ARMY Operational Terms & Graphics FM 101-5-1 1997 339 Pgs

FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
OPERATIONAL TERMS
AND GRAPHICS
HEADQUARTERS , DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public, distribution is unlimited

*FM 101-5-1/MCRP 5-2A
Field Manual Headquarters

No. 101-5-1 Department of the Army
Marine Corps Reference Publication United States Marine Corps
No. MCRP 5-2A Washington, DC, 30 September 1997
Operational Terms and Graphics

Contents
Page
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Chapter 1 Operational Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Chapter 2 Operational Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Chapter 3 Graphic Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Graphic Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Use of Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Maneuver and Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Fire Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25
Mobility and Survivability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
Survivability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Combat Service Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
Chapter 4 Unit Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Icon-Based Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Building Unit Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Symbols For The Ground Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Unit Symbol Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Combat Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Combat Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Combat Service Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Special Operations Forces (SOF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 101-5-1, 21 October 1985.
MARINE CORPS PCN: 144 000008 00
i
OPERATIONAL TERMS AND GRAPHICS
Page
Chapter 5 Equipment Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Equipment Symbol Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Building an Equipment Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Composite Weapon System Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Mobility Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Types of Ground Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Vehicle Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Aircraft/Aerial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Appendix A Friendly Unit and Equipment Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Appendix B Enemy Unit and Equipment Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Appendix C Military Decisionmaking Process and Tactical Mission Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Appendix D Stability and Support Operations Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Appendix E Multiservice Tactical Brevity Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .References-1
ii
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Preface
PURPOSE
This manual sets forth procedures for the United States Army and the United States Marine Corps in the use
of land-based warfighting symbology. An extensive set of symbols for the Air Force and Navy is found in
Military Standard 2525A. The manual is a dictionary of operational terms and military graphics. It is designed
for commanders and staffs from company through corps to communicate instructions to subordinate units.
This manual describes symbols for use in the force domain (maneuver command and control) but does not
supersede the military standards that describe symbols for use in the engagement domain ("radar" tracking ,
evaluation, engagement, or engagement system directing). Military standards established for air defens e
engagement and systems control and aircraft "heads up" displ ays are to be used. When information is transferred
from an engagement domain system to a force domain command and control system, it will be automatically or
manually converted to the force domain symbols in this publication.
SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY
This doctrine applies to all Army and Marine Corps commanders and staffs. For overseas theaters, th e
procedures govern US unilateral operations only. For combined operations, applicable multinational procedures
apply. This manual does conform to the appropriate NATO requirements.
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Definitions and terms used in this manual agree with those expressed in Joint Publication (JP) 1-02, Army
Regulation (AR) 310-25, and Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication (FM FRP) 0-14. This manual agrees with
MILSTD 2525A, subject to its approval by all services. The provisions of this manual are the subject o f
international agreement(s):
1059 National Distinguishing Letters for Use by NATO Armed Forces
2019 Military Symbols for Land Based Systems
2022 Intelligence Reports
2961 Classes of Supply of NATO Land Forces
3680 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (AAP-6)
4420 Display Symbology and Colors for NATO Maritime Units
iii
USER INFORMATION
The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations on Department
of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to:
Commander Commanding General

US Army Combined Arms Center or Doctrine Division (C42)
ATTN: ATZL-SWW-D (Bldg. 111) MCCDC
Ft Leavenworth, KS 66027-6900 3300 Russell Rd.
Quantico, VA 22134-5021
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
iv
Chapter 1
Operational Terms
The shadowed boxes 2-16 show the page number for the symbol or graphic for those definitions with
graphic representations
abatis A vehicular obstacle constructed by felling trees (leaving a 1- to 2-meter stump above the ground
on both sides of a road, trail, gap, or defile) so that they fall, interlocked, toward the expected direction
of enemy approach. The trees should remain attached to the stumps and be at a 45-degree angle to the
roadway. The obstacle itself should be at least 75 meters in depth to be most effective. See FM 5-102.
3-27
abort criteria A predetermined set of circumstances, based on risk analysis, which makes the success of
an operation no longer probable; thus the operation is terminated. These circumstances can relate to
changes in safety, equipment or troops available, preparation or rehearsal time, weather, enemy, losses
during execution, or a combination of the above. (See also air assault and deep operations.) See FMs
71-100-2, 90-4, and JP 3-18.1.
above ground level (AGL) The altitude of an aircraft as measured between the terrain (excluding
vegetation and man-made structures) and the aircraft. The altitude is usually not the same as measured
from sea level. (See also coordinating altitude.) See FMs 1-111, 17-95, 90-4, and 100-103.
absorbed dose (JP 1-02, NATO) The amount of energy imparted by nuclear (or ionizing) radiation to
unit mass of absorbing material. The unit is the rad. (Army) 1. This term is being replaced by the
term centigray that is the equivalent of 100 rads. 2. A unit of energy absorbed by a material, such as
body tissue, from nuclear (ionizing) radiation, equal to 100 ergs per gram of material. See also centigray
and dose rate. See FMs 3-3-1 and 3-4.
accompanying supplies (JP 1-02) Unit supplies that deploy with forces. (Army) All classes of
supplies carried by units and individual soldiers during deployment to, and redeployment from, an area
of operations or training exercise area. (See also basic load, classes of supply, and combat load.) See
FMs 100-10 and 100-16.
acknowledge A directive from the originator of a communication requiring the addressee(s) to advise the
originator that his communication has been received and understood. This term is normally included in
the electronic transmission of orders to ensure the receiving station or person confirms receipt of the
order. (See also acknowledgment.)
acknowledgment (JP 1-02, NATO) A message from the addressee informing the originator that his or
her communication has been received and is understood. (See also acknowledge.)
acoustical surveillance (JP 1-02) Employment of electronic devices, including sound-recording,

-receiving, or -transmitting equipment, for the collection of information. See FM 34-10-1.
1-1
active air defense (JP 1-02, NATO) Direct defensive action taken to nullify or reduce the effectiveness
of hostile air action. It includes such measures as the use of aircraft, air defense weapons, weapons not
used primarily in an air defense role, and electronic warfare. (Army) Direct defensive action taken to
destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles. See FMs 44-63 and 44-100.
active component (Army) That portion of each of the armed forces (such as the Regular Army) that serves
24 hours a day, 365 days a year, until retired; transferred to a reserve unit, inactive reserve, or National
Guard; or discharged from service. This does not include those in an active duty guard or a reserve status
but does include reserve officers serving a contractual period of active duty after commissioning.
active defense (Army) Applies to operations initiated to protect assets against a tactical missile attack by
destroying theater missile (TM) airborne launch platforms or destroying TMs in flight. Active defense
includes multitiered defense in depth via multiple engagements using air, land, and sea theater missile
defense systems. It also includes using electronic warfare to disrupt enemy remote or onboard guidance
systems. See FM 44-100 and JP 3-01.5.
active duty for training (JP 1-02) A tour of active duty which is used for training members of the Reserve
Components to provide trained units and qualified persons to fill the needs of the Armed Forces in time
of war or national emergency and such other times as the national security requires. The member is under
orders which provide for return to nonactive status when the period of active duty for training is
completed. It includes annual training, special tours of active duty for training, school tours, and the
initial duty for training performed by nonprior service enlistees.
add In artillery, naval gunfire, mortar, and other types of gunnery, a correction used by an observer or a
spotter to indicate that an increase in range along the observer target line is desired. See FMs 6-20,
17-12, and 23-1.
adjust (JP 1-02) An order to the observer or spotter to initiate an adjustment on a designated target. See
FM 6-20.
adjust fire (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support: 1. An order or request to initiate an
adjustment of fire. 2. A method of control transmitted in the call for fire by the observer or spotter to
indicate that he will control the adjustment. (Army) Pertains to mortar fire also. See FM 6-20.
adjustment of fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Process used in artillery and naval gunfire to obtain correct bearing,
range, and height of burst (if time fuzes are used) when engaging a target by observed fire. (Army)
Pertains to mortar fire also. (See also call for fire.) See FM 6-20.
administrative control (JP 1-02) Direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other
organizations in respect to administration and support, including organization of Service forces, control
of resources and equipment, personnel management, unit logistics, individual and unit training, readiness,
mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the operational missions of the
subordinate or other organizations. (See also command relationship.) See FMs 1-111, 71-100, 100-5,
100-7, 100-15, and JP 0-2.
administrative landing (JP 1-02) An unopposed landing involving debarkation from vehicles which have
been administratively loaded. (See also administrative movement.) See FM 71-100-2 and JP 3-02.
administrative movement (JP 1-02, NATO) A movement in which troops and vehicles are arranged to
expedite their movement and conserve time and energy when no enemy interference, except by air, is
anticipated. (See also administrative landing.) See FM 101-5.
1-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
advance to contact (JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive operation designed to gain or reestablish contact with
the enemy. (See also administrative movement, approach march, and movement to contact.)
advanced operations base (AOB) (JP 1-02) In special operations, a small temporary base established
near or within a joint special operations area to command, control, and/or support training or tactical
operations. Facilities are normally austere. The base may be ashore or afloat. If ashore, it may include
an airfield or unimproved airstrip, a pier, or an anchorage. An advanced operations base is normally
controlled and/or supported by a main operations base or a forward operations base. (See also forward
operations base (FOB) and main operations base (MOB).) See FM 100-25.
advance guard (JP 1-02) Detachment sent ahead of the main force to ensure its uninterrupted advance;
to protect the main body against surprise; to facilitate the advance by removing obstacles, and repairing
roads and bridges; and to cover the deployment of the main body if it is committed to action. (Army)
A task- organized combined arms unit or detachment that precedes a column or formation to protect the
main body from ground observation or surprise by an enemy. It operates within the supporting range of
the main body. (See also exploitation, movement to contact, pursuit, and reconnaissance in force.) See
FMs 17-95, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
advance party A team that coordinates the convoy's arrival at the destination. It may move with the main
body initially but must arrive at the destination sufficiently ahead of the main body. (See also march
column and quartering party.) See FM 55-30.
aerial port (JP 1-02) An airfield that has been designated for the sustained air movement of personnel and
materiel, and to serve as an authorized port for entrance into or departure from the country in which
located. See FMs 55-12 and 100-17. 4-29
aerial port of debarkation (APOD) An airfield for sustained air movement at which personnel and
material are discharged from aircraft. APODs normally serve as ports of embarkation for return
passengers and retrograde cargo shipments. See FM 55-12. 4-29
aerial port of embarkation (APOE) An airfield for sustained air movement at which personnel and
material board or are loaded aboard aircraft to initiate an aerial movement. APOEs may serve as ports
of debarkation for return passengers and retrograde cargo shipments. See FM 55-12. 4-29
aeromedical evacuation (JP 1-02) The movement of patients under medical supervision to and between
medical treatment facilities by air transportation. (Army) Movement of patients usually from a lower
echelon medical treatment facility to a higher echelon medical treatment facility. See FM 8-10-6.
aerospace defense (JP 1-02) 1. All defensive measures designed to destroy or nullify attacking enemy
aircraft and missiles and also negate hostile space systems. 2. An inclusive term encompassing air
defense, ballistic missile defense, and space defense. (See also air defense.) See FM 44-100.
afloat support (JP 1-02, NATO) A form of logistic support outside the confines of a harbor in which fuel,
ammunition, and supplies are provided for operating forces either underway or at anchor. See FM
71-100-2 and JP 3-02.
agility The ability of friendly forces to act faster than the enemy and is a prerequisite to seizing and
holding the initiative. Agility is a mental as well as a physical quality. See FM 100-5.
1-3
aid station The first medical treatment "facility" that can provide advanced trauma management to a
battlefield casualty. It provides first level of triage evaluation of casualties and conducts routine sick call.
(See also medical care echelon.) See FMs 8-10-3, 8-10-4, 8-10-5, 8-10-24, and 8-55. 4-26
air (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a spotting, or an observation, by a spotter or
an observer to indicate that a burst or group of bursts occurred before impact. (Army) Pertains to
mortar fire also. (See also adjustment of fire.) See FM 6-20.
air assault (Army) Operations in which air assault forces (combat, combat support, and combat service
support), using the firepower, mobility, and total integration of helicopter assets in their ground or air
roles, maneuver on the battlefield under the control of the ground or air maneuver commander to engage
and destroy enemy forces or to seize and hold key terrain. (See also abort criteria, airhead, air mission
brief (AMB), and air mission commander (AMC).) See FMs 71-100-3, 90-4, and JP 3-18.1. 4-8
4-16 A-4
airborne (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In relation to personnel, troops especially trained to effect, following
transport by air, an assault debarkation, either by parachuting or touchdown. 2. In relation to equipment,
pieces of equipment that have been especially designed for use by airborne troops during or after an
assault debarkation. It also designates some aeronautical equipment used to accomplish a
particular mission. 3. When applied to materiel, items that form an integral part of the aircraft. 4. The
state of an aircraft, from the instant it becomes entirely sustained by air until it ceases to be so sustained.
A lighter-than-air aircraft is not considered to be airborne when it is attached to the ground, except that
moored balloons are airborne whenever sent aloft. See FMs 7-30, 71-100, and JP 3-18.1. 4-8
4-16 A-4
airborne battlefield command and control center (ABCCC) (JP 1-02) A United States Air Force
aircraft equipped with communications, data link, and display equipment; it may be employed as an
airborne command post or as a communications and intelligence relay facility. See FMs 71-100-2 and
100-8.
airborne early warning and control (JP 1-02, NATO) Air surveillance and control provided by airborne
early warning aircraft which are equipped with search and height-finding radar and communications
equipment for controlling weapon systems. See FMs 44-100 and 100-15.
airborne force (JP 1-02, NATO) A force composed primarily of ground and air units organized,
equipped, and trained for airborne operations. (Army) A force with a great capability for large-scale
force-projection operations by conducting combined arms assaults by parachute or air landing. See FMs
7-30, 71-100, 101-5, and JP 3-18.1.
airborne operation (JP 1-02) An operation involving the air movement into an objective area of combat
forces and their logistic support for execution of a tactical or a strategic mission. The means employed
may be any combination of airborne units, air transportable units, and types of transport aircraft,
depending on the mission and the overall situation. See FMs 7-30, 71-100, and JP 3-18.1.
airburst (JP 1-02, NATO) An explosion of a bomb or projectile above the surface as distinguished from
an explosion on contact with the surface or after penetration. (See also weapons of mass destruction.)
See FMs 3-3-1 and 6-series.
air controller (JP 1-02, NATO) An individual especially trained for and assigned the duty of the control
(by use of radio, radar, or other means) of such aircraft as may be allotted to him for operation within his
area. See FMs 1-111 and 100-103.
1-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
air control point (ACP) (Army) An easily identifiable point on the terrain or an electronic navigational
aid used to provide necessary control during air movement. ACPs are generally designated at each point
where the flight route or air corridor makes a definite change in direction and at any other point deemed
necessary for timing or control of the operation. (See also air corridor, communications checkpoint
(CCP), and minimum-risk route (MRR).) See FMs 1-111, 71-100-3, and 100-103. 3-5
air corridor (JP 1-02, NATO) A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft and
established to prevent friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces. (Army) Used to
deconflict artillery firing positions with aviation traffic, including unmanned aerial vehicles. (See also
air control point (ACP).) See FMs 1-111, 71-100-3, and 100-103. 3-5
air defense (JP 1-02) All defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles in
the Earth's envelope of atmosphere, or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack. (See also
active air defense, aerospace defense, air defense suppression, and passive air defense.) See FMs 44-63
and 44-100. 4-10, 4-11
air defense suppression (JP 1-02) In air operations, actions taken to degrade fixed and mobile surface-
based components of enemy air defense systems so that offensive air forces may effectively attack a
target. See FMs 1-111, 6-20 series, 44-63, and 44-100.
air defense warning (local) (LADW) (Army)

