts, muffles, roller hearths and other furnace components and for heat-treating baskets and trays. In the aeronautical field, INCONEL alloy 600 is used for a variety of engine and airframe components which must withstand high temperatures. Examples are lockwire, exhaust liners and turbine seals. INCONEL alloy 600 is used in the electronic field for such parts as cathode-ray tube spiders, thyratron grids, tube support members and springs. The alloy is a standard material of construction for nuclear reactors. It has excellent resistance to corrosion by high-purity water, and no indication of chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking in reactor water systems has been detected. For nuclear applications, the alloy is produced to exacting specifications and is designated INCONEL alloy 600T.
Table 1 - Limiting Chemical Composition, % Nickel (plus Cobalt)....................................................72.0 min. Chromium ..................................................................14.0-17.0 Iron ..........................................................................6.00-10.00 Carbon ......................................................................0.15 max. Manganese ................................................................1.00 max Sulfur.......................................................................0.015 max. Silicon .......................................................................0.50 max. Copper ......................................................................0.50 max.

Physical Constants and Thermal Properties

Some physical constants of INCONEL alloy 600 are given in Table 2. Thermal properties at low and high temperatures are listed in Table 3. The modulus of elasticity in tension at various temperatures is shown in Table 4. Measurements of total hemispherical emissivity and total normal emissivity are shown in Table 5. The values for physical constants and thermal properties reported here are typical but are not suitable for specification use.
Table 2 - Physical Constants

Density, lb/in3 ...................................................................0.306 Mg/m3...................................................................8.47 Melting Range, F....................................................2470-2575 C ...................................................1354-1413 Specific Heat, Btu/lb-F...................................................0.106 J/kg-C........................................................444 Electrical Resistivity, ohm-circ mil/ft...................................620 -m................................................1.03 Curie Temperature, F .......................................................-192 C .......................................................-124 Permeability at 200 oersted (15.9 kA/m) .........................1.010

Mechanical Properties
As indicated by the nominal mechanical properties listed in Table 6, a broad range of strength and hardness is obtainable with INCONEL alloy 600, depending on form and condition. In the annealed condition, the alloy exhibits moderate yield strengths of 25,000 to 50,000 psi (172 to 345 MPa). Yield strengths in that range, combined with elongations of 55 to 35%, permit the alloy to be fabricated with little difficulty. Heavily coldworked material, however, can have tensile strengths as high as 220,000 psi (1517 MPa). Values for properties reported in this publication are typical but are not suitable for specification purposes unless stated as minimum or maximum.
Publication Number SMC-027 Copyright Special Metals Corporation, 2008 (Sept 08) INCOLOY, INCOFLUX, INCONEL, INCO-WELD and 800HT are trademarks of the Special Metals Corporation group of companies.

INCONEL alloy 600

INCONEL alloy 600

Table 3 - Thermal Properties Temperature F -250 -200 -100 70 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 C -150 -100 -50 20 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
a

Table 4 - Modulus of Elasticity Specific Heat Btu/lbF 0.073 0.079 0.090 0.106 0.111 0.116 0.121 0.126 0.132 0.140 0.145 0.149 J/kgC 310 352 394 444 465 486 502 519 536 578 595 611 628

Coefficient of Expansiona
-6

Electrical Resistivity 620 625 634 644 657 680 680 680 686 698 704 m 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.15

Thermal Conductivity
2

Temperature F 72 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 C 22 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Young Modulus Shear Modulus 10 ksi 31.1 30.5 29.7 28.8 27.8 26.7 25.5 24.3 22.8 21.0 GPa 214 210 205 199 193 187 180 172 164 154 143
3

10 in/inF ohmcircmil/ft Btuin/ft hF 6.0 6.3 6.7 5.8 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 m/mC 10.9 11.7 12.3 10.4 13.3 13.8 14.2 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.8 16.1 16.4 86 89 93 103 109 121 133 145 158 172 186 200 W/mC 12.5 13.1 13.6 14.9 15.9 17.3 19.0 20.5 22.1 23.9 25.7 27.5 -

10 ksi 11.72 11.56 11.32 11.02 10.68 10.29 9.83 9.24 8.58 7.85 GPa 80.8 79.6 78.0 76.2 74.2 71.9 69.2 65.9 62.1 57.9 53.4

Poissons Ratio 0.327 0.319 0.312 0.307 0.301 0.297 0.297 0.315 0.329 0.338 Poissons Ratio 0.324 0.319 0.314 0.306 0.301 0.300 0.301 0.305 0.320 0.330 0.339

Tensile Properties
Nominal room-temperature tensile-property ranges of material in standard forms and conditions are given in Table 6. Table 7 lists room-temperature tensile properties of hotrolled rod annealed at various temperatures. Tensile properties of a rod forged to a 31% reduction at 1600F (870C) are given for the as-forged condition and after various annealing treatments in Table 8. Room-temperature properties of 0.875-in. (22-mm) thick hot-rolled plate are listed in Table 9. Table 10 shows the tensile properties of a cold-drawn, 0.750-in. (19-mm) dia. rod. The table also shows the effect of annealing on the properties of cold-drawn material. The tensile properties of cold-drawn tubing are given for the asdrawn and annealed conditions in Table 11.

Mean coefficient of linear expansion between 70F (21C) and temperature shown except that the room-temperature value was measured from -320F (-196C).

