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Spectral Measurements: Case A: Bandwidth Exceeds That of

1) The document discusses spectral measurement techniques including multiple receivers and antennas (Case A), amplification (Case B), and digital spectral analysis (Case C). 2) It provides examples of passive multichannel filters using circuits, waveguides, prisms, diffraction gratings, and dichroics. 3) Autocorrelation analysis is described as a method for digital spectral analysis, and considerations like resolution, aliasing, and the effects of averaging time and signal clipping are covered.

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46 views

Spectral Measurements: Case A: Bandwidth Exceeds That of

1) The document discusses spectral measurement techniques including multiple receivers and antennas (Case A), amplification (Case B), and digital spectral analysis (Case C). 2) It provides examples of passive multichannel filters using circuits, waveguides, prisms, diffraction gratings, and dichroics. 3) Autocorrelation analysis is described as a method for digital spectral analysis, and considerations like resolution, aliasing, and the effects of averaging time and signal clipping are covered.

Uploaded by

navin_nani
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spectral Measurements

S(f) TA(f)

Case A: Bandwidth exceeds that of available amplifiers


f channels f1 fN f1 fN f1 fN

1) Extreme bandwidth: use multiple receivers and antennas 2) If signal large compared to detector noise, detect directly or split frequencies and then detect 3) Use passive frequency splitters before amplification or detection
Receivers-G1

Spectral Measurements
f1 fN

Case B: Bandwidth permits amplification 1) Amplify before either detection or further frequency splitting

Case C: Bandwidth permits digital spectral analysis 1) If computer resources permit, compute V( f ) N
2 M

(~ N log2 N multiplys per N - point transform :

Resolution f 2B N

average M spectra )

2) Or 1-bit (or n-bit) N ( ) N ( f )(N samples) (Permits ~100 more B per cm2 silicon)
(Reference: Van Vleck and Middleton, Proc. IEEE, 54, (1966)
G2

Examples of Passive Multichannel Filters


1. Circuits
IN Zo

f1

f2

fn

2. Waveguides

channel-dropping filters filters fN Zo at f1 /4 f

f1 RCVR

f2

f3 RCVR f1 resonant cavities at ff virtual short

passive

G3

Examples of Passive Multichannel Filters


3. Prism
prism red f blue fo bound electron(s) (f)

4. Diffraction grating

5. Cascaded Dichroics
<f1 plane wave >f1 >f2 <f2 fn >fn-1(f1>f2>fn)
G4

Digital spectral analysis example: autocorrelation


() (f) [W Hz-1] analog signals f

Possible analog implementation:


BRF 0 fRF f LO local oscillator v ( ) is based on : 1) max lag = max = NT 2) sample lag, T sec 3) finite integration time >> max 0 fIF f v(t) BBRF delay line

v (T ) v (2T ) v (NT )
G5

NT = max

Resolution of autocorrelation analysis


W()

1) v ( ) = y ( ) W ( ) 7 < M 7 7 7 v (f ) = v (f ) W (f )

-M m

0 W(f)

M = NT

0 Thus v(f) v(f) W(f)

~1/2 M Hz 0 f 0 B f

G6

Aliasing in autocorrelation spectrometers


i(t)

2) v ( ) = 7 v (f ) =

v ( ) 7

i( t ) 7 7
0 I(f) T t

v ( f ) I( f )

v (f )

B -1/T 0 1/T 2/T f(Hz)

-1/T

1/T

2/T

Aliasing is spectral overlap

3) Finite averaging time adds noise to v ( ), v ( f )


G7

Autocorrelation of hard-clipped signals


v(t) A/D x(t) c o u n t e r v ( ) delay line

()
LO

1 hard clipping +1 if v(t) > 0 +1 A/D 1 0 -1 vo(t)

Receivers-I1

Analysis of 1-bit autocorrelation


+ 1 x 0 where x1, x 2 are JGRVZM Let x (t1) x1, x (t 2 ) x 2, sgn x -1 x < 0 x ( ) = E[sgn x1 sgn x 2 ] =
2 x1 2x1x 2 + x 2 2 1 2 12 dx dx e sgn x1 sgn x 2 12 1 2 2(1 )