Dynamite Aircraft are inbound or attacking now. Response is immediate.
Lookout Aircraft are in the area of interest but are not threatening or are inbound but there is time to
react.
Snowman No aircraft pose a threat at this time.
See FM 44-100.
air defense warning conditions (JP 1-02) A degree of air raid probability according to the following
code. The term air defense division/sector referred to herein may include forces and units afloat and/or
deployed to forward areas, as applicable. a. Air defense warning yellow attack by hostile aircraft
and/or missiles is probable. This means that hostile aircraft and/or missiles are en route toward an air
defense division/sector, or unknown aircraft and/or missiles suspected to be hostile are en route toward
or are within an air defense division/sector. b. Air defense warning red attack by hostile aircraft
and/or missiles is imminent or is in progress. This means that hostile aircraft and/or missiles are within
an air defense division/sector or are in the immediate vicinity of an air defense division/sector with high
probability of entering the division/sector. c. Air defense warning white attack by hostile aircraft
and/or missiles is improbable. May be called either before or after air defense warning yellow or red.
The initial declaration of air defense emergency will automatically establish a condition of air defense
warning other than white for purposes of security control of air traffic. See FMs 44-63 and 44-100.
air defense weapon control status The degree of fire control imposed upon Army units having assigned,
attached, or organic air defense weapons. Weapons control status terms are: weapons free, weapons
tight, and weapons hold. (See also weapons free, weapons hold, and weapons tight.) See FMs 44-63 and
44-100.
airdrop (JP 1-02) The unloading of personnel or materiel from aircraft in flight. (See also air movement.)
See FMs 7-30, 55-12, 71-100-2, and JP 3-18.1.
airhead (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A designated area in a hostile or threatened territory which, when seized and
held, ensures the continuous air landing of troops and material and provides the maneuver space
1-5
necessary for projected operations. Normally it is the area seized in the assault phase of an airborne
operation.
2. A designated location in an area of operations used as a base for supply and evacuation by air. (Army)
The airhead contains enough drop zones (DZs), landing zones (LZs), and extraction zones (EZs) to
ensure mass, interior lines of communications, and defense in depth. (See also air assault and airborne
operation.) See FMs 71-100-2, 90-4, and JP 3-18.1. 3-18
airhead line The limit of the objective area, assault objectives determine the size and shape of the airhead
and the trace of the airhead line. (See also air assault and airborne operations) See FMs 7-30,
71-100-2, and JP 3-18.1. 3-18
air interdicti on (AI) (JP 1-02, NATO) Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay the
enemy's military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such
distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of
friendly forces is not required. (Army) Normally conducted forward of the land component
commander's forward boundary. See FM 100-103.
air landed (JP 1-02, NATO) Moved by air and disembarked, or unloaded, after the aircraft has landed or
while a helicopter is hovering. (See also air assault and airborne operation.) See FMs 7-8, 7-10, 7-20,
7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and 90-26.
air liaison officer (ALO) (JP 1-02) An officer (aviator/pilot) attached to a ground unit who functions
as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air operation matters. (Army) The senior Air
Force officer at each tactical air control party who provides advice on the capabilities, limitations, and
employment of fixed wing aircraft and coordinates close air support missions with the fire support
element. (See also tactical air control party (TACP).) See FMs 6-20 and 101-5.
air mission brief (AMB) 1. The last coordination meeting of key participants in an air assault operation
which ensures that key aviation soldiers are briefed and that the plan is finalized. It covers the operation
from beginning to end. 2. Briefing of the pilots prior to any aviation mission. (See also abort criteria,
air assault, airhead, and air mission commander (AMC).) See FMs 90-4, 71-100-3, and JP 3-18.1.
air mission commander (AMC) Commander of the largest aviation unit supporting the air assault. He
is responsible for all embarked soldiers and for coordinating all support from liftoff to touchdown. (See
also abort criteria, air assault, and air mission brief (AMB).) See FMs 90-4, 71-100-3, and JP 3-18.1.
air movement (JP 1-02, NATO) Air transport of units, personnel, supplies, equipment, and materiel.
(See also aerial port of embarkation (APOE), aerial port of debarkation (APOD), air landed, and tanker
airlift control element (TALCE).) See FMs 7-30, 55-12, 71-100-2, and JP 3-18.1.
air/naval gunfire liaison company (ANGLICO) (JP 1-02) An organization composed of Marine and
Navy personnel specially qualified for shore control of naval gunfire and close air support. See FM
71-100-2. 4-15
air parity The functional equivalency between enemy and friendly air forces in strength and capability to
attack and destroy targets.
air reconnaissance (JP 1-02) The acquisition of intelligence information by employing visual observation
and/or sensors in air vehicles. (Army) The use of air vehicles (fixed wing, rotary wing, or unmanned
aerial vehicles) to obtain information concerning terrain, weather, and the disposition, composition,
movement, installations, lines of communications, and electronic and communications emissions of
1-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
enemy forces. Also included are artillery and naval gunfire adjustment, and systematic and random
observation of ground battle areas, targets, and/or sectors of airspace. (See also reconnaissance (recon,
recce).)
airspace control area (ACA) (Army) That airspace defined by the boundaries of the area of operations
and which may be divided into airspace control subareas. See FM 100-103.
airspace control authority (ACA) (JP 1-02, NATO) The commander designated to assume overall
responsibility for the operation of the airspace control system in the airspace control area. (Army) The
joint force air component commander has responsibility for all airspace operations above the coordinating
altitude and forward of the joint force land component commander's forward boundary, if so designated.
See FMs 100-15 and 100-103.
airspace control in the combat zone (JP 1-02) A process used to increase combat effectiveness by
promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace. Airspace control is provided in order to
prevent fratricide, enhance air defense operations, and permit greater flexibility of operations. Airspace
control does not infringe on the authority vested in commanders to approve, disapprove, or deny combat
operations. (See also airspace control authority (ACA), airspace control order (ACO), and airspace
coordination area (ACA).) See FM 100-103.
airspace control measures Rules, mechanisms, and directions governed by joint doctrine and defined by
the airspace control plan which control the use of airspace of specified dimensions. (See also high-
density airspace control zone (HIDACZ), low-level transit route (LLTR), minimum-risk route (MRR),
and standard use Army aircraft flight route (SAAFR).) See FM 100-103.
airspace control order (ACO) (JP 1-02) An order implementing the airspace control plan that provides
the details of the approved requests for airspace control measures. It is published either as part of the
air tasking order or as a separate document. (Army) It includes temporary airspace control measures
and designates which organization is the controlling authority for each. See FMs 100-15 and 100-103.
airspace coordination area (ACA ) (Army) In fire support operations, a restrictive fire support
coordination measure that establishes a three-dimensional block of airspace in the battle area in which
friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. Aircraft and indirect fire are separated
by time, space, or altitude. The purpose of the ACA is to allow the simultaneous attack of targets near
each other by multiple fire support means, one of which normally is air. (See also Army airspace
command and control (A2C2).) See FM 100-103 and JP 3-56. 3-21
air strike (JP 1-02) An attack on specific objectives by fighter, bomber, or attack aircraft on an offensive
mission. May consist of several air organizations under a single command in the air. See FMs 71-100
and 100-15.
air superiority (JP 1-02, NATO) That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another
which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, and air forces at a given
time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force.
air support (JP 1-02, NATO) All forms of support given by air forces on land or sea. See FMs 71-100
and 100-15.
air support operations center (ASOC) (JP 1-02, NATO) An agency of a tactical air control system
collocated with a corps headquarters or an appropriate land force headquarters, which coordinates and
directs close air support and other tactical air support.
1-7
air supremacy (JP 1-02, NATO) That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is incapable
of effective interference.
alliance (JP1-02) The result of formal agreements (for example, treaties) between two or more nations for
broad, long-term objectives which further the common interests of the members. (See also coalition and
multinational operations.) See FMs 100-5, 100-8, and JP 5-0.
allocation (JP 1-02) In a general sense, distribution of limited resources among competing requirements
for employment. Specific allocations (e.g., air sorties, nuclear weapons, forces, and transportation) are
described as allocation of air sorties, nuclear weapons, etc. See FM 100-15.
allowable load (JP 1-02, NATO) The total load that an aircraft can transport over a given distance, taking
into account weight and volume. See FM 55-12.
alternate command po st (JP 1-02) Any location designated by a commander to assume command post
functions in the event the command post becomes inoperative. It may be partially or fully equipped and
manned or it may be the command post of a subordinate unit. (See also combat trains command post
(CTCP), command post (CP), and tactical operations center (TOC).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
alternate position The position given to a weapon, unit, or individual to be occupied when the primary
position becomes untenable or unsuitable for carrying out its task. The alternate position is located so
that the individual can continue to fulfill his original task. (See also primary position, successive
positions, and supplementary position.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-12, 17-95, 23-1, and
71-123.
alternate supply route (ASR) A route or routes designated within an area of operations to provide for
the movement of traffic when main supply routes become disabled or congested. (See also main supply
route (MSR).) See FMs 17-95, 55-10, and 71-100. 3-40
ambulance exchange point (AXP) (Army) A location where a patient is transferred from one ambulance
to another en route to a medical treatment facility. This may be an established point in an ambulance
shuttle system or it may be designated independently. See FMs 8-10-1, 8-10-3, 8-10-4, 8-10-6, 63-2,
and 63-20. 3-37
ambush A surprise attack by fire from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy. See
FMs 7-8, 7-20, 17-95, and 71-123. 3-19 C-8
ammunition supply point (ASP) An area designated to receive, store, reconfigure, and issue class V
material. It is normally located at or near the division area. See FM 9-6. 3-37 A-6
ammunition transfer point (ATP) A designated, temporary site from which class V material is
transferred from corps transportation to unit vehicles. See FMs 71-100 and 100-10. 3-37 A-6
amphibious operation (JP 1-02) An attack launched from the sea by naval and landing forces embarked
in ships or craft involving a landing on a hostile or potentially hostile shore. As an entity, the amphibious
operation includes the following phases: a. planning The period extending from issuance of the
initiating directive to embarkation. b. embarkation The period during which the forces, with their
equipment and supplies, are embarked in the assigned shipping. c. rehearsal The period during which
the prospective operation is rehearsed for the purpose of: (1) testing adequacy of plans, the timing of
detailed operations, and the combat readiness of participating forces; (2) ensuring that all echelons are
1-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
familiar with plans; and (3) testing communications. d. movement The period during which various
components of the amphibious task force move from points of embarkation to the objective area.
e. assault The period between the arrival of the major assault forces of the amphibious task force in
the objective area and the accomplishment of the amphibious task force mission. See FM 71-100-2 and
JP 3-02. 4-8 5-7
analysis and control element (ACE) (Army) The G2's primary organization for controlling intelligence
and electronic warfare (IEW) operations. The ACE performs collection management, produces all-source
intelligence, provides IEW technical control, and disseminates intelligence and targeting data across the
range of military operations. See FM 34-1.
analysis and control team (ACT) (Army) An organic team within the direct support military intelligence
company that provides the maneuver brigade S2 with automated intelligence processing, analytical, and
dissemination capabilities. Unlike the analysis and control element at higher echelons, the ACT is not
normally under operational control (OPCON) of the brigade S2.
antiterrorism (AT) (JP 1-02) Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and
property to terrorist acts, to include limited response and containment by local military forces. (See also
counterterrorism.) See FMs 31-20 and 100-20.
apportionment (JP 1-02) In the general sense, distribution for planning of limited resources among
competing requirements. Specific apportionments (e.g., air sorties and forces for planning) are described
as apportionment of air sorties and forces for planning, etc. (Army) The determination and assignment
of the total expected effort by percentage or by priority that should be devoted to the various air
operations or geographic areas for a given period of time. (See also allocation.) See FMs 100-103 and
100-15.
approach march (JP 1-02, NATO) Advance of a combat unit when direct contact with the enemy is
imminent. Troops are fully or partially deployed. The approach march ends when ground contact with
the enemy is made or when the attack position is occupied. (Army) A tactical movement that
emphasizes speed over tactical deployment. It is used when the enemy's approximate location is known,
allowing the attacking force to move with greater speed and less physical security or dispersion. The
approach march terminates in an attack position, assembly area, or assault position or can be used to
transition to an attack. Follow and assume and reserve forces may also conduct an approach march. (See
also movement to contact.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
area air defense commander (AADC) (JP1-02) Within a unified command, subordinate unified
command, or joint task force, the commander will assign overall responsibility for air defense to a single
commander. Normally, this will be the component commander with the preponderance of air defense
capability and the command, control, and communications capability to plan and execute integrated air
defense operations. Representation from the other components involved will be provided, as appropriate,
to the AADC's headquarters. See JP 3-12.1.
area assessment (Army) In unconventional warfare, the collection of specific information prescribed by
the commander to commence immediately after infiltration. It is a continuous operation, and it confirms,
corrects, refutes, or adds to intelligence acquired from area studies and other sources prior to infiltration.
area command (JP 1-02, NATO) A command which is composed of those organized elements of one or
more of the armed services, designated to operate in a specific geographical area, which are placed under
a single commander. (Army) In unconventional warfare, the organizational structure established
within a joint special operations area to command and control resistance forces. It consists of the area
1-9
commander, his staff, and representatives of the resistance element, to include Special Forces after
infiltration. See FMs 31-20, 100-5, and 100-15.
area damage control (ADC) (JP 1-02, NATO) Measures taken before, during, or after hostile action or
natural or manmade disasters, to reduce the probability of damage and minimize its effects. (Army)
The process includes continuous planning and actions designed to minimize damages and a systematic
approach to resolving the impact damages have on operations. (See also rear operations.) See FMs
71-100, 100-7, and 100-15.
area defense A form of defense that focuses on denying the enemy access to designated terrain for a
specified time, rather than on the outright destruction of the enemy. A commander may conduct an area
defense by using mutually supporting positions in depth. (See defensive operations.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8,
7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
area of influe nce (JP 1-02, NATO) A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of
influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commander's command
or control. (Army) It includes both organic and supporting combat power, to include joint,
multinational, or interagency assets.
area of intell igence responsibility An area allocated to a commander in which the commander is
responsible for providing intelligence within the means at the commander's disposal.
area of interest (AOI) (JP 1-02, NATO) That area of concern to the commander, including the area of
influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or
planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces which could jeopardize the
accomplishment of the mission. (Army) A geographical area from which information and intelligence
are required to execute successful tactical operations and to plan for future operations. It includes any
threat forces or characteristics of the battlefield environment that will significantly influence
accomplishment of the command's mission. (See also area of operations (AO) and battlespace.) See FMs
34-130, 71-100, and 100-15.
area of limit ation A defined area where specific limitations apply to the strength and fortifications of
disputing or belligerent forces. Normally, upper limits are established for the number and type of
formations, tanks, antiaircraft weapons, artillery, and other weapons systems in the area of limitation.
area of operations (AO) (JP 1-02) An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and
naval forces. Areas of operation do not typically encompass the entire operational area of the joint force
commander, but should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions and
protect their forces. (Army) A geographical area, including the airspace above, usually defined by
lateral, forward, and rear boundaries assigned to a commander, by a higher commander, in which he has
responsibility and the authority to conduct military operations. (See also area of interest (AOI) and
battlespace.) See FMs 34-130, 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, 100-20, and JP 5-0. 3-19
area reconnaissance A form of reconnaissance operations that is a directed effort to obtain detailed
information concerning the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area, such as a town, ridgeline,
woods, or other feature critical to operations. An area reconnaissance could be made of a single point,
such as a bridge or installation. (See also reconnaissance (recon, recce).) See FMs 1-111, 1-114, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
area of responsibility (AOR) (JP 1-02) 1. The geographical area associated with a combatant command
within which a combatant commander has authority to plan and conduct operations. 2. In naval usage,
a predefined area of enemy terrain for which supporting ships are responsible for covering by fire on
1-10
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
known targets or targets of opportunity and by observation. See FMs 1-111, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100,
71-123, 100-5, 100-15, 101-5, and JP 0-2.
area security A form of security operations that includes area reconnaissance, rear operations, and
security of designated personnel, unit convoys, facilities, and main supply route critical points. (See also
area reconnaissance and rear operations.) See FMs 17-95, 19-1, and 71-100.
area support Method of logistics and combat health support in which direct support (DS) combat service
support relationships in effect are determined by the location of the units requiring support. Subordinate
DS units provide area support to units located in or passing through their areas of responsibility. (See
also area of responsibility (AOR).) See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, 8-10-4, 8-10-9, 8-10-24, 10-1, and 100-10.
4-24
armed reconnaissance (JP 1-02) A mission with the primary purpose of locating and attacking targets
of opportunity, i.e., enemy materiel, personnel, and facilities, in assigned general areas or along assigned
ground communications routes, and not for the purpose of attacking specific briefed targets.
armistice demarcation line (Army) A geographically defined line from which disputing or belligerent
forces disengage and withdraw to their respective sides following a truce or cease fire agreement. It is
also called cease fire in some United Nations operations.
Army airspace command and control (A 2C2) (Army) The Army's application of airspace control to
coordinate airspace users for concurrent employment in the accomplishment of assigned missions. (See
also airspace control order (ACO).) See FM 100-103.
Army forces (ARFOR) (Army) The Army forces headquarters and or forces provided by the Army
service component to the joint force commander for the conduct of joint operations. (See also land
component commander (LCC) and joint force land component commander (JFLCC).) See FMs 71-100,
100-5, 100-15, and JP 3-0.
Army service component commander (ASCC) (Army) Serves as the principal advisor to the commander
in chief for supporting and employing Army forces (ARFOR) in theater and forces outside the theater
tasked to support theater operations. His command consists of those Army individuals, units,
detachments, organizations, and installations. He is responsible for all command aspects of the ARFOR,
to include logistics within the unified command. (See also Army forces (ARFOR).) See FM 100-7.
A-1
Army special operations forces (ARSOF) (JP 1-02) Those active and reserve component Army forces
designated by the Secretary of Defense that are specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct
and support special operations.
Army war reserve stock (Army) Materiel amassed in peacetime to meet the increase in military
requirements at the outbreak of war.
artillery preparation Artillery fire delivered before an attack to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the
enemy's defense and to disrupt communications and disorganize the enemy's defense. The preparation
is planned by a direct support field artillery battalion or higher echelon in coordination with the ground
commander. It is an intense volume of fire delivered in accordance with a time schedule. The fires
normally commence prior to H-hour and may extend beyond it. They may start at a prescribed time or
be held on call. The duration of the preparation is influenced by factors such as the fire support needs
of the entire force, number of targets and firing assets, and available ammunition. See FMs 6-20-30 and
71-123.
1-11
assailable flank(s) An exposed flank(s) which is vulnerable to envelopment. For a flank to be assailable,
there must be sufficient maneuver space to accommodate the attacking force. See FMs 17-95, 71-100,
71-123, and 100-15.
assault (JP 1-02) 1. The climax of an attack, closing with the enemy in hand-to-hand fighting. 2. In an
amphibious operation, the period of time between the arrival of the major assault forces of the
amphibious task force in the objective area and the accomplishment of the amphibious task force mission.
3. To make a short, violent, but well-ordered attack against a local objective, such as a gun emplacement,
a fort, or a machine gun nest. 4. A phase of an airborne operation beginning with delivery by air of the
assault echelon of the force into the objective area and extending through attack of assault objectives
and consolidation of the initial airhead. (See also assault force and assault phase). (Army) 1. The
culmination of an attack which closes with the enemy. 2. In an amphibious operation, the period of time
from the crossing of the line of departure by the first scheduled wave to the seizure of the initial
objectives. 3. A phase of an airborne or air assault operation beginning with delivery of the assault force
into the objective area and extending through the attack of objectives and consolidation of the initial
airhead. 4. To make a short, violent, but well-ordered attack against a local objective, such as a gun
emplacement or fortified area. See FMs 7-8, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
assault breach A breach tactic used by small units (company, teams, and platoons) to penetrate an
enemy's protective obstacles and seize a foothold within his defense. It is normally a very decentralized
operation with suppress, obscure, secure, and reduce (SOSR) actions synchronized at the platoon and
company level. (See also in-stride breach.) See FMs 5-71-100 and 90-13-1.
assault command post (Army) An austere, temporary command post established to perform critical
command and control functions. The assault command post serves as the early link in the assault or
deployment between the forces on the ground and the next higher tactical force headquarters. Doctrinal
command post functions are passed to the tactical, main, and rear command posts when they arrive and
become operational. (See also command post (CP).) See FMs 7-30, 71-100-2, and 71-100-3. A-2
assault echelon (NATO) The element of a force that is scheduled for initial assault on the objective area.
(See also follow-on echelon and rear echelon.) See FMs 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-26, and JP 3-18.1.
assault fire (JP 1-02) 1. That fire delivered by attacking troops as they close with the enemy. 2. In
artillery, extremely accurate, short-range destruction fire at point targets. See FMs 7-8 and 71-123.
assault force 1. In an amphibious, airborne, or air assault operation, those units charged with the seizure
of the objective or lodgment area. 2. Those forces charged with passing through a breach in an enemy
fortified position or strongpoint and seizing an objective or completing destruction of the enemy. 3.
Those forces charged with seizure of the objective in the attack. (See also breach force and support
force.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 71-123, 90-13, and 90-13-1.
assault phase (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In an amphibious operation, the period of time between the arrival of
the major assault forces of the amphibious task force in the objective area and the accomplishment of
their mission. 2. In an airborne operation, a phase beginning with delivery by air of the assault echelon
of the force into the objective area and extending through attack of assault objectives and consolidation
of the initial airhead. (Army) 1. That phase of an airborne, air assault, or amphibious or river crossing
operation that begins with the delivery of the assault forces into the objective area and ends when all
assault objectives have been seized. 2. That period during an attack which begins when the assault forces
advance from their assault position and ends when the objective has been seized and consolidated. (See
also air assault, airborne operation, amphibious operation, and river crossing.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100-2,
and 71-100-3.
1-12
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
assault position That position between the line of departure and the objective in an attack from which
forces assault the objective. Ideally, it is the last covered and concealed position before reaching the
objective. (See limit of advance (LOA) and probable line of deployment (PLD).) See FMs 7-8, 7-20,
and 71-123. 3-14
assembly area (AA) (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An area in which a command is assembled preparatory to
further action. 2. In a supply installation, the gross area used for collecting and combining components
into complete units, kits, or assemblies. See FMs 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123. 3-10
asset (intelligence) (JP 1-02) Any resource person, group, relationship, instrument, installation, or
supply at the disposition of an intelligence organization for use in an operational or support role.
Often used with a qualifying term such as agent asset or propaganda asset. See FM 31-20.
assign (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is
relatively permanent, and/or where such organization controls and administers the units or personnel for
the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel. 2. To detail individuals
to specific duties or functions where such duties or functions are primary and/or relatively permanent.
(See also attach.) See FM 101-5.
attach (JP 1-02) 1. The placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement is
relatively temporary. 2. The detailing of individuals to specific functions where such functions are
secondary or relatively temporary, e.g., attached for quarters and rations; attached for flying duty. (Army)
Subject to limitations imposed by the attachment order, the commander of the formation, unit, or
organization receiving the attachment has the responsibility to provide the attached units with sustainment
support above its organic capability. However, the responsibility for transfer, promotion of personnel,
nonjudicial punishment, courts martial, and administrative actions, such as SIDPERS transactions and
unit strength reporting, are normally retained by the parent formation, unit, or organization. (See also
assign, operational command (OPCOM), operational control (OPCON), and organic.) See FM 101-5.
attack A form of offensive operation characterized by coordinated movement supported by fire. It may
be designated as a main or a supporting attack. The principal attack options include hasty attack,
deliberate attack, spoiling attack, counterattack, raid, feint, and demonstration. (See also counterattack,
deliberate attack, demonstration, feint, hasty attack, offensive operations, raid, and spoiling attack.) See
FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
attack by fire Fires (direct and indirect) employed to destroy the enemy from a distance, normally used
when the mission does not dictate or support occupation of the objective. This task is usually given to
the supporting element during the offensive and as a counterattack option for the reserve during defensive
operations. An attack by fire is not done in conjunction with a maneuvering force. When assigning this
task, the commander must specify the intent of fire either to destroy, fix, or suppress. (See also frontal
attack and support by fire.) See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123. 3-14 C-8
attack operations Offensive actions intended to destroy and disrupt enemy theater missile (TM)
capabilities before, during, and after launch. The objective of attack operations is to prevent the launch
of TMs by attacking each element of the overall system, including such actions as destroying launch
platforms, RSTA platforms, C2 nodes, and missile stocks and infrastructure. See JP 3-01.5.
attack position (JP 1-02) The last position occupied by the assault echelon before crossing the line of
departure. (See also assault position.) See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123. 3-14
1-13
attrition (JP 1-02, NATO) The reduction of the effectiveness of a force caused by loss of personnel and
materiel. See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, 71-123, and 100-5.
augmentation forces (JP 1-02) Forces to be transferred from a supporting commander to the combatant
command (command authority) or operational control of a supported commander during the execution
of an operation order approved by the National Command Authorities. (Army) Forces which are
required for specific missions but are not required for day-to-day operations. A command relationship
will be specified when these forces are transferred. See FMs 71-100, 100-15, and JP 5-0.
authenti cate (JP 1-02) A challenge given by voice or electrical means to attest to the authenticity of a
message or transmission.
authen tication (JP 1-02) 1. A security measure designed to protect a communications system against
acceptance of a fraudulent transmission or simulation by establishing the validity of a transmission,
message, or originator. 2. A means of identifying individuals and verifying their eligibility to receive
specific categories of information. 3. Evidence by proper signature or seal that a document is genuine
and official. 4. In evasion and recovery operations, the process whereby the identity of an evader is
confirmed.
authorized stockage list (ASL) (Army) A list of items from all classes of supply authorized to be stocked
at a specific echelon of supply. See FMs 10-1 and 100-10.
automatic resupply (JP 1-02) A resupply mission fully planned before insertion of a special operations
team into the operations area that occurs at a prearranged time and location, unless changed by the
operating team after insertion. (See also emergency resupply and on-call resupply.)
auxiliary In unconventional warfare, that element of the resistance force established to provide the
organized civilian support of the resistance movement.
avenue of approach (AA) (JP 1-02) An air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading
to its objective or to key terrain in its path. (See also intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB).)
See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, 34-130, 44-100, 71-123, and 100-5.
aviation combat element (ACE) (JP 1-02) The Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) element that is
task organized to provide all or a portion of the functions of Marine Corps aviation in varying degrees
based on the tactical situation and the MAGTF mission and size. These functions are air reconnaissance,
antiair warfare, assault support, offensive air support, electronic warfare, and control of aircraft and
missiles. The ACE is organized around an aviation headquarters and varies in size from a reinforced
helicopter squadron to one or more Marine aircraft wing(s). It includes those aviation command
(including air control agencies), combat, combat support, and combat service support units required by
the situation. Normally, there is only one ACE in a MAGTF.
axis of advance (JP 1-02) A line of advance assigned for purposes of control; often a road or a group of
roads, or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy. (Army) A general
route of advance, assigned for purposes of control, which extends toward the enemy. An axis of advance
symbol graphically portrays a commander's intention, such as avoidance of built-up areas or envelopment
of an enemy force. It follows terrain suitable for the size of the force assigned the axis and is often a road,
a group of roads, or a designated series of locations. A commander may maneuver his forces and
supporting fires to either side of an axis of advance provided the unit remain oriented on the axis and the
objective. Deviations from an assigned axis of advance must not interfere with the maneuver of adjacent
units without prior approval of the higher commander. Enemy forces that do not threaten security or
jeopardize mission accomplishment may be bypassed. An axis of advance is not used to direct the control
1-14
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
of terrain or the clearance of enemy forces from specific locations. Intermediate objectives normally are
assigned for these purposes. (See also attack, direction of attack, movement to contact, and offensive
operations.) See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15. 3-14, 3-15
azimuth (JP 1-02) Quantities may be expressed in positive quantities increasing in a clockwise direction,
or in X, Y coordinates where south and west are negative. They may be referenced to true north or
magnetic north depending on the particular weapon system used. (Army) The horizontal angle,
measured clockwise by degrees or mils between a reference direction and the line to an observed or
designated point. There are three base (reference) directions or azimuths: true, grid, and magnetic
azimuth. (See also grid azimuth, magnetic azimuth, and true azimuth.) See FM 21-26.
azimuth angle (JP 1-02, NATO) An angle measured clockwise in the horizontal plane between a
reference direction and any other line.
B
backbrief A briefing by subordinates to the commander to review how subordinates intend to accomplish
their mission. This is a commander to commander or one on one briefing. It takes two forms: 1. After
the operation order to ensure a subordinates understanding of the mission. 2. When a single commander
briefs how he will accomplish the mission. (See also confirmation brief.) See FM 101-5
backhaul The use of transportation assets that, having deposited their primary loads, are available to
remove personnel and materials from that location to another location en route to their return destination.
See FMs 19-1 and 100-10.
ballistic missile (JP 1-02, NATO) Any missile which does not rely upon aerodynamic surfaces to produce
lift and consequently follows a ballistic trajectory when thrust is terminated.
barrage fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire which is designed to fill a volume of space or area rather than aimed
specifically at a given target. (See also call for fire.) See FM 6-series.
barrage jamming (JP 1-02) Simultaneous electromagnetic jamming over a broad band of frequencies.
(See also jamming.) See FMs 34-1 and 34-10.
barrier (JP 1-02) A coordinated series of obstacles designed or employed to channel, direct, restrict, delay,
or stop the movement of an opposing force and to impose additional losses in personnel, time, and
equipment on the opposing force. Barriers can exist naturally, be manmade, or a combination of both.
(See also abatis, countermobility operations, and obstacle.) See FM 5-102.
base (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A locality from which operations are projected or supported. 2. An area or
locality containing installations which provide logistic or other support. (DOD) 3. Home airfield or
home carrier. (Army) A grouping of units or activities within a defined, defensible perimeter with
specific access control points and traffic control. All units or activities are under operational control of
a single commander for security operations. See FMs 100-10 and 100-15.
base camp closure standards Specific criteria (including both environmental, and nonenvironmental,
protection issues) to be met when preparing to close, and on closing a base camp area. The addressing
of each criterion is specified in its timing, and area of focus. The areas include identifying hazardous
wastes and materials to be retrograded; conducting site assessments; identifying areas of POL
contamination; completing and submitting an environmental condition report; having legal
1-15
representatives begin settling claims from local property owners; and conducting turnover meeting with
lawyer, real estate representative, engineer, and so forth.
base cluster (JP 1-02) In base defense operations, a collection of bases, geographically grouped for mutual
protection and ease of command and control. (Army) A grouping of bases designed to enhance the
rear operations commander's span of control. Base clusters do not have a defined single perimeter or
established access points for the whole cluster. All bases within the cluster are under operational control
of a single commander for security operations. (See also base.) See FMs 71-100, 100-10, 100-15, and
100-16.
base cluster operations center (BCOC) (JP 1-02) A command and control facility that serves as the base
cluster commander's focal point for defense and security of the base cluster. (Army) An austere
command post established by the base cluster commander to coordinate security requirements between
bases and conduct limited security operations. See FMs 71-100-1/2/3 and 100-15-1.
base defense (JP 1-02) The local military measures, both normal and emergency, required to nullify or
reduce the effectiveness of enemy attacks on, or sabotage of, a base, to ensure that the maximum capacity
of its facilities is available to US forces.
base defense operations The local military measures, both normal and emergency, required to nullify or
reduce the effectiveness of enemy attacks on, or sabotage of, a base to ensure that the maximum capacity
of its facilities is available to US forces. (See also base, base cluster, and defend.) See FMs 100-10 and
100-15.
base defense operations center (BDOC) (JP 1-02) A command and control facility established by the
base commander to serve as the focal point for base security and defense. It plans, directs, integrates,
coordinates, and controls all base defense efforts, and coordinates and integrates into area security
operations with the rear area operations center/rear tactical operations center. (Army) An austere
command post established by the base commander to plan, coordinate, and supervise base defense
operations to ensure the protection of personnel, equipment, and resources from enemy attack. See FMs
71-100-1/2/3 and 100-15-1. A-2
base defense reaction forces Forces comprised of personnel or elements of units assigned to a specific
base with the responsibility to rapidly bolster base defenses or react to an unforeseen threat. See FMs
71-100-1/2/3 and 100-15-1.
base defense status (Army) A two-digit indicator determined by assessing the development of defenses
coupled with the percentage of personnel manning the perimeter. The first digit is alphabetic (A-G) and
corresponds to the development of the base defenses. The second digit is numeric (1-9) and corresponds
to the percentage of soldiers physically manning the perimeter. See FMs 71-100, 71-100-1/2/3, 100-15,
and 100-15-1.
base defense zone (BDZ) (JP 1-02) An air defense zone established around an air base and limited to the
engagement envelope of short-range air defense weapons systems defending that base. Base defense
zones have specific entry, exit, and identification, friend or foe procedures established. (See also air
defense and base defense.) See FMs 44-100 and 100-15.
base development (JP 1-02, NATO) The improvement or expansion of the resources and facilities of an
area or a location to support military operations. (See also base.) See FMs 100-10 and 100-15.
base element See base unit.
1-16
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
base of fire Continuous and active suppression from a support-by-fire position of an objective (even
though the enemy has not shown himself) to reduce or eliminate the enemy's capability to interfere by fire
and movement with an assaulting unit. It may be provided by a single weapon or a grouping of weapon
systems. (See also overwatch and support by fire). See FMs 7-7, 7-20, and 71-123.
base unit (JP1-02) Unit of organization in a tactical operation around which a movement or maneuver is
planned and performed. See FMs 7-7 and 7-20.
basic load (JP 1-02, NATO) The quantity of supplies required to be on hand within, and which can be
moved by, a unit or formation. It is expressed according to the wartime organization of the unit or
formation and maintained at the prescribed levels. (Army) The quantity of supplies and ammunition
stored and carried under an organization's control that is determined by a higher headquarters on the basis
of the mission and analysis of the threat. See FMs 6-20, 7-7, 7-20, 71-123, and 100-10.
battalion task force 1. Based upon mission, a temporary grouping of units under one commander formed
to carry out a specific operation or mission. 2. A semipermanent organization of units under one
commander, formed for the purpose of carrying out a continuing specific task. 3. A combat arms
battalion-sized unit consisting of a battalion headquarters, at least one assigned company-sized element,
and at least one attached company-sized element from another combat arm or combat support unit. (See
also task force and task organization.) See FM 71-123.
battle A series of related tactical engagements that last longer than an engagement, involve larger forces,
and could affect the course of the campaign. They occur when division, corps, or army commanders fight
for significant objectives. (See also campaign, engagement, and major operation.) See FM 100-5.
battle command (BC) (Army) The art of battle decision making and leading. It includes controlling
operations and motivating soldiers and their organizations into action to accomplish missions. Battle
command includes visualizing the current state and a future state, then formulating concepts of operations
to get from one to the other at least cost. It also includes assigning missions, prioritizing and allocating
resources, selecting the critical time and place to act, and knowing how and when to make adjustments
during the fight. See FM 100-5.
battle damage assessment (BDA) (JP 1-02) (NATO: damage assessment) The timely and accurate
estimate of damage resulting from the application of military force, either lethal or nonlethal, against a
predetermined objective. Battle damage assessment can be applied to the employment of all types of
weapon systems (air, ground, naval, and special forces weapon systems) throughout the range of military
operations. It is primarily an intelligence responsibility with required inputs and coordination from the
operators. It is composed of physical damage assessment, functional damage assessment, and target
system assessment. See FMs 6-20-10, 34-1, 34-130, 71-100, and 100-15.
battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR) (NATO: battle damage repair) Any expedient action that
returns a damaged item or assembly to a mission-capable or limited mission-capable condition. Repairs
are often temporary. (See also cannibalize.) See FMs 63-2 and 100-9.
battle drill Standardized actions made in response to common battlefield occurrences. They are designed
for rapid reaction situations. See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 17-15, and 17-98.
battlefield circulation control (BCC) (Army) A military police mission involving route reconnaissance
and surveillance, main supply route regulation enforcement, straggler and refugee control, intelligence
collecting and reporting, and information dissemination. See FM 19-1.
1-17
battlefield coordination detachment (BCD) (JP 1-02) An Army liaison provided by the Army
component commander to the Air Operations Center (AOC) and/or to the component designated by the
joint force commander to plan, coordinate, and deconflict air operations. The battlefield coordination
element processes Army requests for tactical air support, monitors and interprets the land battle situation
for the AOC, and provides the necessary interface for exchange of current intelligence and operational
data. See FMs 71-100, 100-13, and 100-15.
battlefield framework The overall structure of the battlefield which, at the tactical level of war, consists
of four interrelated concepts: area of interest, battlespace, area of operations, and battlefield organization.
The battlefield framework provides a way for commanders to relate their forces to the enemy in terms of
time, space, and purpose. This battlefield framework applies to both linear and noncontiguous
operations. (See also area of influence, area of interest, area of operations, and battlespace.) See
FM 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
battlefield information coordi nation center (BICC) (Army) A subsection of the battalion and brigade
S2 section. It provides detailed control and coordination of intelligence collection, production, and
dissemination, thus freeing the S2 from routine tasks so that he can better manage the overall intelligence
effort.
battlefield operating systems (BOS) (Army) A listing of critical tactical activities. The BOS provide
a means of reviewing preparations or execution in discrete subsets. Critical to this review is the
synchronization and coordination of activities not only within a BOS, but among the various BOS. The
BOS are not all inclusive; they include intelligence, maneuver, fire support, mobility and survivability,
air defense, combat service support, and command and control but do not address timing, tempo,
reconnaissance, information operations, or tactics.
battlefield organization The arranging and synchronizing of battlefield activities throughout the area of
operations to accomplish the simultaneous operations of deep, close, and rear. (See also close operations,
deep operations, rear operations, and simultaneous attack in depth.) See FMs 71-100, 100-5, and 100-
15.
battlefield visualization (Army) The process whereby the commander develops a clear understanding of
his current state with relation to the enemy and environment, envisions a desired end state, and then
subsequently visualizes the sequence of activity that will move his force from its current state to the end
state. The commander articulates a battlefield vision through an intent statement which guides the
development of a concept for the operation and subsequent execution of the mission. (See also branch,
concept of operations, sequel, and wargaming.) See FMs 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
battle handover A designated point (phase line) on the ground where responsibility transitions from the
stationary force to the moving force and vice versa. It is within direct fire range and observed indirect
fire range of the stationary force. (See also support by fire.) See FMs 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and
100-15.
battle position (BP) 1. A defensive location oriented on the most likely enemy avenue of approach from
which a unit may defend. Such units can be as large as battalion task forces and as small as platoons.
A unit assigned a BP is located within the general outline of the BP. A battle position graphic control
measure may be used independently or in combination with sectors. Security, combat support, and
combat service support forces may operate outside a BP. 2. For attack helicopters, an area designated
in which they can maneuver and fire into a designated engagement area or engage targets of opportunity.
(See also defend.) See FMs 1-112, 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123. 3-8
battlespace (Army) The conceptual physical volume in which the commander seeks to dominate the
enemy. It expands and contracts in relation to the commander's ability to acquire and engage the enemy,
1-18
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
or can change as the commander's vision of the battlefield changes. It encompasses three dimensions and is
influenced by the operational dimensions of time, tempo, depth, and synchronization. It is not assigned by
a higher commander nor is it constrained by assigned boundaries. (See also battlefield framework.) See FMs
71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
beach capacity (JP 1-02, NATO) An estimate, expressed in terms of measurement tons, or weight tons,
of cargo that may be unloaded over a designated strip of shore per day.
beachhead (JP 1-02) A designated area on a hostile or potentially hostile shore that, when seized and held,
ensures the continuous landing of troops and materiel, and provides maneuver space requisite for
subsequent projected operations ashore. (See also amphibious operation.) See FMs 31-12, 71-100,
71-100-2, 100-5, and JP 3-02.
beaten zone (JP 1-02) The area on the ground upon which the cone of fire falls. See FMs 6-20, 7-8, and
7-90.
begin morning civil twilight (BMCT) Begins when the sun is halfway between beginning morning and
nautical twilight and sunrise, when there is enough light to see objects clearly with the unaided eye. At
this time, light intensification devices are no longer effective, and the sun is six degrees below the eastern
horizon.
begin mornin g nautical twilight (BMNT) The start of that period where, in good conditions and in the
absence of other illumination, enough light is available to identify the general outlines of ground objects
and conduct limited military operations. Light intensification devices are still effective and may have
enhanced capabilities. At this time, the sun is 12 degrees below the eastern horizon. (See also twilight.)
beleaguered See missing.
be-prepared mission (Army) A mission assigned to a unit that might be executed. It is generally a
contingency mission which will be executed because something planned has or has not been successful.
In planning priorities, it is planned after any on-order missions. (See also on-order mission.) See FM
101-5.
beseiged See missing.
biological agent (JP 1-02) A microorganism that causes disease in personnel, plants, or animals or causes
the deterioration of materiel. See FMs 3-9 and 8-10-7.
biological operation (JP 1-02, NATO) Employment of biological agents to produce casualties in
personnel or animals and damage to plants or materiel; or defense against such employment. See FM 3-9.
biosurveillance The systematic observation of an area of operations for biological hazards. This includes
the use of biodetectors, intelligence, LB teams, and other resources.
black list (JP 1-02) An official counterintelligence listing of actual or potential enemy collaborators,
sympathizers, intelligence suspects, and other persons whose presence menaces the security of friendly
forces. D-3
black propaganda (JP 1-02) Propaganda which purports to emanate from a source other than the true
one. (See also information warfare (IW).)
1-19
blast effect (JP 1-02) Destruction of or damage to structures and personnel by the force of an explosion
on or above the surface of the ground. Blast effect may be contrasted with the cratering and
ground-shock effects of a projectile or charge that goes off beneath the surface. See FM 5-250 and
JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
blind transmission (JP 1-02) Any transmission of information that is made without expectation of
acknowledgement.
blister agent (JP 1-02, NATO) A chemical agent which injures the eyes and lungs, and burns or blisters
the skin. Also called vesicant agent. See FM 3-9.
block 1. A tactical task assigned to a unit that requires it to deny the enemy access to a given area or to
prevent enemy advance in a given direction or an avenue of approach. It may be for a specified time.
Units assigned this mission may have to retain terrain and accept decisive engagement. 2. An obstacle
effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to stop an attacker on a specific avenue of approach
or to prevent an enemy from exiting an engagement area. (See also contain, disrupt, fix, and turn.) See
FMs 5-71-100, 5-102, and 90-7. 3-31 C-8
blocking position (JP 1-02, NATO) A defensive position so sited as to deny the enemy access to a given
area or to prevent his advance in a given direction. (See also battle position (BP), block, defend, and
strongpoint (SP).) See FMs 5-102, 5-103, 7-20, 71-100, and 71-123.
blood agent (JP 1-02, NATO) A chemical compound, including the cyanide group, that affects bodily
functions by preventing the normal utilization of oxygen by body tissues. See FM 3-9.
blood chit (JP 1-02) A small sheet of material depicting an American Flag and a statement in several
languages to the effect that anyone assisting the bearer to safety will be rewarded. (See also civil affairs.)
See FM 1-111.
blowback (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Escape, to the rear and under pressure, of gases formed during the firing
of the weapon. Blowback may be caused by a defective breech mechanism, a ruptured cartridge case, or
a faulty primer. 2. Type of weapon operation in which the force of expanding gases acting to the rear
against the face of the bolt furnishes all the energy required to initiate the complete cycle of operation.
A weapon which employs this method of operation is characterized by the absence of any breech-lock
or bolt-lock mechanism. (Army) A recoilless weapon is characterized by this type functioning. See
FMs 7-8, 17-12, and 23-1.
bogey (JP 1-02) An air contact which is unidentified but assumed to be enemy. (Not to be confused with
unknown.) (See also hostile criteria.) See FMs 44-100 and 100-103.
booby trap (JP 1-02, NATO) An explosive or nonexplosive device or other material deliberately placed
to cause casualties when an apparently harmless object is disturbed or a normally safe act is performed.
(Army) A device designed to kill or maim an unsuspecting person who disturbs an apparently
harmless object or performs a normally safe act. 3-27 D-3
bound (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In land warfare, a single movement, usually from cover to cover, made by
troops often under enemy fire. (DOD) 2. Distance covered in one movement by a unit that is advancing
by bounds. (See also movement technique.) See FMs 1-111, 7-8, 7-20, 17-95, and 71-123.
boundary (JP 1-02) A line which delineates surface areas for the purpose of facilitating coordination and
deconfliction of operations between adjacent units, formations, or areas. (Army) 1. A control measure
1-20
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
used to define the right, left, rear, and forward limits of an area of operation. 2. A control measure
normally drawn along identifiable terrain features and used to delineate areas of tactical responsibility
between adjacent units and between higher headquarters to the rear of subordinate units. Within their
boundaries, units may maneuver within the overall plan without close coordination with neighboring units
unless otherwise restricted. Direct fire may be placed across boundaries on clearly identified enemy
targets without prior coordination, provided friendly forces are not endangered. Indirect fire also may
be used after prior coordination. (See also airhead, airspace coordination area (ACA),areaofoperations
(AO), and bridgehead.) 3-11
bounding overwatch A movement technique used when contact with enemy forces is expected. The unit
moves by bounds. One element is always halted in position to overwatch another element while it
moves. The overwatching element is positioned to support the moving unit by fire or fire and movement.
(See also movement technique and overwatch.) See FMs 7-8, 7-20, and 71-123.
box formation A unit formation with subordinate elements arranged in a box or square or two elements
up and two back. It is a flexible formation that provides equal fire power in all directions. It is generally
used when the enemy location is known. This formation can cause 50 percent of force to be decisively
engaged at the same time, therefore limiting the combat power available to maneuver against an enemy.
(See also column formation, echelon formation, formation, line formation, movement formation, vee
formation, and wedge formation.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, and 7-20.
bracketing (JP 1-02, NATO) A method of adjusting fire in which a bracket is established by obtaining
an over and a short along the spotting line, and then successively splitting the bracket in half until a target
hit or desired bracket is obtained. (See also call for fire.) See FMs 6-20 and 7-90.
branch (JP 1-02) 1. A subdivision of any organization. 2. A geographically separate unit of an activity
which performs all or part of the primary functions of the parent activity on a smaller scale. Unlike an
annex, a branch is not merely an overflow addition. 3. An arm or service of the Army. (Army) A
contingency plan or course of action (an option built into the basic plan or course of action) for changing
the mission, disposition, orientation, or direction of movement of the force to aid success of the operation
based on anticipated events, opportunities, or disruptions caused by enemy actions and reactions as
determined during the wargaming process. (See also operation order (OPORD), sequel, and wargaming.)
See FMs 100-5 and 101-5.
breach A tactical task where any means available are employed to break through or secure a passage
through an enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification. (See also covert breaching, deliberate
breaching, and in-stride breach.) See FMs 5-71-100 and 90-13-1. C-8
breach force A combined arms force task-organized with the maneuver and engineer forces necessary to
reduce obstacles and create lanes through an obstacle to pass initial assault forces through the lanes. The
force is typically equipped with demolitions or mine plows and rollers. When made up primarily of
engineers, the force must also be organized with the maneuver forces necessary for local direct fire
suppression and security. Breaching forces clear enemy trenches, bunkers, and foxholes, and create and
hold open a breach in the enemy positions. During an attack of an enemy fortified position or
strongpoint, the breaching forces are those elements charged with breaching obstacles along an avenue
of approach. (See also assault force and support force.) See FMs 5-71-100 and 90-13-1.
break-bulk cargo Cargo which is not shipped in a container. See FM 10-1.
breakout An operation conducted by an encircled force to regain freedom of movement or contact with
friendly units. It differs from other attacks only in that a simultaneous defense in other areas of the
1-21
perimeter must be maintained. (See also encirclement, follow and support, main body, rear guard, and
rupture.) See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-100-2, 71-123, and 100-15.
breakthrough A rupturing of the enemy's forward defenses that occurs as a result of a penetration. A
breakthrough permits the passage of an exploitation force. (See also attack, exploitation, and pursuit.)
See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-100-2, and 71-123.
brevity code (JP 1-02, NATO) A code which provides no security but which has as its sole purpose the
shortening of messages rather than the concealment of their content. See FM 101-5.
bridgehead (JP 1-02) An area of ground held or to be gained on the enemy's side of an obstacle. (Army)
In river crossing operations, an area on the enemy's side of the water obstacle that is large enough to
accommodate the majority of the crossing force, has adequate terrain to permit defense of the crossing
sites, provides security of crossing forces from enemy direct fire, and provides a base for continuing the
attack. (See also airhead and beachhead.) See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-100-2, 71-123, and 90-13.
3-19
bridgehead force A force that assaults across a river to secure the enemy side of a river (the bridgehead)
to allow the buildup and passage of a breakout force during river crossing operations. See FMs 7-20,
7-30, 71-100, 71-100-2, 71-123, and 90-13.
bridgehead line (JP 1-02, NATO) The limit of the objective area in the development of the bridgehead.
(See also bridgehead and crossing force.) See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-100-2, 71-123, and 90-13.
3-19
brigade support area (BSA) (Army) A designated area in which combat service support elements from
division support command and corps support command provide logistic support to a brigade. The
forward support battalion (FSB) manages the terrain and unit locations. Examples of units located in the
BSA are FSB command post (CP), brigade rear CP, FSB supply company CP, class I, II, IV, and VII
points, ammunition transfer point, forward support medical company, class VIII point, medical clearing
station, air defense artillery battery (-), and forward signal platoon (-). See FMs 7-30, 8-10-1, and 63-
20. 3-39
broadcast intelligence The dissemination of intelligence and targeting information to multiple terminals
at multiple echelons down to brigade level simultaneously to provide a common intelligence picture at
all those echelons. This eliminates bottlenecks inherent in point-to-point communications. See FMs
34-1, 71-100, and 100-15.
buffer zone A defined area controlled by a peace operations force from which disputing or belligerent
forces have been excluded. A buffer zone is formed to create an area of separation between disputing or
belligerent forces and reduce the risk of renewed conflict. It is also called area of separation in some
United Nations operations. (See also zone of separation (ZOS).)
buildup (JP 1-02, NATO) The process of attaining prescribed strength of units and prescribed levels of
vehicles, equipment, stores, and supplies. Also may be applied to the means of accomplishing this
process. See FMs 100-15 and 100-17.
built-up area A concentration of structures, facilities, and population, such as villages, cities, and towns.
See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-123, 90-10, and 90-10-1.
1-22
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
bulk cargo (JP 1-02) That which is generally shipped in volume where the transportation conveyance is
the only external container; such as liquids, ore, or grain. (Army) Cargo with dimensions less than
oversized cargo and cargo that fits on a 463L aircraft pallet. See FMs 55-10 and 100-10.
bulk petroleum product (JP 1-02, NATO) A liquid petroleum product transported by various means and
stored in tanks or containers having an individual fill capacity greater than 250 liters. See FMs 10-67,
63-2, 63-20, 63-21, and 100-10.
bulk storage (JP 1-02) 1. Storage in a warehouse of supplies and equipment in large quantities, usually
in original containers, as distinguished from bin storage. 2. Storage of liquids, such as petroleum
products in tanks, as distinguished from drum or packaged storage. (See also bulk cargo and bulk
petroleum product.) See FMs 63-2, 63-20, 63-21, and 100-10.
bump plan In movement, a plan that describes in detail which individuals and equipment in each
designated load or chalk has priority over the others. This plan is used when the means of transportation
(truck, helicopter, airplane, or ship) cannot carry all of a particular load. (See also chalk.) See FMs
71-100-3 and 90-4.
bypass A tactical task that involves maneuvering around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain
the momentum of advance. Bypassed obstacles and enemy forces are reported to higher headquarters.
See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15. 3-27 C-8
bypass criteria A measure during the conduct of an offensive operation established by higher
headquarters that specifies the conditions and size under which enemy units and contact may be avoided.
See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
C
call for fire (JP-1-02, NATO) A request for fire containing data necessary for obtaining the required fire
on a target. (See also adjustment of fire.) See FM 6-20 series and FM 7-90.
call forward are a 1. In river crossing operations, waiting areas within the crossing area where final
preparations are made. 2. In air movement operations, the area at the departure airfield where plane
loads are assembled in a ready condition prior to being directed to the loading ramp area. (See also aerial
port of embarkation (APOE), airborne, chalk, staging area, and tanker airlift control element (TALCE).)
See FMs 55-12 and 90-13.
camouflage (JP 1-02, NATO) The use of natural or artificial material on personnel, objects, or tactical
positions with the aim of confusing, misleading, or evading the enemy. (See also concealment, cover,
deception, and surveillance.) See FM 90-2.
campaign (JP 1-02) A series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing a strategic or
operational objective within a given time and space. (See also campaign plan.) See FMs 100-5 and
100-15.
campaign plan (JP 1-02) A plan for a series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing a
strategic or operational objective within a given time and space. (See also campaign.) See FMs 100-5
and 100-15.
canalize (JP 1-02) To restrict operations to a narrow zone by use of existing or reinforcing obstacles or
by fire or bombing. (Army) A tactical task used to restrict operations to a narrow zone by the use of
1-23
obstacles, fires, or unit maneuvering or positioning. (See also obstacle.) See FMs 5-100 and 5-102. C-8
cannibalize (JP 1-02, NATO) To remove serviceable parts from one item of equipment in order to install
them on another item of equipment. (Army) The authorized removal of parts or components from
economically unrepairable or disposable items or assemblies and making them available for reuse. (See
also battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR).) See FMs 63-2, 63-2-1, 63-6, 63-20, 63-21, and
71-123. 3-37
capture The taking into custody of a hostile force, equipment, or personnel as a result of military
operations. See FM 34-1.
captured See missing.
casualty (JP 1-02) Any person who is lost to the organization by having been declared dead, duty status-
whereabouts unknown, missing, ill, or injured. See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, 8-10-6, 8-55, 12-6, and 16-1.
casualty collection point (CCP) A specific location where casualties are assembled to be transported to
a medical treatment facility (MTF), for example, a company aid post. See FM 8-55. 3-37
casualty transport The movement of casualties by nonmedical transportation assets without the
provisions of en route medical care.
C-day (JP1-02) The unnamed day on which a deployment operation commences or is to commence. The
deployment may be movement of troops, cargo, weapon systems, or a combination of these elements
using any or all types of transport. The letter "C" will be the only one used to denote the above. The
highest command or headquarters responsible for coordinating the planning will specify the exact
meaning of C-day within the aforementioned definition. The command or headquarters directly
responsible for the execution of the operation, if other than the one coordinating the planning, will do so
in light of the meaning specified by the highest command or headquarters coordinating the planning. See
FMs 100-5, 100-15, and 100-17.
cease engagement (JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a fire control order used to direct units to stop the
firing sequence against a designated target. Guided missiles already in flight will continue to intercept.
(See also engage and hold fire.) See FM 44-100.
cease fire (JP 1-02) A command given to air defense artillery units to refrain from firing on, but to
continue to track, an airborne object. Missiles already in flight will be permitted to continue to intercept.
(Army) A command given to any unit or individual firing any weapon to stop engaging the target.
(See also call for fire, fire command, and fire mission.) See FMs 6-20, 7-8, 7-90, 17-12, 23-1, and
44-100.
cease loading (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, the command used during firing
of two or more rounds to indicate the suspension of inserting rounds into the weapon. (Army) Pertains
to mortar fire also. See FMs 6-20 series and 7-90.
cell (JP 1-02) Small group of individuals who work together for clandestine or subversive purposes.
centers of gravity (JP 1-02) Those characteristics, capabilities, or localities from which a military force
derives its freedom of action, physical strength, or will to fight. (Army) The hub of all power and
movement, on which everything depends. (See also operational art and operational level of war.) See
FMs 100-5, 100-7, and 100-15.
1-24
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
centigray (cGy) (JP 1-02, NATO) A unit of absorbed dose of radiation (one centigray equals one rad).
(Army) The term centigray (1/100 of a gray) (one gray equals 100 rads) has replaced the term rad and
is the equivalent of one rad. (See decontamination.) See FMs 3-3-1 and 3-4.
chaff (JP 1-02) Radar confusion reflectors, which consist of thin, narrow metallic strips of various lengths
and frequency responses, used to reflect echoes for confusion purposes. (Army) Causes enemy
missiles to lock on to it instead of the real aircraft. (See also deception.) See FMs 1-111 and 90-2.
chain of command (JP 1-02, NATO) The succession of commanding officers from a superior to a
subordinate through which command is exercised. Also called command channel.
chalk Designated troops, equipment, or cargo that constitutes a complete aircraft load. (See also air
assault, airborne, and tanker air lift control element (TALCE).) See FMs 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and
90-26.
chalk number (JP 1-02, NATO) The number given to a complete load and to the transporting carrier.
(See also chalk.) See FMs 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and 90-26.
challenge (JP 1-02, NATO) Any process carried out by one unit or person with the object of ascertaining
the friendly or hostile character or identity of another. (See also password.)
check firing (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a command to cause a temporary halt
in firing. (Army) Pertains to mortar fire also. (See also cease fire, cease loading, and fire mission.)
See FM 6-20 series.
checkpoint (CP) (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A predetermined point on the surface of the earth used as a means
of controlling movement, a registration target for fire adjustment, or reference for location. 2. Center
of impact; a burst center. 3. Geographical location on land or water above which the position of an
aircraft in flight may be determined by observation or by electrical means. 4. A place where military
police check vehicular or pedestrian traffic in order to enforce circulation control measures and other
laws, orders, and regulations. (Army) 1. Predetermined point on the ground used to control movement
and tactical maneuver. 2. A place where military police are set up to provide information and prevent
illegal actions or actions that aid the enemy; this includes inspection of vehicles and cargo. See FMs 19-
1, 19-4, 71-123, and 100-103. 3-25
chemical agent (JP 1-02, NATO) A chemical substance which is intended for use in military operations
to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate personnel through its physiological effects. The term excludes
riot control agents, herbicides, smoke, and flame. (See also biological agent, chemical defense, and
decontamination.) See FMs 3-9 and FM 8-10-7.
chem ical defense (JP 1-02, NATO) The methods, plans, and procedures involved in establishing and
executing defensive measures against attack utilizing chemical agents. (See also chemical agent and
decontamination.) See FMs 3-3 and 3-100.
chemical downwind message (CDM) A weather forecast valid for three 2-hour periods (6 hours). The
CDM forecasts wind direction, wind speed, air stability, humidity, air temperature, and any significant
weather. (See also decontamination and mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP).) See FM 3-3.
chemical warfare (CW) (JP 1-02) All aspects of military operations involving the employment of lethal
and incapacitating munitions/agents and the warning and protective measures associated with such
offensive operations. Since riot control agents and herbicides are not considered to be chemical warfare
1-25
agents, those two items will be referred to separately or under the broader term "chemical," which will
be used to include all types of chemical munitions/agents collectively. The term "chemical warfare
weapons" may be used when it is desired to reflect both lethal and incapacitating munitions/agents of
either chemical or biological origin. (See also chemical defense, herbicide, and riot control agent.)
See FMs 3-9 and 3-100.
choices of maneuver (Army) Distinct tactical combinations of fire and movement with a unique set of
doctrinal characteristics that differ primarily in the relationship between the maneuvering force and the
enemy. The choices of offensive maneuver are envelopment, turning movement, infiltration, penetration,
and frontal attack. The choices of defensive maneuver are forward and in-depth. Commanders use these
to orient on the enemy, not terrain. More than one may be applied during an operation and may be used
in conjunction with a form of tactical operation. (See also attack, envelopment, frontal attack, infiltration,
penetration, turning movement, and type of operation.) See FMs 71-100, 100-5, 100-7, and 100-15.
choke point A geographical location on land or water that restricts the movement of forces and can be
natural, man-made, or created through the disposition of forces.
circular error probable (CEP) (JP 1-02) An indicator of the delivery accuracy of a weapon system, used
as a factor in determining probable damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle within which half of a
missile's projectiles are expected to fall. (Army) Error in location of a system or vehicle based on the
on-board navigational system and the distance from the last survey control point. See FMs 6-50 series,
7-90, 17-12, and 23-1.
civil administration An administration established by a foreign government in (1) friendly territory, under
an agreement with the government of the area concerned, to exercise certain authority normally the
function of the local government (also called civil affairs administration), or (2) hostile territory, occupied
by US forces, where a foreign government exercises executive, legislative, and judicial authority until an
indigenous civil government can be established. (See also civil affairs (CA), civil military operations
(CMO), and stability and support operations (SASO).) See FM 41-10.
civil affairs (CA) (JP 1-02) The activities of a commander that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit
relations between military forces and civil authorities, both governmental and nongovernmental, and the
civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or hostile area of operations in order to facilitate military
operations and consolidate operational objectives. Civil affairs may include performance by military
forces of activities and functions normally the responsibility of local government. These activities may
occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military actions. They may also occur, if directed, in the
absence of other military operations. (Army) 1. Matters concerning the relationship between
military forces located in a country or area and the civil authorities and people of that country or area,
usually occurring in time of hostilities or other emergency, and normally covered by a treaty or other
agreement, expressed or implied. 2. Military government: the form of administration by which
occupying power exercises executive, legislative, and judicial authority over occupied territory. See FM
41-10. 4-30
civil defense emergency See domestic emergencies.
civil disturbances See domestic emergencies.
civil-military operations (CMO) (Army) The complex of activities in support of military operations
embracing the interaction between the military force and civilian authorities fostering the development
of favorable emotions, attitudes, and behavior in neutral, friendly, or hostile groups. See FM 41-10.
1-26
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
civil-military operations ce nter (CMOC) (Army) An operations center formed from civil affairs assets
that serves as the primary interface between the US armed forces and the local civilian population,
humanitarian organizations, nongovernmental organizations, private voluntary organizations, United
Nations and other international agencies, multinational military forces, and other agencies of the US
government. The primary purpose of the CMOC is to ensure continuous coordination among the key
participants in a given area with regards to civil military matters. It is a flexible, mission-dependent
organization that can be formed at brigade through joint levels of command. See FM 41-10.
clandestine operation (JP 1-02) An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or