Table 5 - Emissivity Temperature, F (C) 600 (315) 900 1200 (480) (650) 1500 1800 2000 (815) (980) (1090)

Total Hemispherical Emissivity 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.82 Total Normal Emissivity 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.95 0.98 As-Rolled and Oxidizeda Sand-Blasted and Oxidizedb 0.86 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.97
a

Oxidized by heating 13 min in air at 2000F (1090C). Oxidized by heating 15 min at 1500F (815C), 15 min at 1800F (980C), and 15 min at 2100F (1150C).
b

INCONEL alloy 600

Table 6 - Typical Mechanical-Property Rangesa Form and Condition ksi Rod and Bar Cold-Drawn Annealed As-Drawn Hot-Finished Annealed Hot-Finished Plate Hot-Rolled Annealed As-Rolled Sheet Cold-Rolled Annealed Hard Strip Cold-Rolled Annealed Spring Temper Tube and Pipe Hot-Finished Hot-Finished Annealed Cold-Drawn Annealed Wireb Cold-Drawn Annealed No. 1 Temper Spring Temper
a

Tensile Strength MPa

Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) ksi MPa

Elongation, %

Hardness, Rockwell

80-100 105-150 80-100 85-120

550-690 725-1035 550-690 585-830

25-50 80-125 30-50 35-90

170-345 550-860 205-345 240-620

55-35 30-10 55-35 50-30

65-85B 90B-30C 65-85B 75-95B

80-105 85-110

550-725 580-760

30-50 35-65

205-345 240-450

55-35 50-30

65-85B 80-95B

80-100 120-150

550-690 830-1035

30-45 90-125

205-310 620-860

55-35 15-2

88B max. 24C min.

80-100 145-170

550-690 1000-1170

30-45 120-160

205-310 830-1100

55-35 10-2

84B max. 30C min.

75-100 75-100 80-100

520-690 520-690 550-690

25-50 25-50 25-50

170-345 170-345 170-345

55-35 55-35 55-35

88B max.

80-120 105-135 170-220

550-830 725-930 1170-1520

35-75 70-105 150-210

240-520 480-725 1035-1450

45-20 35-15 5-2

Values shown are composites for various product sizes and therefore are not suitable for specification purposes. Properties shown are for sizes 0.0625- to 0.250-in. (1.6 to 6.4 mm) dia. Properties for other sizes may vary from these.
Temperature, C 130 0 120 110 Elongation, % 100 90 80 70 60 Stress, ksi 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature, F 1000 1200 1400 Elongation 100 300 200 500 400 Stress, MPa Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Tensile Strength

800 700 600

Figure 1. High-temperature tensile properties of cold-drawn bar.

INCONEL alloy 600

High-temperature tensile properties of cold-drawn bar are shown in Figure 1. Tensile properties of cold-drawn (20% reduction) rod at cryogenic temperatures are shown in Figure 2. Brinell hardness readings on hot-rolled material at elevated temperatures are given in Figure 3. Short-time, high-temperature tensile data for annealed rod and plate are plotted in Figures 4 and 5.
Table 7 - Room-Temperature Tensile Properties of Hot-Rolled Rod Heat Treatmenta F/1 C/1 hr hr
As-rolled As-rolled

Table 10 - Room-Temperature Properties of Cold-Drawn Rod Heat Treatment F/1 C/1 hr hr

As-drawn As-drawn

Tensile Yield Strength Reduction Strength (0.2% Offset) Elongation, Hardness, of Area, % Rockwell % ksi MPa ksi MPa 16.0 20.0 22.0 23.5 42.0 43.0 55 51 52 53 61 63 28C 23C 99B 97B 76B 77B

Tensile Strength ksi 97.5 95.6 95.6 90.5 86.5 86.3 84.5

Yield Strength Reduction Hardness, (0.2% Offset) Elongation, of Area, Rb % % MPa ksi MPa 44.5 41.1 41.0 30.4 20.5 24.2 24.0 306.8 283.3 282.7 209.6 141.3 166.9 165.5 46.0 44.0 45.0 49.0 55.0 55.0 57.5 68.0 66.0 46.5 69.5 71.5 71.5 69.5 86 85 84 75 70 70 69

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

a

870 925 980 1040 1090 1150

672.3 659.1 659.1 624.0 596.4 595.0 582.6

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

123.5 851.5 118.5 817.1 650 134.0 923.9 113.0 779.4 705 148.0 1020.5 100.0 689.5 760 118.3 815.7 90.4 623.3 815 99.4 685.4 40.0 275.8 870 99.2 684.0 39.7 273.7

Table 11 - Room-Temperature Properties of Cold-Drawn Tubinga Heat Treatment F/1 C/1 hr hr

As-drawn As-drawn

Tensile Strength ksi 144.0 143.5 131.5 103.0 100.3 100.5

Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) Elongation, Hardness, % Rockwell ksi MPa MPa 132.8 124.0 108.2 41.5 39.7 40.5 915.7 855.0 746.0 286.1 273.7 279.2 8.0 17.5 18.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 34C 32C 30C 88B 83B 83B

Air-cooled after all treatments.

Table 8 - Room-Temperature Properties of Forgeda Rod Heat Treatmentb F/1 C/1 hr hr

As-forged As-forged

Tensile Strength ksi 99.0 100.5 97.5 98.5 102.0 102.5

Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) Elongation, Hardness, Rb % ksi MPa MPa 58.0 61.0 57.0 57.0 62.0 41.5 399.9 420.6 393.0 393.0 427.5 286.1 35 34 31 33 32 39 91 92 89 91 93 88

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

a

650 705 760 815 870

992.9 989.4 906.7 710.2 691.6 692.9

0.625-in. (15.9-mm) OD x 0.075-in. (1.9-mm) wall.