( )

where ( ) x1x 2 v ( ), = t 2 t1
x ( ) = 2 [p(x1, x 2 )]dx1dx 2 2
0 0 0

p(x1, x2 )dx1dx 2
0 Note : 2 + 2 = 1 0 0
I2

= 4 p(x1, x 2 )dx1dx 2 1
0

Power spectrum for 1-bit signal


Change variables
x2 rd r dr x1

x1 = r cos x2 = r sin dx1dx2 = rdr d

r r2 1 e x ( ) = 4 d d 2 2 12 0 0 2 1 2

( )
2

1 sin 2 2 1 2

= 4 d
0

2(1 sin 2 )

(1 )

2 12

I3

Power spectrum for 1-bit signal


= 4 d
0
2

2(1 sin 2 )

(1 )

2 12

Let 2

(1 )1 2 x ( ) = 4
4

1 1 d 1 = 4 + sin1 1 1 sin 2 2 0

( ) = sin ( ) v x 2

Where x ( ) = (sgn v(t) )(sgn v(t - )) T


a Note : has bias if b not exact p(a) 0 b0 p(b) b

(see Burns & Yao, Radio Sci., 4(5) p. 431 (1969))

I4

Spectral response & sensitivity: autocorrelation receiver


( f )rms Teff f 1 ; 1 .6 B f channel bandwidth f
0.60 fs N (S. Weinreb empirical result, MIT EE PhD thesis, 1963) first sidelobe

Apodizing weighting functions:

uniform

1.099

-7 dB

0 raised cosine

0.87

fs N

-16 dB

1 N fs = ; N = # taps T M
0.69
1.13 fs N

blackman

-29 dB

Note trade between spectral resolution, sidelobes in (f) and Trms

I5

Spectral response & sensitivity: autocorrelation receiver


If N delay-line taps, how many spectral samples Ns? Say uniform weighting of (): 1 0 W()

Then B = Ns f = Ns (1/2M) where spectral resolution f 1/2m for orthogonal channels from boxcar W() W(f)
1 2 M

W(f) for adjacent channel f


Ns = 2MB = 2 NT B (T = 1 2B at nyquist rate ) = N(# taps )

In practice: raised cosine widens f by 1/0.6 1.7, so Ns N/1.7


I6

Receivers Gain and Noise Figure


Types of power Delivered Available Exchangeable
v ( t ) Re Ve jt
+ Vg Rg + j Xg

Zg

+ V -

ZL

= Re {V} cos t + Im {V} sin t

1 R VI ( P ) Pdelivered D 2 e Pavailable max PD , i.e., if ZL = Z g


Receivers-K1

{ }

Delivered and Available Power


1 Pdelivered Re VI ( PD ) 2 Pavailable max PD, i.e., if ZL = Z PD

{ }
PA

If : R e Z g > 0 Im Z g = 0
- Re Zg

0 PD

Re Zg

RL

If : R e Z g < 0

Re Zg

RL - Re Zg

Pexchangeab le PD ( finite - power option ) ZL = Z g

K2

Definition of Gain
Zg
1 2

ZL PD
with amplifier without

Gpower (= Gp)

PD PA PD

Gavailable (= GA) Gtransducer (GT)


power

2 2 2

PD

1 1

Ginsertion (= GI)

PD PE

PA PA

1 amplifier

Gexchangeable (=GE)

2 1

PE

Note: GA, GE

dont depend on ZL do depend on Zg (via PE2)


K3

Definition: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)


First define: N1 N2 S1 S2 = = = = exchangeable noise power spectrum @ Port 1 same, at 2 exchangeable signal power spectrum @ Port 1 same, at 2
Recall GE = f Zg Zg Vg G 1 2

WH z1

( )
F ZL

Define SNR1 S1 N1 ; SNR 2 S2 N2


K4

Definition: Noise Figure F


SNR1 S1 N1 , where N kT , T 290 K F 1 o o SNR 2 S2 N2
[Ref. Proc. IRE, 57(7), p.52 (7/1957); Proc. IEEE, p.436 (3/1963)]

S2 = GES1 (see definition of GE) N2 = GEN1 + N2T transducer noise S1 N1 N2T F = = 1+ GS1 (GN1 + N2T ) N1G
N2T kTRG TR F 1 = = N1G kToG To

(let G GE )
receiver noise temperature

excess noise figure

K5

Receiver Noise Example


TA
+

G, F 1 noiseless

TA

G, F

TR TR = (F 1) To
290K

TA

G, F 1

Excess noise corresponds to receiver noise temperature TR

N2T

Examples: TR TR TR TR = 0K F = 1+ = 1 (F = 0 dB) To = 290K F = 2 (F = 3 dB) = 1500K F 6 (F ~= 7.5 dB)


K6

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