agencies in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a covert
operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of the operation rather than on concealment of
identity of sponsor. In special operations, an activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus
equally on operational considerations and intelligence-related activities.
classes of supply The grouping of supplies by type into 10 categories to facilitate supply management and
planning. 3-39, 3-40 4-27, 4-28
Supply Class Definition/Examples
*I Subsistence items (meals ready to eat (MRE), T-rations, and fresh fruits and vegetables) and
gratuitous-issue health and comfort items. 3-39 4-27
II Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool sets and kits, hand tools, maps,
and administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment. 3-39 4-28
III Petroleum fuels, lubricants, hydraulic and insulating oils, preservatives, liquids and gases,
bulk chemical products, coolants, deicer and antifreeze compounds, components and
additives of petroleum and chemical products, and coal. 3-39 4-28
IV Construction materials including installed equipment, and all fortification and obstacle
materials. 3-39 4-28
V Ammunition of all types including chemical, bombs, explosives, mines, fuzes, detonators,
pyrotechnics, missiles, rockets, propellants, and other associated items. 3-39 4-28
* VI Personal demand items such as health and hygiene products, writing material, snack food,
beverages, cigarettes, batteries, and cameras (nonmilitary items). 3-39 4-28
VII Major end items such as launchers, tanks, mobile machine shops, and vehicles.
3-39 4-28
* VIII Medical material, including repair parts peculiar to medical equipment and management of
blood. 3-40 4-28
IX Repair parts and components, to include kits, assemblies, and subassemblies (repairable or
nonrepairable), that are required for maintenance support of all equipment.
3-40 4-28
X Material required to support nonmilitary programs, such as agricultural and economic

development projects (not included in classes I through IX). 3-40 4-28
MISC Water, captured enemy material, salvage material. 4-27, 4-29
1-27
clear (JP 1-02) 1. To approve or authorize, or to obtain approval or authorization for: a. a person or
persons with regard to their actions, movements, duties, etc; b. an object or group of objects, as
equipment or supplies, with regard to quality, quantity, purpose, movement, disposition, etc; and c. a
request, with regard to correctness of form, validity, etc. 2. To give one or more aircraft a clearance. 3.
To give a person a security clearance. 4. To fly over an obstacle without touching it. 5. To pass a
designated point, line, or object. The end of a column must pass the designated feature before the latter
is cleared. 6. a. To operate a gun so as to unload it or make certain no ammunition remains; and b. to
free a gun of stoppages. 7. To clear an engine; to open the throttle of an idling engine to free it from
carbon. 8. To clear the air to gain either temporary or permanent air superiority or control in a given
sector. (Army) 1. A tactical task to remove all enemy forces and eliminate organized resistance in an
assigned zone, area, or location by destroying, capturing, or forcing the withdrawal of enemy forces such
that they cannot interfere with the friendly unit's ability to accomplish its mission. 2. To eliminate
transmissions on a tactical radio net in order to allow a higher-precedence transmission to occur. 3. The
total elimination or neutralization of an obstacle that is usually performed by follow-on engineers and is
not done under fire. (See also reduce.) See FMs 5-100, 5-101, and 90-13-1. C-8
clearance of f ires The process of approving or obtaining approval to attack targets with indirect fires
within and outside the boundaries of the maneuver unit for which the fires are provided. See FMs 6-20
series, 7-30, 7-90, 71-100, and 71-123.
clearing operation (JP 1-02) An operation designed to clear or neutralize all mines and obstacles from
a route or area. (See also breach.) See FMs 5-100, 5-101, and 90-13-1.
clearing station An Echelon II medical treatment facility established by a medical company that provides
emergency or resuscitative treatment for patients until evacuated and definitive treatment for patients with
minor illness, wounds, or injuries who can return to duty.
close air support (CAS) (JP 1-02) Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets
which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission
with the fire and movement of those forces. (See also air interdiction (AI).) See FMs 1-111 and 6-20
series.
close operations Involves forces in immediate contact with the enemy and the fighting between the
committed forces and the readily available tactical reserves of both combatants. (See also attack,
battlefield organization, and defend.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and
100-15.
cluster(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Fireworks signal in which a group of stars burns at the same time. 2. Group
of bombs released together. A cluster usually consists of fragmentation or incendiary bombs. See FM
6-20 series. 3. Two or more parachutes for dropping light or heavy loads. See FMs 90-26 and 71-100-2.
4. In land mine warfare, a component of a pattern-laid minefield. It may be antitank, antipersonnel, or
mixed. It consists of one to five mines and no more than one antitank mine. See FM 5-102. 5. Two or
more engines coupled together so as to function as one power unit. 6. In naval mine warfare, a number
of mines laid in close proximity to each other as a pattern or coherent unit. They may be of mixed types.
7. In minehunting, designates a group of mine-like contacts.
clutter (JP 1-02) Permanent echoes, cloud, or other atmospheric echo on radar scope; as contact has
entered scope clutter. (See also air defense) See FM 44-100.
coalition An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. (See also alliance and
multinational operations.) See FMs 100-5, 100-15, and 100-20.
1-28
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
coil An arrangement of vehicles forming a circle and providing 360-degree security in an assembly area
with the primary weapon systems and protective armor facing outward. See FMs 7-7, 17-12, 17-15, and
17-95.
collateral damage Unintended and undesirable civilian personnel injuries or materiel damage adjacent
to a target produced by the effects of friendly weapons. See FM 6-20 series.
collateral damage distance Minimum distance in meters that a desired ground zero for a nuclear
explosion must be separated from civilian personnel and materiel to ensure with 99-percent assurance that
a 5-percent incidence of injuries or property damage will not be exceeded. See FM 100-30.
collateral mission activities The inherent capabilities of all military forces that may periodically be
applied to accomplish missions other than those for which the forces are principally organized, trained,
and equipped. Collateral activities in which special operations forces, by virtue of inherent capabilities,
may be tasked to participate include humanitarian assistance, security assistance, search and rescue,
counternarcotics, antiterrorism and other security activities, and special activities. See FM 31-20.
collecting point (JP 1-02) A point designated for the assembly of personnel casualties, stragglers, disabled
materiel, salvage, etc, for further movement to collecting stations or rear installations. (Army and Marine
Corps: collection point.)
collection emphasis message A unit's collection strategy in a narrative message format. This message
communicates the collection intent and "big picture" to higher, lower, and adjacent units; collectors; and
others. See FM 34-2.
collection plan (JP 1-02, NATO) A plan for collecting information from all available sources to meet
intelligence requirements and for transforming those requirements into orders and requests to appropriate
agencies. (See also combat intelligence, information requirements, reconnaissance (recon, recce), and
reconnaissance and surveillance plan.) See FMs 34-1 and 101-5.
collection point A point designated for the assembly of casualties, stragglers, not operationally ready
equipment and materiel, salvage, prisoners, and so on for treatment, classification, sorting, repair, or
further movement to collecting stations or rear facilities and installations. (See also aid station.) See
FMs 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 8-10-1, 8-10-6, 63-2, 63-2-1, 63-6, 63-20, 63-21, 71-100, and 71-123.
3-37, 3-38
column formation (Army) An arrangement of vehicles or dismounted troops in which each individual or
vehicle in a specified unit follows directly behind the one in front. This type formation provides good
security and permits maximum fire to the flanks, facilitates control, facilitates rapid deployment into any
other formation, normally employs flank security, and may employ rear or forward security. It is used
when speed is essential or for road marches, night movements, and when passing through defiles or dense
woods. (See also box formation, diamond formation, echelon formation, formation, line formation,
movement formation, vee formation, and wedge formation.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, and 17-95.
combatant command (JP 1-02) A unified or specified command with a broad continuing mission under
a single commander established and so designated by the President, through the Secretary of Defense, and
with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Combatant commands
typically have geographic or functional responsibilities. See FMs 100-5, 100-15, and JP 0-2.
combatant command (command authority) (COCOM) (JP 0-2, JP 1-02) Nontransferable command
authority established by title 10 ("Armed Forces"), United States Code, section 164, exercised only by
1-29
commanders of unified or specified combatant commands unless otherwise directed by the President or
the Secretary of Defense. Combatant command (command authority) cannot be delegated and is the
authority of a combatant commander to perform those functions of command over assigned forces
involving organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and
giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics necessary
to accomplish the missions assigned to the command. Combatant command (Command authority) should
be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised
through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component commanders.
Combatant command (command authority) provides full authority to organize and employ commands
and forces as the combatant commander considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions.
Operational control is inherent in combatant command (command authority). (See also combatant
command, operational control (OPCON), and tactical control (TACON).) See Fms 100-5, 100- 15,and
JP 0-2.
combat arms Units and soldiers who close with and destroy enemy forces or provide firepower and
destructive capabilities on the battlefield. The included branches and functions are: Air Defense
Artillery, Armor/Cavalry, Aviation, Field Artillery, Infantry, Special Forces, and the Corps of Engineers.
4-10 to 4-18
combat assessment (JP 1-02) The determination of the overall effectiveness of force employment during
military operations. Combat assessment is composed of three major components: (a) battle damage
assessment, (b) munitions effects assessment, and (c) reattack recommendation. The objective of
combat assessment is to identify recommendations for the course of military operations. The J-3 is
normally the single point of contact for combat assessment at the joint force level, assisted by the joint
force J-2. (See also battle damage assessment (BDA), course of action (COA), and wargaming.) See FM
101-5.
combat configured load (CCL) (Army) A planned package of ammunition or other supplies that are
transported as a single load to support a type unit or weapon system. See FM 9-6.
combat control team (CCT) (Army) A team of Air Force personnel organized, trained, and equipped to
establish and operate navigational or terminal guidance aids, communications, and aircraft control
facilities within the objective area of an airborne operation. (See also airborne and landing zone (LZ).)
See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, and 90-26.
combat effectiveness The ability of a unit to perform its mission. Factors such as ammunition, personnel,
status of fuel, and weapon systems are assessed and rated. See FM 101-5.
combat functions Functions that commanders integrate and coordinate to synchronize battle effects in
time, space, and purpose. They are intelligence, maneuver, fire support, air defense, mobility and
survivability, logistics, and battle command. See FM 100-5.
combat health support All services performed, provided, or arranged to promote, improve, conserve, or
restore the mental or physical well-being of personnel in the Army and, as directed, for other services,
agencies, and organizations. See FM 8-10-1.
combat information (JP 1-02) Unevaluated data, gathered by or provided directly to the tactical
commander which, due to its highly perishable nature or the criticality of the situation, cannot be
processed into tactical intelligence in time to satisfy the user's tactical intelligence requirements. (See also
information requirements (IR).)
1-30
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
combat intelligence (JP 1-02) That knowledge of the enemy, weather, and geographical features required
by a commander in the planning and conduct of combat operations. (Army) Information on the
enemy's capabilities, intentions, vulnerabilities, and the environment. (See also collection plan,
intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB), reconnaissance (recon, recce), and reconnaissance and
surveillance plan.) See FMs 1-111, 5-100, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 31-20, 34-1, 34-2, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5,
100-15, 100-20, 100-25, and 101-5.
combat load Those quantities of all classes of supplies kept by a unit to sustain operation in combat for
a prescribed number of days. Combat loads must be capable of being moved into combat in one lift using
organic transportation. See FM 10-1.
combat loading (JP 1-02, NATO) The arrangement of personnel and the stowage of equipment and
supplies in a manner designed to conform to the anticipated tactical operation of the organization
embarked. Each individual item is stowed so that it can be unloaded at the required time. (See also load
plan.) See FMs 7-8, 55-12, and 71-10.
combat multiplier Supporting and subsidiary means that significantly increase the relative combat
strength (power) of a force while actual force ratios remain constant. Examples of combat multipliers
are economizing in one area to mass in another, leadership, unit morale, surprise, deception, battlefield
information, camouflage, electronic warfare, psychological operations, terrain reinforcement, smoke, and
indirect fires. (See also combat power.) See FM 100-5.
combat observation and lasing team (COLT) A fire support team controlled at the brigade level that
is capable of target acquisition under reduced visibility conditions and has both laser-rangefinding and
laser-designating capabilities. (See also call for fire.) See FMs 6-20-10, 7-30, and 17-95. 4-15
combat outpost A well-prepared fortified outpost used to engage enemy reconnaissance and main body
forces. Combat outposts are normally employed in restrictive terrain where armored forces cannot
adequately deploy or when the security force is less mobile than the enemy and can be employed during
security operations such as a guard or cover. Combat outposts may accept encirclement or displace,
based on commander's intent. (See also counterreconnaissance.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, and 100-40.
4-9 4-17
combat patrol (NATO) For ground forces, a tactical unit sent out from the main body to engage in
independent fighting; detachment assigned to protect the front, flank, or rear of the main body by fighting
if necessary. Also called fighting patrol. (See also ambush, raid, and security operations.) See FMs 7-7,
7-8, 7-10, and 71-123.
combat power (JP 1-02, NATO) The total means of destructive and/or disruptive force which a military
unit/formation can apply against the opponent at a given time. (Army) A combination of the effects
of maneuver, firepower, protection, and leadership. (See also combat multiplier.) See FMs 1-111, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, and 71-123, and 100-5.
combat service support (CSS) (JP 1-02) The essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks
necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within the national
and theater logistic systems, it includes but is not limited to that support rendered by service forces in
ensuring the aspects of supply, maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required
by aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their missions in combat.
Combat service support encompasses those activities at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all
operating forces on the battlefield. (Army) CSS also include those activities in stability and support
operations that sustain all operating forces. The included branches and functions are: Adjutant General
1-31
Corps, Acquisition Corps, Chaplain Corps, Finance Corps, Judge Advocate General Corps, Medical
Corps, Ordnance Corps, Transportation Corps, and the Quartermaster Corps. See FMs 8-10, 10-1,
100-5, and 100-10. 4-23 to 4-29
combat service support element (CSSE) (USMC) The Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) element
that is task-organized to provide the full range of combat service support necessary to accomplish the
MAGTF mission. The CSSE can provide supply, maintenance, transportation, deliberate engineering,
health, postal, disbursing, prisoner of war, information systems, exchange, utilities, legal, and graves
registration services. The CSSE varies in size from a Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) service support
group (MSSG) to a force service support group (FSSG). Normally, there is only one combat service
support element in a MAGTF.
combat stress control (CSC) A coordinated program for the prevention, triage, and treatment of each
echelon of battle fatigue to maximize rapid return to duty and minimize misconduct stress reactions and
post-traumatic stress disorders. This program is conducted by unit mental health personnel plus echelon
above division combat stress control units. See FMs 8-51 and 22-51.
combat support (CS) Units and soldiers that provide critical combat functions in conjunction with
combat arms units and soldiers to secure victory. The included branches and functions are: Chemical
Corps, civil affairs, psychological operations, Military Intelligence, Military Police Corps, and the Signal
Corps. 4-19 to 4-23
combat support elements (JP 1-02) Those elements whose primary missions are to provide combat
support to the combat forces and which are a part, or prepared to become a part, of a theater, command,
or task force formed for combat operations.
combatting terrorism (JP 1-02) Actions, including antiterrorism (defensive measures taken to reduce
vulnerability to terrorist acts) and counterterrorism (offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and
respond to terrorism), taken to oppose terrorism throughout the entire threat spectrum. (See also stability
and support operations (SASO).) See FM 100-20.
combat trains The portion of unit trains that provides the combat service support required for immediate
response to the needs of forward tactical elements. At company level, medical recovery, supply, and
maintenance elements normally constitute the combat trains. At battalion, the combat trains normally
consist of ammunition and petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) vehicles, maintenance and recovery
vehicles and crews, and the battalion aid station. (See also collection point, field trains, and unit trains.)
See FMs 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123.
combat trains command post (CTCP) The CTCP consists of the Task Force S4 and representatives
from the S1. It plans and coordinates sustainment for tactical operations and serves as the alternate for
the main CP. (See also alternate command post, brigade support area, collection point, combat trains,
field trains, and unit trains.) See FM 7-10, 7-20, and 71-123. A-3
combat zone (CZ) (JP 1-02) 1. That area required by combat forces for the conduct of operations. 2.
The territory forward of the Army rear area boundary. (NATO) It is divided into: a. the forward
combat zone, comprising the territory forward of the corps rear boundary; and b. the rear combat zone,
usually comprising the territory between the corps rear boundary and the army group rear boundary. (See
also communications zone (COMMZ).) See FMs 100-5 and 100-7.
combined arms The synchronized or simultaneous application of several arms, such as infantry, armor,
artillery, engineers, air defense, and aviation, to achieve an effect on the enemy that is greater than if each
1-32
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
arm was used against the enemy in sequence. (See also combat multiplier and task force (TF ).) See FMs
71-100, 71-123, and 100-5.
combined arms team Two or more arms mutually supporting one another, usually consisting of infantry,
armor, cavalry, aviation, field artillery, air defense artillery, and engineers. (See also combat multiplier,
joint operations, and task force (TF).) See FMs 71-100, 71-123, and 100-5.
combined operation See combined warfare.
combined warfare (JP 1-02) Warfare conducted by forces of two or more allied nations in coordinated
action toward common objectives. (Army) Currently referred to as multinational warfare. (See also
coalition and multinational operations.) See FM 100-5.
command (JP 1-02) 1. The authority that a commander in the Military Service lawfully exercises over
subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and responsibility for
effectively using available resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing,
coordinating, and controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions. It also
includes responsibility for health, welfare, morale, and discipline of assigned personnel. 2. An order
given by a commander; that is, the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about
a particular action. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual.
4. To dominate by a field of weapon fire or by observation from a superior position. (See also battle
command and commander.) See FMs 22-100, 22-103, 100-5, and 101-5.
command and control (C 2) (JP 1-02) The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated
commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and
control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications,
facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling
forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. (See also battle command, command,
commander, and command post (CP).) See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
command, control, communicati ons, computers, and intelligence (C 4I) Integrated system of doctrine,
procedures, organizational structures, facilities, communication computers, and supporting intelligence
assets. It includes missile warning and cueing of defense systems by missile warning sensors and ground
stations. C4I provides command authorities at all levels with timely and accurate data systems to plan,
monitor, direct, control, and report operations. (Army) The means for the commander to communicate
his intent, command and control his forces, and disseminate pertinent information throughout his area of
operations.
command and control warfare (C 2W) (JP 1-02) The integrated use of operations security (OPSEC),
military deception, psychological operations (PSYOP), electronic warfare (EW), and physical destruction,
mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary
command and control capabilities, while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against
such actions. Command and control warfare is an application of information warfare in military
operations and is a subset of information warfare. Command and control warfare applies across the range
of military operations and all levels of conflict. C2W is both offensive and defensive: a. C2 -attack.
Prevent effective C2 of adversary forces by denying information to, influencing, degrading or destroying
the adversary C2 system. b. C2 -protect. Maintain effective command and control of own forces by
turning to friendly advantage or negating adversary efforts to deny information to, influence, degrade,
or destroy the friendly C2 system. (See also information warfare (IW).) See FMs 34-1, 71-100, 100-5,
100-15, and JP 3-13.1.
1-33
command element (CE) (JP 1-02) The Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) headquarters. The CE
is a permanent organization composed of the commander, general or executive and special staff sections,
headquarters section, and requisite communications and service support facilities. The CE provides
command, control, and coordination essential for effective planning and execution of operations by the
other three elements of the MAGTF. There is only one CE in a MAGTF.
commander One who is in command because of rank, position, or other circumstances. (See also battle
command and command.)
commander's critical in formation requirements (CCIR) Information required by the commander that
directly affects his decisions and dictates the successful execution of operational or tactical operations.
CCIR normally result in the generation of three types of information requirements: priority intelligence
requirements, essential elements of friendly information, and friendly force information requirements.
(See also essential elements of friendly information (EEFI), friendly force information requirements
(FFIR), and priority intelligence requirements (PIR).) See FMs 34-1, 71-100, 100-15, and 101-5.
commander's estimate of the situation (JP 1-02) A logical process of reasoning by which a commander
considers all the circumstances affecting the military situation and arrives at a decision as to a course of
action to be taken to accomplish the mission. A commander's estimate which considers a military
situation so far in the future as to require major assumptions is called a commander's long-range estimate
of the situation. (Army) The procedure whereby a commander decides how to best accomplish the
assigned mission. It is a thorough consideration of the mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available
(METT-T) and other relevant factors. The commander's estimate is based on personal knowledge of the
situation and on staff estimates. (See also battle command, battlespace, and staff estimates.) See FM
101-5.
commander's intent (Army) A clear, concise statement of what the force must do to succeed with respect
to the enemy and the terrain and to the desired end state. It provides the link between the mission and the
concept of operations by stating the key tasks that, along with the mission, are the basis for subordinates
to exercise initiative when unanticipated opportunities arise or when the original concept of operations
no longer applies. If the commander wishes to explain a broader purpose beyond that of the mission
statement, he may do so. Intent is normally expressed in four or five sentences and is mandatory for all
orders. The mission and the commander's intent must be understood two echelons down. See FM 101-5.
command group A small party that accompanies the commander when he departs the command post to
be present at a critical action. The party is organized and equipped to suit the commander and normally
provides local security and other personal assistance for the commander as he requires. (See also
command post (CP).) See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 101-5. A-2
command post (CP ) (JP 1-02, NATO) A unit's or subunit's headquarters where the commander and the
staff perform their activities. In combat, a unit's or subunit's headquarters is often divided into echelons;
the echelon in which the unit or subunit commander is located or from which such commander operates
is called a command post. (Army) The principal facility employed by the commander to control
combat operations. (The commander is only present at the command post to receive information or
briefings. He controls the battle from a forward position called the command group.) A CP consists of
those coordinating and special staff activities and representatives from supporting Army elements and
other services that may be necessary to carry out operations. Corps and division headquarters are
particularly adaptable to organization by echelon into a tactical CP, a main CP, and a rear CP. (See also
alternate command post, assault command post, base defense operations center (BDOC), combat trains
command post (CTCP), command group, main command post, rear command post, tactical command
post (TAC CP), and tactical operations center (TOC).) See FMs 1-111, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100,
71-123, 100-5, and 101-5. A-3
1-34
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
command post exercise (CPX) (JP 1-02, NATO) An exercise in which the forces are simulated, involving
the commander, his staff, and communications within and between headquarters. (See also exercise.)
See FMs 100-5 and 101-5.
command relationship (Army) The degree of control and responsibility a commander has for forces
operating under his command. (See also administrative control, assign, attach, direct support (DS),
general support (GS), operational control (OPCON), and tactical control (TACON)) See FMs 71-100,
100-5, and 100-15.
committed force (Army) A force in contact with an enemy or deployed on a specific mission or course
of action which precludes its employment elsewhere. (See also attack, decisive engagement, and defend.)
See FMs 7-7, 7-8 and 7-10.
common servicing (JP 1-02) That function performed by one Military Service in support of another
Military Service for which reimbursement is not required from the Service receiving support. (See also
command relationship and support.) See FM 10-1.
common understanding of the battlefield (Army) The commander and staff's perception of the
battlefield environment. It includes the sum of all that is known or perceived of friendly or threat forces
and the effects of the battlefield environment.
common use (JP 1-02) Services, materials, or facilities provided by a Department of Defense agency or
a Military Department on a common basis for two or more DOD agencies. See FM 10-1.
commun ication deception (JP 1-02) Use of devices, operations, and techniques with the intent of
confusing or misleading the user of a communications link or a navigation system. (See also command
and control warfare (C2W), deception operation, electronic warfare (EW), imitative electromagnetic
deception (IED), and information warfare (IW).) See FMs 34-1, 34-10, and 90-2.
communications checkpoint (CCP) (Army) An air control point that requires serial leaders to report
either to the aviation mission commander or the terminal control facility. (See also air control point
(ACP), air corridor, and Army airspace command and control (A2C2).) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 1-116,
71-100-3, and 90-4. 3-5
communications intelligence (COMINT) (JP 1-02) Technical and intelligence information derived from
foreign communications by other than the intended recipients. (See also combat intelligence.) See FMs
34-1 and 34-10.
communications jamming Electronic measures taken to deny the enemy the use of communications
means. (See also barrage jamming, command and control warfare (C2W), electronic warfare (EW), and
jamming.) See FMs 34-1 and 34-10.
communications security (COMSEC) (JP 1-02) The protection resulting from all measures designed to
deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study
of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such
possession and study. COMSEC includes cryptosecurity, transmission security, emission security, and
physical security of COMSEC materials and information. See FMs 24-1, 34-1, and 34-10.
commun ications zone (COMMZ) (JP 1-02, NATO) Rear part of theater of operations (behind but
contiguous to the combat zone) which contains the lines of communications, establishments for supply
and evacuation, and other agencies required for the immediate support and maintenance of the field
forces. (See also combat zone (CZ) and rear area.) See FM 100-7.
1-35
company team (Army) A combined arms team formed by attaching one or more nonorganic tank,
mechanized infantry, or light infantry platoons to a tank, mechanized infantry, or light infantry company
either in exchange for or in addition to organic platoons. (See also combined arms team.) See FM 7-10.
compartment Areas bounded on at least two sides by terrain features affected by drainage and relief, such
as woods, ridges, or ravines, that limit observation or observed fire into the area from points outside the
area and effect avenues of approach. (See also cross-corridor.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, and 34-130.
compartmentation (Army) In unconventional warfare, the division of an organization or activity into

functional segments or cells to restrict communication between them and prevent knowledge of the
identity or activities of other segments except on a need-to-know basis. Restricting the use of specific
cryptovariables to specific users for the purpose of limiting access to the information protected by these
cryptovariables and limiting the adverse impact of a compromise of these variables.
complete round (JP 1-02) A term applied to an assemblage of explosive and nonexplosive components
designed to perform a specific function at the time and under the conditions desired. Examples of
complete rounds of ammunition are: a. separate loading, consisting of a primer, propelling charge, and,
except for blank ammunition, a projectile and a fuze. b. fixed or semifixed, consisting of a primer,
propelling charge, cartridge case, a projectile, and, except when solid projectiles are used, a fuze.
c. bomb, consisting of all component parts required to drop and function the bomb once. d. missile,
consisting of a complete warhead section and a missile body with its associated components and
propellants. e. rocket, consisting of all components necessary to function. See FM 6-20 series.
computed air release point (CARP) (JP 1-02, NATO) A computed air position where the first paratroop
or cargo item is released to land on a specified impact point. See FMs 71-100-3 and 90-26.
concealment (JP 1-02, NATO) The protection from observation or surveillance. (See also camouflage
and cover.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, and 34-130.
concentrated fire A limited area on which a volume of gunfire is placed within a limited time.
concept of operations 1. (JP 1-02) A verbal or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a commander's
assumptions or intent in regard to an operation or series of operations. The concept of operations
frequently is embodied in campaign plans and operation plans; in the latter case, particularly when the
plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried out simultaneously or in succession. The
concept is designed to give an overall picture of the operation. It is included primarily for additional
clarity of purpose. 2. (NATO) A clear and concise statement of the line of action chosen by a
commander in order to accomplish his mission. (Army) Describes how the commander sees the
actions of each of his units fitting together to accomplish the mission. As a minimum, the description
includes the scheme of maneuver and concept of fires. See FM 100-5.
concept plan (CONPLAN) (JP 1-02) An operation plan in concept format. (See also operation plan
(OPLAN).) See FMs 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
confirmation brief A briefing subordinate leaders give to the higher commander immediately after the
operation order is given. It is their understanding of his intent, their specific tasks, and the relationship
between their mission and the other units in the operation. (See also backbrief.) See FM 101-5.
conflict (Army) A political-military situation between peace and war, distinguished from peace by the
introduction of organized political violence and from war by its reliance on political methods. It shares
many of the goals and characteristics of war, including the destruction of governments and the
control of territory. See FM 100-20.
1-36
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
conflict termination (Army) The point a conflict ends and postconflict activities begin. The enemy should
be both unable and unwilling to resist. Strategic, operational, and political goals established at the
beginning of the conflict should either be secured, or their securement be the immediate result of the end
of the conflict. See FM 100-5.
connectivity The exchange of information by electronic means.
consolidation of position (JP 1-02, NATO) Organizing and strengthening of a newly captured position
so that it can be used against the enemy. (Army) Also called consolidation phase. (See also assault,
attack, and objective.) See FMs 5-102, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123.
constraint (Army) Restrictions placed on the command by a higher command to dictate an action or
inaction, thus restricting the freedom of action the subordinate commander has for planning a mission
by stating things that must or must not be done. See FMs 71-100, 100-15, and 101-5.
consumptio n rate (JP 1-02, NATO) The average quantity of an item consumed or expended during a
given time interval, expressed in quantities by the most appropriate unit of measurement per applicable
stated basis. See FMs 10-1, 63-20, 63-21, and 100-10.
contact (JP 1-02) 1. In air intercept, a term meaning, "Unit has an unevaluated target." 2. In health
services, an unevaluated individual who is known to have been sufficiently near an infected individual to
have been exposed to the transfer of infectious material. (Army) 1. Friendly, when two or more
friendly forces make visual, physical, or communications interaction. 2. Enemy, when a friendly force
engages an enemy force physically in hand-to-hand fighting or at the maximum range of weapons and
visual or electronic devices. (See also close operations.)
contact point (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In land warfare, a point on the terrain, easily identifiable, where two
or more units are required to make contact. 2. In air operations, the position at which a mission leader
makes radio contact with an air control agency. (See also checkpoint (CP), control point, and
coordinating point.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 19-1, and 71-123. 3-25
contain (JP 1-02, NATO) To stop, hold, or surround the forces of the enemy or to cause the enemy to
center activity on a given front and to prevent his withdrawing any part of his forces for use elsewhere.
(Army) A tactical task to restrict enemy movement. (See also block, fix, suppression.) See FMs
7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15. C-8
container delivery system ( CDS) A system for aerial delivery of supplies and small items of equipment
from low or high altitudes into a small area. (See also bulk cargo.) See FM 55-12.
contaminati on (JP 1-02) 1. The deposit, absorption, or adsorption of radioactive material, or of

biological or chemical agents on or by structures, areas, personnel, or objects. 2. Food and/or water made
unfit for consumption by humans or animals because of the presence of environmental chemicals,
radioactive elements, bacteria or organisms, the byproduct of the growth of bacteria or organisms, the
decomposing material (to include the food substance itself), or waste in the food or water. (See also
decontamination.) See FMs 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-7, 8-10-7, and 21-10.
contingency (JP 1-02) An emergency involving military forces caused by natural disasters, terrorists,
subversives, or by required military operations. Due to the uncertainty of the situation, contingencies
require plans, rapid response, and special procedures to ensure the safety and readiness of personnel,
installations, and equipment. (See also branch, concept plan (CONPLAN), operation order (OPORD),
operation plan (OPLAN), and sequel.) See FMs 19-15, 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, 100-20, and 101-5.
1-37
contingency plan (Army) A plan used in accomplishing different missions and anticipated major events
before, during, and after operations.
contour flight Flight characterized by constant airspeed and varying altitude as dictated by vegetation,
obstacles, and ambient light. (See terrain flight.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, and 1-116.
control (JP 1-02) 1. Authority which may be less than full command exercised by a commander over part
of the activities of subordinate or other organizations. 2. In mapping, charting, and photogrammetry, a
collective term for a system of marks or objects on the Earth or on a map or a photograph, whose
positions or elevations, or both, have been or will be determined. 3. Physical or psychological pressures
exerted with the intent to assure that an agent or group will respond as directed. 4. An indicator
governing the distribution and use of documents, information, or material. Such indicators are the subject
of intelligence community agreement and are specifically defined in appropriate regulations. (Army)
To maintain physical influence by occupation or range of weapon systems over the activities or access
in a defined area. Actions taken to eliminate hazards or reduce their risk (third step in risk management
process). (See also administrative control, command relationship, operational control (OPCON), and
tactical control (TACON).) See FMs 22-100, 22-103, 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
controlled airspace (JP 1-02, NATO) An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control
service is provided to controlled flights. (Army) Airspace in which another unit is conducting
operations and which requires permission from controlling unit to enter. (See also airspace coordination
area (ACA), area of operations (AO), Army airspace command and control (A2C2), and restricted
operations zone (ROZ).) See FM 100-103.
controlled exchange (Army) The removal of serviceable parts, components, or assemblies from
unserviceable, economically reparable equipment and their immediate reuse in restoring a like item of
equipment to a combat operable or serviceable condition. (See also cannibalize.) See FMs 10-1, 63-2-1,
63-20, 63-21, and 100-10.
controlled supply rate (CSR) (Army) The rate of ammunition consumption that can be supported,
considering availability, facilities, and transportation. It is expressed in rounds per unit, individual, or
vehicle per day. The Army service component commander announces the CSR for each item of
ammunition, and, in turn, the commander of each subordinate tactical unit announces a CSR to his
commanders at the next lower levels. A unit may not draw ammunition in excess of its CSR without
authority from its next higher headquarters. (See also required supply rate (RSR).) See FMs 10-1, 63-
20, 63-21, 71-100, 100-10, 100-15, and 701-58.
control measures Directives given graphically or orally by a commander to subordinate commands to