Reduction of Area, %

1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

a

705 760 815 870 925

682.6 692.9 672.3 679.2 703.3 706.7

Temperature, C -250 200 180 160 140 120 Elongation, % 100 80 Reduction of Area 60 40 20 0 -450 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 0 400 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 1400

1200

31% reduction, finished at 1600F (870C). b Air-cooled after all treatments.

Tensil e Stre ngth

1000

Yield Stre ngth (0.2% Offs et)

800

Table 9 - Room-Temperature Properties of Hot-Rolled Plate Heat Treatmenta F/1 C/1 hr hr

As-rolled As-rolled

600

Tensile Strength ksi

Stress, ksi

Yield Strength Reduction Hardness, (0.2% Offset) Elongation, of Area, Rb % % MPa ksi MPa 50.2 48.0 49.4 28.9 27.5 26.7 23.5 346.1 331.0 340.6 199.3 189.6 184.1 162.0 42.0 40.0 40.5 49.0 51.0 52.5 58.0 55.5 55.0 58.0 63.0 65.0 66.5 65.0 87 87 84 75 73 72 68

Elongation

200

99.0 1600 870 98.0 1700 925 98.5 1800 980 92.7 1900 1040 91.0 2000 1090 89.8 2100 1150 84.5

682.6 675.7 679.2 639.2 627.4 619.2 582.6

Temperature, F

Figure 2. Low-temperature tensile properties of cold-drawn rod.

Air-cooled after all treatments.

Stress, MPa

INCONEL alloy 600

Temperature, C 0 100 Temperature, C 20 180 170 160 Hardness, Brinell 150 140 50 130 Stress, ksi 40 Elongation 30 200 120 Elongation, % 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 90 80 500 70 60 Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) 300 Tensile Strength 600 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 690

110 20 100 70 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 10 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Temperature, F Temperature, C 0 120 800 110 100 90 Elongation, % 80 500 Stress, MPa 70 60 50 Stress, ksi 40 30 20 100 10 0 0 1800
Yield Str (0.2% ength Offse t)

100

Temperature, F

Figure 3. Hot hardness of hot-rolled material.

0 1800

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Figure 5. High-temperature tensile properties of annealed, 1600F (870C)/1 hr, hot-rolled plate.

700
Tensil e Stre ngth

Impact Strength and Ductility

INCONEL alloy 600 has good impact strength at room temperature and retains virtually all of that strength at low temperatures; there is no tough-to-brittle transition with decreasing temperature. Impact-strength values (Charpy keyhole) for -in. (13-mm)- thick plate at room and low temperatures are shown in Table 12. Additional roomtemperature values are listed in Table 13. Impact-strength values at elevated temperatures are given for annealed and cold-drawn material in Table 14.
Table 12 - Impact Strength (Charpy Keyhole) of Plate Orientation Temperature F 70 -110 -320 70 -110 -320 C 21 -79 -196 21 -79 -196 Impact Strengtha ft-lb 63.5 65.5 60.8 61.7 67.0 61.3 J 86.1 88.8 82.4 83.7 90.8 83.1

600

400

n Elongatio
300

200

200

400

600

800

1000 1200

1400 1600

Transverse

Temperature, F

Figure 4. High-temperature tensile properties of annealed, 1600F (870C)/1 hr, hot-rolled rod.
a

Longitudinal

Values are the average of three tests.

Stress, MPa

400

INCONEL alloy 600

Fatigue Strength
Table 13 - Room-Temperature Impact Strength of Rod Impact Strength Condition Cold-Drawn Cold-Drawn, Annealed Hot-Rolled Hot-Rolled, Annealed Izod Notch ftlb J >120 >163 70-100 95-136 >120 >163 100-120 136-163 Charpy U-Notch ftlb 230 151 230 J 312 205 312 -

The room-temperature fatigue strength of material in various conditions is shown in Table 16. The data were obtained from rotating-beam tests using polished specimens. The fatigue strength of INCONEL alloy 600 at elevated temperatures is shown in Figure 6. The tests were performed on material having the following room-temperature mechanical properties: Tensile strength Yield strength (0.2% offset) Elongation Reduction of Area 106 ksi (730 MPa) 52 ksi (360 MPa) 39% 68.6%

Table 14 - Impact Strength (Charpy V-Notch) at Elevated Temperatures Impact Strength Annealed ftlb 180 187 160 160 154 J 244 254 217 217 209 Cold-Drawn ftlb 114 84 86 104 163 J 155 114 116 141 221

Temperature F 70 800 1000 1200 1400 C 21 430 540 650 760

Shear properties
Shear-strength values for cold-rolled sheet and strip in three tempers are listed in Table 15.

Low-cycle fatigue data for annealed rod are given for room and elevated temperatures in Table 17. Low-cycle data for forgings in two conditions are shown in Table 18. The values in Table 18 were obtained from material having two different carbon contents and with varying amounts of hotcold work. These variables had no apparent effect on the cyclic-strain behavior. Figure 7 and 8 illustrate the effect of grain size and mechanical properties on the room-temperature fatigue strength of forgings. The material tested was from one melt, but was forged by different practices to produce the four conditions described in Table 19. Rotating-beam (10,000 cycles/min) and high-strain, low-cycle (675 cycles/hr) fatigue tests were performed at room temperature on material in each of the four conditions. The results indicate that grain size and mechanical properties have no appreciable effect on low-cycle fatigue strength (Figure 7). However, those variables do affect high-speed, rotatingbeam fatigue properties. The best room-temperature, rotating-beam fatigue strength (Figure 8) is obtained with fine-grained hard material.
Table 16 - Room-Temperature Fatigue Strength Fatigue Strength (108 Cycles) ksi Annealed Hot-Rolled Cold-Drawn Cold-Drawn, Stress-Equalizeda
a

Table 15 - Shear Strength of Cold-Rolled Sheet and Strip Shear Strength Temper ksi Annealed Half-Hard Full-Hard 60.8 66.3 82.4 MPa 419.2 456.8 568.1 ksi 85.0 98.8 152.2 MPa 586.1 681.2 1049.5 Tensile Strength Hardness, Rockwell 71 B 98 B 31 C

Tensile Strength ksi MPa

Condition

MPa 268.9 279.2 310.3 361.0

Average Endurance Ratio

39.0 40.5 45.0 52.5

85-114 586.1-786.0 87-129.5 600.0-892.9 112.5-202 775.7-1393 121.5-173 837.7-1193

0.39 0.41 0.32 0.34

525F (274C) 3 hr.

INCONEL alloy 600

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Fine Grain, Hard Fine Grain, Soft Coarse Grain, Hard Coarse Grain, Soft

Table 17 - Low-Cyclea Fatigue of Annealed Rod Temperature F 75 200 400 600

a

Reversed Strain, %, to Cause Failure In 10,000 Cycles 0.36 0.43 0.58 0.52 50,000 Cycles 0.21 0.21 0.26 0.23 100,000 Cycles 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.18

C 24 93 204 316

Reversed Strain, %

102

103

104 Cycles to Failure

105

106

Figure 7. Low-cycle fatigue strength of forgings in four conditions.

550 cycles/hr.
70

Table 18 - Room-Temperature Low-Cycle Fatigue of Forgings

60

450 400 350 300 40 250 30 Fine Grain, Hard Fine Grain, Soft Coarse Grain, Hard Coarse Grain, Soft 200 150 100 10 105 106 Cycles to Failure 107 108 Stress, MPa

1000 Cycles 1.25 1.25

10,000 Cycles 50,000 Cycles 0.50 0.47 0.35 0.27

As-Forged Stress-Relieved 1400F (760C)/4 hr

a

Stress, ksi

Material Condition

Reversed Strain, %, to Cause Failure In

50

20

675 cycles/hr.

50 45
Fatigue Strength (108 cycles), ksi

100 200 300

Temperature, C 400 500 600 700

800

900 1000 325 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50
Fatigue Strength (108 cycles), MPa

Figure 8. Rotating-beam fatigue strength of forgings in four conditions.

300 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 200 400 600

Creep and Rupture Properties

Creep properties of INCONEL alloy 600 in two conditions are shown for temperatures to 2100F (1150C) in Table 20. Figure 9 gives creep rates for hot-rolled material at intermediate temperatures. Rupture properties for material in various conditions are presented in Table 21. The rupture life of hot-rolled material at temperatures of 1000 to 1300F (540 to 705C) is shown in Figure 10. INCONEL alloy 600 does not embrittle after long exposure to high temperatures. The room-temperature mechanical properties of specimens of cold-drawn rod after creep testing are listed in Tables 22 and 23.

25 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Temperature, F

Figure 6. Rotating-beam fatigue strength (108 cycles) of colddrawn, annealed rod at elevated temperatures.

Table 19 - Room-Temperature Properties of Material Forged by Four Different Practices Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) ksi 64.6 40.5 74.7 32.7 MPa 445 279 515 225 35.0 44.0 28.0 61.7

Condition Fine Grain, Hard Fine Grain, Soft Coarse Grain, Hard Coarse Grain, Soft
a b

Tensile Strength ksi 103.0 92.0 102.0 86.4 MPa 710 634 703 596

Elongation, %

Reduction of Area, % 60.3 61.0 56.7 50.7

Hardness, Rb in. 93.0 83.5 94.0 76.5

Grain Size mm 0.0711 0.0711 0.152-0.51b 0.152-0.51b

0.0028a 0.0028a 0.006-0.02b 0.006-0.02b

Average diameter. Mixed grain size.

INCONEL alloy 600

Table 20 - Creep Properties Stress for a Secondary Creep Rate of: Temperature 0.01%/1000 hr Cold-Drawn, Annealed F 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2000 2100
a b a

0.1%/1000 hr
b

Solution-Treated ksi 4.00 3.50 2.80 1.70 0.81 0.35 0.16 0.10

Cold-Drawn, Annealeda ksi 40.00 28.00 12.50 6.80 0.88 0.56 0.27 0.17 MPa 275.8 193.1 86.2 46.9 6.1 3.9 1.9 1.2

Solution-Treatedb ksi 5.00 3.20 2.00 1.10 0.56 0.27 0.17 MPa 34.5 22.1 13.8 7.6 3.9 1.9 1.2

C 427 482 538 593 649 704 760 816 871 927 982 1093 1149

ksi 30.00 18.00 6.10 3.40 2.20 1.40 0.97 0.66 0.45 0.34 0.16 0.10

MPa 206.9 124.1 42.1 23.4 15.2 9.7 6.7 4.6 3.1 2.3 1.1 0.7

MPa 27.6 24.1 19.3 11.7 5.6 2.4 1.1 0.7

1750F (954C)/3 hr, A.C 2050F (1121C)/2 hr, A.C.