assign responsibilities, coordinate fires and maneuver, and control combat operations. Each control
measure can be portrayed graphically. In general, all control measures should be easily identifiable on the
ground. Examples of control measures include boundaries, objectives, coordinating points, contact point,
and direction of attack. See FMs 5-100, 6-20, 7-90, 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, 100-103-1, 100-103-2, and
101-5.
control point (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A position along a route of march at which men are stationed to give
information and instructions for the regulation of supply or traffic. 2. A position marked by a buoy, boat,
aircraft, electronic device, conspicuous terrain feature, or other identifiable object which is given a name
or number and used as an aid to navigation or control of ships, boats, or aircraft. 3. In making mosaics,
a point located by ground survey with which a corresponding point on a photograph is matched as a
check. See FMs 5-36, 5-100, 7-92, 21-18, 71-100, and 100-15.
controls Actions taken to eliminate hazards or reduce their risk.
1-38
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
converged sheaf (JP 1-02) The lateral distribution of fire of two or more pieces so that the planes of fire
intersect at a given point. (See also final protective fire (FPF) and sheaf.) See FM 6-20 series and 7-90.
convoy (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A number of merchant ships or naval auxiliaries, or both, usually escorted
by warships and/or aircraft, or a single merchant ship or naval auxiliary under surface escort, assembled
and organized for the purpose of passage together. 2. A group of vehicles organized for the purpose of
control and orderly movement with or without escort protection. (Army) A group of vehicles that
moves over the same route at the same time and under one commander. (See also march column.) See
FMs 55-2, 55-10, and 55-30. 3-37
coordinated fire line (CFL) (NATO: no-fire line) A line beyond which conventional surface fire support
means (mortars, field artillery, naval gunfire ships) may fire at any time within the zone of the
establishing headquarters without additional coordination. It is usually established by brigade or division
but may be established by a maneuver battalion. See FMs 6-series and 7-90. 3-21
coordinating altitude (JP 1-02) A procedural airspace control method to separate fixed- and rotary-wing
aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft will normally not fly and above which
rotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly. The coordinating altitude is normally specified in the airspace
control plan and may include a buffer zone for small altitude deviations. (See also above ground level
(AGL) and controlled airspace.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 1-116, 6-20, 100-103-1, and 100-103-2,.
coordinating point (JP 1-02, NATO) Designated point at which, in all types of combat, adjacent
units/formations must make contact for purposes of control and coordination. (Army) A control
measure that indicates a specific location for the coordination of fires and maneuver between adjacent
units. They usually are indicated whenever a boundary crosses the forward edge of the battle area
(FEBA) and may be indicated when a boundary crosses phase lines (PLs) used to control security forces.
(In NATO, physical contact between adjacent units is required.) (See also contact point.) See FMs 6-20,
7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-103, and 101-5. 3-25
coordination (Army) Exchange of information to inform and integrate, synchronize, and deconflict
operations. Coordination is not necessarily a process of gaining approval but is most often used for
mutual exchange of information.
corduroy road A road made or reinforced by laying logs or planks perpendicular to the direction of travel.
It is usually used when a road is muddy, snow packed, or in a swamp.
counter air (JP 1-02) A US Air Force term for air operations conducted to attain and maintain a desired
degree of air superiority by the destruction or neutralization of enemy forces. Both air offensive and air
defensive actions are involved. The former range throughout enemy territory and are generally conducted
at the initiative of the friendly forces. The latter are conducted near or over friendly territory and are
generally reactive to the initiative of the enemy air forces. (See also defensive counterair (DCA) and
offensive counterair (OCA).) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 1-116, 44-100, 71-100, 90-4, 100-5,100-15, and
100-103.
counterattack (JP 1-02, NATO) Attack by part or all of a defending force against an enemy attacking
force, for such specific purposes as regaining ground lost, or cutting off or destroying enemy advance
units, and with the general objective of denying to the enemy the attainment of his purpose in attacking.
In sustained defensive operations, it is undertaken to restore the battle position and is directed at limited
objectives. (Army) An attack with a reserve or lightly committed forward element that is launched
after the enemy begins its attack, after the commander has identified the enemy's effort, or when a
1-39
resolute defense creates an assailable flank. (See also attack and defend.) See FMs 1-112, 7-8, 7-30,
17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15. C-9
counterdrug (CD) (JP 1-02) Those active measures taken to detect, monitor, and counter the production,
trafficking, and use of illegal drugs. See FMs 100-19 and 100-20.
counterfire (JP1-02, NATO) Fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons. (DOD) Includes
counterbattery, counterbombardment, and countermortar fire. (Army) Fires targeted throughout the
battlefield that are intended to attack the total enemy fire support system. (Fires include mortars;
helicopter forward operating bases; vector target designation points; fire support commands and control;
artillery, rocket, and missile systems; and support and sustainment installations.) Two types of
counterfire are proactive and reactive fires. (See also fire mission.) See FMs 6-20 series and 7-90.
counterinsurgency (JP 1-02) Those military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic
actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency. (See also stability and support operations.) See FMs
31-20 and 100-20.
counterintelligence (CI) (JP 1-02) Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against
espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign
governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons, or international terrorist
activities. (See also combat intelligence, operations security (OPSEC), and sabotage.) See FM 34-1.
countermeasures (Army) Actions taken to counter danger, threat, or hazards. (See also risk
management.)
countermine (JP 1-02, NATO) To explode the main charge in a mine by the shock of a nearby explosion
of another mine or independent explosive charge. The explosion of the main charge may be caused either
by sympathetic detonation or through the explosive train and/or firing mechanism of the mine. (Army)
The actions taken to detect, bypass, breach, mark, report, record, and eliminate enemy mines or
minefield. (See also breach.) See FMs 5-101, 5-250, and 90-13-1.
countermo bility operations The construction of obstacles and emplacement of minefields to delay,
disrupt, and destroy the enemy by reinforcement of the terrain. The primary purpose of countermobility
operations is to slow or divert the enemy, to increase time for target acquisition, and to increase weapon
effectiveness. See FMs 3-50, 3-100, 5-102, and 5-250.
counterpreparation fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of
the enemy attack is discovered. (DOD) It is designed to break up enemy formations; disorganize the
enemy's systems of command, communications, and observation; decrease the effectiveness of artillery
preparation; and impair the enemy's offensive spirit. (See also fire.) See FMs 6-20 series and 7-90.
counterprol iferation Military measures centering on deterring or discouraging, as well as defending

against, the possible use of weapons of mass destruction.
counterreconnaissance (JP 1-02) All measures taken to prevent hostile observation of a force, area, or
place. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 34-2, 34-130, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40,
and 101-5.
counterterrorism (CT) (JP 1-02) Offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism.
See FMs 19-1, 34-1, and 100-20.
country team (JP 1-02) The senior in-country United States coordinating and supervising body, headed
by the chief of the United States diplomatic mission, and composed of the senior member of each
1-40
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
represented United States department or agency, as desired by the chief of the US diplomatic mission.
See FMs 31-20-3, 100-20, and JP 3-07.4.
coup de main (JP 1-02) An offensive operation that capitalizes on surprise and simultaneous execution
of supporting operations to achieve success in one swift stroke. (Army) Achieving the strategic
objective in a single major operation. See FMs 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
course of action (COA) (JP 1-02) 1. A plan that would accomplish, or is related to, the accomplishment
of a mission. 2. The scheme adopted to accomplish a task or mission. It is a product of the Joint
Operation Planning and Execution System concept development phase. The supported commander will
include a recommended course of action in the commander's estimate. The recommended course of action
will include the concept of operations, evaluation of supportability estimates of supporting organizations,
and an integrated time-phased data base of combat, combat support, and combat service support forces
and sustainment. Refinement of this data base will be contingent on the time available for course of
action development. When approved, the course of action becomes the basis for the development of an
operation plan or operation order. (Army) 1. Any sequence of acts that an individual or a unit may
follow. 2. A possible plan open to an individual or a commander that would accomplish or is related to
accomplishment of the mission. 3. A feasible way to accomplish a task or mission that follows the
guidance given, will not result in undue damage or risk to the command, and is noticeably different from
other actions being considered. See FMs 8-55, 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
cover (JP1-02, NATO) 1. The action by land, air, or sea forces to protect by offense, defense, or threat
of either or both. 2. Those measures necessary to give protection to a person, plan, operation, formation,
or installation from the enemy intelligence effort and leakage of information. 3. The act of maintaining
a continuous receiver watch with transmitter calibrated and available, but not necessarily available for
immediate use. 4. Shelter or protection (either natural or artificial). (DOD) 5. Photographs or other
recorded images which show a particular area of ground. (Army) 1. Shelter or protection from enemy
observation that reduces the effects of enemy direct and indirect fire. 2. A type of security operation that
protects the force from surprise, develops the situation, and gives commanders time and space in which
to respond to the enemy's actions. (See covering force.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 17-95, 34-1, 34-130,
71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15. C-11
covered approach 1. Any route that offers protection against enemy fire. 2. An approach made under
the protection furnished by other forces or by natural cover. (See also concealment and cover.) See FMs
7-7, 7-8, and 7-10.
covering fire (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Fire used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small
arms. 2. In amphibious usage, fire delivered prior to the landing to cover preparatory operations such
as underwater demolition or minesweeping. (See also fire.) See FMs 6-20 and 6-30.
covering force (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A force operating apart from the main force for the purpose of
intercepting, engaging, delaying, disorganizing, and deceiving the enemy before he can attack the force
covered. 2. Any body or detachment of troops which provides security for a larger force by observation,
reconnaissance, attack, or defense, or by any combination of these methods. (See also cover and security
operations.) See FMs 1-116, 6-20, 17-95, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
covering force area (CFA) (JP 1-02, NATO) The area forward of the forward edge of the battle area out
to the forward positions initially assigned to the covering forces. It is here that the covering forces
execute assigned tasks. See FMs 1-116, 6-20, 17-95, 71-100, 90-13, 100-5, and 100-15.
1-41
covert breach (Army) A breach tactic used when the force must reduce lanes through enemy tactical or
protective obstacles undetected. In the covert breach, suppression from the support force is a be-prepared
task upon detection of the breach force or an on-order task once the breach is completed and the assault
is initiated. Normally, this type of breach is used when mission success depends on achieving surprise
at the expense of speed or mass. See FMs 5-71-100 and 90-13-1.
covert operation (JP 1-02) An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal the identity of or
permit plausible denial by the sponsor. A covert operation differs from a clandestine operation in that
emphasis is placed on concealment of identity of sponsor rather than on concealment of the operation.
cratering charge (JP 1-02, NATO) A charge placed at an adequate depth to produce a crater. (Army)
A demolition charge used to create a type of point obstacle usually used to close a lane or block a road.
(See also point obstacle and state of readiness.) See FMs 5-34, 5-71-100, and 5-102. 3-31
crisis action planning (CA P) (JP 1-02) 1. The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System process
involving the time-sensitive development of joint operation plans and orders in response to an imminent
crisis. Crisis action planning follows prescribed crisis action procedures to formulate and implement an
effective response within the time frame permitted by the crisis. 2. The time-sensitive planning for the
deployment, employment, and sustainment of assigned and allocated forces and resources that occurs in
response to a situation that may result in actual military operations. Crisis action planners base their plan
on the circumstances that exist at the time planning occurs. (See also deliberate planning.) See FMs
71-100, 100-5, 100-15, 101-5, and JP 5-0.
critical point (JP 1-02) 1. A key geographical point or position important to the success of an
operation. 2. In a point in time, a crisis or a turning point in an operation. 3. A selected point along a
line of march used for reference in giving instructions. 4. A point where there is a change of direction
or change in slope in a ridge or stream. 5. Any point along a route of march where interference with a
troop movement may occur. (Army) Roadways, structures, and man-made or terrain features that limit
the ability to maneuver. See FM 101-5.
cross-attachment The exchange of subordinate units between units for a temporary period. Example:
A tank battalion detaches a tank company that is subsequently attached to a mechanized infantry
battalion, and the mechanized infantry battalion detaches a mechanized company that is then attached to
the tank battalion. See FM 7-7.
cross-corridor A terrain compartment, its long axis generally perpendicular to the direction of movement
of a force. (See also compartment.) See FM 34-130.
cross-country movement The movement of forces (usually tactical) across terrain without using roads
and bridges. See FMs 7-7, 7-8 and 7-10.
crossing area (JP 1-02, NATO) A number of adjacent crossing sites under the control of one commander.
(Army) A controlled access area for a river crossing operation used to decrease traffic congestion at
the river. It is normally a brigade-sized area defined by lateral boundaries and release lines 3 to 4
kilometers (based on METT-T) from each side of the river. (See also crossing site and river crossing.)
See FM 90-13. 3-28
crossing area commander The officer responsible for the control of all crossing units, assault units, and
support forces while they are in the crossing area. See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 71-100, 90-13, and
100-15.
1-42
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
crossing force (Army) Normally a division size unit that has responsibility to establish the bridgehead.
This is accomplished in four phases; the advance to the river, the assault across the river, the advance
from the exit bank, and the securing of the bridgehead line. (See also bridgehead line, crossing area, and
crossing site.) See FM 90-13.
crossing force commander (Army) The individual designated to control the lead brigades during the
assault across the river to secure the bridgehead line. (See also bridgehead.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-
123, 90-13, and 100-15.
crossing site The location along a water obstacle where the crossing can be made using amphibious
vehicles, assault boats, rafts, bridges, or fording vehicles. See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 90-13, and
100-15. 3-28
crossing site commander The individual, normally an engineer company commander or a platoon leader,
responsible for the crossing means and crossing site, and for crossing the units sent to the crossing site.
He commands the engineers operating the crossing means and the engineer regulating points (ERPs) at
the call forward areas and staging areas for that site. (See also bridgehead.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100,
71-123, 90-13, and 100-15.
cross-loading (personnel) (JP 1-02) A system of loading troops so that they may be disembarked or
dropped at two or more landing or drop zones, thereby achieving unit integrity upon delivery. See FMs
1-103, 55-2, 55-10, 55-12, and 100-17.
cruise missile (JP 1-02) Guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to its target is conducted
at approximately constant velocity; it depends on the dynamic reaction of air for lift and upon propulsion
forces to balance drag.
culminating po int The point in time and space when the attacker can no longer accomplish his purpose,
or when the defender no longer has the ability to accomplish his purpose. This can be due to factors such
as combat power remaining, logistic support, weather, morale, and fatigue. See FM 101-5.
cultu ral resource Monuments, nationally identifiable or distinctive buildings and structures, archives
and libraries, ancient artifacts and structures, archaeologically important sites, historically important sites
or structures, mosques, cathedrals, temples, other churches or sacred structures, sacred sites or areas,
museums, and works of art.
D
daily intel ligence summary (DISUM) (JP 1-02) A report prepared in message form at the joint force
headquarters that provides higher, lateral, and subordinate headquarters with a summary of all significant
intelligence produced during the previous 24-hour period. The "as of" time for information, content, and
submission time for the report will be as specified by the joint force commander. See FM 34-2.
damage assessment (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The determination of the effect of attacks on targets. (DOD)
2. A determination of the effect of a compromise of classified information on national security. (See
battle damage assessment (BDA).) See FM 34-1.
damage estimation (Army) Analysis of data to estimate the damage that a specific weapon will cause to
a target. (See also battlefield coordination element (BCE).) See FM 6-20 series.
1-43
danger area (JP 1-02) 1. A specified area above, below, or within which there may be potential danger.
(DOD, NATO) 2. In air traffic control, an airspace of defined dimensions within which activities
dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. (Army) Area in the vicinity of weapons
or aircraft which can cause serious injury or death if occupied or passed through by individual soldiers
or other equipment, such as the backblast area behind a TOW or Dragon. (See also restricted operations
zone (ROZ).) See FMs 7-7 and 7-20.
danger close (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, information in a call for fire to
indicate that friendly forces are within 600 meters of the target. (Army) For mortars, it indicates that
friendly forces are within 400 meters of the target. (See also adjust fire and final protective fires (FPF).)
See FMs 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-90, and 71-123.
datum(JP 1-02, NATO) Any numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantities which may serve
as reference or base for other quantities. Where the concept is geometric, the plural form is "datums" in
contrast to the normal plural "data."
datum (geodetic) (JP 1-02) A reference surface consisting of five quantities: the latitude and longitude of
an initial point, the azimuth of a line from that point, and the parameters of the reference ellipsoid. (Army)
The mathematical model of the earth used to calculate the coordinates on any map. Different nations
use different datums for printing coordinates on their maps. The datum is usually referenced in the
marginal information of each map. See FM 101-5.
day of supply (DOS) (JP 1-02) See one day's supply. (Army) Normally used to express the amount
of supplies pre-positioned in an area of operations or in a storage area. (See also controlled supply rate
(CSR).) See FMs 7-20, 63-20, 71-100, 71-123, 100-10, and 100-15.
dazzle (JP 1-02) Temporary loss of vision or a temporary reduction in visual acuity. (Army) May also
be applied to effects on optics. (See also directed-energy warfare (DEW).) See FM 71-123.
D-day (JP 1-02) The unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to commence.
(Army) The execution date of an operation. The use of D-day allows for planning and sequencing of
events when a specific calendar date cannot be established. References to days preceding or following
D-day use a plus or minus sign and an Arabic numeral following the letter "D." Example: D-3 is 3 days
prior to D-day; D+7 is 7 days after D-day. (See also C-day.) See FMs 71-100, 100-15, and 101-5.
deadline (JP 1-02) To remove a vehicle or piece of equipment from operation or use for one of the
following reasons: a. is inoperative due to damage, malfunctioning, or necessary repairs. The term does
not include items temporarily removed from use by reason of routine maintenance, and repairs that do not
affect the combat capability of the item; b. is unsafe; and c. would be damaged by further use. (Army)
An item in such condition is placed on the deadline or not operationally ready list provided to the
commander daily. (See also full mission capable (FMC)).
dead space (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An area within the maximum range of a weapon, radar, or observer
which cannot be covered by fire or observation from a particular position because of intervening
obstacles, the nature of the ground, or the characteristics of the trajectory, or the limitations of the
pointing capabilities of the weapons. 2. An area or zone which is within range of a radio transmitter, but
in which a signal is not received. 3. The volume of space above and around a gun or guided missile
system into which it cannot fire because of mechanical or electronic limitations. See FMs 7-7, 7-20,
17-12, and 23-1.
debarkation(JP 1-02) The unloading of troops, equipment, or supplies from a ship or aircraft. (See also
embarkation.) See FM 55-12.
1-44
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
debriefing (Army) The questioning of individuals who are sources of information in a strategic or
operational environment to obtain information in response to command- and nation-level
intelligence needs. See FM 34-52.
deception (JP 1-02, NATO) Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion,
or falsification of evidence to induce him to react in a manner prejudicial to his interests. (Army) The
goal is to make an enemy more vulnerable to the effects of weapons, maneuver, and operations of
friendly forces. (See also deception operation, demonstration, and imitative electromagnetic deception
(IED).) See FMs 34-1 and 90-2. 3-7
deception means (JP 1-02) Methods, resources, and techniques that can be used to convey information
to the deception target. 3-7 There are three categories of deception means: a. physical means
Activities and resources used to convey or deny selected information to a foreign power. (Examples:
military operations, including exercises, reconnaissance, training activities, and movement of forces; the
use of dummy equipment and devices; tactics; bases, logistic actions, stockpiles, and repair activity; and
test and evaluation activities.) b. technical means Military material resources and their associated
operating techniques used to convey or deny selected information to a foreign power through the
deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, absorption, or reflection of energy; the emission or
suppression of chemical or biological odors; and the emission or suppression of nuclear particles.
c. administrative means Resources, methods, and techniques to convey or deny oral, pictorial,
documentary, or other physical evidence to a foreign power. See JP 3-58.
deception operation A military operation conducted to mislead the enemy. (See also attack,
demonstration, display, feint, imitative electromagnetic deception (IED), and ruse.) See FM 90-2.
3-7
decision point (DP) (Army) An event, an area, a line, or a point on the battlefield where tactical decisions
are required resulting from the war-gaming process before the operation order. Decision points do not
dictate commander's decisions, they only indicate that a decision is required, and they indicate when and
where the decision should be made to have the maximum effect on friendly or enemy courses of action.
(See also decision support matrix (DSM), decision support template (DST), and war gaming.) See FM
101-5. 3-25
decision support matrix (DSM) An aid used by the commander and staff to make battlefield decisions.
It is a staff product of the war-gaming process which lists the decision point, location of the decision
point, the criteria to be evaluated at the point of the decision, the action or options to occur at the decision
point, and the unit or element that is to act and has responsibility to observe and report the information
affecting the criteria for the decision. (See also branch, decision point (DP), decision support template
(DST), sequel, and war gaming.) See FM 101-5.
decision support template (DST) A staff product initially used in the war-gaming process which
graphically represents the decision points and projected situations and indicates when, where, and under
what conditions a decision is most likely to be required to initiate a specific activity (such as a branch or
sequel) or event (such as lifting or shifting of fires.) (See also decision point (DP), decision support
matrix (DSM), intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB), and war gaming.) See FMs 34-130 and
101-5.
decisive engagement (JP 1-02) In land and naval warfare, an engagement in which a unit is considered
fully committed and cannot maneuver or extricate itself. In the absence of outside assistance, the action
must be fought to a conclusion and either won or lost with the forces at hand. (Army) In some
situations, this is a desired result in order to hold key terrain, defeat a specific enemy force, or secure a
1-45
specific objective. In this situation, the unit can receive additional forces or support to be able to
disengage.
decisive point (Army) 1. A point, if retained, that provides a commander with a marked advantage over
his opponent. Decisive points are usually geographic in nature but could include other physical elements,
such as enemy formations, command posts, and communications nodes. 2. A time or location where
enemy weakness is positioned that allows overwhelming combat power to be generated against it. It
could be an enemy weakness to be exploited or a time when the combat potential of the enemy force is
degraded. 3. Conveys to subordinates a potential point of decision that the commander has identified
through his estimate process to apply overwhelming combat power. (See also combat power, decision
point (DP), and synchronization.) See FM 100-5.
decisive terrain Key terrain that has an extraordinary impact on the mission. Decisive terrain is relatively
rare and will not be present in every situation. To designate terrain as decisive is to recognize that the
successful accomplishment of the mission, whether offensive or defensive, depends on seizing or retaining
it. The commander designates decisive terrain to communicate its importance in his concept of
operations, first to his staff and, later, to subordinate commanders. (See also key terrain.) See FMs 34-
130 and 101-5.
declination (JP 1-02, NATO) The angular distance to a body on the celestial sphere measured north or
south through 90 degrees from the celestial equator along the hour circle of the body. Comparable to
latitude on the terrestrial sphere. (Army) In navigation, at a given place and time, the angle between
the grid north meridian and the true north meridian and or magnetic north meridian measured in degrees
or mils east or west. These change in relationship to the magnetic north meridian annually based on the
drift of the magnetic pole. See FMs 21-26 and 1-111.
deconflict To reconcile or resolve a conflict in responsibility, area of operations, airspace, or interests in

order to accomplish smooth operations without undesired redundancy or threat of fratricide. (See also
air mission brief (AMB), airspace control area (ACA), area of operations (AO), battlefield coordination
element (BCE), and boundary.) See FMs 1-111, 71-100, 100-15, 100-103, and 101-5.
decontaminant Any substance used to break down, neutralize, or remove a chemical, biological, or
radioactive material posing a threat to personnel or equipment. See FM 3-5.
decontamination(JP 1-02, NATO) The process of making any person, object, or area safe by absorbing,
destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing chemical or biological agents, or by removing
radioactive material clinging to or around it. (Army) The reduction of the contamination hazard by
removal or neutralization of hazardous levels of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) contamination
on personnel and materiel. The three levels of decontamination are immediate, operational, and thorough.
(See also patient decontamination.) See FMs 3-5 and 8-10-7. 3-36 4-19
decoy (JP 1-02) An imitation in any sense of a person, object, or phenomenon which is intended to
deceive enemy surveillance devices or mislead enemy evaluation. Also called dummy. See FM 90-2 and
JP 3-58. 3-7
deep maneuver An offensive operation that employs ground or aviation maneuver forces in support of
deep operations which involve the movement of combat forces in relation to the enemy, supported by fires
or fire potential from all available sources. (See also deep operations and deep supporting fire.)
deep operations (Army) Those operations directed against enemy forces and functions which are not in
contact at the forward line of troops (FLOT), line of departure, or friendly perimeter and are between the
FLOT or perimeter and the forward boundary of the unit conducting the operation. These operations
1-46
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
employ long-range fires, air and ground maneuver, and command and control warfare to defeat the enemy
by denying him freedom of action; disrupting his preparation for battle and his support structure; and
disrupting or destroying the coherence and tempo of his operations. (See also decisive point, forward
boundary, and simultaneous attack in depth.) See FMs 1-112, 6-20-30, 100-5, and 100-15.
deep supporting fire (JP 1-02) Fire directed on objectives not in the immediate vicinity of our forces, for
neutralizing and destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply,
communications, and observations. (See also deep operations, forward boundary, and simultaneous
attack in depth.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
defeat (Army) A tactical task to either disrupt or nullify the enemy force commander's plan and subdue
his will to fight so that he is unwilling or unable to further pursue his adopted course of action and yields
to the will of his opponent. (See also decisive point.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-
15.
defeat mechanism (Army) That singular action, not necessarily the type of force or unit, that ensures the
success of a course of action. It includes locating objectives and identifying specific targets. (See also
center of gravity.) See FM 101-5.
defend A combat operation designed to defeat an attacker and prevent him from achieving his objectives.
It employs all means and methods available to prevent, resist, or destroy an enemy attack. Forms of
defensive operations are area and mobile. Choices of defensive operations are in-depth and forward.
The defensive techniques are defend in sector, defend a battle position, and defend a strong point. See
FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
defend a battle position A technique that places a unit in a battle position (BP) to concentrate its fires,
to limit its maneuver, or to place it in an advantageous position to counterattack. The BP is a general
location on the ground. The commander positions his forces on the best terrain within and in the vicinity
of the BP. The commander may position security forces forward of and about the BP. He can also locate
combat support and combat service support elements outside the BP. The commander can maneuver his
forces freely within the BP and seize the initiative to maneuver outside of the BP to attack enemy forces
provided that it does not interfere with the commander's concept. See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5,
and 100-15.
defend a strong point A form of defend a battle position that requires more engineer work and may be
required to be held at all costs. It denies key terrain to the enemy and forces his movement in a different
direction.
defense in depth (JP 1-02, NATO) The siting of mutually supporting defense positions designed to
absorb and progressively weaken attack, prevent initial observations of the whole position by the enemy,
and to allow the commander to maneuver his reserve.
defend in sector A technique that requires a defending unit to prevent enemy forces from passing beyond
the rear boundary of the sector while retaining flank security and ensuring integrity of effort within the
parent unit's scheme of maneuver. Initial positions generally are established as far forward as possible,
but a commander may use any technique to accomplish the mission. The higher commander will normally
assign a no-penetration criteria. Example: Do not allow penetration of PL NAME by 12 or more tanks
or infantry fighting vehicles. See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
defense readiness conditions (DEFCON) (JP 1-02) A uniform system of progressive alert postures for
use between the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the commanders of unified and specified
commands and for use by the Services. Defense readiness conditions are graduated to match situations
1-47
of varying military severity (status of alert). Defense readiness conditions are identified by the short title
DEFCON (5), (4), (3), (2), and (1), as appropriate. See FM 100-5.
defensive counterair (DCA) (Army) Operations conducted to protect against attack from enemy systems
that operate in the atmosphere (for example: a system used to destroy enemy aircraft attacking friendly
surface forces.).
defensive counterspace (DCS) (Army) Operations conducted to defend against attacks by systems
operating in space.
defensive operations Operations conducted with the immediate purpose of causing an enemy attack to
fail. Defensive operations also may achieve one or more of the following: gain time; concentrate forces
elsewhere; wear down enemy forces as a prelude to offensive operations; and retain tactical, strategic, or
political objectives. (See also area defense, defend, and mobile defense.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123,
100-5, and 100-15.
defilade (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Protection from hostile observation and fire provided by an obstacle such
as a hill, ridge, or bank. 2. A vertical distance by which a position is concealed from enemy
observation. 3. To shield from enemy fire or observation by using natural or artificial obstacles. See
FMs 7-8, 7-20, 17-12, 23-1, and 71-123.
defile A narrow gorge or pass that tends to prevent easy movement of troops. See FM 7-7, 7-8, and 7-10.
degree of risk (nuclear) (JP 1-02) As specified by the commander, the risk to which friendly forces may
be subjected from the effects of the detonation of a nuclear weapon used in the attack of a close-in enemy
target; acceptable degrees of risk under differing tactical conditions are emergency, moderate, and
negligible. (See also emergency risk (nuclear), moderate risk (nuclear), negligible risk (nuclear),
operation exposure guide (OEG), and radiation status (RS).) See FM 3-3-1, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
delay from alternate positions Requires two maneuver units in a single sector. While the first is fighting,
the second occupies the next position in depth and prepares to assume responsibility for the operation and
support by fire the disengagement of the first force. The first force disengages and passes through or
around the second, moving to resume the delay from a position in greater depth, while the second force
takes up the fight. C-9
delay forward of a specified l ine for a specified time or specified event Used to prevent enemy forces
from reaching the specified area earlier than the specified time or event, regardless of the cost; presents
a higher risk to the unit. This can be done by units in the covering force area or in the main battle area.
(See also retirement, retrograde, and withdrawal.) C-9
delaying operation (JP 1-02, NATO) An operation in which a force under pressure trades space for time
by slowing down the enemy's momentum and inflicting maximum damage on the enemy without, in
principle, becoming decisively engaged. (Army) Usually conducted when the commander needs time
to concentrate, preserve, or withdraw forces; to establish defenses in greater depth; to economize in an
area; to cover a defending or withdrawing unit; to protect a friendly unit's flank; or to complete offensive
actions elsewhere. In the delay, the destruction of the enemy force is secondary to slowing his advance
to gain time. See FMs 17-95, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15. C-9
delay in sector Used to slow and defeat as much of the enemy as possible without sacrificing the tactical
integrity of the unit; presents low risk to the unit. Delay in sector can be done by forces in the covering
force area or in the main battle area. C-9
1-48
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
delay from successive positions Performed when a sector is so wide that available forces cannot occupy
more than a single tier of positions at a time. Maneuver units delay continuously on and between
positions throughout their sectors, fighting rearward from one position to another, holding each as long
as possible or for a specified time. C-9
delegation of authority (JP 1-02, NATO) The action by which a commander assigns part of his or her
authority commensurate with the assigned task to a subordinate commander. While ultimate
responsibility cannot be relinquished, delegation of authority carries with it the imposition of a measure
of responsibility. The extent of the authority delegated must be clearly stated. (See also command.) See
FM 100-34.
deliberate attack (JP 1-02, NATO) A type of offensive action characterized by preplanned coordinated
employment of firepower and maneuver to close with and destroy or capture the enemy. (Army) An
attack planned and carefully coordinated and rehearsed with all concerned elements based on thorough
reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat strength, analysis of various
courses of action, and other factors affecting the situation. It generally is conducted against a
well-organized defense when a hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted and failed. (See also
attack.) See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 17-12, 23-1, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
deliberate breaching (JP 1-02, NATO) The creation of a lane through a minefield or a clear route through
a barrier or fortification, which is systematically planned and carried out. (Army) -- A deliberate breach
is conducted when it is not possible or necessary to cross an obstacle in stride, or after an in-stride breach
has failed. A deliberate breach is characterized by detailed planning and preparation, and executed with
whatever resources are available. (See also assault breach, assault force, breach, breach force, covert
breach, in-stride breach, and support force.) See FMs 5-71-100, 5-101, 7-8, 7-20, 17-12, 71-123,
and 90-13-1.
deliberate crossing (JP 1-02, NATO) A crossing of an inland water obstacle that requires extensive
planning and detailed preparation. (Army) A crossing conducted against a well-organized defense
when a hasty river crossing has failed or is not possible. It requires thorough reconnaissance, extensive
intelligence, detailed planning, preparation, centralized control, and extensive rehearsals. (See also
bridgehead, bridgehead line, hasty crossing, and river crossing.) See FMs 7-7, 7-20, 23-1, 71-123, 90-13,
and 100-15. 3-28
deliberate defense (JP 1-02, NATO) A defense normally organized when out of contact with the enemy
or when contact with the enemy is not imminent and time for organization is available. It normally
includes an extensive fortified zone incorporating pillboxes, forts, and communications systems. (See
also defend, defense in depth, and forward defense.) See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 17-12, 23-1, and 71-123.
deliberate planning (JP 1-02) 1. The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System process involving
the development of joint operation plans for contingencies identified in joint strategic planning
documents. Conducted principally in peacetime, deliberate planning is accomplished in prescribed cycles
that complement other Department of Defense planning cycles in accordance with the formally established
Joint Strategic Planning System. 2. A planning process for the deployment and employment of
apportioned forces and resources that occurs in response to a hypothetical situation. Deliberate planners
rely heavily on assumptions regarding the circumstances that will exist when the plan is executed. (See
also contingency, fragmentary order, operation order (OPORD), and warning order (WARNO).) See FM
101-5 and JP 5-0.
deliberate smoke smoke operations characterized by integrated planning and extended duration of smoke
support. See FM 3-50. 3-24
1-49
demilitarized zone (DMZ) (JP 1-02, NATO) A defined area in which the stationing, or concentrating of
military forces, or the retention or establishment of military installations of any description, is
prohibited.(Army) That space created to neutralize certain areas from military occupation and activity;
generally speaking, they are areas that both sides claim and where control by one could constitute a
direct threat to the other. Third-party forces are usually not present and the space is patrolled by observer
teams or surveyed from observation posts. (See also buffer zone and zone of separation (ZOS).) See
FMs 100-20 and 100-23.
demobilization(Army) The act of returning the force and materiel to a premobilization posture or to some
other approved posture. It also involves returning the mobilized portion of the industrial base to
peacetime conditions. (See also mobilization.) See FMs 100-15 and 100-17.
demolition (JP 1-02, NATO) The destruction of structures, facilities, or material by use of fire, water,
explosives, mechanical, or other means. See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-100.
demolition firing party (JP 1-02) The party at the site which is technically responsible for the demolition.
(Army) The group of soldiers who actually initiate detonation or fire the demolitions. (See also
demolition guard and state of readiness.) See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-100.
demolition guard (JP 1-02, NATO) A local force positioned to ensure that a target is not captured by an
enemy before orders are given for its demolition and before the demolition has been successfully fired.
The commander of the demolition guard is responsible for the tactical control of all troops at the
demolition site, including the demolition firing party. The commander of the demolition guard is
responsible for transmitting the order to fire to the demolition firing party. See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-100.
demolition target (JP 1-02, NATO) A target of known military interest identified for possible future
demolition. See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-100.
demonstration (JP 1-02, NATO) An attack or show of force on a front where a decision is not sought,
made with the aim of deceiving the enemy. (Army) 1. Type of attack that is a deception similar to a
feint, with the exception that no contact with the enemy is sought. 2. In stability and support operations,
an operation by military forces in sight of an actual or potential enemy to show military capabilities. (See
also show of force and deception operation.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 90-2, 100-5, and 100-15.
D-1
denial measure (JP 1-02, NATO) An action to hinder or deny the enemy the use of space, personnel, or
facilities. It may include destruction, removal, contamination, or erection of obstructions.
denial operation (Army) An operation designed to prevent or hinder enemy occupation of, or benefit
from, areas or objects having tactical or strategic value. See FM 100-25.
denied area (JP 1-02) An area under enemy or unfriendly control in which friendly forces cannot expect
to operate successfully within existing operational constraints and force capabilities. (Army) An area
that is operationally unsuitable for general purpose forces due to political, tactical, environmental, or
geographic reasons. It is a primary area for special operations forces. See FM 100-25.
departure airfield (JP 1-02) An airfield on which troops and/or materiel are enplaned for flight. (See also
aerial port of debarkation and aerial port of embarkation.) See FM 55-12.
departure point (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A navigational check point used by aircraft as a marker for setting
course. 2. In amphibious operations, an air control point at the seaward end of the helicopter approach
lane system from which helicopter waves are dispatched along the selected helicopter approach lane to
1-50
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
the initial point. (Army) That point, assembly area, airfield, or other location from which an aircraft
begins an aeronautical mission. (See also air control point (ACP), air corridor, and pickup zone (PZ).)
See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 1-116, and 100-103.
deployable intelligence support element (DISE) (Army) A tactically tailored intelligence support team,
uniquely configured commander's intelligence staff with assured communications, automated intelligence
processing, and broadcast downlink systems needed to conduct split-based operations. The DISE is not
a permanent organization, specific unit, or specific quantity of equipment. As the forward element of the
analysis and control element (ACE), the DISE is normally the foundation on which a full ACE is formed,
if formed, after the lodgment is secured and subsequent operations begin. See FM 34-1.
deployment (Army) 1. The movement of forces within areas of operations. 2. The positioning of forces
into a formation for battle. 3. The relocation of forces and materiel to desired areas of
operations. 4. Deployment encompasses all activities from origin or home station through destination,
specifically including intracontinental United States, intertheater, and intratheater movement legs, staging,
and holding areas. 5. Those activities required to prepare and move a force and its sustainment
equipment and supplies to the area of operations in response to a crisis or natural disaster. (See also force
projection.) See FM 55-12, 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, and 100-17.
depot (JP 1-02) 1. supply An activity for the receipt, classification, storage, accounting, issue,
maintenance, procurement, manufacture, assembly, research, salvage, or disposal of material.
2. personnel An activity for the reception, processing, training, assignment, and forwarding of
personnel replacements. (See also classes of supply and combat service support.) See FM 10-1.
depth (Army) The extension of operations in time, space, resources, and purpose. See FM 100-5.
desired ground zero (DGZ) (JP 1-02, NATO) The point on the surface of the Earth at, or vertically
below or above, the center of a planned nuclear detonation. (Army) The aiming point for the weapon.
3-34
destroy 1. A tactical task to physically render an enemy force combat-ineffective unless it is

reconstituted. 2. To render a target so damaged that it cannot function as intended nor be restored to a
usable condition without being entirely rebuilt. (See also defeat.) See FMs 1-111, 5-100, 6-20, 71-100,
100-5, and 100-15. C-9
destruction 1. When referring to the effects of field artillery fires, a target out of action permanently, or
30 percent casualties or material damage. Destruction requires large expenditures of ammunition and is
prohibitive unless using improved conventional munitions (ICM) or "smart weapons." 2. When used in
an attack helicopter mission, the percentage of destroyed or disabled vehicles must be specified by the
higher commander. See FMs 1-112 and 6-20 series.
destruction fire (JP 1-02) Fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects. (See also fire
support and destroy.) See FM 6-20 series.
detachment (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A part of a unit separated from its main organization for duty elsewhere.
2. A temporary military or naval unit formed from other units or parts of units. (Army) 1. A unit that
is serving away from the organization to which it is organic and to which it remains assigned. 2. A
detached unit may function as an independent organization, or it may be attached to or serve with or under
another organization. (See also assign, attach, command relationship, and operational control (OPCON).)
See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
1-51
detachment left in contact (DLIC) An element at any echelon conducting a withdrawal not under
pressure. This element may comprise as much as one-third of the next higher command's organization.
Its primary purpose is to remain behind to deceive the enemy into believing the parent unit is still in
position as the majority of units withdraw. If the withdrawal is discovered and the enemy attacks, the
DLIC defends or delays within its capability. It disengages and withdraws after the main body has begun
movement to the next mission. (See also breakout, delaying operation, and retrograde.) See FM 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
detailed equipment decontamin ation In thorough decontamination, removing, neutralizing, or reducing