100

C) 1000F (538 C) 1100F (593

) 1200F (649C

C) 1300F (704
10

100

1500F (816C)

1600F (871C)
C) 1700F (927

10

1
82C) 1800F (9

) (1093C 2000F
) (1149C 2100F

1 0.1 10-2 10-1 Minimum Creep Rate, %/1000 h 100 101

Figure 9. Creep rates of plate in the as-hot-rolled condition (1000F-1300F (538C-704C) data) and in the hot-rolled and solutionannealed (2050F (1121C)/2 h) condition (1500F-2000F (816C-1093C) data).

Stress, MPa

Stress, ksi

INCONEL alloy 600

Table 21 - Rupture Properties Stressa to Produce Rupture in 10 hr ksi MPa ksi 100 hr MPa ksi 1,000 hr MPa 10,000 hr ksi MPa 100,000 hr ksi MPa

Temperature F C

Cold-Drawn, Annealed at 1750F (954C)/3 hr, A.C. 100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1350 1600 1800 2000 1350 1500 1600 1800 2000 2100
a

538 649 760 871 982 1093 732 871 982 1093 732 816 871 982 1093 1149

74.00 34.00 13.00 7.50 4.40 2.10 20.00 8.10 4.40 2.10 19.00 11.50 8.00 4.40 2.10 1.60

510.2 234.4 89.6 51.7 30.3 14.5 137.9 55.8 30.3 14.5 131.0 79.3 55.2 30.3 14.5 11.0

34.00 234.4 14.50 100.0 5.60 38.6 3.00 20.7 1.80 12.4 0.92 6.3 1.40 9.7 Hot-Rolled, Annealed at 1650F (899C)/2 hr 13.50 5.30 2.80 1.40 14.00 8.00 5.30 2.80 1.40 1.10 93.1 36.5 19.3 9.7 96.5 55.2 36.5 19.3 9.7 7.6 9.20 3.50 1.80 0.92 9.80 5.60 3.50 1.80 0.92 63.4 24.1 12.4 6.3 67.6 38.6 24.1 12.4 6.3 -

50.00 23.00 8.40 4.80 2.80

344.8 158.6 57.9 33.1 19.3

23.00 9.40 3.60 1.90 1.15 0.62 6.40 2.20 1.15 0.62 7.00 4.00 2.30 1.15 0.62 -

158.6 64.8 24.8 13.1 7.9 4.3 44.1 15.2 7.9 4.3 48.3 27.6 15.9 7.9 4.3 -

16.00 6.00 2.40 1.20 0.73 0.42 4.40 1.50 0.73 0.40 5.00 2.80 1.50 0.73 0.40 -

110.3 41.4 16.5 8.3 5.0 2.9 30.3 10.3 5.0 2.8 34.5 19.3 10.3 5.0 2.8 -

Solution-Treated at 2050F (1121C)/2 hr, A.C.

Values in bold are extrapolated.

100

10

1350F (732C ) 1500F (816C ) 1600 F (87 1C)

1000 F (5 38C ) 1100F (593C ) 1200F (649C ) 1300 F (70 4C)

1400F (760C )

100

1800 F (9 82C ) 2000 F (1 093 C)

10

0.1 10-1 100 101 102 Rupture Life, Hours 103 104 105

Figure 10. Rupture life of plate in the as-hot-rolled condition (1000F-1300F (538C-704C) data) and in the hot-rolled and solutionannealed (2050F (1121C)/2h) condition (1350F-2000F (732C-1093C) data).

Stress, MPa

Stress, ksi

INCONEL alloy 600

Table 22 - Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Creep-Test Specimensa Conditions of Creep Test Temperature F 80 800 800 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1100 1100 1100
a

Room-Temperature Properties Duration, hr 0 1945 1874 1508 1900 1969 264 2159 1942 576 1602 2205 Tensile Strength ksi 97.30 101.00 96.80 98.00 96.50 96.30 96.60 95.50 93.70 98.20 94.50 96.60 MPa 670.9 696.4 667.4 675.7 665.4 664.0 666.1 658.5 646.1 677.1 651.6 666.1 Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) ksi MPa 35.60 60.30 40.80 57.80 39.40 39.40 40.80 36.60 36.70 40.40 35.10 35.80 245.5 415.8 281.3 398.5 271.7 271.7 281.3 252.4 253.0 278.6 242.0 246.8 Elongation, % 41 40 43 46 44 45 44 43 44 43 43 42 Reduction of Area, % 66 65 64 66 67 65 64 65 65 65 65 65 Hardness, Rb 79 90 80 90 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Stress ksi 0 50.00 30.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 2.50 MPa 0 344.8 206.9 275.8 206.9 137.9 137.9 103.4 69.0 69.0 34.5 17.2

C 27 427 427 482 482 482 538 538 538 593 593 593

Cold-drawn rod, annealed 1750F (954C)/3 hr, A.C.

Table 23 - Room-Temperature Impact Strength of Creep-Test Specimensa Conditions of Creep Test Temperature F 80 800 900 900 1000 1000 1100
a b

Corrosion Resistance
The composition of INCONEL alloy 600 enables it to resist a variety of corrosives. The chromium content of the alloy makes it superior to commercially pure nickel under oxidizing conditions, and its high nickel content enables it to retain considerable resistance under reducing conditions. The nickel content also provides excellent resistance to alkaline solutions. The alloy has fair resistance to strongly oxidizing acid solutions. However, the oxidizing effect of dissolved air alone is not sufficient to insure complete passivity and freedom from attack by air-saturated mineral acids and certain concentrated organic acids.

Stress ksi 0 40 30 15 20 5 5 MPa 0 275.8 206.9 103.4 137.9 34.5 34.5

C 27 427 482 482 538 538 593

Duration, hr 0 1861 1617 1876 582 2022 1850

Room-Temperature Properties Modifiedb Izod Hardness, Impact Strength Rb ftlb J 94-95 76-78 90-96 97-98 85 87-89 101-109 127-129 103-106 122-130 132-133 115 118-121 137-148 79 80 80 80 80 80 80

Cold-drawn rod, annealed 1750F (954C)/3 hr, A.C. See text.

Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels sometimes fail catastrophically by stress-corrosion cracking. This type of failure is generally associated with an environment containing chlorides as well as with stress, water, dissolved oxygen, and other factors. The tendency of austenitic alloys to crack transgranularly in chloride solutions decreases as the nickel content of the alloy is increased. INCONEL alloy 600, with a minimum nickel content of 72%, is virtually immune to chloride-ion stresscorrosion cracking. INCONEL alloy 600 is subject to stress-corrosion cracking in high-temperature, high-strength caustic alkalies. Material for such service should be fully stress-relieved at 1650F/1 hr or 1450F/4 hr (900C/1 hr or 790C/4 hr) prior to use, and operating stresses should be kept to a minimum. Stress-corrosion cracking may occur also in the presence of mercury at elevated temperatures. The recommendations given for caustic-alkali service should be followed if the alloy is used in an application which involves contact with mercury at high temperatures.

10

INCONEL alloy 600

Microstructure
INCONEL alloy 600 is a stable, austenitic solid-solution alloy. The only precipitated phases present in the microstructure are titanium nitrides, titanium carbides (or solutions of those two compounds commonly called cyanonitrides), and chromium carbides. Titanium nitrides and carbides are visible in polished microspecimens at magnifications of 50X or greater. They appear as small, randomly dispersed, angular-shaped inclusions. The color varies from orange-yellow for the nitride to gray-lavender for the carbide. These nitrides and cyanonitrides are stable at all temperatures below the melting point and are unaffected by heat treatment. At temperatures between 1000 and 1800F (540 and 980C), chromium carbides precipitate out of the solid solution. Precipitation occurs both at the grain boundaries and in the matrix. Because of the grain-boundary precipitation, the corrosion behavior of INCONEL alloy 600 is similar to that of other austenitic alloys in that the material can be made susceptible to intergranular attack in some aggressive media (sensitized) by exposure to temperatures of 1000 to 1400F (540 to 760C). At temperatures above 1400F (760C) the predominant carbide is Cr7C3. Below 1400F (760C) the Cr23C6 carbide is also present.

Table 24 - Gas Carburization Tests (100 h) in Hydrogen/2% Methane Alloy INCONEL alloy 600 INCONEL alloy 601 INCOLOY alloy 800HT Type 330 Stainless Steel
a

Weight Gain, mg/cm2 1700F (925C) 2.66 2.72 4.94 6.42 2000F (1095C)a 12.30 16.18 21.58 24.00

Atmosphere also contained 5% argon.

+100

INCONEL alloy 600

High-Temperature Applications
INCONEL alloy 600 is widely used in the furnace and heattreating fields for retorts, boxes, muffles, wire belts, roller hearths, and similar parts which require resistance to oxidation and to furnace atmospheres. The alloy is the standard material for nitriding containers because of its resistance to nitrogen at high temperatures. The alloys resistance to oxidation and scaling at 1800F (980C) is shown in Figure 11. The weight-loss determinations used to obtain the curves in Figure 11 indicate the ability of a material to retain a protective oxide coating under conditions of cyclic exposure to the temperature. INCONEL alloy 600 has good resistance to carburization. Table 24 gives the results of tests in hightemperature carburizing atmospheres. INCONEL alloy 600 resists attack by sulfur compounds at moderate temperatures, but it is subject to sulfidation in high-temperature, sulfur-containing environments. Molybdenum disulfide, a lubricant sometimes used to aid parts assembly, should not be used if the material will be subsequently exposed to temperatures above 800F (427C).
Weight Change, mg/cm2

INCO LOY alloy 800H T

-100 Type 309 Stainless Steel

-200

-300 Type 304 Stainless Steel

-400

-500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Cyclic Exposure Time, h

Figure 11. Results of cyclic oxidation tests at 1800F (980C). Cycles were 15 minutes of heating and 5 minutes of cooling in air.

11

INCONEL alloy 600

Working Instructions
INCONEL alloy 600 is readily fabricated by either hot or cold working and can be joined by standard welding, brazing, and soldering processes. Although the alloy can be hardened and strengthened only by cold work, a wide range of mechanical properties can be obtained in finished parts by combining cold work and thermal treatments.

450
25 y6 allo EL ON INC
teel ss S tainle 04 S pe 3 Ty 01 lloy 3 KEL a RANIC DU -500 lloy K EL a MON 00 lloy 4 EL a MON