contamination on interior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment to negligible risk levels to allow the
removal of mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear or reduction in MOPP level for extended
periods. See FM 3-5. 3-36
detailed troop decontamination In thorough decontamination, reducing mission-oriented protective

posture (MOPP) levels for extended periods by decontaminating individual fighting equipment to
negligible risk levels, removing contaminated MOPP gear including protective masks, decontaminating
protective masks, and monitoring personnel and equipment for effectiveness of decontamination. See FM
3-5. 3-36
detained See missing.
detainee (JP 1-02) A term used to refer to any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed force.
See FMs 34-1 and 100-20. 3-37, 3-38
deterrence (JP 1-02) The prevention from action by fear of the consequences. Deterrence is a state of
mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction. See FM 100-20.
detonating cord (JP 1-02, NATO) A waterproof, flexible fabric tube containing a high explosive designed
to transmit the detonation wave. (See also demolition.) See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-100.
dew point spread The degrees of difference between the air temperature and the dew point that indicate
if fog will begin to form. See FMs 1-111, 1-112, and 1-116.
diamondformation A tactical or movement formation that is a variation of the box formation with one
maneuver unit leading, maneuver units positioned on each flank, and the remaining maneuver unit to the
rear. (See also box formation and formation.) See FMs 7-7 and 71-123.
died of wounds (DOW) A hostile or battle casualty who dies after having reached a medical treatment
facility. (See also hostile casualty and killed in action (KIA).) See FM 8-55.
died of wounds received in action (DWRIA) (JP 1-02) A casualty category applicable to a hostile
casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who dies of wounds or other injuries received in
action after having reached a medical treatment facility.
digitization 1. The near-real-time transfer of battlefield information between diverse fighting elements
to permit a shared awareness of the tactical situation. 2. Leveraging information-age technologies to
enhance the art of command and facilitate the science of control. (See also command and control warfare
(C2W) and information warfare (IW).) See FMs 71-100 and 100-15.
direct action (DA) (JP 1-02) Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions by special
operations forces to seize, destroy, capture, recover, or inflict damage on designated personnel or
materiel. In the conduct of these operations, special operations forces may employ raid, ambush, or direct
1-52
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
assault tactics; emplace mines and other munitions; conduct standoff attacks by fire from air, ground, or
maritime platforms; provide terminal guidance for precision-guided munitions; and conduct independent
sabotage. See FM 31-20.
direct action mission In special operations, a specified act involving operations of an overt, clandestine,
or low-visibility nature conducted primarily by special operations forces in hostile or denied areas. (See
also direct action (DA) and direct action operations.) See FM 31-20.
direct action operations Short-duration offensive actions by special operations forces (SOF) to seize,
destroy, or inflict damage on a specified target; or to destroy, capture, or recover designated personnel
or materiel. In the conduct of these operations, SOF may employ raid, ambush, or direct assault tactics;
emplace mines and other munitions; conduct standoff attacks by fire from air, ground, or maritime
platforms; provide terminal guidance for precision-guided munitions; and conduct independent sabotage.
See FMs 31-20 and 100-25.
directed-energy (DE) (JP 1-02) An umbrella term covering technologies that relate to the production of
a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles. (Army) Lasers, high-
energy microwave, and particle beams are all examples. (See also directed-energy warfare (DEW).)
directed-energy warfare (DEW) (JP 1-02) Military action involving the use of directed-energy weapons,
devices, and countermeasures to either cause direct damage or destruction of enemy equipment, facilities,
and personnel, or to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum
through damage, destruction, and disruption. It also includes actions taken to protect friendly equipment,
facilities, and personnel and retain friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. (Army) Directed-
energy weapons are used like direct fire weapons. (See also directed energy (DE) and direct fire.) See
FM 71-123.
directed obstacle An obstacle directed by a higher commander as a specified task to a subordinate unit.
See FM 90-7.
directed target Target directed by the responsible commander to be prepared for demolition or destroyed
to support his intent. See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-100.
direct exchange (JP 1-02) A supply method of issuing serviceable materiel in exchange for unserviceable
materiel on an item-for-item basis. See FMs 10-1 and 63-20.
direct fire (JP 1-02) Gunfire delivered on a target, using the target itself as a point of aim for either the
gun or the director. (Army) Fire includes gun, missile, or rocket fire. Fire directed at a target that is
visible to the aimer or firing unit. See FMs 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-20, 7-95, and 71-123.
direction of attack (JP 1-02) A specific direction or route that the main attack or center of mass of the
unit will follow. The unit is restricted, required to attack as indicated, and is not normally allowed to
bypass the enemy. The direction of attack is used primarily in counterattacks or to ensure that supporting
attacks make maximal contribution to the main attack. (Army) Normally used at battalion and lower
levels. Direction of attack is a more restrictive control measure than axis of advance, and units are not
free to maneuver off the assigned route. It usually is associated with infantry units conducting night
attacks, or units involved in limited visibility operations and in counterattacks. (See also axis of
advance.) See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15. 3-15, 3-16
direction finding (JP 1-02) A procedure for obtaining bearings of radio frequency emitters by using a
highly directional antenna and a display unit on an intercept receiver or ancillary equipment.
1-53
direction of fire The direction on which a cannon, rocket, gun, or missile is laid. It represents the direction
to the most significant threat in the target area. See FMs 6-20, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
direct laying (JP 1-02) Laying in which the sights of weapons are aligned directly on the target. (Army)
Normally used in conjunction with mortars and sometimes artillery. See FMs 6-20 and 7-90.
direct pressure force A force employed in a pursuit operation that orients on the enemy main body to
prevent enemy disengagement or defensive reconstitution prior to envelopment by the encircling force.
It normally conducts a series of hasty attacks to slow the enemy's retirement by forcing him to stand and
fight. (See also encircling force and pursuit.) See FMs 1-112, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
direct support (DS) (JP 1-02) A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and
authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance. (NATO) The support
provided by a unit or formation not attached to, nor under command of, the supported unit or formation,
but required to give priority to the support required by that unit or formation. (See also general support
(GS), general support reinforcing (GSR), and reinforcing (R).) See FMs 6-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123,
and 100-15.
direct support artillery (JP 1-02 NATO) Artillery whose primary task is to provide fire requested by the
supported unit. (See also general support (GS).) See FM 6-series.
direct support unit (DSU) Unit providing supply and maintenance support directly to a using or
consuming unit.
disengagement Breaking contact with the enemy and moving to a point where the enemy can neither
observe nor engage the unit by direct fire. See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
dislocated civilian (Army) A generic term that describes a civilian who has been forced to move by war,
revolution, or natural or man-made disaster from his or her home to some other location. Dislocated
citizens include displaced persons, refugees, evacuees, stateless persons, or war victims. Legal and
political considerations define the subcategories of a dislocated civilian. See FM 100-20.
dispersion(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A scattered pattern of hits around the mean point of impact of bombs and
projectiles dropped or fired under identical conditions. 2. In antiaircraft gunnery, the scattering of shots
in range and deflection about the mean point of explosion. 3. The spreading or separating of troops,
materiel, establishments, or activities which are usually concentrated in limited areas to reduce
vulnerability. 4. In chemical and biological operations, the dissemination of agents in liquid or aerosol
form. 5. In airdrop operations, the scatter of personnel and/or cargo on the drop zone. See FMs 6-20,
17-12, 23-1, 44-100, 71-100-2, and 71-123.
displace To leave one position and take another. Forces may be displaced laterally to concentrate combat
power in threatened areas. (See also defend and delaying operation.) See FMs 6-20, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20,
17-95, and 71-123.
displaced person (JP 1-02, NATO) A civilian who is involuntarily outside the national boundaries of his
or her country. (See also dislocated civilian and refugee.) See FMs 100-20 and 100-23.
display(Army) A deception technique to mislead the enemy's visual senses, including his observation by
radar, camera, infrared device, or the human eye. Displays include simulations, disguises, portrayals, or
some combination of these measures. See FMs 71-100, 90-2, 100-5, and 100-15.
1-54
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
disposition (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Distribution of the elements of a command within an area, usually the
exact location of each unit headquarters and the deployment of the forces subordinate to it. 2. A
prescribed arrangement of the stations to be occupied by the several formations and single ships of a fleet,
or major subdivisions of a fleet, for any purpose, such as cruising, approach, maintaining contact, or
battle. 3. A prescribed arrangement of all the tactical units composing a flight or group of aircraft.
(DOD) 4. The removal of a patient from a medical treatment facility by reason of return to duty, transfer
to another treatment facility, death, or other termination of medical case. (See also deployment and
dispersion.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
disrupt A tactical task or obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to break apart an
enemy's formation and tempo, interrupt the enemy's timetable, or cause premature commitment of enemy
forces, or the piecemealing of his attack. See FMs 90-7 and 100-5. 3-31 C-9
distribution point (JP 1-02, NATO) A point at which supplies and/or ammunition, obtained from
supporting supply points by a division or other unit, are broken down for distribution to subordinate units.
Distribution points usually carry no stocks; items drawn are issued completely as soon as possible. See
FM 10-1.
distribution system (JP 1-02) That complex of facilities, installations, methods, and procedures designed
to receive, store, maintain, distribute, and control the flow of military materiel between the point of receipt
into the military system and the point of issue to using activities and units. See FMs 10-1 and 100-10.
diversion (JP 1-02) 1. The act of drawing the attention and forces of an enemy from the point of the
principal operation; an attack, alarm, or feint that diverts attention. 2. A change made in a prescribed
route for operational or tactical reasons. A diversion order will not constitute a change of destination.
3. A rerouting of cargo or passengers to a new transshipment point or destination or on a different mode
of transportation prior to arrival at ultimate destination. (See also deception operation and
demonstration.) See FMs 55-12, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
division PSYOP support element (DPSE) (Army) A tactical psychological operation support element
that provides PSYOP support to a division. See FM 33-1 and JP 3-53.
division support area (DSA) (Army) An area normally located in the division rear and often positioned
near air-landing facilities along the main supply route. The DSA contains the portions of the division rear
command post, DISCOM CP, and units organic and attached to the DISCOM. It may also contain
COSCOM units supporting the division and nondivisional units in the division area. See FM 63-2.
3-39
doctrinal template A model based on postulated enemy tactical doctrine. It generally portrays frontages,
depths, echelon spacing, and force composition, as well as his disposition of combat, combat support, and
combat service support units for a given type of operation. It portrays how the enemy would like to fight
if he was not constrained. (See also decision support template (DST), event template, intelligence
preparation of the battlefield (IPB), and situational template.) See FMs 34-1 and 34-130.
doctrine(JP 1-02, NATO) Fundamental principles by which the military forces or elements thereof guide
their actions in support of national objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment in application.
See FM 100-5.
domestic emergencies (JP 1-02) Emergencies affecting the public welfare and occurring within the 50
states, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US possessions and territories, or any
1-55
political subdivision thereof, as a result of enemy attack, insurrection, civil disturbance, earthquake, fire,
flood, or other public disasters, or equivalent emergencies that endanger life and property or disrupt the
usual process of government. The term domestic emergency ic ncludes any or all of the emergency
conditions defined below: a. civil defense emergency A domestic emergency disaster situation
resulting from devastation created by an enemy attack and requiring emergency operations during and
following that attack. It may be proclaimed by appropriate authority in anticipation of an attack. b. civil
disturbances Riots, acts of violence, insurrections, unlawful obstructions or assemblages, or other
disorders prejudicial to public law and order. The term civil disturbance includes all domestic conditions
requiring or likely to require the use of Federal Armed Forces pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 15
of Title 10, United States Code. c. major disaster Any flood, fire, hurricane, tornado, earthquake,
or other catastrophe which, in the determination of the President, is or threatens to be of sufficient
severity and magnitude to warrant disaster assistance by the Federal Government under Public Law 606,
91st Congress (42 United States Code 58) to supplement the efforts and available resources of State and
local governments in alleviating the damage, hardship, or suffering caused thereby. d. natural disaster
All domestic emergencies except those created as a result of enemy attack or civil disturbance. See
FM 100-20.
dominant terrain Terrain that because of its elevation, proportions, or location, commands a view of, and
may offer fields of fire over, surrounding terrain. (See also critical point and key terrain.) See FM
34-130.
dominant user concept (JP 1-02) The concept that the Service which is the principal consumer will have
the responsibility for performance of a support workload for all using Services. See FM 10-1.
dose rate The amount of ionizing or nuclear radiation that an individual would receive during a unit of
time. It is usually expressed in centigray (cGy) per hour. Dose rate is commonly used to indicate the level
of radioactivity in a contaminated area. See FM 3-3-1.
dose rate contour line (JP 1-02, NATO) A line on a map, diagram, or overlay joining all points at which
the radiation dose rate at a given time is the same. See FM 3-3-1. 3-36
double envelopment (Army) A choice of maneuver executed by forces that move around both flanks of
an enemy position to attack the flanks or objectives in the rear of the enemy. The enemy normally is fixed
in position by a supporting frontal attack or by indirect or aerial fires. (See also choices of maneuver,
envelopment, and turning movement.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
doubtful (JP 1-02) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a term used by an observer or spotter to indicate
that he was unable to determine the difference in range between the target and a round or rounds. (Army)
Includes mortars and direct fire. See FMs 6-20, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
down (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support: 1. A term used in a call for fire to indicate
that the target is at a lower altitude than the reference point used in identifying the target. 2. A correction
used by an observer/spotter to indicate that a decrease in height of burst is desired. (Army) Includes
mortars and direct fire. See FMs 6-20, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
downed aircrew pickup point A point to where aviators will attempt to evade and escape to be recovered
by friendly forces. See FM 1-111. 3-5
downwind hazard area The area downwind of a nuclear, biological, or chemical attack that may present
a hazard to unprotected troops. See FM 3-3 and 3-3-1.
1-56
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
downwind hazard prediction A prediction of the possible extent of chemical hazard prepared by a corps
or division nuclear, biological, chemical center (NBCC) following an attack. See FM 3-3.
drop(JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a correction used by an observer/spotter to
indicate that a decrease in range along a spotting line is desired. (Army) Parachute jump, individual
or in mass, or supply delivery by parachute from an aircraft in flight, or the act of making such a jump
or delivery. See FMs 6-20, 7-90, 23-1, 71-100-2, and 90-26.
drop zone (DZ) (JP 1-02, NATO) A specific area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are
airdropped. (See also airborne operation and drop.) See FMs 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, and 90-26.
3-12
dual-firing circuit (JP 1-02) An assembly comprising two independent firing systems, both electric or
both non-electric, so that the firing of either system will detonate all charges. (See also demolition and
state of readiness.) See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-100.
dummy min efield (JP 1-02, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a minefield containing no live mines and
presenting only a psychological threat. (Army). It is also known as a phoney minefield. (See also
deception operation.) See FMs 5-100 and 90-2. 3-7
E
early warning (JP 1-02, NATO) Early notification of the launch or approach of unknown weapons or
weapon carriers. (See also air defense.) See FMs 34-2 and 44-100.
echelon (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A subdivision of a headquarters, i.e., forward echelon, rear echelon. 2.
Separate level of command. As compared to a regiment, a division is a higher echelon; a battalion is a
lower echelon. 3. A fraction of a command in the direction of depth to which a principal combat mission
is assigned, i.e., attack echelon, support echelon, reserve echelon. 4. A formation in which its
subdivisions are placed one behind another, with a lateral and even spacing to the same side. (See also
airborne operation, command post (CP), and formation.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 10-1, 17-
95, 71-123, 100-5, 100-10, and 100-15.
echeloned displacement (JP 1-02, NATO) Movement of a unit from one position to another without
discontinuing performance of its primary function. (DOD) Normally, the unit divides into two functional
elements (base and advance); and, while the base continues to operate, the advance element displaces to
a new site where, after it becomes operational, it is joined by the base element. (Army) A movement
with one element as the base of fire which covers the moving unit's movement to the next position, it is
used in both offensive and defensive operations. (See also bound, bounding overwatch, defend, delaying
operation, and force projection.) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-7, 7-8, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-123, 71-100, and
100-15.
echelon formati on A unit formation with subordinate elements arranged on an angle to the left of the
direction of attack or to the right (echelon left; echelon right). This formation provides for firepower
forward and to the flank of the direction of the echelon. It facilitates control in open areas. It provides
minimal security to the opposite flank of the direction of the echeloning. (See also box formation, column
formation, diamond formation, formation, line formation, movement formation, vee formation, and wedge
formation.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, and 7-20.
1-57
echeloning The organizing and prioritizing of units for movement. Echelons are often divided into
elements such as advance parties, initial combat forces, follow-on forces, and closure forces. See
FM 71-100.
echelonment Organization of elements within a force into three echelons the assault echelon, the
follow-on echelon, and the rear echelon. (See also airborne, assault echelon, follow-on echelon, and rear
echelon.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-100-2, 71-123, 90-26, and 100-15.
echelon s above corps (EAC) (Army) Army headquarters and organizations that provide the interface
between the theater commander (joint or multinational) and the corps for operational matters. See FM
100-5.
economy of force The allocation of minimum-essential combat capability or strength to secondary efforts
so that forces may be concentrated in the area where a decision is sought. Economy of force is a principle
of war and a condition of tactical operations. It is not used to describe a mission. (See also main effort.)
See FMs 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
effective downwind message A message that forecasts wind speed and direction at heights corresponding
to preselected nuclear weapon yields. See FM 3-3.
egress route The route used to exit enemy territory after the conclusion of a mission such as a deep attack
or raid. See FMs 1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 100-103.
electromagnetic deception (JP 1-02) The deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, suppression,
absorption, denial, enhancement, or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey
misleading information to an enemy or to enemy electromagnetic-dependent weapons, thereby degrading
or neutralizing the enemy's combat capability. Among the types of electromagnetic deception are
imitative, manipulative, and simulative. (See also electronic warfare (EW), information warfare (IW),
imitative electromagnetic deception (IED), manipulative electromagnetic deception (MED), and
simulative electromagnetic deception.) See FMs 34-1 and 34-40.
electromagnetic interference (EMI) (JP 1-02) Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs,
or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment. It can be
induced intentionally, as in some forms of electronic warfare, or unintentionally, as a result of spurious
emissions and responses, intermodulation products, and the like. (See also jamming.) See FM 34-1.
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) (JP 1-02) The electromagnetic radiation from a nuclear explosion caused
by Compton-recoil electrons and photoelectrons from photons scattered in the materials of the nuclear
device or in a surrounding medium. The resulting electric and magnetic fields may couple with
electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges. (Army) The
high-energy, short-duration pulse (similar in some respects to a bolt of lightning) generated by a nuclear
or nonnuclear detonation. It can induce a current in any electrical conductor and can temporarily disrupt
or overload and damage components of improperly protected or unprotected electronic equipment. See
FM 3-3-1.
electromagnetic radiation (JP 1-02) Radiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and
propagated with the speed of light. Includes gamma radiation; X-rays; ultraviolet, visible, and infrared
radiation; and radar and radio waves. See FM 34-40.
electronic attack (EA) (JP 1-02) That division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic,
directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of
degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability. EA includes: 1. actions taken to prevent
or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic
1-58
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
deception, and 2. employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their
primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams), or antiradiation
weapons. (See also command and control warfare (C2W) and electronic warfare (EW).) See FMs 34-1
and 34-40.
electronic protection (EP) (JP 1-02) That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect
personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic
warfare that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. (See also electronic warfare
(EW).) See FMs 34-1 and 34-40.
electronic intelligence (ELINT) (JP 1-02) Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign
noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or
radioactive sources. (See also signals intelligence (SIGINT).) See FMs 34-1 and 34-40.
electronic warfare (EW) (JP 1-02) Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed
energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. The three major subdivisions
within electronic warfare are: electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support.
(Army) The use of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the
electromagnetic spectrum and to ensure friendly use thereof. (See also command and control warfare
(C2W) and deception.) See FMs 34-1 and 34-40.
electronic warfare support (ES) (JP 1-02) That division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked
by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate
sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate
threat recognition. Thus, electronic warfare support provides information required for immediate
decisions involving electronic warfare operations and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance,
targeting, and homing. Electronic warfare support data can be used to produce signals intelligence
(SIGINT), communications intelligence (COMINT), and electronics intelligence (ELINT). (See also
electronic warfare (EW).) See FMs 34-1 and 34-40.
embarkation (JP 1-02, NATO) The process of putting personnel and/or vehicles and their associated
stores and equipment into ships and/or aircraft. (See also aerial port of embarkation (APOE) and
amphibious operation.) See FMs 20-12 and 55-12.
embarkation order (JP 1-02, NATO) An order specifying dates, times, routes, loading diagrams, and
methods of movement to shipside or aircraft for troops and their equipment. (See also movement table
and operation order (OPORD).) See FM 101-5.
emergency procedure A mandatory procedure that a flight crew must perform to preclude loss of life or
injury and to avoid damage to the aircraft when an aircraft malfunction occurs. See FMs 1-111,
1-112, 1-116, and 100-103.
emergency resupply (JP 1-02) A resupply mission that occurs based on a predetermined set of
circumstances and time interval should radio contact not be established or, once established, is lost
between a special operations tactical element and its base (See also automatic resupply and on-call
resupply.)
emergency risk (nuclear) (JP 1-02) A degree of risk where anticipated effects may cause some temporary
shock and casualties and may significantly reduce the unit's combat efficiency. (Army) Emergency
risk is accepted only when absolutely necessary. It includes vulnerability categories expressed in terms
of risk to unwarned, exposed personnel; exposed personnel; warned, protected personnel. (See also
1-59
degree of risk (nuclear), moderate risk (nuclear), negligible risk (nuclear), and troop safety (nuclear).)
See FM 100-30 and JPs 3-12.2 and 3-12.3.
emplacement (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A prepared position for one or more weapons or pieces of equipment,
for protection against hostile fire or bombardment, and from which they can execute their tasks. 2. The
act of fixing a gun in a prepared position from which it may be fired. (See also defend.) See FMs 5-103,
6-20 series, 7-7, 7-8, 7-90, and 71-123. 3-33
encirclement The loss of freedom of maneuver to one force resulting from an enemy force's control of all
routes of egress and reinforcement. (See also breakout and linkup.) See FMs 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95,
71-100, 71-123, and 100-5. 3-19
encircling force In pursuit operations, the force which is to get to the rear of the enemy and block his
escape so that he can be destroyed between the direct pressure and encircling force. This force advances
or flies along routes paralleling the enemy's line of retreat. This force may also attack into the flank of
a retreating enemy. (See also block, envelopment, and pursuit.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-10, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
end evening civil twilight (EECT) Occurs when the sun has dropped 6 degrees beneath the western
horizon and is the instant at which there is no longer sufficient light to see objects with the unaided eye.
Light intensification devices are recommended from this time until begin morning civil twilight (BMCT).
(See also limited-visibility operations and twilight.)
end evening nautical twilight (EENT) Occurs when the sun has dropped 12 degrees beneath the western
horizon and is the instant of last available daylight. At the EENT, there is no further sunlight visible.
(See limited-visibility operations and twilight.)
end of mission (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, an order given to terminate firing
on a specific target. (Army) Pertains to mortar fire also. (See also cease loading, call for fire, and fire
mission.) See FMs 6-20 series and 7-90.
end state (Army) A set of required conditions that, when achieved, attain the aims set for the campaign
or operation. (See also battlefield visualization, commander's intent, and operation order (OPORD).)
See FMs 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
enemy The individual, group of individuals (organized or not organized), paramilitary or military force,
national entity, or national alliance that is in opposition to the United States, its allies, or multinational
partners. Ch 4 App B D-2 to D-8
enemy prisoner of war (EPW) Enemy personnel captured during operations conducted in war or combat,
or stability and support operations. See FMs 19-40 and 27-10. 3-38
enfilading fire A type of engagement where the beaten zone of the firing weapon is on the long axis of the
target being engaged. This usually occurs from the flank of the target. See FMs 7-7, 7-8 and 7-10.
engage (JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a fire control order used to direct or authorize units and/or
weapon systems to fire on a designated target. (See also cease fire.)
engagement (JP 1-02) In air defense, an attack with guns or air-to-air missiles by an interceptor aircraft,
or the launch of an air defense missile by air defense artillery and the missile's subsequent travel to
1-60
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
intercept. (Army) A small tactical conflict, usually between opposing maneuver forces. (See also
battle and campaign.) See FMs 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 44-100, 71-123, 100-5, and
100-15.
engagement area (EA) An area along an enemy avenue of approach where the commander intends to
contain and destroy an enemy force with the massed fires of all available weapons. The size and shape
of the engagement area is determined by the relatively unobstructed intervisibility from the weapon
systems in their firing positions and the maximum range of those weapons. Sectors of fire are usually
assigned to subordinates to prevent fratricide. (See also defend.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-10,
7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15. 3-8, 3-12
engagement criteria Those circumstances that allow engagement of an enemy force without a specific
command to do so. Examples are a point or line on the ground that an enemy crosses or an event or action
that an enemy does. (See also engagement area (EA) and decision point (DP).) See FMs 6-series, 7-7,
7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, 17-95, 23-1, 71-123, and 101-5.
engagement priorities The sequence for attack of targets in order of importance assigned to specific
weapon systems to facilitate the destruction of threat vehicles expected in an armored formation.
Engagement priorities are assigned based on the type or level of threat at different ranges to best match
organic weapon system capabilities against threat vulnerabilities. See FM 101-5.
engineer regulating point (ERP) Checkpoint to ensure that vehicles do not exceed the capacity of the
crossing means and to give drivers final instructions on site-specific procedures and information, such
as speed and vehicle interval. See FMs 5-71-100, 5-100, and 5-114. 3-28
engineer work line A coordinated boundary or phase line used to compartmentalize an operational area
to indicate where specific engineer units have primary responsibility for the engineer effort. It may be
used at division level to discriminate between a sector supported by division engineer assets and a sector
supported by direct support or general support corps engineer units. See FMs 5-71-100, 5-100, and
5-114.
envelopment (JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive maneuver in which the main attacking force passes around
or over the enemy's principal defensive positions to secure objectives to the enemy's rear. (Army) It
is one of the five choices of maneuver. A commander must find or create an assailable flank by passing
forces around one or both of, or over (vertical), the sides of an enemy force, pitting his strength against
the enemy's weakness. (See also attack, choices of maneuver, double envelopment, encircling force,
offensive operations, and turning movement.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-
123, 100-5, and 100-15.
environmental area of interest An environmentally sensitive area that may be deemed worthy of special
consideration because of its unique and important qualities relative to adjacent areas (for example, the
only forest within a large region), or the importance of its natural environmental function (for example,
a wetland, flood plains, permafrost area, or an endangered species critical habitat). The environmental
area of interests includes man-made structures such as waste water treatment plants and dams.
environmental base line survey An assessment, or study, done on an area of interest (a property) in order
to define the environmental state or condition of that property prior to use by US forces. Used to
determine the environmental impact of property use by US forces, and the level of environmental
restoration needed prior to returning the property, upon US departure.
1-61
environmental compliance The unconditional obeying of international, foreign nation, federal, state, and
local environmental rules, regulations, and guidelines that affect current operations.
environmental conditions report (ECR) A concise summary of environmental conditions at a base camp
site, based on the environmental base line survey, supported by maps and backup documents, prepared
by base camp commanders for each base camp. The ECR documents conditions at the site if claims or
other legal challenges arise against the government.
environmental protec tion The application of human ingenuity and resources, through the disciplines of
science and engineering, as required by environmental protection laws, regulations, and policies, to
protect the natural environment.
environm ental protection level The varying level of environmental protection that can reasonably be
afforded at any particular time during warfare, or battlefield conditions, given the absolute requirement
that such a diversion of resources away from the mission at hand does not adversely affect that mission,
or any friendly personnel, or indigenous or refugee populations.
environmental reconnaissance The systematic observation and recording of site or area data collected
by visual or physical means, dealing specifically with environmental conditions as they exist, and
identifying areas that are environmentally sensitive or of relative environmental concern, for information
and decision-making purposes.
escort (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A combatant unit(s) assigned to accompany and protect another force or
convoy. 2. Aircraft assigned to protect other aircraft during a mission. 3. An armed guard that
accompanies a convoy, a train, prisoners, etc. 4. An armed guard accompanying persons as a mark of
honor. (DOD) 5. To convoy. 6. A member of the Armed Forces assigned to accompany, assist, or
guide an individual or group, e.g., an escort officer. See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-5, 100-15, and 100-20.
essential elements of friendly information (EEFI) (JP 1-02) Key questions likely to be asked by
adversary officials and intelligence systems about specific friendly intentions, capabilities, and activities
so they can obtain answers critical to their operational effectiveness. (Army) The critical aspects of
a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit
success of the operation, and therefore must be protected from enemy detection. (See also commander's
critical information requirements (CCIR).) See FMs 34-1 and 101-5.
essential elements of information (EEI) (JP 1-02) The critical items of information regarding the enemy
and the environment needed by the commander by a particular time to relate with other available
information and intelligence in order to assist in reaching a logical decision. (Army) Within US Army
doctrine, priority intelligence requirements equate to EEI. (See also commander's critical information
requirements. (CCIR).) See FM 101-5.
evacuation (JP 1-02) 1. The process of moving any person who is wounded, injured, or ill to and/or
between medical treatment facilities. 2. The clearance of personnel, animals, or materiel from a given
locality. 3. The controlled process of collecting, classifying, and shipping unserviceable or abandoned
material, United States and foreign, to appropriate reclamation, maintenance, technical intelligence, or
disposal facilities. (Army) 1. The ordered or authorized departure of noncombatants from a specific
area by the Department of State, Department of Defense, or appropriate military commander. This refers
to the movement from one area to another in the same or different countries. The evacuation is caused
by unusual or emergency circumstances and applies equally to command or noncommand-sponsored
family members. 2. A combat service support function that involves the movement of recovered
material, personnel, casualties, bodies, prisoners of war, and so forth, from a forward collection point
1-62
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
along a main supply route to a rearward, usually higher unit, exchange point, or facility. (See also
collection point and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC).) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 8-10-6,
17-95, 17-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
evacuation force In noncombatant evacuation operations, the element that conducts in-country evacuation
operations, including advance party, evacuation control center, marshalling, and force protection
operations. (See also evacuation.) See FM 90-29.
evacuation site In noncombatant evacuation operations, the location, selected by the embassy and
occupied by the evacuation force, where evacuees are consolidated and prepared for evacuation . It is
usually located near the point of embarkation. (See also evacuation.) See FM 90-29.
evasion and escape (E&E) (JP 1-02, NATO) The procedures and operations whereby military personnel
and other selected individuals are enabled to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile area to areas under
friendly control. See FMs 1-111 and 100-25.
event template A model against which enemy activity can be recorded and compared. It represents a
sequential projection of events that relate to space and time on the battlefield and indicate the enemy's
ability to adopt a particular course of action. The event template is a guide for collection and
reconnaissance and surveillance planning. (See also decision support template, doctrinal template,
named area of interest (AI), and situation template.) See FMs 34-1 and 34-130.
exclusive standoff zone (Army) A controlled area surrounding a facility in which only service and delivery
vehicles are allowed. The perimeter of this area is defined by barriers and is set at a standoff distance
sufficient to reduce the blast effects of a vehicle bomb. See FMs 5-114 and 100-20.
execution matrix A visual and sequential representation of the critical tasks and responsible organizations
by phase for a tactical operation used as a staff tool. See FMs 71-123 and 101-5.
exercise (JP 1-02, NATO) A military maneuver or simulated wartime operation involving planning,
preparation, and execution. It is carried out for the purpose of training and evaluation. It may be a
combined, joint, or single-Service exercise, depending on participating organizations. (See also command
post exercise (CPX) and maneuver.) See FMs 25-100 and 25-101.
exfiltration(JP 1-02) The removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control. (Army) The
removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or
clandestine means. See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5,
and 100-15.
expedient flight route Flight route that is established with preselected and disseminated checkpoints. For
a specific mission, the commander can define an expedient flight route by reference to these checkpoints
when limited time is available to develop and disseminate pickup and landing zones and flight route
information. See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 1-116, 90-4, and 100-103.
expeditionary force (JP 1-02) An armed force organized to accomplish a specific objective in a foreign
country. (See also combatant command and joint task force (JTF).) See FMs 71-100, 100-5, 100-15,
and 100-20.
exploitation (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Taking full advantage of success in battle and following up initial
gains. 2. Taking full advantage of any information that has come to hand for tactical, operational, or
strategic purposes. 3. An offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to
disorganize the enemy in depth. (See also attack and pursuit.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10,
7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 17-123, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
1-63
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) (JP 1-02, NATO) The detection, identification, on-site evaluation,
rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may also include
explosive ordnance which has become hazardous by damage or deterioration. See FM 5-250.
exposure The frequency and length of time subjected to a hazard.
exposure dose (JP 1-02, NATO) The exposure dose at a given point is a measurement of radiation in
relation to its ability to produce ionization. The unit of measurement of the exposure dose is the roentgen.
(See also absorbed dose and dose rate.) See FM 3-3-1.
external load A person, piece of equipment, or pallet or package of supplies transported by being
suspended externally to a helicopter by a lifting service consisting of a combination of a cargo hook or
hooks, an external hoist, or a sling apparatus. See FMs 55-450-3/ 4/5.
extraction zone (EZ) (JP 1-02, NATO) A specified drop zone used for the delivery of supplies and/or
equipment by means of an extraction technique from an aircraft flying very close to the ground. (See also
air assault, airborne operation, and airhead line.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100-2, and JP 3-18.1. 3-12
F
faker (JP 1-02) A friendly aircraft simulating a hostile in an air defense exercise. (See also air defense.)
See FM 44-100.
fallout (JP 1-02, NATO) The precipitation to Earth of radioactive particulate matter from a nuclear cloud;
also applied to the particulate matter itself. (See also downwind hazard area, radiation dose, radiation
dose rate, and radiation status (RS).) See FM 3-3-1.
family of scatterable mine (FASCAM) A grouping of munitions that dispense scatterable mines
(scatmines) by artillery, helicopter, fixed wing, or ground launchers. There are antipersonnel and antitank
mines. All US scatmines self-destruct at preset times. The self-destruct times depend on the type of
munition. (See also minefield and scatterable mines.) See FMs 5-71-100, 6-series, and 20-32. 3-30
fascines Large cylindrical bundles of material, usually wooden poles or plastic or metal pipe loosely bound
together, which are dropped into ditches or gaps to create crossings. (See also block and obstacle.)
See FM 5-102.
feint (Army) A type of attack used as a deception intended to draw the enemy's attention away from the
area of the main attack. This induces the enemy to move his reserves or to shift his fire support in
reaction to the feint. Feints must appear real and therefore require some contact with the enemy. Usually
a limited-objective attack ranging in size from a raid to a supporting attack is conducted. (See also attack,
deception, demonstration, display and ruse.) See FMs 6-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 90-2, 100-5
and 100-15. 3-7
field exercise (JP 1-02, NATO) An exercise conducted in the field under simluated war conditions in
which troops and armament of one side are actually present, while those of the other side may be
imaginary or in outline. (See also command post exercise (CPX).) See FMs 25-100, 25-101, and 101-5.
field of fire (JP 1-02, NATO) The area which a weapon or a group of weapons may cover effectively
with fire from a given position. (See also intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB), enfilading fire,
battle position (BP), and dead space.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, and 7-10.
1-64
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
field fortifications (JP 1-02, NATO) An emplacement or shelter of a temporary nature which can be
constructed with reasonable facility by units requiring no more than minor engineer supervisory and
equipment participation. (See also battle position (BP), emplacement, and strongpoint (SP).) See FM 5-
103. 3-12, 3-33
field services Essential services to enhance a soldier's quality of life during operations. They include food
preparation, water purification, mortuary affairs support, airdrop support, laundry and shower services,
and cloth and light textile repair. See FM 10-1.
field trains The combat service support portion of a unit at company, battalion, and brigade level that is
positioned in the brigade support area with the forward support battalion and other support elements
pushed forward from the division main support battalion. At company level, supply and mess teams
normally will be located in the battalion field trains. A battalion's field trains may include mess teams and
the portion of the supply section of the support platoon, a maintenance element, and ammunition and
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) elements not forward in the combat trains. (See also combat trains
and unit trains.) See FMs 7-30, 7-123, 63-2, and 63-20. 4-23
field trains command post (FTCP) (Army) At the battalion and squadron levels, the place from which
the HHC/HHT commander controls the field trains operations. See FMs 7-7, 7-8, and 7-20. A-3
fighter liaison officer (FLO) (Army) A member of the tactical air control party . He is responsible to the
corps air liaison officer (ALO) and provides specific knowledge and expertise on the employment of
fighter attack aircraft.
final coordination line (FCL) A line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting or shifting
of supporting fires with the final deployment of maneuver elements. It should be recognizable on the
ground. It is not a fire support coordination measure. (See also assault.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20,
7-30, and 71-123. 3-16
final protective fire (FPF) (JP 1-02, NATO) An immediately available prearranged barrier of fire
designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. (See also battle position (BP),
defend, and final protective line (FPL).) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123. 3-23
final protective line (FPL) A line of fire selected where an enemy assault is to be checked by interlocking
fire from all available weapons and obstacles. (See also dead space, field of fire, final protective fire
(FPF), and principal direction of fire (PDF).) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123.
fire (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The command given to discharge a weapon(s). 2. To detonate the main
explosive charge by means of a firing system. (Army) 1. The act of discharging a weapon(s),
launching rockets and missiles, or detonating an explosive. 2. The receiving of the effects of weapon(s)
ammunition and explosions.
fire base (FB) 1. An area used during air assault operations from which a unit is moved via helicopter
and supports the air assault operation's main effort with direct or indirect fires. 2. An area in hostile or
insurgent territory which has a 360-degree defense and which supports combat patrols or larger
operations with combat support and combat service support assets. (See also echelonment.) See FM
71-100-3.
1-65
fire command A specific sequence of information given by a control authority (for example, a vehicle
commander or fire direction center) that causes a crew to begin performing a sequence of actions and
provides detailed direction to choose the ammunition type, aim the weapon, and engage the target. Each
element given by the controller requires a response from a crew member to ensure correct aiming and
engagement. After the initial fire command, subsequent fire commands using the same sequence of
information can be used to adjust the point of impact to ensure the desired target effect. See Fms 6-
series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
fire direction center (FDC) (JP 1-02, NATO) That element of a command post, consisting of gunnery
and communication personnel and equipment, by means of which the commander exercises fire direction
and/or fire control. The fire direction center receives target intelligence and requests for fire, and translates
them into appropriate fire direction. (Army) Provides timely and effective tactical and technical fire
control in support of current operations. See FMs 6-20 series and 7-90.
fire for effect (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Fire which is delivered after the mean point of impact or burst is within
the desired distance of the target or adjusting/ranging point. 2. Term in a call for fire to indicate the
adjustment/ranging is satisfactory and fire for effect is desired. (Army) That volume of fires delivered
on a target to achieve the desired effect. (See also destroy, final protective fire (FPF), fire mission,
neutralize, and suppression.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30 and 71-123.
fire mission (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Specific assignment given to a fire unit as part of a definite plan.
2. Order used to alert the weapon/battery area and indicate that the message following is a call for fire.
(See also call for fire, cease loading, and fire support element (FSE)) See FMs 6-20 series and 7-90.
fire and movement The concept of applying fires from all sources to suppress, neutralize, or destroy the
enemy, and the tactical movement of combat forces in relation to the enemy (as components of maneuver
is applicable at all echelons). At the squad level, it entails a team placing suppressive fire on the enemy
as another team moves against or around the enemy. (See also bounding overwatch, formation, movement
technique, and support by fire.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123.
fire plan (JP 1-02, NATO) A tactical plan for using the weapons of a unit or formation so that their fire
will be coordinated. (See also offensive operations, defend, air defense, fire support, and final protective
fire (FPF).) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, and 71-123.
firepower(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The amount of fire which may be delivered by a position, unit, or weapon
system. 2. Ability to deliver fire. (Army) The potential capacity (product) of all weapons and attack
systems available to the force commander. (See also combat power; fire plan; and mission, enemy, terrain,
troops, and time available (METT-T).) See FMs 1-113, 6-20, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-5, and 100-15.
fires The delivery of all types of ordnance through both direct and indirect means, as well as nonlethal
means, that contribute to the destruction, disruption, or suppression of the enemy; facilitate tactical
movement; and achieve a decisive impact. See FMs 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-5, and 100-15.
fire support The collective and coordinated integration and synchronization of the fires and effects of
armed aircraft, land-based and sea-based indirect fire systems, and electronic warfare systems that directly
support combat forces against ground targets to delay, disrupt, destroy, divert, damage, and limit enemy
forces, combat formations, and facilities in pursuit of operational and tactical objectives. (See also
combined arms and fire support plan.) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 100-5, and 100-
15.
1-66
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
fire support area (FSA) (Army) A sea area in which a ship may position or cruise while firing in support
of ground forces. (See also fire support station (FSS) and naval gunfire support (NGFS.) See FM 6-
series. 3-23
fire support coordinating measure (JP 1-02) A measure employed by land or amphibious commanders
to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces.
(Army) In close coordination with supporting air asset commanders. (See also fire support
coordination.) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
fire support coordination (JP 1-02, NATO) The planning and executing of fire so that targets are
adequately covered by a suitable weapon or group of weapons. (See also fire support coordinating
measure.) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
fire support coordination line (FSCL) (JP 1-02) A line established by the appropriate land or
amphibious force commander to ensure coordination of fire not under the commanders control but which
may affect current tactical operations. The FSCL is used to coordinate fires of air, ground, or sea weapons
systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. The FSCL should follow well-defined
terrain features. The establishment of the FSCL must be coordinated with the appropriate tactical air
commander and other supporting elements. Supporting elements may attack targets forward of the FSCL
without prior coordination with the land or amphibious force commander provided the attack will not
produce adverse surface effects on or to the rear of the line. Attacks against surface targets behind this
line must be coordinated with the appropriate land or amphibious force commander. (Army) A
permissive fire control measure established and adjusted by the ground commander in consultation with
superior, subordinate, supporting, and other affected commanders. It is not a boundary; synchronization
of operations on either side of the FSCL is the responsibility of the establishing commander out to the
limits of the land component forward boundary. It applies to all fires of air, land, and sea weapon systems
using any type of ammunition against surface targets. Forces attacking targets beyond the FSCL must
inform all affected commanders to allow necessary coordination to avoid fratricide. (See also boundary,
coordinated fire line (CFL), and fire support coordinating measure.) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30,
17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and JP 3-0. 3-21
fire support element (FSE) A functional portion of a force tactical operations center that provides
centralized targeting, coordination, and integration of fires delivered on surface targets by fire support
means under the control of or in support of the force. This element is staffed from the field artillery
headquarters or field artillery staff section of the force and representatives of other fire support means.
(See also fire support coordinating measure and fire support plan.) See FMs 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30,
17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
fire support plan A plan on how indirect fires and target acquisition will be used to support an operation.
It should include a portion for each means of fire support involved. See also counterfire, fire support, fire
support coordination, list of targets, operation order (OPORD), and target list.) See FMs 6-20 series and
101-5.
fire support station (FSS) (Army) A specified position at sea from which a ship must fire in support of
ground forces. This is very restrictive and puts the ship at greatest risk. (See also fire support area (FSA)
and naval gunfire support (NGFS).) See FM 6-20 series. 3-23
fire support team (FIST) (Army) In fire support operations, a team comprised of a team chief (field
artillery lieutenant) and the necessary additional personnel and equipment required to plan, request,
coordinate, and direct fire support efforts for company-sized units. (See also fire support element
(FSE).) See FMs 6-20-20 and 7-10. 4-15
1-67
firing circuit (JP 1-02) 1. In land operations, an electrical circuit and/or pyrotechnic loop designed to
detonate connected charges from a firing point. 2. In naval mine warfare, that part of a mine circuit which
either completes the detonator circuit or operates a ship counter. See FMs 5-71-100 and 5-250.
first destination reporting point (FDRP) (Army) A point manned by a movement regulating team, a
movement control team, or military police that diverts a driver and cargo to an alternate consignee or
destination. See FM 55-10.
fix (JP 1-02, NATO) A position determined from terrestrial, electronic, or astronomical data. (See also
way point.) (Army) 1. A tactical task in which actions are taken to prevent the enemy from moving
any part of his forces either from a specific location or for a specific period of time by holding or
surrounding them to prevent their withdrawal for use elsewhere. 2. A tactical obstacle effect that
integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to slow an attacker within a specified area normally an
engagement area. (See also block, contain, disrupt, support by fire, and turn.) See FMs 1-112, 5-71-100,
5-102, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 90-7, 100-5, and 100-15. 3-31 C-9
flank guard (JP 1-02, NATO) A security element operating to the flank of a moving or stationary force
to protect it from enemy ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack. (See also screen and security
operations.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 1-116, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-5. C-11
flash blindness (JP 1-02, NATO) Impairment of vision resulting from an intense flash of light. It includes
temporary or permanent loss of visual functions and may be associated with retinal burns. (See also dazzle
and directed-energy warfare (DEW).) See FM 100-30.
flight coordination center (FCC) (Army) A primary Army air traffic control agency that is subordinate
to the flight operations center (FOC). It provides flight following as well as information on air traffic
movement within its assigned area; monitors Army aircraft operations and provides hostile activity
warnings to Army aviation units operating in the airspace; passes instrument flight rules flight plans to
the airspace management center for approval and visual flight rules flight plans to the appropriate air
traffic services facility; establishes liaison with the air defense command post; and provides a
communications link between terminal facilities of existing airfields, other nearby airfields, division
command posts, other FCCs, and the FOC when the FCC locates in a division area. See FMs 1-111 and
100-103.
flight corridor A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft and established to
prevent friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces. It is used to deconflict artillery firing
positions with aviation traffic. (See also air control point (ACP), air corridor, communications checkpoint
(CCP), and low-level transit route (LLTR).) See FMs 1-111, 71-100-3, and 100-103.
flight following (JP 1-02, NATO) The task of maintaining contact with specified aircraft for the purpose
of determining en route progress and/or flight termination. (See also air control point (ACP), air corridor,
and communications checkpoint (CCP).) See FMs 1-111 and 100-103.
flight operations center (FOC) (JP 1-02) The element of the tactical Army air traffic regulation system
which provides for aircraft flight following, separation of aircraft under instrument conditions, and
identification of friendly aircraft to friendly air defense agencies. (Army) The senior Army Air Traffic
Control Agency for an Army corps. It is normally collocated with the USAF Control and Reporting
Center (CRC). As a minimum, the CRC and FOC are electronically connected. The FOC locates in the
corps area of operations; conducts flight following, and supervises the operations of the flight coordination
center, but is primarily an information center. See FM 1-111.
1-68
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
float Logistics support that provides major assembly replacement for a piece of equipment which is
repairable but will take an extraordinary amount of time to repair.
follow A term used to broadly define the order of movement of committed or uncommitted combat, combat
support, and combat service support forces in a given combat operation. The term is a tactical task in
which maneuver control measures must be used.
follow and assume An operation in which a committed force follows a force conducting an offensive
operation and is prepared to continue the mission of the force it is following when that force is fixed,
attrited, or otherwise unable to continue. Such a force is not a reserve but is committed to accomplish
specified tasks. (See also attack and offensive operations.) See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-5, and 100-15. C-9
follow-on echelon Forces moved into the objective area by air or surface after the assault echelon of an
airborne, air assault, or amphibious operation to sustain the defense and to conduct offensive operations
as part of the larger force after linkup. Normally, it includes follow-on elements of the maintenance unit,
headquarters elements, and elements of the supply and service battalion. (See also air assault, assault
echelon, and rear echelon.) See FMs 1-111, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and 90-26.
follow and support An operation in which a committed force follows and supports the mission
accomplishment of a force conducting an offensive operation. Such a force is not a reserve but is
committed to accomplish any or all of these tasks: destroy bypassed units; relieve in place any direct
pressure or encircling force that has halted to contain the enemy; block movement of enemy
reinforcements; secure lines of communication; guard prisoners, key areas, and installations; secure key
terrain; and control refugees. (See also direct pressure force, encircling force, exploitation, and pursuit.)
See FMs 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5. C-9
force projection The movement of military forces from the continental United States (CONUS) or a
theater in response to requirements of war or stability and support operations. Force-projection operations
extend from mobilization and deployment of forces, to redeployment to CONUS or home theater, to
subsequent mobilization. Force projection includes the following eight stages: mobilization;
predeployment activity; deployment; entry operations; operations; war termination and post conflict
operations; redeployment and reconstitution; and demobilization. See FMs 71-100, 100-5, 100-15,
100-20, and 100-30.
force protection (JP 1-02) Security program designed to protect soldiers, civilian employees, family
members, facilities, and equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and
integrated application of combatting terrorism, physical security, operations security, personal protective
services, and supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs. (Army) One
of the four primary elements that combine to create combat power. It conserves the fighting potential of
a force. The four components of force protection are: operational security and deception operations; the
soldier's health and morale; safety; and the avoidance of fratricide. (See also peace operations.) See FMs
100-5, 100-15, and 100-23.
ford A shallow part of a body of water or wet gap that can be crossed without bridging, boats, ferries, or
rafts. It is a location in a water barrier where the physical characteristics of current, bottom, and
approaches permit the passage of personnel, vehicles, and other equipment where the wheels or tracks
remain in contact with the bottom at all times. (See also gap, reconnaissance (recon, recce), and river
crossing.) See FMs 5-100, 5-101, and 17-95. 3-28
1-69
foreign internal defense (FID) (JP 1-02) Participation by civilian and military agencies of a government
in any of the action programs taken by another government to free and protect its society from subversion,
lawlessness, and insurgency. See FM 100-20.
formation (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An ordered arrangement of troops and/or vehicles for a specific purpose.
2. An ordered arrangement of two or more ships, units, or aircraft proceeding together under a commander.
(Army) Types of formations include: box, column, diamond, line, vee, wedge, echelon (right or left).
(See also box formation, column formation, diamond formation, echelon formation, line formation,
movement technique, vee formation, and wedge formation.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, and 71-123.
form of tactical operations (Army) A distinct tactical activity with a unique set of doctrinal
characteristics, such as movement to contact or area defense. (See also choices of maneuver, tactical task,
and type of operation.)
forward area A location near an enemy or a hostile force or persons.
forward arming and refueling point (FARP) A temporary facility that is organized, equipped, and
deployed by an aviation commander, and is normally located in the main battle area closer to the area of
operations than the aviation unit's combat service support area. It provides fuel and ammunition necessary
for the employment of aviation maneuver units in combat. It permits combat aircraft to rapidly refuel and
rearm simultaneously. See FMs 1-111, 7-30, 71-100, 100-15, and 100-103. 3-38
forward assembly area (FAA) (Army) A temporary area where aviation units gather to prepare for a
mission that is forward of the aviation brigade's assembly area and airfield, but not as far forward as the
attack position. Aircraft may be in the FAA for short or long durations based on METT-T. See FMs
1-111 and 71-100-3.
forward boundary The farthest limit, in the direction of the enemy, of an organization's responsibility.
The organization is responsible for deep operations to that limit. The next higher headquarters is
responsible for coordinating deep operations beyond that limit. In offensive operations, the forward
boundary may move from phase line to phase line, depending on the battlefield situation. 3-11
forward defense A choice of defensive maneuver where the majority of a unit's combat power is deployed
in a generally linear manner along or near the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA). Security,
reconnaissance, and counterreconnaissance forces are employed forward of the FEBA. The objective of
this choice of maneuver is to destroy the enemy in the vicinity of the FEBA. Counterattacks forward of
the defending forces are critical to this choice of maneuver. The perimeter defense is a type of forward
defense. (See also choices of maneuver and defensive operations.)
forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) (JP 1-02, NATO) The foremost limits of a series of areas in
which ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering or screening forces are
operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning of forces, or the maneuver of units. (See
also main battle area (MBA).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-
15. 3-9
forward line of own troops (FLOT) (JP 1-02) A line which indicates the most forward positions of
friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time. The FLOT normally identifies the
forward location of covering and screening forces. (Army) The FLOT may be at, beyond, or short of
the FEBA. An enemy FLOT indicates the forward most position of hostile forces. (See also line of
contact (LC).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20 series, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15. 3-12
1-70
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
forward logistics base (FLB) (Army) The area occupied by multifunctional forward logistics elements
of a support battalion, group, or command when it echelons its assets to provide critical support to combat
forces. This base may be the first stage of the development of a support area. See FM 10-1.
forward logistics element (FLE) (Army) A multifunctional forward logistics element task-organized
to support fast-moving offensive operations, early phases of contingency operations, and units
geographically separated from normal support channels. The FLE operates out of a forward logistics base.
See FM 63-2-1.
forward observer (FO) (JP 1-02) An observer operating with front line troops and trained to adjust
ground or naval gunfire and pass back battlefield information. In the absence of a forward air controller,
the observer may control close air support strikes. See FMs 6-20 serie and 7-10.
forward operating base (USMC) An airfield used to support tactical operations without establishing full
support facilities. The base may be used for an extended time period. Support by a main operating base
will be required to provide backup support for a forward operating base. See FMFRP 0-14.
forward operations base (FOB) (JP 1-02) In special operations, a base usually located in friendly
territory or afloat that is established to extend command and control or communications or to provide
support for training and tactical operations. Facilities may be established for temporary or longer duration
operations and may include an airfield or an unimproved airstrip, an anchorage, or a pier. A forward
operations base may be the location of special operations component headquarters or a smaller unit that
is controlled and/or supported by a main operations base. (See also advanced operations base (AOB) and
main operations base (MOB).) See FMs 71-100-3 and 100-25.
forward-presence units Those US active component forces and reserve forces assigned or deployed
overseas in a specific theater.
forward slope (JP 1-02, NATO) Any slope which descends toward the enemy. See FM 21-26.
fragmentary order (FRAGO) (JP 1-02) An abbreviated form of an operation order, usually issued on
a day-to-day basis, that eliminates the need for restating information contained in a basic operation order.
It may be issued in sections. (Army) A form of operation order which contains information of
immediate concern to subordinates. It is an oral, a digital, or a written message that provides brief,
specific, and timely instructions without loss of clarity. It is issued after an operation order to change or
modify that order or to execute a branch or sequel to that order. See FM 101-5.
fratricide The employment of friendly weapons and munitions with the intent to kill the enemy or destroy
his equipment or facilities, which results in the unforeseen or unintentional death, injury, or damage to
friendly personnel or equipment. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100,
71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
free fire area (FFA) A specific designated area into which any weapon system may fire without additional
coordination with the establishing headquarters. Normally, it is established on identifiable terrain by
division or higher headquarters. (See also fire support coordination and rules of engagement (ROE).) See
FM 6-20 series. 3-21
friendly (JP 1-02) A contact positively identified as friendly. (Army) It may be part of the same
force, whether allied, joint, coalition, partisan, or multinational.
1-71
friendly fire (JP 1-02) In casualty reporting, a casualty circumstance applicable to persons killed in action
or wounded in action mistakenly or accidentally by friendly forces actively engaged with the enemy, who
are directing fire at a hostile force or what is thought to be a hostile force. (See also casualty and
fratricide.)
friendly force information requirements (FFIR) Information the commander and staff need about the
forces available for the operation. This includes personnel, maintenance, supply, ammunition, and
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) status, and experience and leadership capabilities. (See also battle-
field visualization and commander's critical information requirements (CCIR). See FMs 34-1, 71-100,
100-15, and 101-5.
front(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The lateral space occupied by an element measured from the extremity of one
flank to the extremity of the other flank. 2. The direction of the enemy. 3. The line of contact of two
opposing forces. 4. When a combat situation does not exist or is not assumed, the direction toward which
the command is faced. (See also forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) and forward line of own troops
(FLOT).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
frontage The width of the front plus that distance beyond the flanks covered by observation and fire by
a unit in combat. (See also front.)
frontal attack (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An offensive maneuver in which the main action is directed against
the front of the enemy forces. (DOD) 2. In air intercept, an attack by an interceptor aircraft that
terminates with a heading crossing angle greater than 135 degrees. (Army) Strikes the enemy across
a wide front and over the most direct approaches. It is normally used when commanders possess
overwhelming combat power and the enemy is at a clear disadvantage. (See also assault and offensive
operations.) See FMs 1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
full mission capable (FMC) (JP 1-02) Material condition of an aircraft or training device indicating that
it can perform all of its missions. (See also deadline.) See FMs 63-2, 63-2-1, 63-6, 63-20, and 63-21.
full mobilization. See mobilization.
functional component command (JP 1-02) A command normally, but not necessarily, composed of
forces of two or more Military Departments which may be established across the range of military
operations to perform particular operational missions that may be of short duration or may extend over
a period of time. (See also command relationship.) See FMs 100-5, 100-15, and JP 3-0.
G
GA the symbol for the nerve agent tabun. See FM 3-9.
gap (JP 1-02, NATO) An area within a minefield or obstacle belt, free of live mines or obstacles, whose
width and direction will allow a friendly force to pass through in tactical formation. (Army) 1. Any
break or breach in the continuity of tactical dispositions or formations beyond effective small arms
coverage. 2. A portion of a minefield of specified width in which no mines have been laid to enable a
friendly force to pass through in tactical formation. 3. A ravine, mountain pass, or river that presents an
obstacle that must be bridged. (See also lane.) See FMs 5-100, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 34-130, 71-
100, 71-123, and 90-13-1. 3-28
GB the symbol for the nerve agent sarin. See FM 3-9.
1-72
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
GD the symbol for the nerve agent soman. See FM 3-9.
general support (GS) (JP 1-02, NATO) That support which is given to the supported force as a whole
and not to any particular subdivision thereof. (See also direct support (DS) and general support-
reinforcing (GSR).) See FMs 6-20 series and 10-1.
general support artillery (JP 1-02, NATO) Artillery which executes the fire directed by the commander
of the unit to which it organically belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the operation as a whole
rather than in support of a specific subordinate unit. (Army) A tactical artillery mission. (See also
direct support artillery, general support-reinforcing (GSR), and reinforcing.) See FM 6-20 series.
general support-reinforcing (GSR) (JP 1-02) A tactical artillery mission. General support-reinforcing
artillery has the mission of supporting the force as a whole and of providing reinforcing fires for another
artillery unit. (See also direct support (DS), general support (GS), and reinforcing.) See FM 6-20 series.
general war (JP 1-02) Armed conflict between major powers in which the total resources of the
belligerents are employed, and the national survival of a major belligerent is in jeopardy. (See also
conflict, military operations other than war (MOOTW), and stability and support operations (SASO).)
germ A disease producing microorganism, microbe, or pathogenic bacterium. The term includes bacteria,
rickettsiae, viruses, and fungi. (See also decontamination.) See FMs 3-4 and 3-9.
global information environment (GIE) (Army) Individuals, organizations, and systems, outside the
sphere of military or National Command Authorities control, that gather, process, or disseminate
information to national and international audiences. See FM 100-6.
global positioning system (GPS) A satellite-based system used for accurate positioning and navigation.
(See also way point.) See FM 21-26.
graphic (JP 1-02, NATO) Any and all products of the cartographic and photogrammetric art. A graphic
may be a map, chart, or mosaic or even a film strip that was produced using cartographic techniques.
(Army) A hand-drawn or computer-generated picture or symbol that represents units, equipment,
suspected or templated enemy units and sites, sites or facilities, control measures, and so forth. Term
relates to the design, creation, and preparation of two- or three-dimensional visual products. See AR 25-1.
graves registration (Army) A subprogram of mortuary affairs that provides for search, recovery, initial
identification, and temporary burial of deceased personnel in temporary burial sites and provides
maintenance and care of burial sites and the handling and disposition of personal effects.
gray lists Lists that identify and locate those personalities whose inclinations and attitudes toward the
political and military objectives of the United States are obscure. Individuals may be listed on grey lists
when they are known to possess information or particular skills required by US forces. D-4
gray water Any nontoilet water (nonsewage) which is nonpotable because of its having been used in
some way (for example, water from sinks, bathtubs, showers, or laundry operation).
grazing fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire approximately parallel to the ground where the center of the cone of
fire does not rise above 1 meter from the ground. (See also direct fire, final protective line (FPL), and dead
space.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, and 7-10.
1-73
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) (ZULU) Mean solar time measured at the prime meridian which runs
through Greenwich, England. It is used as the basis for calculating time throughout most of the world.
(See also Universal Time and ZULU time.) See FM 101-5.
grey propaganda (JP 1-02) Propaganda that does not specifically identify any source.
grid azimuth An angle of direction referenced to grid north. It differs from true azimuth by the amount
of the grid convergence. (See also azimuth.) See FM 21-26.
grid convergence (JP 1-02) The horizontal angle at a place between true north and grid north. It is
proportional to the longitude difference between the place and the central meridian. (See also grid azimuth
and magnetic azimuth.) See FM 21-26.
grid coordinates (JP 1-02, NATO) Coordinates of a grid coordinate system to which numbers and letters
are assigned for use in designating a point on a gridded map, photograph, or chart. (Army) The easting
and northing values (of a grid) that designate the location of a point in respect to the grid. Coordinates
usually are expressed to the nearest 100, 10, or 1 meter, with the easting and northing values combined
into a single expression. Examples: NK 329378 (nearest 100 meters); NK 32943785 (nearest 10 meters);
or NK 3294837853 (nearest 1 meter). See FM 21-26.
grid north (JP 1-02, NATO) The northerly or zero direction indicated by the grid datum of directional
reference. See FM 21-26.
ground combat element (GCE) (JP 1-02) The Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) element that is
task-organized to conduct ground operations. The GCE is constructed around an infantry unit and varies
in size from a reinforced infantry battalion to one or more reinforced Marine division(s). The GCE also
includes appropriate combat support and combat service support units. Normally, there is only one GCE
in a MAGTF.
ground tactical plan (Army) An airborne or air assault operational plan covering the conduct of
operations in the objective area. (See also echelonment, landing plan, and marshalling plan.) See FMs 7-7,
7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 90-4, 90-26, 71-100-2, and 71-100-3.
ground zero (GZ) (JP 1-02, NATO) The point on the surface of the Earth at, or vertically below or above,
the center of a planned or actual nuclear detonation. (See also desired ground zero (DGZ).) See FMs
3-3-1, 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3. 3-34
group (JP 1-02) 1. A flexible administrative and tactical unit composed of either two or more battalions
or two or more squadrons. The term also applies to combat support and combat service support units.
2. A number of ships and/or aircraft, normally a subdivision of a force, assigned for a specific purpose.
group of targets (JP 1-02, NATO) Two or more targets on which fire is desired simultaneously. A group
of targets is designated by a letter/number combination or a nickname. (See also fire plan.) See FM 6-20
series. 3-23
g-series nerve agents A series of fluorine- or cyanide-containing organophosphate nerve agents