400

350
y7 llo La 18

300 Vickers Hardness No.

IN

E ON

Heat Treatment
The behavior of the alloy during heating is governed by a number of interacting variables: amount of cold work, grain size, chemical composition, and dimensions of the material. Consequently, times and temperatures for heat treatment are usually experimentally determined. In general, an annealing treatment of about 1850F/15 min (1010C/15 min) will produce soft material. Brief exposure to 1900F (1040C) will give soft material without producing a coarse grain structure. Grain growth does not occur until the alloy is heated to about 1800F (980C). At that temperature, the finely dispersed carbide particles in the alloys microstructure, which inhibit grain growth, begin to coalesce. Solution of the carbides begins at about 1900F (1040C). Treatment for 1 to 2 hr at 2000 to 2100F (1090 to 1150C) dissolves the carbides completely and results in increased grain size. This solution treatment is beneficial in obtaining maximum creep and rupture strength. In general, material with a fine grain structure is preferred because it has better corrosion resistance and higher tensile, fatigue and impact strength. Fine-grain material is preferred for all low-temperature applications, most intermediate temperature applications, and those hightemperature applications which require resistance to shock and corrosion. Grain size is dependent on processing. Hot-rolled products will usually have a small grain size because they are finished at relatively low temperatures. Annealing has little effect on the grain size of hot-rolled material. Cold-drawn or coldrolled material, in either the cold-worked or annealed condition, will have a small grain size. Solution treatment will produce a coarse grain structure in either hot-worked or cold-worked material. The time and temperatures required for recrystallization of cold-worked material vary widely, depending on the amount of cold work and the specific composition. Table 25 shows times and temperatures required for recrystallization of fine-grain sheet after various amounts of cold reduction.

0 -75 yX allo EL ON INC

250

200

00 y6 llo La E ON INC 200 kel Nic

Mild Steel

150

1 20 kel Nic

Copper

100

50

Aluminum

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Cold Reduction, %

Figure 12. Work-hardening rates of INCONEL alloy 600 and other metals.

Heating and Pickling

INCONEL alloy 600, like all nickel-base alloys, must be clean before it is heated and must be heated in a sulfur-free atmosphere. Furnace atmosphere for forging or open annealing should be slightly reducing to prevent excessive oxidation. The rate of cooling after heating has little effect on the mechanical properties of INCONEL alloy 600. However, the alloy is subject to carbide precipitation in the 1000 to 1400F (540 to 760C) temperature range and should be rapidly cooled through that range if the material is to be pickled or used in an environment requiring freedom from sensitization. The alloy can be bright-heated only in very dry hydrogen or in a vacuum and usually must be pickled if a bright surface is required. Detailed information on heating and pickling can be obtained from the Special Metals Corporation website, www.specialmetals.com, in the publication, Fabrication.

12

INCONEL alloy 600

Hot and Cold Forming

The normal hot-working temperature range for INCONEL alloy 600 is 1600 to 2250F (870 to 1230C). Heavy hot work should be done between 1900 and 2250F (1040 and 1230C); light work can be continued down to 1600F (870C). The alloy has low ductility at temperatures between 1200 and 1600F (650 and 870C) and should not be worked in that range. High tensile properties can be developed in the material by careful working at temperatures below 1200F (650C). INCONEL alloy 600 is cold-formed by the standard processes used for steel and stainless steel. The rate of work hardening, as shown by Figure 12, is greater than that of mild steel but less than the rate of Type 304 stainless steel.
Table 25 - Effect of Cold Work on Recrystallization Temperature of Cold-Rolled, Fine-Grain Sheet Temperature Required for Recrystalization in Cold Reduction, % F 5 10 20 50 80 1775 1650 1525 1350 1250 15 min C 968 899 829 732 677 F 1750 1600 1475 1325 1225 30 min C 954 871 802 718 663 F 1700 1550 1425 1275 1200 60 min C 927 843 774 691 649 F 1700 1550 1425 1275 1200 120 min C 927 843 774 691 649

Machining
INCONEL alloy 600 is slightly more machinable than Type 304 stainless steel and slightly less machinable than Type 303 free-machining stainless steel. The alloy is best handled on heavy-duty equipment using cutting tools large and heavy enough to withstand the loads and to quickly dissipate the heat generated. Tools must be sharp and have the proper geometry. More information on machining can be obtained from the Special Metals Corporation website, www. specialmetals.com, in the publication, Machining.

Welding
INCONEL alloy 600 is readily joined by conventional welding processes. Welding materials for joining alloy 600 are INCONEL Welding Electrode 182 for shielded metal-arc welding*, INCONEL Filler Metal 82 for gas tungsten-arc and gas metal-arc welding, and INCONEL Filler Metal 82 and INCOFLUX 4 Submerged Arc Flux for the submerged-arc process. Table 26 compares thermal-expansion rates of weld metals with those of wrought alloy 600. Impact-strength values for all-weld-metal deposits of INCONEL Welding Electrode 182 are listed in Table 27. Room-temperature tensile properties of welds made with INCONEL Filler Metal 82 and Welding Electrode 182 are given in Table 28. High-temperature tensile properties of welds made with those materials are shown in Figures 13 and 14. Stress-rupture properties of weld metals are given in Table 29. Welds made with INCONEL Welding Electrode 182 may have decreased ductility after extended exposure to temperatures of 1000 to 1400F (540 to 760). More information on welding can be found on the Special Metals Corporation website, www.specialmetals.com, in the publication, Joining.
*For maximum stress-rupture properties in shielded metal-arc welds at temperatures above 1200F (650C), INCO-WELD A Electrode is recommended. Table 26 - Thermal Expansion of Weld Metals Mean Linear Expansiona Material 200F INCONEL alloy 600 INCONEL Filler Metal 82 INCONEL Welding Electrode 182
a

10-6 in/in-F 300F 7.2 8.0 400F 7.7 7.6 8.1 500F 7.8 8.2 600F 7.9 7.9 8.3 93C 13.3 12.1 13.7 149C 13.0 14.4

m/m-C 204C 13.9 13.7 14.6 260C 14.0 14.8 316C 14.2 14.2 14.9

7.4 6.7 7.6

From 70F (21C) to temperature shown.

13

INCONEL alloy 600

Table 27 - Impact Strength (Charpy Keyhole) of INCONEL Welding Electrode 182 Deposited Weld Metal Temperature F 70 -110 -320
a

Table 28 - Room-Temperature Tensile Properties of All-Weld-Metal Deposits

Tensile Strength Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)

Impact Strength C ftlb 48.8 46.5 42.2

Welding Material
a

J 66.2 63.0 57.2

ksi

MPa

ksi

MPa

Elongation in 1.25 in. (31.75 mm), %

45 44 40

21 -79 -196

96.20 663.3 57.10 393.7 INCONEL Filler Metal 82 INCONEL Welding Electrode 182a 92.40 637.1 55.10 379.9 INCONEL Welding Electrode 182b 98.80 681.2 61.40 423.4
a

Values at 70F (21C) and -110F (-79C) are the average of three tests; value at -320F (-196C) is the average of two tests.

0.505-in. (12.83 mm)-dia. specimen. 0.252-in. (6.40-mm)-dia. specimen.

Temperature, C 0 100 200 400 600 800 1000 100 0 200

Temperature, C 400 600 800 1000

600 Tensile Strength 80 500 All-Weld-Metal Stress, MPa 60 Stress, ksi 80

Tensile Strength

600

500

40

Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) Base Metal (Hot Rolled)

300

40 200

Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)

300 Base Metal (Hot Rolled) 200

20 100

20 100

0 0 400 800 1200 1600 Temperature, F

0 2000

400

800

1200

1600

0 2000

Temperature, F

Figure 13. High-temperature tensile properties of welds made with INCONEL FIller Metal 82.

Figure 14. High-temperature tensile properties of welds made with INCONEL Welding Electrode 182.

14

Stress, MPa

400

60 Stress, ksi

All-Weld-Metal

400

INCONEL alloy 600

Table 29 - Rupture Strength of All-Weld-Metal Deposits Stressa to Produce Rupture in 100 hr F INCONEL Filler Metal 82 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1000 1200 1350 1500 1600 1800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 C 538 649 760 871 982 538 649 732 816 871 982 538 649 760 871 982 ksi 58.00 36.50 16.00 6.80 2.70 53.00 34.00 13.50 7.00 4.00 1.70 60.00 35.00 16.50 7.00 2.30 MPa 399.9 251.7 110.3 46.9 18.6 365.4 234.4 93.1 48.3 27.6 11.7 413.7 241.3 113.8 48.3 15.9 ksi 52.00 27.50 11.50 3.50 1.25 50.00 22.50 8.20 4.00 2.15 0.82 51.00 24.50 11.00 3.65 0.90 1000 hr MPa 358.5 189.6 79.3 24.1 8.6 344.8 155.1 56.5 27.6 14.8 5.7 351.6 168.9 75.8 25.2 6.2 ksi 47.00 20.50 8.30 1.75 0.57 41.00 14.50 4.90 2.25 1.15 0.41 39.00 16.00 7.10 1.90 10,000 hr MPa 324.1 141.3 57.2 12.1 3.9 282.7 100.0 33.8 15.5 7.9 2.8 268.9 110.3 48.9 13.1 -

Temperature Welding Material

INCONEL Welding Electrode 182

INCO-WELD A Electrode

Values in bold are extrapolated.

Available products and specifications

INCONEL alloy 600 is designated as UNS N06600 and Werkstoff Number 2.4816. The alloy is approved under the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. It is approved under Section I (Power Boilers), Section III (Nuclear Vessels), and Section VIII (Pressure Vessels). Allowable design stresses are found in Section II, Part D. Section I coverage is provided by Code Case 1827. Special Metals has been audited and approved by RWTV to manufacture INCONEL alloy 600 products for pressurebearing applications to the requirements of VdTV 305. Standard product forms are pipe, tube, sheet, strip, plate, round bar, flat bar, forging stock, hexagon, wire and extruded section. The products are available in a wide range of sizes. Full information is available from the offices listed on the back cover. Rod, Bar, Wire and Forging Stock - ASTM B 166/ASME SB 166, ASTM B 564/ASME SB 564, ASME Code Cases 1827 and N-253, SAE/AMS 5665 and 5687, BS 3075NA14 and 3076NA14, DIN 17752, 17753 and 17754, ISO 9723, 9724, and 9725, MIL-DTL-23229, QQ-W-390. Plate, Sheet and Strip - ASTM B 168/ASME SB 168, ASTM B 906/ASME SB 906, ASME Code Cases 1827 and N-253, SAE/AMS 5540, BS 3072NA14 and 3073NA14, DIN 17750, ISO 6208, EN 10095, MIL-DTL-23228. Pipe and Tube - ASTM B 167/ASME SB 167, ASTM B 163/ASME SB 163, ASTM B 516/ASME SB 516, ASTM B 517/ASME SB 517, ASTM B 751/ASME SB 751, ASTM B 775/ASME SB 775, ASTM B 829/ASME SB 829, ASME Code Cases 1827, N-20, N-253, and N-576, SAE/AMS 5580, DIN 17751, ISO 6207, MIL-DTL-23227 Other - ASTM B 366/ASME SB 366, DIN 17742, ISO 4955A, AFNOR NC15Fe

15

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The data contained in this publication is for informational purposes only and may be revised at any time without prior notice. The data is believed to be accurate and reliable, but Special Metals makes no representation or warranty of any kind (express or implied) and assumes no liability with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein. Although the data is believed to be representative of the product, the actual characteristics or performance of the product may vary from what is shown in this publication. Nothing contained in this publication should be construed as guaranteeing the product for a particular use or application.