(organophosphate derivatives of phosphoric acid). In their unmodified state they are colorless, volatile
liquids. (See also GA, GB, and GD.) See FM 3-9.
guard (JP 1-02, NATO) A security element whose primary task is to protect the main force by fighting
to gain time, while also observing and reporting information. (Army) A form of security operation
1-74
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
whose primary task is to protect the main force by fighting to gain time while also observing and
reporting information, and to prevent enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body
by reconnoitering, attacking, defending, and delaying. A guard force normally operates within the range
of the main body's indirect fire weapons. (See also cover, flank guard, screen, and security operations.)
See FMs 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15. C-11
guerrilla warfare (JP 1-02, NATO) Military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held or
hostile territory by irregular, predominantly indigenous forces. (See also unconventional warfare (UW).)
See FMs 90-8, 100-12, and 100-20.
gun-target line (JP 1-02, NATO) An imaginary straight line from the gun(s) to the target. (See also
observer-target line.) See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
H
H The symbol for Levinstein mustard, a blister agent. See FM 3-9.
habitual association The close and continuous relationship established between support elements and
the combat units they support or between combat units that frequently are cross-attached to ensure a
mutual understanding of operating procedures and techniques and to increase overall responsiveness.
handover line (JP 1-02, NATO) A control feature, preferably following easily defined terrain features,
at which responsibility for the conduct of combat operations is passed from one force to another. (Army)
1. The handover line applies to other functions besides combat, such as intelligence, electronic
warfare, and information warfare. 2. The action is complete when the receiving commander
acknowledges assumption of control authority. (See also phase line (PL).) See FMs 1-111, 7-10, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
hang fire (JP 1-02, NATO) An undesired delay in the functioning of a firing system. (Army) An
undesired delay in the functioning of the primer or initiator part of a round of ammunition. See FMs 6-20
series, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
harassing fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire designed to disturb the rest of the enemy troops, to curtail
movement, and, by threat of losses, to lower morale. (See also fire and fire support.) See FM 6-20 series.
hasty attack (JP 1-02, NATO) In land operations, an attack in which preparation time is traded for speed
in order to exploit an opportunity. (Army) Result of a meeting engagement launched with the forces
at hand and with minimum preparation to destroy the enemy before he is able to concentrate or establish
a defense. (See also assault, attack, deliberate attack, and movement to contact.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112,
1-116, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
hasty crossing (JP 1-02, NATO) The crossing of an inland water obstacle using the crossing means at
hand or those readily available, and made without pausing for elaborate preparations. (See also
bridgehead and deliberate crossing.) See FMs 7-7, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 90-13, 100-5,
and 100-15.
hasty defense (JP 1-02, NATO) A defense normally organized while in contact with the enemy or when
contact is imminent and time available for the organization is limited. It is characterized by improvement
of the natural defensive strength of the terrain by utilization of foxholes, emplacements, and obstacles.
(See also defend, deliberate defense, emplacement, and obstacle.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30,
17-15, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
1-75
hasty smoke Smoke operations characterized by minimal planning and short duration to immediately
counter enemy action. See FM 3-100.
hazard Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death of personnel, or damage to
or loss of equipment or property.
hazardous material Any substance which has a human health hazard associated with it. Special storage,
use, handling, and shipment safety procedures and protocols must be followed to help protect against
accidental human exposure. Hazardous materials are specifically identified under federal law.
hazardous substances Materials specifically listed under federal regulations for which the spilling of
certain quantities requires immediate reporting to federal agencies.
hazardous waste A solid waste which is either listed as such in federal law or exhibits any of the four
hazardous characteristics ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
hazardous waste accumulation site A specially designated site for the temporary collection of hazardous
wastes where no container may remain on site for more than 90 days. The site, and containers within it,
must be properly marked and certain safety and management procedures apply. There is no limitation
on the quantity of wastes which may be kept on site.
haze (smoke) A light concentration of smoke placed over friendly areas to restrict accurate enemy
observation and fire. A smoke haze is not dense enough to disrupt friendly operations. See FM 3-50.
HD The symbol for distilled Levinstein mustard, a blister agent. See FM 3-9.
heavy drop (HD) (JP 1-02) A system of delivery of heavy supplies and equipment by parachute.
See FM 10-1.
height of burst (HOB) (JP 1-02, NATO) The vertical distance from the Earth's surface or target to the
point of burst. (See also desired ground zero (DGZ) and ground zero (GZ).) See FM 100-30.
herbicide(JP 1-02) A chemical compound that will kill or damage plants. (Army) The term includes
defoliants, desiccants, plant-growth regulators, and soil sterilants. See FMs 3-9 and 3-100.
herringbone An arrangement of vehicles at left and right angles to the line of march used to establish
security during an unscheduled halt. See FMs 7-7, 17-15, and 55-2.
H-hour (JP 1-02) The specific hour on D-day at which a particular operation commences. (Army)
It may be the commencement of hostilities; the hour at which an operation plan is executed or is to be
executed (as distinguished from the hour the order is issued); or the hour that the operation phase is
implemented. The highest command or headquarters coordinating planning specifies the exact meaning
of H-hour within the above definition. When several operations or phases of an operation are being
conducted in the same area on D-day and confusion may arise over the use of the same hour designation,
the letters F, L, S, W, and Y may be used. When this is done, the letters used and their meaning must be
stated in the plan or order. Reference to hours preceding or following H-hour will be referred to by using
a plus or minus sign and an Arabic numeral following the letter H. For example: H-3 is 3 hours prior
to H-hour; H+7 is 7 hours after H-hour. If a time element other than hours is expressed, it must be
spelled out (such as H+30 minutes). (See also D-day.)
1-76
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
hide The positioning of a vehicle, individual, or unit so that no part is exposed to observation or direct
fire. (See also concealment, cover, defilade, hull down, and turret down.) See FMs 7-7, 17-12, 17-15,
and 23-1.
high angle fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire delivered at angles of elevation greater than the elevation that
corresponds to the maximum range of the gun and ammunition concerned; fire, the range of which
decreases as the angle of elevation is increased. (Army) Fire delivered to clear an obstacle (such as
a hill) that low-angle fire cannot, or fire delivered to attack targets on the reverse side of an obstacle (such
as a hill) that cannot be attacked with low-angle or direct fire. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
high-density airspace control zone (HIDACZ) (JP 1-02) Airspace designated in an airspace control plan
or airspace control order, in which there is a concentrated employment of numerous and varied weapons
and airspace users. A high-density airspace control zone has defined dimensions, which usually coincide
with geographical features or navigational aids. Access to a high-density airspace control zone is
normally controlled by the maneuver commander. The maneuver commander can also direct a more
restrictive weapons status within the high-density airspace control zone. (See also airspace coordination
area (ACA) and restricted operating zone (ROZ).) See FMs 1-111 and 100-103. 3-6
high-payoff target (HPT) A target whose loss to the threat will contribute to the success of the friendly
course of action. See FMs 6-20 series and 34-130.
high-value target (HVT) Assets that the threat commander requires for the successful completion of a
specific course of action. See FMs 6-20 series and 34-130.
highway regulation Planning, routing, scheduling, and deconflicting the use of main supply routes and
other routes to provide order, prevent congestion, enforce priorities, and facilitate movement control. (See
also main supply route (MSR) and alternate supply route (ASR).) See FMs 19-1 and 55-2.
HL The symbol for a blister agent consisting of mustard-lewisite mixture. See FM 3-9.
HN The symbol for nitrogen mustard, a blister agent. See FM 3-9.
hold (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A cargo stowage compartment aboard ship. 2. To maintain or retain
possession of by force, as a position or an area. 3. In an attack, to exert sufficient pressure to prevent
movement or redisposition of enemy forces. 4. As applied to air traffic, to keep an aircraft within a
specified space or location which is identified by visual or other means in accordance with air traffic
control instructions. (See also block, fix, and retain.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95,
71-100, 71-123, 100-5, and 100-15.
hold fire (JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, an emergency order to stop firing. Missiles already in flight
must be prevented from intercepting, if technically possible. See FM 44-100.
holding area (Army) 1. A site located between assembly areas or forward arming and refueling points
and battle positions (BPs) that may be occupied for short periods of time by attack helicopters while
coordination is being made for movement into BPs. It should provide good cover and concealment and
an area for the aircraft to hover or land. See FMs 1-111, 1-112, and 1-116. 2. Nearest covered and
concealed position to the pickup zone or river crossing site where troops are held until time for them to
move forward. See FMs 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, and 90-13. 3. Waiting area that
forces use during traffic interruptions or deployment from an aerial or seaport of embarkation. See FMs
19-1 and 55-2.
1-77
holding line (Army) In retrograde river crossing operations, the outer limit of the area established between
the enemy and the water obstacle to preclude direct and observed indirect fires into crossing areas. (See
also bridgehead line.) See FMs 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, 90-13, and 100-15. 3-20
hospital (JP 1-02) A medical treatment facility capable of providing inpatient care. It is appropriately
staffed and equipped to provide diagnostic and therapeutic services, as well as the necessary supporting
services required to perform its assigned mission and functions. A hospital may, in addition, discharge
the functions of a clinic. 4-26 D-9
hostage (JP 1-02) A person held as a pledge that certain terms or agreements will be kept. (The taking
of hostages is forbidden under the Geneva Conventions, 1949.) See FM 100-20.
host country (JP 1-02) A nation in which representatives or organizations of another state are present
because of government invitation and/or international agreement. (See also civil military operations
(CMO) and host nation). See FMs 100-5 and 100-20.
hostile (JP 1-02) A contact positively identified as enemy. (Army) An individual, a group of
individuals, or a nation which is antagonistic or opposes policies and actions of the United States and its
allies. The actions of a hostile can be political, diplomatic, or at any level of war. See FM 100-20.
hostile acts (JP 1-02) Basic rules established by higher authority for defining and recognizing hostile acts
by aircraft, submarines, surface units, and ground forces that will be promulgated by the commanders of
unified or specified commands, and by other appropriate commanders when so authorized.
hostile casualty (JP 1-02) A person who is the victim of a terrorist activity or who becomes a
casualty "in action." "In action" characterizes the casualty as having been the direct result of hostile
action, sustained in combat or relating thereto, or sustained going to or returning from a combat
mission provided that the occurrence was directly related to hostile action. Included are persons
killed or wounded mistakenly or accidentally by friendly fire directed at a hostile force or what is
thought to be a hostile force. However, not to be considered as sustained in action and not to be
interpreted as hostile casualties are injuries or death due to the elements, self-inflicted wounds,
combat fatigue, and except in unusual cases, wounds or death inflicted by a friendly force while the
individual is in an absent-without-leave, deserter, or dropped-from-rolls status or is voluntarily
absent from a place of duty. (See also casualty and nonhostile casualty.)
hostile criteria Description of conditions under which an aircraft or a vehicle may be identified as hostile
for engagement purposes. (See also hostile acts and rules of engagement (ROE).)
hostile environment See operational environment.
host nation A nation which receives the forces and/or supplies of allied or coalition nations and/or NATO
organizations to be located on, to operate in, or to transit through its territory. (See also civil military
operations (CMO) and host country.) See FMs 100-5 and 100-20.
host-nation support (JP 1-02) Civil and/or military assistance rendered by a nation to foreign forces
within its territory during peacetime, crises or emergencies, or war based on agreements mutually
concluded between nations. (See also civil military operations (CMO).) See FMs 100-5, 100-10, and
100-20.
H-series agents A series of persistent blister agents that include distilled mustard (HD), and the nitrogen
mustards. See FM 3-9.
1-78
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
HT The symbol for a mustard-T mixture, a blister agent. See FM 3-9.
hull down The positioning of an armored vehicle so that the muzzle of the gun or launcher is the lowest
part of the vehicle exposed to the front. Hull-down positions afford maximum protection for vehicles that
are engaging targets with direct fire. (See also hide and turret down.) See FMs 7-7, 17-12, 17-15, and
23-1.
human intelligence (HUMINT) (JP 1-02, NATO) A category of intelligence derived from information
collected and provided by human sources. See FMs 34-2 and 34-3.
humanitarian assistance (HA) (JP 1-02) Programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural
or man-made disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that
might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property.
Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided
is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that
may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance. See FMs 8-42 and 100-20.
humanitarian assistance coordination center (HACC) Normally a subordinate element of the civil
military operations center that deals directly with those agencies and organizations involved in
humanitarian assistance efforts. In certain situations, particularly when participation for a specific
operation by US armed forces is not extensive, a HACC can be formed as a separate, stand-alone
organization. See FM 100-20.
humanitarian and civic assistance (HCA) (JP 1-02) Assistance to the local populace provided by
predominantly US forces in conjunction with military operations and exercises. This assistance is
specifically authorized by Title 10, United States Code, section 401, and funded under separate
authorities. Assistance provided under these provisions is limited to (1) medical, dental, and veterinary
care provided in rural areas of a country; (2) construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems;
(3) well drilling and construction of basic sanitation facilities; and (4) rudimentary construction and repair
of public facilities. Assistance must fulfill unit training requirements that incidentally create humanitarian
benefit to the local populace. (See also humanitarian assistance (HA).) See FMs 8-42 and 100-20.
hybrid collective protection A combination of overpressure and ventilated face-piece systems. See FM
3-4.
hydrolysis Interaction of a chemical agent with water to yield a less toxic product or products. See
FM 3-9.
I
identification, friend or foe (IFF) (JP 1-02, NATO) A system using electromagnetic transmissions to
which equipment carried by friendly forces automatically responds, for example, by emitting pulses,
thereby distinguishing themselves from enemy forces. (Army) A device which emits a signal
positively identifying it as a friendly. (See also air defense.) See FMs 1-111, 44-100, and 100-103.
identification, friend or foe (IFF) on/off line (Army) A theater-directed phase line where aircraft
involved in deep operations forward of the fire support coordination line turn off the aircraft IFF
transponder en route to the target and turn on the transponder after completing the mission. (See also
identification, friend or foe (IFF), and phase line (PL).) See FM 100-103.
1-79
imagery intelligence (IMINT) (JP 1-02) Intelligence derived from the exploitation of collection by visual
photography, infrared sensors, lasers, electro-optics, and radar sensors, such as synthetic aperture radar
wherein images of objects are reproduced optically or electronically on film, electronic display devices,
or other media. (See also intelligence.) See FMs 34-1, 34-3, and 34-10.
imitative electromagnetic deception (IED) (JP 1-02) The introduction of electromagnetic energy into
enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions. (Army) Imitating enemy electromagnetic radiation
(predominately communications) after intruding his electromagnetic channels to deceive him or to disrupt
his operations. (See also command and control warfare (C2W), deception, electronic warfare (EW),
manipulative electromagnetic deception, and simulative electromagnetic deception.) See FMs 34-1,
34-10, 34-40, 90-2, and 100-6.
immediate air support (JP 1-02, NATO) Air support to meet specific requests which arise during the
course of a battle and which by their nature cannot be planned in advance. (See also air support.) See
FM 6-series.
immediate decontamination (JP 1-02, NATO) Decontamination carried out by individuals upon
becoming contaminated, to save life and minimize casualties. This may include decontamination of some
personal clothing and/or equipment. (See also decontamination.) See FM 3-5.
immediate mission request (JP 1-02) A request for an air strike on a target which by its nature could not
be identified sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and planning. (NATO: a
request for immediate air support.)
immediate permanent ineffectiveness, 8,000 cGy The physiological response to radiation at levels of
3,000 cGy for physically demanding tasks or 3,800 cGy for physically undemanding tasks. Personnel
become ineffective within three minutes of exposure and remain ineffective until death. Death occurs
within one day. See FM 3-3-1.
immediate transient ineffectiveness (nuclear) The physiological response to radiation at levels of 2,000
cGy for physically demanding tasks or 2,800 cGy for physically undemanding tasks. Personnel irradiated
by a nuclear explosion or accident become ineffective for any task within 3 minutes of exposure and
remain so for approximately 7 minutes, independent of the physical demands of the task. Personnel
recover to greater than 75 percent of their pre-exposure performance levels at around 10 minutes
postexposure and remain so for around 30 minutes. At around 40 minutes postexposure, personnel
become performance- degraded and remain so for around five hours for undemanding tasks (two hours
for demanding tasks), at which time it is expected that radiation sickness symptoms will be present in
sufficient severity to render the personnel ineffective. The personnel will remain ineffective until death
occurs in five to six days. See FM 3-3-1 and JPs 3-12.2 and 3-12.3.
implementation force (IFOR) A task-organized military command which is to execute and enforce an
international treaty or agreement. This command performs the missions and tasks as defined in the treaty
or agreement. The missions and tasks may include peace operations, nation building, peace enforcement,
and humanitarian assistance. (See also peace operations and stability and support operations (SASO).)
See FM 100-23.
incapacitating agent (JP 1-02) An agent that produces temporary physiological or mental effects, or both,
that will render individuals incapable of concerted effort in the performance of their assigned duties.
See FM 3-9 and FM 3-100.
incendiary A compound that generates sufficient heat to cause the target to catch fire or causes melting
or burning of equipment. See FM 3-9.
1-80
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
in-depth defense A choice of defensive maneuver that forces the enemy to attack through a series of
mutually supporting friendly positions, causing the enemy's mass to be expended and his supporting
forces to be unable to focus. This choice of maneuver reduces the risk of an enemy penetration and allows
the enemy to gain terrain to wear him down and overextend his ability to sustain his attack. In-depth
defense usually culminates in a friendly counterattack to complete the destruction of the enemy and regain
lost terrain. (See also choices of maneuver and defensive operations.)
indirect approach (Army) To attack an enemy at his weakness to cause his strength to be ineffective,
ultimately resulting in his defeat.
indirect fire (JP 1-02) Fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as a point of aim for the weapons
or the director. (Army) Fire delivered on a target characterized by a relatively high trajectory and
where the weapon operator normally does not have visual contact with the target. (See also direct laying.)
See FMs 6-20 series and 7-90.
indirect illumination (JP 1-02, NATO) Battlefield illumination provided by employing searchlight or
pyrotechnic illuminants using diffusion or reflection. a. Illumination by diffusion: Illumination of an
area beneath and to the flanks of a slightly elevated searchlight or of pyrotechnic illuminants, by the light
scattered from atmospheric particles. b. Illumination by reflection: Illumination of an area by reflecting
light from low cloud. Either or both of these effects are present when a searchlight is used in defilade or
with its beam spread to maximum width.
individual protection 1. Actions taken by individual soldiers to survive and continue the mission under
nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) conditions. See FM 3-100 2. Actions taken by individual soldiers
to protect themselves from the effects of direct and indirect fire. See FMs 5-103, 7-7, and 7-8.
induced radiation (JP 1-02, NATO) Radiation produced as a result of exposure to radioactive materials,
particularly the capture of neutrons. See FM 3-3-1.
in extremis (JP 1-02) A situation of such exceptional urgency that immediate action must be taken to
minimize imminent loss of life or catastrophic degradation of the political or military situation.
See FM 100-20.
infiltration(JP 1-02) 1. The movement through or into an area or territory occupied by either friendly or
enemy troops or organizations. The movement is made, either by small groups or by individuals, at
extended or irregular intervals. When used in connection with the enemy, it infers that contact is avoided.
2. In intelligence usage, placing an agent or other person in a target area in hostile territory. Usually
involves crossing a frontier or other guarded line. Methods of infiltration are: black (clandestine); grey
(through legal crossing point but under false documentation); white (legal). (Army) 1. A choice of
maneuver that entails movement through or into an area occupied by an enemy or a friendly force by small
groups or individuals at extended or irregular intervals in which contact with the enemy is avoided. 2.
When used in conjunction with a tactical vehicular march, vehicles are dispatched individually or in small
groups at irregular intervals to reduce density and prevent undue massing of vehicles. (See also choices
of maneuver and exfiltration.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 31-20, 34-1, 71-100, 71-123,
100-5, and 100-15. 3-16
inflight report (JP 1-02) The transmission from the airborne system of information obtained both at the
target and en route.
informant (JP 1-02) 1. A person who, wittingly or unwittingly, provides information to an agent, a
clandestine service, or the police. 2. In reporting, a person who has provided specific information and
1-81
is cited as a source. (See also human intelligence (HUMINT), military operations other than war
(MOOTW), and support and stability operations (SASO).) See FMs 34-1 and 100-20.
information (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Facts, data, or instructions in any medium or form. (DOD) 2. The
meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the known conventions used in their representation.
See FMs 34-1 and 100-6.
information dominance (Army) The degree of information superiority that allows the possessor to use
information systems and capabilities to achieve an operational advantage in a conflict or to control the
situation in stability and support operations, while denying those capabilities to the adversary. See FM
100-6.
information operations (IO) Continuous military operations within the military information environment
that enable, enhance, and protect the friendly force's ability to collect, process, and act on information to
achieve an advantage across the full range of military operations. Information operations include
interacting with the global information environment and exploiting or denying an adversary's information
and decision capabilities. See FM 100-6.
information requirements (IR) (JP 1-02, NATO) Those items of information regarding the enemy and
his environment which need to be collected and processed in order to meet the intelligence requirements
of a commander. (See also commander's critical information requirements (CCIR) and priority
intelligence requirements (PIR).) See FMs 34-1, 34-10, 34-130, and 101-5.
information systems (Army) The entire infrastructure, organization, personnel, and components that
collect, process, store, transmit, display, disseminate, and act on information. See FM 100-6.
information systems security (ISS) The protection of information systems against unauthorized access
to or modification of information, whether in storage, processing, or transit, and against denial of service
to authorized users or the providing of access to unauthorized users, including those measures necessary
to detect, document, and counter such threats. See FM 100-6.
information warfare (IW) (Army) Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting a
hostiles information, information-based processes, and information systems, while defending ones own
information, information-based processes, and information systems. See FM 100-6.
infosphere (Army) The rapidly growing global network of military and commercial command, control,
communications, and computer systems and networks linking information databases and fusion centers
that are accessible to the warrior anywhere, anytime, and during the performance of any mission. The
infosphere provides the worldwide automated information exchange backbone that provides support to
forces and provides seamless operations from anywhere to anywhere. The network of databases and
fusion centers is secure, and its complexity is transparent to the warrior user. This emerging capability
is highly flexible and can support the adaptive command and control infrastructures of the twenty-first
century. See FM 100-6.
infrastructure (JP 1-02, NATO) A term generally applicable to all fixed and permanent installations,
fabrications, or facilities for the support and control of military forces. (Army) 1. The basic,
underlying framework or features of a thing. 2. In economics, basic resources, communications,
industries, and so forth, upon which others depend. 3. In insurgency, the organization (usually hidden)
of insurgent leadership. See FMs 100-5 and 100-20.
1-82
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
initial nuclear effects Effects that occur within the first minute and includes initial nuclear radiation,
blast, thermal, and electromagnetic pulse. See FMs 3-3-1, 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
initial point (IP) (JP 1-02) 1. The first point at which a moving target is located on a plotting board.
2. A well-defined point, easily distinguishable visually and/or electronically, used as a starting point for
the bomb run to the target. See FM 6-20 series. 3. Airborne a point close to the landing area where
serials (troop carrier air formations) make final alterations in course to pass over individual drop or
landing zones. See FMs 7-7, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, and 90-26. 4. Helicopter an air control point
in the vicinity of the landing zone from which individual flights of helicopters are directed to their
prescribed landing sites. 5. Any designated place at which a column or element thereof is formed by
the successive arrival of its various subdivisions, and comes under the control of the commander ordering
the move. See FMs 1-111 and 100-103.
initial response force (JP 1-02) The first unit, usually military police, on the scene of a terrorist incident.
(See also antiterrorism (AT).) See FM 19-1.
initiative (Army) The ability to set or change the terms of battle; implies an offensive spirit.
injury(JP 1-02) A term comprising such conditions as fractures, wounds, sprains, strains, dislocations,
concussions, and compressions. In addition, it includes conditions resulting from extremes of temperature
or prolonged exposure. Acute poisonings, except those due to contaminated food, resulting from
exposure to a toxic or poisonous substance are also classed as injuries.
insertion(Army) 1. Placement of troops and equipment into an operational area in air assault operations.
2. The placement of observation posts, patrols, or raiding parties either by helicopter or parachute. (See
also air assault.) See FMs 1-111, 71-100-3, and 90-4.
in-stride breach A type of breaching used by maneuver units to quickly overcome unexpected or lightly
defended tactical obstacles. Maneuver battalions and companies are task-organized with the assets
necessary to conduct independent breaching operations. These include mine rollers, mine plows,
engineers, priority of artillery, mortars, close air support, air defense, smoke targets, and smoke
generators. (See also breach and deliberate breach.) See FM 90-13-1.
insurgency (JP 1-02, NATO) An organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted
government through the use of subversion and armed conflict. (See also counterinsurgency.) See FMs
90-8 and 100-20.
integrated combat airspace command and control (ICAC2) A system capable of linking and
coordinating the airspace use and restrictions of all Services and a host nation, which may include aircraft,
air defense, rocket artillery, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other high trajectory weapon systems, in order
to maximize the accommodation of mission requirements. (See also Army airspace command and control
(A2C2).) See FM 100-103-1.
integrated warfare (JP 1-02) The conduct of military operations in any combat environment wherein
opposing forces employ nonconventional weapons in combination with conventional weapons. See
FM 3-100.
intelligence (JP 1-02) 1. The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, analysis,
evaluation, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign countries or areas.
2. Information and knowledge about an adversary obtained through observation, investigation,
1-83
analysis, or understanding. (See also combat intelligence and imagery intelligence (IMINT).) See
Fms 34-1, 34-10, and 34-40.
intelligence collection plan (JP 1-02) A plan for gathering information from all available sources to meet
an intelligence requirement. Specifically, a logical plan for transforming the essential elements of
information into orders or requests to sources within a required time limit. (See also commander's critical
information requirements (CCIR), intelligence cycle, and reconnaissance and surveillance plan.) See
FMs 34-1, 34-10, 34-10-2, 34-130, and 101-5.
intelligence cycle (JP 1-02) The steps by which information is converted into intelligence and made
available to users. There are five steps in the cycle: a. planning and direction Determination of
intelligence requirements, preparation of a collection plan, issuance of orders and requests to inormation
collection agencies, and a continuous check on the productivity of collection agencies. b. collection
Acquisition of information and the provision of this information to processing and/or
production elements. c. processing Conversion of collected information into a form suitable to the
production of intelligence. d. production Conversion of information into intelligence through the
integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of all source data and the preparation of intelligence
products in support of known or anticipated user requirements. e. dissemination Conveyance of
intelligence to users in a suitable form. (See also intelligence and intelligence collection plan.) See FM
34-1.
intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) A systematic approach to analyzing the enemy,
weather, and terrain in a specific geographic area. It integrates enemy doctrine with the weather and
terrain as they relate to the mission and the specific battlefield environment. This is done to determine
and evaluate enemy capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable courses of action. See FMs 34-130 and
101-5.
intelligence preparation of the battlespace (JP 1-02) An analytical methodology employed to reduce
uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, and terrain for all types of operations. Intelligence
preparation of the battlespace builds an extensive data base for each potential area in which a unit may
be required to operate. The data base is then analyzed in detail to determine the impact of the enemy,
environment, and terrain on operations and presents it in graphic form. Intelligence preparation of the
battlespace is a continuing process.
intelligence synchronization matrix A graphic representation that ties the collection plan to an operation
and the commander's intelligence needs.
interagency Activities or operations conducted by or through coordination with two or more agencies or
an agency and one or more services of the same nation.
interagency operations Any action which combines the human and material resources of two or more
independent organizations, be they governmental, international, or private, in prosecution of a common
objective. See FM 100-5.
interdict Using fire support or maneuver forces; 1. To seal off an area by any means; to deny use of a
route or approach. 2. A tactical task which is oriented on the enemy to prevent, hinder, or delay the use
of an area or route by enemy forces. See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
C-9
interdiction (JP 1-02) An action to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy's surface military potential
before it can be used effectively against friendly forces. See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100,
71-123, and 100-15.
1-84
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
interdiction fire (NATO) Fire placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or
point. (See also interdict and interdiction.) See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
intermediate staging base (ISB) A logistics base established to provide support to deploying units en
route to an operation; area established to ensure continuity of support. The use of an ISB allows
supported tactical and operational commanders time to gather additional intelligence on the area of
operations and finalize plans following briefings and rehearsals, and provides time during which units
may redistribute and finalize their accompanying loads. See FM 100-15.
internal defense and development (IDAD) (JP 1-02) The full range of measures taken by a nation to
promote its growth and to protect itself from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. It focuses on
building viable institutions (political, economic, social, and military) that respond to the needs of society.
(See also foreign internal defense (FID).) See FMs 100-20 and 100-25.
internal security (JP 1-02) The state of law and order prevailing within a nation. (See also internal
defense and development (IDAD) and foreign internal defense (FID).) See FMs 100-20 and 100-25.
interned (JP 1-02) A casualty definitely known to have been taken into custody of a nonbelligerent
foreign power as the result of and for reasons arising out of any armed conflict in which the Armed Forces
of the United States are engaged. (Army) 1. Battle casualties taken into custody by a nonbelligerent
foreign power as a result of any armed conflict. 2. Anyone taken and kept as a prisoner of war.
interoperability (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The ability of systems, units, or forces to provide services to and
accept services from other systems, units, or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them
to operate effectively together. (DOD) 2. The condition achieved among communications-electronics
systems or items of communications-electronics equipment when information or services can be
exchanged directly and satisfactorily between them and/or their users. The degree of interoperability
should be defined when referring to specific cases. See FMs 100-5 and 100-6.
intervisibility (IV) The condition of being able to see one point from another. This condition may be
altered or interrupted by weather, smoke, terrain masking, dust, or debris. (See also concealment and
cover.) See FM 34-130.
intervisibility line A ridge or horizon beyond which equipment or personnel can be hidden from
observation. (See FM 34-130.)
in-transit visibility (Army) The capability to identify the location of resources at any moment in the
distribution pipeline. See FMs 10-1 and 55-2.
intrusion (JP 1-02) The intentional insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths in any
manner, with the objective of deceiving operators or of causing confusion. (See also electronic warfare
(EW); jamming; and meaconing, intrusion, jamming, and interference (MIJI) report.) See FMs 34-1,
34-40, and 100-6.
inversion An increase of air temperature with increase in altitude (the ground being colder than the
surrounding air). When an inversion exists, there are no convection currents and wind speeds are below
5 knots. The atmosphere is stable and normally is considered the most favorable state for ground release
of chemical agents. (See also haze, lapse, and neutral.) See FM 3-6.
1-85
irregular forces (JP 1-02) Armed individuals or groups who are not members of the regular armed forces,
police, or other internal security forces. See FMs 100-20 and 100-25.
irregular outer edge (JP 1-02, NATO) In land mine warfare, short mine rows or strips laid in an irregular
manner in front of a minefield facing the enemy to deceive the enemy as to the type or extent of the
minefield. Generally, the irregular outer edge will only be used in minefields with buried mines.
isolate A tactical task given to a unit to seal off (both physically and psychologically) an enemy from his
sources of support, to deny an enemy freedom of movement, and prevent an enemy unit from having
contact with other enemy forces. An enemy must not be allowed sanctuary within his present position.
(See also encirclement.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 17-95, and 71-123. C-10
J
jamming The deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy to prevent or
degrade the receipt of information by a receiver. It includes communications and noncommunications
jamming. (See also barrage jamming, command and control warfare (C2W), electromagnetic interference
(EMI), electronic attack (EA), electronic warfare (EW), imitative electronic deception (IED), intrusion,
and meaconing.) See FMs 34-1, 34-40, and 100-6.
joint air attack team (JAAT) (Army) A combination of US Army attack and scout aircraft and fixed-
wing close air support (CAS) aircraft operating together to locate and attack high-priority lucrative targets
such as tanks and other targets of opportunity. JAAT normally operates in a coordinated effort with fire
support, air defense artillery, and ground maneuver forces against enemy armored formations, command
vehicles, and enemy air defense weapon systems. See FMs 1-112 and 6-20 series.
joint civil affairs task force (JCATF) (Army) A joint task force composed of civil affairs units from
more than one service, formed to carry out a specific civil affairs operation or prosecute civil affairs in
support of a theater campaign or other operations. The JCATF may have conventional noncivil affairs
units assigned or attached to support the conduct of specific missions.
joint force (JP 1-02) A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or
attached, of two or more Military Departments, operating under a single joint force commander. See FMs
100-5, 100-15, 100-20, and JP 0-2.
joint force air component commander (JFACC) (JP 1-02) The joint force air component commander
derives authority from the joint force commander who has the authority to exercise operational control,
assign missions, direct coordination among subordinate commanders, redirect and organize forces to
ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall mission. The joint force commander will
normally designate a joint force air component commander. The joint force air component commander's
responsibilities will be assigned by the joint force commander (normally these would include, but not be
limited to, planning, coordination, allocation, and tasking based on the joint force commander's
apportionment decision). Using the joint force commander's guidance and authority, and in coordination
with other Service component commanders and other assigned or supporting commanders, the joint force
air component commander will recommend to the joint force commander apportionment of air sorties to
various missions or geographic areas. (See also joint force commander (JFC).) See FMs 71-100 and
100-15.
joint force commander (JFC) (JP 1-02) A general term applied to a combatant commander, subunified
commander, or joint task force commander authorized to exercise combatant command (command
authority) or operational control over a joint force. See FMs 71-100, 100-15, 100-20, and JP 0-2.
1-86
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
joint force land component commander (JFLCC) (JP 1-02) The commander within a unified command,
subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander for making
recommendations on the proper employment of land forces, planning and coordinating land operations,
or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force land component
commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing
commander. The joint force land component commander will normally be the commander with the
preponderance of land forces and the requisite command and control capabilities. (See also land
component commander (LCC).) See FMs 100-5, 100-15, 100-20, and 100-30.
joint force maritime component commander (JFMCC) (JP 1-02) The commander within a unified
command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing commander
for making recommendations on the proper employment of maritime forces and assets, planning and
coordinating maritime operations, or accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned. The
joint force maritime component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and
tasks assigned by the establishing commander. The joint force maritime component commander will
normally be the commander with the preponderance of maritime forces and the requisite command and
control capabilities.
joint force special operations component commander (JFSOCC) (JP 1-02) The commander within
a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force responsible to the establishing
commander for making recommendations on the proper employment of special operations forces and
assets, planning and coordinating special operations, or accomplishing such operational missions as may
be assigned. The joint force special operations component commander is given the authority necessary
to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. The joint force special
operations component commander will normally be the commander with the preponderance of special
operations forces and the requisite command and control capabilities.
Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) (JP 1-02) A continuously evolving system
that is being developed through the integration and enhancement of earlier planning and execution
systems: Joint Operation Planning System and Joint Deployment System. It provides the foundation for
conventional command and control by national- and theater-level commanders and their staffs. It is
designed to satisfy their information needs in the conduct of joint planning and operations. Joint
Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) includes joint operation planning policies,
procedures, and reporting structures supported by communications and automated data processing
systems. JOPES is used to monitor, plan, and execute mobilization, deployment, employment, and
sustainment activities associated with joint operations. (See also joint operations.) See FM 101-5.
joint operations (JP 1-02) A general term to describe military actions conducted by joint forces, or by
Service forces in relationships (e.g., support, coordinating authority), which, of themselves, do not create
joint forces. (Army) Operations carried on by two or more of the armed forces. See FMs 100-5,
100-15, 100-20, and JP 0-2.
joint psychological operations task force (JPOTF) (Army) A joint task force composed of
psychological operations units from more than one service, formed to carry out a specific psychological
operation or to prosecute psychological operations in support of a theater campaign or other operations.
This joint task force may have conventional nonpsychological operations units under operational control,
assigned, or attached to support the conduct of specific missions. It is subordinate to the joint task force
and has a coequal position with the joint special operations task force, Army, Marine, Navy, and Air
Force forces commanders. See FMs 33-1, 100-15, and 100-20.
1-87
joint special operations air component commander (JSOACC) (JP 1-02) The commander within the
joint force special operations command responsible for planning and executing joint special air operations
and for coordinating and deconflicting such operations with conventional nonspecial operations air
activities. The joint special operations air component commander normally will be the commander with
the preponderance of assets and/or greatest ability to plan, coordinate, allocate, task, control, and support
the assigned joint special operations aviation assets. The joint special operations air component
commander may be directly subordinate to the joint force special operations component commander or
to any nonspecial operations component or joint force commander as directed.
joint special operations area (Army) That area of land, sea, and airspace assigned to a joint special
operations command to conduct special operations. See FM 31-20.
joint special operations task force (JSOTF) (JP 1-02) A joint task force composed of special operations
units from more than one Service, formed to carry out a specific special operation or prosecute special
operations in support of a theater campaign or other operations. The JSOTF may have conventional
nonspecial operations units assigned or attached to support the conduct of specific missions. See FMs
71-100, 100-15, 100-20, and 100-25.
joint suppression of enemy air defenses (JSEAD) (JP 1-02) A broad term that includes all suppression
of enemy air defenses activities provided by one component of the joint force in support of another. (See
also air defense suppression and suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD).) See FMs 44-100 and 6-20
series.
joint task force (JTF) (JP 1-02) A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of
Defense, a combatant commander, a subunified commander, or an existing joint task force commander.
See FMs 100-5, 100-15, 100-20, and JP 0-2. A-2
joint unconventional warfare task force (JUWTF) (Army) A force composed of unconventional
warfare forces of two or more services which is constituted by the Secretary of Defense or by the
commander of a unified command, a specified command, or an existing joint task force. (See also joint
special operations task force (JSOTF) and joint psychological operations task force (JPOTF).) See FMs
100-5, 100-20, and 100-25.
K
key terrain (JP 1-02, NATO) Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of which affords a marked
advantage to either combatant. (See also intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB).) See FM
34-130.
killed in action (KIA) (JP 1-02) A casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the victim
of a terrorist activity, who is killed outright or who dies as a result of wounds or other injuries before
reaching a medical treatment facility. (See also casualty, died of wounds (DOW), hostile casualty,
nonhostile casualty, and graves registration.) See FMs 8-10, 8-55, 10-63-1, 12-6, and 16-1.
L
land component commander (LCC) (Army) The senior commander of a joint or multinational military
force responsible for all aspects of operations for land maneuver and support forces. (See also joint force
land component commander (JFLCC).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-15, and 101-5.
1-88
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
landing area (JP 1-02) 1. The part of the objective area within which are conducted the landing
operations of an amphibious force. It includes the beach, the approaches to the beach, the transport areas,
the fire support areas, the air occupied by close supporting aircraft, and the land included in the advance
inland to the initial objective. 2. (Airborne) The general area used for landing troops and materiel either
by airdrop or air landing. This area includes one or more drop zones or landing strips. 3. Any specially
prepared or selected surface of land, water, or deck designated or used for takeoff and landing of aircraft.
(See also airhead, drop zone (DZ), landing zone (LZ) and objective.) See FMs 1-111, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20,
7-30, 31-12, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and 90-26.
landing beach (JP 1-02, NATO) That portion of a shoreline usually required for the landing of a battalion
landing team. However, it may also be that portion of a shoreline constituting a tactical locality (such as
the shore of a bay) over which a force larger or smaller than a battalion landing team may be landed. (See
also amphibious operation.) See FMs 31-12 and 71-100-2.
landing plan (JP 1-02) In amphibious operations, a collective term referring to all individually prepared
naval and landing force documents that, taken together, present in detail all instructions for execution of
the ship-to-shore movement. (Army) An airborne, air assault, or air movement plan prescribing the
sequence, place of arrival, and method of entry into the objective area. The purpose of the plan is to get
the correct units to the correct place in the correct order to properly execute the ground tactical plan. (See
also ground tactical plan and marshalling plan.) See FMs 1-111, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 31-12, 71-100-
2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and 90-26.
landing point (JP 1-02, NATO) A point within a landing site where one helicopter or vertical takeoff and
landing aircraft can land. (See also air assault, landing site, and landing zone (LZ).) See FMs 1-111, 7-8,
7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and 90-26.
landing site (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A site within a landing zone containing one or more landing points. 2.
In amphibious operations, a continuous segment of coastline over which troops, equipment, and supplies
can be landed by surface means. (Army) A location where aircraft take off and land. See FM
71-100-2.
landing zone (LZ) (JP 1-02, NATO) Any specified zone used for the landing of aircraft. (See also air
assault and airhead.) See FMs 1-111, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 31-12, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and 90-
26. 3-13
landing zone control party (JP 1-02, NATO) Personnel specially trained and equipped to establish and
operate communications devices from the ground for traffic control of aircraft/helicopters for a specific
landing zone. (See also air assault.) See FMs 1-111, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, and 90-
4.
lane A route through an enemy or friendly obstacle that provides a passing force safe passage. The route
may be reduced and proofed as part of a breach operation, or constructed as part of a friendly obstacle.
It is a clear route that moves all the way through an obstacle. (See also gap.) See FMs 5-71-100, 5-101,
5-102, and 90-13-1. 3-28
lane marker (JP 1-02, NATO) In land mine warfare, sign used to mark a minefield lane. Lane markers,
at the entrance to and exit from the lane may be referenced to a landmark or intermediate marker. (See
also breach, gap, and lane.) See FMs 5-71-100, 5-101, 5-102, 90-13-1.
lapse A marked decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude because the ground is warmer than the
surrounding air. This condition usually occurs between 1100 and 1600 hours, local time, when skies are
clear. Strong convection currents exist during lapse conditions. For chemical operations, the state
1-89
is defined as unstable and is normally considered the most unfavorable for the release of chemical agents.
(See also inversion and neutral.) See FM 3-6.
large-scale map See map.
latent (nuclear) ineffectiveness 1. The minimum exposure that will result in the average service member
becoming performance-degraded within three hours and remaining so until death. 2. The minimum
exposure that will result in the average service member becoming combat ineffective at any time within
six weeks of postexposure. See FMs 8-10-7, 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
lateral boundaries Control measures that define the left and right limits of a unit's zone of action or
sector. Together with the rear and forward boundaries and a coordinating altitude, lateral boundaries
define the area of operations for a commander. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-
123, 100-15, and 101-5. 3-11
lateral route (JP 1-02, NATO) A route generally parallel to the forward edge of the battle area, which
crosses, or feeds into, axial routes. (See also main supply route (MSR), alternate supply route (ASR),
and air corridor.) See FMs 1-111, 10-1, 63-2, 63-2-1, 63-6, 63-20, 63-21, and 71-100-3.
lateral spread (JP 1-02) A technique used to place the mean point of impact of two or more units
100 meters apart on a line perpendicular to the gun-target line. See FM 6-40.
latest time information is of value The time by which an intelligence organization or staff must deliver
information to the requestor in order to provide decision makers with timely intelligence. This must
include the time anticipated for processing and disseminating that information as well as for making the
decision. See FMs 34-1 and 34-130.
law and order operations A military police mission that includes law enforcement, criminal investigation,
and the confinement of US military prisoners. Law and order operations are conducted only when the
combat commander requires it and when battle intensity permits. See FM 19-10.
law of war (JP 1-02) That part of international law that regulates the conduct of armed hostilities. Also
called the law of armed conflict. (See also rules of engagement (ROE) and rules of interaction (ROI).)
See FM 27-10.
lay (JP 1-02) 1. Direct or adjust the aim of a weapon. 2. Setting of a weapon for a given range, or for
a given direction, or both. 3. To drop one or more aerial bombs or aerial mines onto the surface from an
aircraft. 4. To spread a smoke screen on the ground from an aircraft. 5. To calculate or project a course.
6. To lay on: a. to execute a bomber strike; b. to set up a mission. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
least separation distance (LSD) The minimum distance that a desired ground zero must be separated
from an object to ensure no more than a 10 percent chance of damage with a 99 percent assurance. It is
the sum of the radius of preclusion and the buffer distance. See FM 100-30.
lewisite A blister agent (an arsenical vesicant) used as a moderately delayed-action casualty agent with a
persistency somewhat shorter than HD (distilled mustard). It produces effects similar to mustard,
although, unlike mustard, it produces immediate pain. See FM 3-9.
liaison (NATO) That contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of military forces to
ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action. See FM 101-5.
1-90
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
liberated territory (JP 1-02, NATO) Any area, domestic, neutral, or friendly, which, having been
occupied by an enemy, is retaken by friendly forces.
lift All helicopters assigned to a particular mission to move troops, supplies, and equipment. (See also
chalk and air assault.) See FMs 1-111, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3 and 90-4.
lift fire In direct fire, the command to raise the cone of fire so that the beaten zone strikes the target, but
the space between the target and the firing weapons is safe for maneuver by friendly forces. See FMs
17-12 and 23-1.
light line (LL) (JP 1-02, NATO) A designated line forward of which vehicles are required to use black-out
lights at night. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-123, 71-100, 100-15, and 101-5. 3-26
limit of advance (LOA) An easily recognized terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will not
advance. (See also probable line of deployment (PLD) and final coordination line (FCL).) See FMs
1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, and 71-123. 3-17
limitation 1. Control measure, instruction, or order that restricts freedom of action. 2. An action, activity,
or task that a unit is not capable of executing. This condition may be due to natural reasons such as terrain
and weather or reasons such as training or equipment.
limited access route (JP 1-02, NATO) A one way route with one or more restrictions which preclude its use
by the full range of military traffic. (See also main supply route (MSR) and alternate supply route (ASR).)
See FM 55-2.
limited visibility operations Operations conducted at night and during other periods of reduced visibility.
(See also limit of advance (LOA), probable line of deployment (PLD), and final coordination line (FCL).)
See FMs 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, and 71-123.
limit of fire (JP1-02, NATO) 1. The boundary marking off the area on which gunfire can be delivered.
2. Safe angular limits for firing at aerial targets. (Army) Tactical markers used to define the sector of fire
for an individual soldier, a weapon system, or a unit that prevents fratricide of adjacent units and focuses fires
to kill the enemy. (See also final protective line (FPL), target reference point (TRP), and engagement area
(EA).) See FMs 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 17-15, and 71-123.
line (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a spotting, or an observation, used by a
spotter or an observer to indicate that a burst(s) occurred on the spotting line. (Army) Pertains to mortar
fires also. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
line of contact (LC) A general trace delineating the location where two opposing forces are engaged. (See
also forward edge of the battle area (FEBA), forward line of own troops (FLOT), line of departure (LD), and
line of departure is line of contact (LD/LC).) See FMs 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, and
71-123. 3-13
line of demarcation (LOD) A line defining the boundary of a buffer zone or an area of limitation. A line of
demarcation may also be used to define the forward limits of disputing or belligerent forces after each phase
of disengagement or withdrawal has been completed.
line of departure (LD) (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In land warfare, a line designated to coordinate the departure
of attack elements. 2. In amphibious warfare, a suitably marked offshore coordinating line to assist
assault craft to land on designated beaches at scheduled times. (See also line of contact (LC) and line of
1-91
departure is line of contact (LD/LC).) See FMs 1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, 31-12,
and 71-123. 3-17
line of departure is line of contact (LD/LC) The designation of forward friendly positions as the LD when
opposing forces are in contact. (See also line of contact (LC) and line of departure (LD).) See FMs 1-111,
7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, and 71-123. 3-17
line formation An arrangement of vehicles or personnel in which elements are arranged abreast of each other.
This formation permits maximum fire to front or rear and a minimum of fire to the flanks. (See also
formation, movement formation, echelon formation, and column formation.) See FMs 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10,
7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, and 71-123.
line haul In highway transportation, a type of haul involving long trips over the road in which the portion of
driving time is high in relation to the time consumed in loading and unloading. Line haul usually involves
one trip or a portion of a trip per operating shift of 10 hours, or 2 trips per day. See FMs 55-2 and 55-10.
lines of communications (LOC) (JP 1-02) All the routes, land, water, and air, which connect an operating
military force with a base of operations and along which supplies and military forces move. (See also
communications zone (COMMZ).) See FMs 10-1, 100-5, 100-7, 100-10, and 100-15.
line of sight (LOS) The unobstructed path from a soldier, weapon, weapon sight, electronic-sending and
-receiving antennas, or piece of reconnaissance equipment from one point to another. (See also intervisibility
(IV).) See FMs 1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 100-20.
linkup A meeting of friendly ground forces (such as when an advancing force reaches an objective area
previously seized by an airborne or air assault force, when an encircled element breaks out to rejoin friendly
forces, or when converging maneuver forces meet). (See also linkup point.) See FMs 1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10,
7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 100-20.
linkup point An easily identifiable point on the ground where two forces conduct a linkup meet. When one
force is stationary, linkup points normally are established where the moving force's routes of advance
intersect the stationary force's security elements. Linkup points for two moving forces are established on
boundaries where the two forces are expected to converge. (See also air assault, airborne operation, breakout,
and linkup.) See FMs 1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, 31-20, 71-100, 71-100-3, 71-123,
90-4, 90-26, 100-15, and 100-20. 3-26
list of targets (JP 1-02) A tabulation of confirmed or suspect targets maintained by any echelon for
informational and fire support planning purposes. (See also fire plan and target list.) See FMs 6-20 series
and 101-5.
load plan A document which presents in detail all instructions for the arrangement of personnel and
equipment aboard a given type aircraft or vehicle. (See also combat loading.) See FMs 7-8, 55-12, and
71-10.
local haul In highway transportation, a type of haul characterized by short driving time in relation to loading
and unloading time and normally involves four or more trips per day. See FMs 55-2 and 55-10.
local security Those security elements established near a unit to prevent surprise by the enemy. See FMs
1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 100-20.
1-92
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
lock on (JP 1-02, NATO) Signifies that a tracking or target-seeking system is continuously and automatically
tracking a target in one or more coordinates (e.g., range, bearing, elevation).
lodgment area (JP 1-02) See airhead; beachhead. (Army) A designated area or hostile or potentially hostile
territory that, when seized and held, ensures the continuous landing (buildup) of troops and materiel and
provides sufficient maneuver space for buildup of combat power to resolve the crises rapidly and decisively.
(See also airhead, beachhead, and opposed entry.) See FMs 1-111, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-15, 17-95,
71-100, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 71-123, 100-15, and 100-20.
log crib A type of point obstacle used as a roadblock where such an obstacle cannot be readily bypassed. (See
also abatis, point obstacle, road block, and cratering charge.) See FMs 5-34, 5-71-100, and 5-102.
log hurdle A type of point obstacle used to slow tracked vehicles and make them more vulnerable to antitank
fires or make the tracked vehicles vulnerable to "belly shots" as they climb over the hurdles. (See also abatis,
point obstacle, road block, and cratering charge.) See FMs 5-34, 5-71-100, and 5-102.
logistics (JP 1-02, NATO) The science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of
forces. In its most comprehensive sense, those aspects of military operations which deal with: a. design and
development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of
materiel; b. movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel; c. acquisition or construction,
maintenance, operation, and disposition of facilities; and d. acquisition or furnishing of services. (See also
combat service support (CSS).) See FMs 10-1 and 100-10.
logistics assault base (LAB) (Army) A temporary logistics support area transported across enemy lines via
helicopter to support extended deep air assault operations and raids. If the LAB is to become a permanent
facilitity, the unit must develop it into a forward operations base. See FM 71-100-3.
logistics base A principal or supplementary base of support; a locality containing installations which provide
logistic or support.
logistics package (LOGPAC) A grouping of multiple classes of supplies and supply vehicles under the
control of a single convoy commander. Daily LOGPACs contain a standardized allocation of supplies.
Special LOGPACs can also be dispatched as needed. See FM 71-123.
logistics preparation of the battlefield (Army) All actions taken by combat service support to maximize the
means of supporting commander's plans.
logistics over the shore (LOTS) The loading and unloading of ships without the benefit of fixed port
facilities, in friendly or undefended territory, and, in time of war, during phases of theater development in
which there is no enemy opposition.
logistics release point (LRP) 1. The point along the supply route where the unit first sergeant or unit guide
takes control of a company logistics package (LOGPAC). 2. The point along the supply route where the
supported unit meets the supporting unit to transfer supplies. See FM 55-30. 3-38
log posts A type of point obstacle with posts placed in belts and combined with wire and usually used as a
road block or turning obstacle. To breach a belt of log posts requires an extensive breaching effort. (See
also abatis, cratering charge, point obstacle, and road block.) See FMs 5-34, 5-71-100, and 5-102.
1-93
long-range surveillance (LRS) Surveillance of an enemy force or a specified area over extended distances
using long-range surveillance units; special operations forces; division, corps, theater, or national monitoring
devices; or any combination of these to provide information to the commander.
lost (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a spotting, or an observation used by a
spotter
or an observer to indicate that rounds fired by a gun or mortar were not observed. (Army) Pertains to
mortar and direct fire gunnery also. See FM 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
low-altitude parachute extraction system (LAPES) (Army) A low-level, self-contained extraction system
capable of delivering heavy equipment or supplies via aircraft to a specified extraction zone (EZ) from an
altitude of 5 to 10 feet above ground level when air landing is not feasible. See FMs 7-7, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30,
71-100-2, and 90-26.
low-level transit route (LLTR) (JP 1-02, NATO) A temporary corridor of defined dimensions established
in the forward area to minimize the risk to friendly aircraft from friendly air defenses or surface forces. (See
also minimum-risk route (MRR), air corridor, and flight corridor.) See FM 100-103. 3-5
M
magnetic azimuth An angle of direction measured clockwise from magnetic north. (See also azimuth, grid
of azimuth, and true azimuth.) See FM 21-26.
magnetic declination (JP 1-02, NATO) The angle between the magnetic and geographical meridians at any
place, expressed in degrees east or west to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north. In
nautical and aeronautical navigation, the term magnetic variation is used instead of magnetic declination and
the angle is termed variation of the compass or magnetic variation. Magnetic declination is not otherwise
synonymous with magnetic variation which refers to regular or irregular change with time of the magnetic
declination, dip, or intensity. See FM 21-26.
magnetic variation (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In navigation, at a given place and time, the horizontal angle
between the true north and magnetic north measured east or west according to whether magnetic north lies
east or west of true north. (See also magnetic declination.) 2. In cartography, the annual change in direction
of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. See FM 21-26.
main attack (JP 1-02, NATO) The principal attack or effort into which the commander throws the full weight
of the offensive power at his disposal. An attack directed against the chief objective of the campaign or
battle. (Army) The primary mission in support of the higher commander's main effort. It is weighted with
combat, combat support, and combat service support. The higher commander will normally support the main
attack with a supporting attack(s) and other operations such as deep attacks, electronic warfare (EW)
operations, deception operations, and economy of force operations. (See also main effort, supporting attack,
deception operation, and attack.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and
101-5. 3-15, 3-16
main battle area (MBA) (JP 1-02) That portion of the battlefield in which the decisive battle is fought to
defeat the enemy. For any particular command, the main battle area extends rearward from the forward edge
of the battle area to the rear boundary of the command's subordinate units. (See also defensive operations,
forward edge of the battle area (FEBA), and handover line.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95,
71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
1-94
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
main body 1. The principal part of a tactical command or formation. It does not include detached elements
of the command such as advance guards, flank guards, and covering forces. 2. In a motor column, all
vehicles exclusive of the column head, trail, and control vehicles which consist primarily of the vehicles
carrying the bulk of the cargo or troops within the column. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100,
71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
main command post A cell that includes those staff activities involved in controlling and sustaining current
operations and in planning future operations. The main command post (CP) normally operates under control
of the chief of staff. In addition to the chief of staff, the main CP consists of G1, G2, G3, and G4 elements;
fire support and chemical elements, tactical air control party element, and an Army airspace command and
control element consisting of air defense artillery and Army aviation staff elements. The main CP exercises
command and control of the current operation in cases where a tactical CP is not employed. (See also
command post (CP); rear command post; tactical command post (TAC CP).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5. A-3
main effort (Army) The unit, battle position, sector, zone, axis, avenue of approach, area of operations,
theater of operations, and so forth, the senior commander has determined has the most important task and
purpose at that time, whose success will make the most difference in the accomplishment of the higher
commander's overall mission or objective. Commanders at all levels should designate a point of main effort
along with supporting efforts. This helps them and their staffs to allocate resources accordingly, providing
focus to the operation while setting priorities and determining risks, promoting unity of effort, and facilitating
and understanding of the commander's intent. There is only one main effort at any time in the operation,
although the main effort may change as the situation changes to take advantage of opportunities or to avert
failure. In the offense, the commander will conduct the main attack where the main effort has been
designated. The unit(s) conducting the main attack normally will shift throughout the operation. The main
attack may be a deep attacking unit, the point unit of the ground attack, or the reserve, when committed. In
the defense, the main effort is that area along the enemy avenue of approach that the defense depends on for
success. The higher commander will influence the main effort with supporting effort(s). For example, during
World War II the European Theater was the national main effort and the Pacific theater was a supporting
effort. (See also main attack and supporting effort.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100,
71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
main line of resistance (JP 1-02) A line at the forward edge of the battle position, designated for the purpose
of coordinating the fire of all units and supporting weapons, including air and naval gunfire. It defines the
forward limits of a series of mutually supporting defensive areas, but it does not include the areas occupied
or used by covering or screening forces.
main operations base (MOB) (JP 1-02) In special operations, a base established by a joint force special
operations component commander or a subordinate special operations component commander in friendly
territory to provide sustained command and control, administration, and logistical support to special operations
activities in designated areas. (See also advanced operations base (AOB) and forward operations base (FOB).)
See FM 100-25.
main supply route (MSR) (JP 1-02, NATO) The route or routes designated within an area of operations upon
which the bulk of traffic flows in support of military operations. 3-40
maintenance (materiel) (JP 1-02) 1. All action taken to retain materiel in a serviceable condition or to
restore it to serviceability. It includes inspection, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability,
repair, rebuilding, and reclamation. 2. All supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition
to carry out its mission. 3. The routine recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building,
1-95
structure, ground facility, utility system, or other real property) in such condition that it may be continuously
used, at its original or designed capacity and efficiency for its intended purpose. 4-26
maintenance collection point (MCP) A point established to collect equipment awaiting repair, controlled
exchange, cannibalization, or evacuation. It may be operated by the user or by direct support maintenance
units. (See also unit maintenance collection point (UMCP).) 3-38
maintenance status (JP 1-02) 1. A nonoperating condition, deliberately imposed, with adequate personnel to
maintain and preserve installations, materiel, and facilities in such a condition that they may be readily restored
to operable condition in a minimum time by the assignment of additional personnel and without extensive
repair or overhaul. 2. That condition of materiel which is in fact, or is administratively classified as,
unserviceable, pending completion of required servicing or repairs. (Army) A condition of materiel
readiness that reports the level of operational readiness for a piece of equipment. See FM 63-2.
maintenance support team (MST) A tailored direct support team that colocates with a unit maintenance
element for a designated period. See FM 63-2.
major disaster See domestic emergencies.
major operation (Army) The coordinated actions of large forces in a single phase of a campaign. A major
operation could contain a number of battles or could be a single critical battle.
mandate A resolution approved by the United Nations Security Council or United States government that
delineates the objective, the resources, role, and tasks of the force assigned to carry out the resolution. It also
includes the terms of reference which should include the rules of engagement, rules of interaction, force
protection, geographical limitations, limits on the duration of the operation, relationships with belligerent
parties, relationships with humanitarian assistance organizations, personnel resources, and financing. (See also
counterdrug (CD), counterinsurgency, humanitarian assistance (HA), peace operations, and stability and
support operations (SASO). See FMs 100-20 and 100-23.
maneuver (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A movement to place ships or aircraft in a position of advantage over the
enemy. 2. A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in imitation of war. 3.
The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause it to perform desired movements. 4. Employment of
forces on the battlefield through movement in combination with fire, or fire potential, to achieve a position of
advantage in respect to the enemy in order to accomplish the mission. (Army) Employment of forces on
the battlefield through movement of combat forces in relation to the enemy, supported by fire or fire potential
from all sources, to gain potential advantage from which to destroy or threaten destruction of the enemy to
accomplish the mission. See FMs 100-5 and 100-40.
manifest (JP 1-02) A document specifying in detail the passengers or items carried for a specific destination.
manipulative electromagnetic deception (MED) (JP 1-02) Actions to eliminate revealing, or convey
misleading, electromagnetic telltale indicators that may be used by hostile forces. (See also electronic warfare
(EW), electromagnetic deception, imitative electromagnetic deception, and simulative electromagnetic
deception.) See FM 34-40.
map (JP 1-02, NATO) A graphic representation, usually on a plane surface, and at an established scale, of
natural or artificial features on the surface of a part or whole of the Earth or other planetary body.
These features are positioned relative to a coordinate reference system. See FM 21-26. (Army)
1-96
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
a. large-scale map. A map having a scale of 1:75,000 or larger used for tactical planning. b. medium-
scale map. A map having a scale between 1:1,000,000 and 1:75,000 used for operational planning.
c. small-scale map. A map having a scale smaller than 1:1,000,000 used for general planning and strategic
studies.
march column A group of two to five serials using the same route for a single movement, organized under a
single commander for planning, regulating, and controlling. (See also march serial, march unit, and movement
order.) See FMs 55-30 and 101-5.
march serial A subdivision of a march column consisting of a group of two to five march units using the same
route for a single movement, organized under a single commander for planning, regulating, and controlling.
(See also march column, march unit, and movement order.) See FMs 55-30 and 101-5.
march unit The smallest subdivision of a march column; a group of normally no more than 25 vehicles using
the same route for a single movement, organized under a single commander for planning, regulating, and
controlling. (See also march column, march serial, and movement order.) See FMs 55-30 and 101-5.
Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) (JP 1-02) A task organization of Marine forces (division, aircraft
wing, and service support groups) under a single command and structured to accomplish a specific mission.
The MAGTF components will normally include command, aviation combat, ground combat, and combat
service support elements (including Navy Support Elements). Three types of MAGTFs that can be task
organized are the Marine expeditionary unit, Marine expeditionary brigade, and Marine expeditionary force.
The four elements of a Marine air-ground task force are command element (CE), aviation combat element
(ACE), ground combat element (GCE), and combat service support element (CSSE). (See also aviation
combat element (ACE), combat service support element (CSSE), command element (CE), ground combat
element (GCE), Marine expeditionary force (MEF), Marine expeditionary force (forward) (MEF (FWD)),
Marine expeditionary unit (MEU), and task force.)
Marine expeditionary force (MEF) (JP 1-02) The Marine expeditionary force, the largest of the Marine air-
ground task forces, is normally built around a division/wing team, but can include several divisions and aircraft
wings, together with an appropriate combat service support organization. The Marine expeditionary force is
capable of conducting a wide range of amphibious assault operations and sustained operations ashore. It can
be tailored for a wide variety of combat missions in any geographic environment. (See also Marine air-ground
task force (MAGTF), Marine expeditionary force (forward) (MEF(FWD)), and Marine expeditionary unit
(MEU).) See JP 3-02.1.
Marine expeditionary force (forward) (MEF(FWD)) A task organization which is normally built around a
regimental landing team, a provisional Marine aircraft group, and a logistics support group; a brigade-sized
unit which has been designated as the forward echelon of a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF). It can deploy
as an air contingency force, a maritime or geographic prepositioning force, or the landing force of an
amphibious operation. It normally can sustain operations for 30 days while the follow-on forces of the MEF
are being deployed. (See also Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF), Marine expeditionary force (MEF),
and Marine expeditionary unit (MEU).) See JP 3-02.1.
Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) (JP 1-02) A task organization which is normally built around a battalion
landing team, reinforced helicopter squadron, and logistic support unit. It fulfills routine forward afloat
deployment requirements, provides an immediate reaction capability for crisis situations, and is capable of
relatively limited combat operations. (See also Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF), Marine expeditionary
force (MEF), and Marine expeditionary force (forward) (MEF (FWD)). See JP 3-02.1.
1-97
marking smoke Smoke employed to relay prearranged communications on the battlefield. It is frequently used
to identify targets, evacuation points, friendly perimeters, and so forth. See FM 3-50.
marshalling (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The process by which units participating in an amphibious or airborne
operation group together or assemble when feasible or move to temporary camps in the vicinity of embarkation
points, complete preparations for combat, or prepare for loading. 2. The process of assembling, holding, and
organizing supplies and/or equipment, especially vehicles of transportation, for onward movement. (See also
staging area.) See FMs 71-100-3 and 90-26.
marshalling area 1. The general area in which unit preparation areas and departure airfields may be located
and from which movement is initiated. 2. An area located adjacent to strategic air and sea ports of
embarkation and debarkation, controlled by the Army service component commander, in which units configure
forces, sustainment, and material for onward movement to staging areas or tactical assembly areas. 3. In
amphibious operations, the designated area in which, as part of the mounting process, units are reorganized
for embarkation; vehicles and equipment are prepared to move directly to embarkation areas; and housekeeping
facilities are provided for troops by other units. See FM 100-17.
marshalling plan An airborne operational plan by which units of the force complete final preparation for
combat, move to departure airfields, and load for take-off. It begins when elements of the force are literally
"sealed" in marshalling areas and terminates at loading. (See also ground tactical plan and landing plan.) See
FMs 100-17 and 101-5.
mask only 1. A protective measure that provides some relief from mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP)
gear for personnel who must work in a vapor- or aerosol-contaminated environment. Personnel must be within
protective shelters (certain types of vans, tanks, or buildings) where the danger of transfer hazards is minimal.
This posture is only used when the only threat is vapor. Mask only cannot be used when blister agents are
present. 2. A protective measure preparation used when the commander anticipates that his only chemical
threat is from riot control agents. (See also mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP).) See FM 3-4.
mass (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The concentration of combat power. 2. The military formation in which units are
spaced at less than the normal distances and intervals. (Army) To concentrate or bring together fires, as
to mass fires of multiple weapons or units. (See also principles of war.) See FM 100-5.
mass casualty (JP 1-02) Any large number of casualties produced in a relatively short period of time, usually
as the result of a single incident such as a military aircraft accident, hurricane, flood, earthquake, or armed
attack that exceeds local logistical support capabilities. (See also casualty.)
massed fire (JP 1-02) 1. The fire of the batteries of two or more ships directed against a single target. 2.
Fire from a number of weapons directed at a single point or small area. (See also concentrated fire.)
materiel release confirmation (JP 1-02) A notification from a shipping/storage activity advising the originator
of a materiel release order of the positive action taken on the order. It will also be used with appropriate
shipment status document identifier codes as a reply to a follow-up initiated by the inventory control point.
materiel release order (JP 1-02) An order issued by an accountable supply system manager (usually an
inventory control point or accountable depot/stock point) directing a nonaccountable activity (usually a storage
site or materiel drop point) within the same supply distribution complex to release and ship materiel.
1-98
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
maximum effective range (JP 1-02, NATO) The maximum distance at which a weapon may be expected
to be accurate and achieve the desired result. (Army) The distance from a weapon system at
which a 50 percent probability of target hit is expected, or the tracer burnout range. See FMs 6-series, 7-90,
7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
maximum range (JP 1-02, NATO) The greatest distance a weapon can fire without consideration of dispersion.
(Army) The maximum distance a projectile or rocket can go at the optimum elevation of the weapon. See
FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
maximum rate of fire The largest quantity of rounds physically or mechanically possible to fire through a
weapon or weapon system in a specified period of time regardless of the damage that could be done to the
system if this number of rounds was fired for a prolonged period of time. (See also sustained rate of fire.) See
FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
M-day(JP 1-02) The term used to designate the unnamed day on which full mobilization commences or is due
to commence.
meaconing(JP 1-02, NATO) A system of receiving radio beacon signals and rebroadcasting them on the same
frequency to confuse navigation. The meaconing stations cause inaccurate bearings to be obtained by aircraft
or ground stations.
meaconing, interference, jamming, and intrusion (MIJI) report A report to record and report interference
experienced with communications which was not determined to be caused by locally generated spurious signals
or technical difficulties. This report is prepared based on an interference report forwarded from the unit or
element that initially experienced the interference. The unit-level interference report is transmitted by the
fastest and most secure means available. See FM 34-40.
medical care echelon Describes the five levels of treatment within the military system. Each echelon has the
same capabilities as the echelon before it, but adds a new treatment capability that distinguishes it from the
previous echelon. The five echelons are: Echelon I - unit level or immediate lifesaving measures; Echelon II -
a medical unit that adds dental, laboratory, x-ray, and patient holding capability; Echelon III - mobile army
surgical hospitals and combat support hospitals that add the capability to perform surgery; Echelon IV -
general hospitals and field hospitals that add staffing and equipment for general and specialized medical and
surgical treatment; Echelon V - continental United States-based hospitals that can provide the most specialized
and long-term care possible. See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, 8-10-4, 8-10-14, 8-10-24, 8-51, and 8-55.
medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) The timely and efficient movement of patients while providing en route
medical care to and between medical treatment facilities. See FMs 8-10 and 8-10-6.
medical evacuees (JP 1-02) Personnel who are wounded, injured, or ill and must be moved to or between
medical facilities. See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, 8-10-4, 8-10-14, 8-10-24.
medical threat (Army) The composite of all ongoing or potential enemy actions and environmental conditions
that reduce the performance effectiveness of the soldier. The soldier's reduced effectiveness results from
sustained wounds, injuries, or diseases. See FMs 8-10, 8-10-8, 8-55.
medical treatment facility (MTF) (JP 1-02) A facility established for the purpose of furnishing medical and/or
dental care to eligible individuals. See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, 8-10-4, 8-10-14, 8-10-24. 4-26, D-9
1-99
medical waste Any waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beingsor
animals.
medium-scale map See map.
meeting engagement (JP 1-02, NATO) A combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely
deployed for battle, engages an enemy at an unexpected time and place. (Army) The enemy force may
be either stationary or moving. (See also movement to contact.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95,
71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
military art (Army) The judgmental application of military science to the conditions at hand. Such judgment
depends on knowledge in great depth which goes beyond a knowledge of mechanical factors and force ratios.
It depends on inspired and skillful application of sound scientific approaches and demands the application
of sound judgment in the weighting of the intangibles.
military chemical compound Chemical substance that has become generally accepted by the public for use
in conventional war. Included are riot control agents, flame and smoke materials, and military herbicides.
Excluded are chemical agents. See FM 3-9.
military crest An area on the forward or reverse slope of a hill or ridge just below the topographical crest
from which maximum observation and direct fire covering the slope down to the base of the hill or ridge can
be obtained. (See also topographical crest.) See FM 21-26.
military grid reference system (JP 1-02, NATO) A system which uses a standard-scaled grid square, based
on a point of origin on a map projection of the surface of the Earth in an accurate and consistent manner to
permit either position referencing or the computation of direction and distance between grid positions. See
FM 21-26.
military information environment (MIE) Those individuals, organizations, and systems within the global
information environment (GIE), both friendly and hostile, military and nonmilitary, that support, enable, or
significantly influence a specific military operation. See FM 100-6.
military load classification (MLC) (JP 1-02, NATO) A standard system in which a route, bridge, or raft is
assigned class number(s) representing the load it can carry. Vehicles are also assigned number(s) indicating
the minimum class of route, bridge, or raft they are authorized to use. (See also route classification.) See
FMs 5-36 and 17-95.
military operations in a built-up area (MOBA) (Army) All military actions planned and conducted on a
topographical complex and its adjacent natural terrain where man-made construction is the dominant feature.
It includes combat in cities, which is that portion of military operations on urbanized terrain involving
house-to-house and street-by-street fighting in towns and cities. See FMs 90-10 and 90-10-1.
military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT) All military actions planned and conducted on a
topographical complex and its adjacent natural terrain where man-made construction is the dominant feature.
It includes combat-in-cities, which is that portion of MOUT involving house-to-house and street-by-street
fighting in towns and cities. See FMs 90-10 and 90-10-1.
military operations other than war (MOOTW) (JP 1-02) Operations that encompass the use of
military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war. These military actions can be
applied to complement any combination of the other instruments of national power and occur before,
1-100
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
during, and after war. (See also counterdrug (CD), counterinsurgency, domestic emergencies, humanitarian
assistance (HA), and peace operations.) See FM 100-20 and JP 3-07.
military police response forces (Army) Those forces the commander assigns the mission of responding to
and conducting operations to close with and destroy or delay attacking enemy forces beyond the capabilities
of base defenses (Level II). See FM 19-1.
military science (Army) A systemized knowledge of the principles of war; the systematic development,
examination, and dissemination of appropriate methods; and the systematic development, examination, and
understanding of capabilities.
military strategy (JP 1-02) The art and science of employing the armed forces of a nation to secure the
objectives of national policy by the application of force or the threat of force. See FM 100-5.
minefield (JP 1-02, NATO) In land warfare, an area of ground containing mines laid with or without a pattern.
3-30
minefield breaching (JP 1-02, NATO) In land mine warfare, the process of clearing a lane through a
minefield under tactical conditions. (See also breach, in-stride breach, deliberate breach, covert breach, and
lane.) See FMs 5-71-100, 5-101, and 90-13-1.
minimum range (JP 1-02) 1. Least range setting of a gun at which the projectile will clear an obstacle or
friendly troops between the gun and the target. 2. Shortest distance to which a gun can fire from a given
position. (Army) The range at which a projectile or fuse will be armed. See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91,
17-12, and 23-1.
minimum-risk route (MRR) (JP 1-02) A temporary corridor of defined dimensions recommended for use
by high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft that presents the minimum known hazards to low-flying aircraft transiting
the combat zone. (Army) The MRR must be approved by the airspace control authority and avoids
artillery, air defense weapons, landing zones, pick-up zones, forward arming and refueling points, and Army
airfields. See FM 100-103. 3-5
minimum safe distance (MSD) The minimum distance in meters from desired ground zero at which a specific
degree of personnel risk and vulnerability will not be exceeded with a 99 percent assurance. The MSD is the
sum of the radius of safety and the buffer distance. (See also desired ground zero (DGZ), least separation
distance (LSD), and troop safety (nuclear).) See FM 100-30 and JP 3-12.2. 3-34
misfire (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Failure to fire or explode properly. 2. Failure of a primer or the propelling
charge of a round or projectile to function wholly or in part. See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and
23-1.
missing (JP 1-02) A casualty status for which the United States Code provides statutory guidance
concerning missing members of the Military Services. Excluded are personnel who are in an absent
without leave, deserter, or dropped-from-rolls status. A person declared missing is categorized as
follows: a. beleaguered The casualty is a member of an organized element that has been surrounded
by a hostile force to prevent escape of its members. b. besieged The casualty is a member of an
organized element that ha s been surrounded by a hostile force for compelling it to surrender.
c. captured The casualty has been seized as the result of action of an unfriendly military or
paramilitary force in a foreign country. d. detained The casualty is prevented from proceeding or
1-101
is restrained in custody for alleged violation of international law or other reason claimed by the
government or group under which the person is being held. e. interned The casualty is definitely
known to have been taken into custody of a nonbelligerent foreign power as the result of and for reasons
arising out of any armed conflict in which the Armed Forces of the United States are engaged. f. missing
The casualty is not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose
location is unknown. g. missing in action (MIA) The casualty is a hostile casualty, other than the
victim of a terrorist activity, who is not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary
reasons and whose location is unknown. (See also casualty.) See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, 8-10-4, 8-10-14,
and 8-10-24.
missing in action ( MIA) See missing.
mission (JP 1-02) 1. The task, together with the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be taken and
the reason therefor. 2. In common usage, especially when applied to lower military units, a duty assigned
to an individual or unit; a task. 3. The dispatching of one or more aircraft to accomplish one particular task.
(Army) The commander's expression of what the unit must accomplish and for what purpose. (See also
commander's intent.) See FMs 100-5, 100-90, and 101-5.
mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available (METT-T) The phrase or acronym used to describe
the factors that must be considered during the planning or execution of a tactical operation. See FM 101-5.
(USMC) mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, and time available. Example
considerations are:
mission The who, what, when, where, and why that must be accomplished.
enemy Current information concerning the enemy's strength, location, disposition, activity,
equipment, and capability and a determination as to the enemy's probable course of action.
terrain (includes weather) Analysis of vegetation, soil type, hydrology, climatic conditions, and
light data to determine the impact the environment can have on current and future operations for both
enemy and friendly operations.
troops (and support available) The quantity, level of training, and psychological state of friendly
forces, to include the availability of weapon systems and critical equipment.
time available The time available to plan, prepare, and execute operations for both enemy and
friendly forces.
mission essential task A collective task in which an organization must be proficient to accomplish an
appropriate portion of its wartime mission(s). See FMs 25-100 and 25-101.
mission essential task list (METL) A compilation of collective mission essential tasks which must be
successfully performed if an organization is to accomplish its wartime mission(s). See FMs 25-100 and
25-101.
mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) A flexible system for protection against a chemical or
biological attack devised to maximize the unit's ability to accomplish its mission in a toxic environment. This
posture permits maximum protection from chemical or biological attack without unacceptable reduction in
efficiency. The seven levels of MOPP are shown in the table on the following page.
1-102
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
MOPP LEVELS
MOPP MOPP MASK MOPP MOPP MOPP MOPP MOPP

Equipment READY ONLY ZERO 1 2 3 4
Mask Carried Worn Carried Carried Carried Worn 1 Worn
Overgarment Ready 3 NOTE Available 4

Worn 1
Worn 1
Worn 1 Worn
Vinyl Overboot Ready 3 NOTE Available 4

Available 4 Worn Worn Worn
Gloves Ready 3 NOTE Available 4

Available 4
Available 4
Available 4 Worn
Helmet Protective Cover Ready 3 NOTE Available 4

Available 4 Worn Worn Worn
Chemical Protective Ready 3 NOTE Available 4

Worn 1
Worn 1
Worn 1
Worn 1
Undergarment (CPU)
1 In hot weather, coat or hood can be left open for ventilation.

2 The CPU is worn under the BDU (primarily applies to SOF) or CVC coveralls.
3 Must be available to the soldier within two hours. Second set available in six hours.
4 Must be within arm's reach of soldier.
NOTE: Items can be ready or available at the commanders discretion.
mission statement A short paragraph or sentence describing the task and purpose that clearly indicate
the action to be taken and the reason therefore. It usually contains the elements of who, what, when, and
where, and the reason therefore, but seldom specifies how. (See also commanders intent, operation order
(OPORD), and operation plan (OPLAN).) See FMs 100-5, 100-90, and 101-5.
mission type order (JP 1-02) 1. Order issued to a lower unit that includes the accomplishment of the total
mission assigned to the higher headquarters. 2. Order to a unit to perform a mission without specifying how
it is to be accomplished. (See also commanders intent, operation order (OPORD), and operation plan
(OPLAN).) (Army) Specifies what subordinate commanders are to do without prescribing how they must
do it. Mission type orders enable the command to seize and maintain initiative and to set the terms of battle.
Mission type orders allow subordinate leaders to exercise independent judgment and exploit hanging
situations. See FM 101-5.
mobile defense (JP 1-02) Defense of an area or position in which maneuver is used with organization of fire
and utilization of terrain to seize the initiative from the enemy. (Army) A defense that orients on the
destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by the striking force. The minimum force is
committed to a fixing force to shape the penetration while the maximum combat power available to the
commander is dedicated to the striking force (with a mobility greater than the enemy's) which catches the
enemy as he is attempting to overcome that part of the force dedicated to defense. (See also counterattack
and defensive operations.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and
101-5.
mobile training team (MTT) (JP 1-02) A team consisting of one or more US military or civilian
personnel sent on temporary duty, often to a foreign nation, to give instruction. The mission of the team
is to train indigenous personnel to operate, maintain, and employ weapons and support systems, or to
1-103
develop a self-training capability in a particular skill. The National Command Authorities may direct a team
to train either military or civilian indigenous personnel, depending upon host nation requests.
mobility (JP 1-02, NATO) A quality or capability of military forces which permits them to move
fromplace to place while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission. (Army) Those activities that
enable a force to move personnel and equipment on the battlefield without delays due to terrain or obstacles.
mobility corridors Areas where a force will be canalized due to terrain constructions. The mobility corridor
is relatively free of obstacles and allows military forces to capitalize on the principles of mass and speed.
See FMs 21-26, 34-130, and 101-5.
mobility operations Obstacle reduction by maneuvering and engineer units to reduce or negate the effects
of existing or reinforcing obstacles. The objectives are to maintain freedom of movement for maneuver
units, weapon systems, and critical supplies. (See also breach, countermobility operations, survivability
operations, and terrain reinforcement.) See FM 5-101.
mobility and survivability A battlefield operating system that preserves the freedom of maneuver of
friendly forces (includes breaching enemy obstacles, increasing battlefield circulation, and improving
existing routes) and protects them from the effects of enemy weapon systems and from natural
occurrences (includes hardening of facilities and fortification of battle positions). See FMs 5-101, 5-102,
71-100, 100-5, and 100-15. 3-27 to 3-33
mobilization (JP 1-02) 1. The act of assembling and organizing national resources to support national
objectives in time of war or other emergencies. 2. The process by which the Armed Forces or part of them
are brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency. This includes activating all or part
of the Reserve components as well as assembling and organizing personnel, supplies, and materiel.
Mobilization of the Armed Forces includes, but is not limited to, the following categories: a. selective
mobilization Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and/or the
President to mobilize Reserve component units, individual ready reservists, and the resources needed for their
support to meet the requirements of a domestic emergency that is not the result of an enemy attack.
b. partial mobilization Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress (up
to full mobilization) or by the President (not more than 1,000,000 for not more than 24 consecutive months)
to mobilize Ready Reserve component units, individual reservists, and the resources needed for their support
to meet the requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an external threat to the national
security. c. full mobilization Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress
and the President to mobilize all Reserve component units in the existing approved force structure, all
individual reservists, retired military personnel, and the resources needed for their support to meet the
requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an external threat to the national security.
Reserve personnel can be placed on active duty for the duration of the emergency plus six months. d. total
mobilization Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and the President
to organize and/or generate additional units or personnel, beyond the existing force structure, and the
resources needed for their support, to meet the total requirements of a war or other national emergency
involving an external threat to the national security.
moderate risk (nuclear) (JP 1-02) A degree of risk where anticipated effects are tolerable, or at worst a
minor nuisance. (Army) Moderate risk should not be exceeded if troops are expected to operate at full
efficiency after a friendly burst. Risk is expressed in terms of risk to unwarned, exposed personnel;
warned, exposed personnel; warned, protected personnel. (See also degree o f risk; emergency risk
1-104
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
(nuclear); negligible risk (nuclear); troop safety (nuclear).) See FMs 100-30 and JPs 3-12.1, 3-12.2, and 3-
12.3.
mode of transport (JP 1-02) The various modes used for a movement. For each mode, there are several
means of transport. They include inland surface transportation (rail, road, and inland waterway); sea
transport (coastal and ocean); air transportation; and pipelines. See FM 55-30.
modularity a concept to provide force elements that are interchangeable, expandable, and tailorable to
meet changing missions and needs. Modular units will combine the assets required to provide a support
function or group of related functions. A module can be sent to support a deploying force without adversely
affecting the ability of the parent unit to function at a reduced level.
mortuary affairs Broadly based military program to provide care and disposition of deceased personnel. It
consists of three subprograms: the current death program, the graves registration program, and the
concurrent return program. (See also graves registration.) See FMs 10-63 and 100-10. 4-26
mosaic (JP 1-02, NATO) An assembly of overlapping photographs that have been matched to form a
continuous photographic representation of a portion of the surface of the Earth. See FMs 21-26 and 34-1.
mounted forces Forces that project, deliver, and sustain combat power in a rapid, highly lethal, and survivable
manner with sufficient combat power to occupy and control terrain to dominate adversaries within hostile
environments during war and stability and support operations. They are capable of reconnaissance, either
mounted or dismounted, and security operations, and have the ability to close with and defeat an enemy. See
FMs 17-95 and 71-100.
mounted operations (Army) The application of combat power from a mobile weapon systems platform which
relies upon mechanization and technology to maximize speed, firepower, protection, and survivability in the
execution of operations. See FMs 17-95 and 71-100.
mounting (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. All preparations made in areas designated for the purpose, in anticipation of
an operation. It includes the assembly in the mounting area, preparation and maintenance within the
mounting area, movement to loading points, and subsequent embarkation into ships, craft, or aircraft if
applicable. 2. A carriage or stand upon which a weapon is placed.
mounting phase The period after receipt of the warning order or planning directive until aircraft take off or
ships depart on the mission. During this period, joint tactical and support planning is accomplished; troops,
equipment, and supplies are assembled and readied; and briefings are conducted. Marshalling takes place
during the last part of the mounting phase and includes movement of participating personnel, supplies, and
all equipment to departure areas, and their loading into aircraft or ships. (See also air movement, assault
phase, and subsequent operations phase.)
movement bid A request for clearance to move on main supply routes to other controlled routes for which
a clearance is required prior to initiating the movement.
movement to contact (Army) (NATO: advance to contact) A form of the offense designed to develop the
situation and to establish or regain contact. (See also meeting engagement, offensive operations, and
reconnaissance in force.) See FMs 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100, 71-123, and 100-15.
movement control (JP 1-02) The planning, routing, scheduling, and control of personnel and cargo
movements over lines of communications; also an organization responsible for these functions. (Army)
1-105
Organizations responsible for these functions are movement control teams, movement control centers, and
movement control activities. See FM 55-10.
movement credit (JP 1-02, NATO) The allocation granted to one or more vehicles in order to move over a
controlled route in a fixed time according to movement instructions.
movement formation 1. An ordered arrangement of troops and/or vehicles for a specific purpose. 2. An
ordered arrangement of two or more units, aircraft, or ships proceeding together under a commander.
Types of formations include: box, column, diamond, line, vee, wedge, echelon (right or left). (See also
box formation, column formation, diamond formation, line formation, vee formation, wedge formation,
echelon formation, and movement techniques.) See FMs 1-111, 1-112, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95,
71-100, and 71-123.
movement order (JP 1-02) An order issued by a commander covering the details for a move of the
command. See FM 101-5.
movement requirement (JP 1-02) A stated movement mode and time-phased need for the transport of
units, personnel, and/or materiel from a specified origin to a specified destination.
movement schedule (JP 1-02) A schedule developed to monitor or track a separate entity whether it is a force
requirement, cargo or personnel increment, or lift asset. The schedule reflects the assignment of specific lift
resources (such as an aircraft or ship) that will be used to move the personnel and cargo included in a specific
movement increment. Arrival and departure times at ports of embarkation, etc., are detailed to show a flow
and workload at each location. Movement schedules are detailed enough to support plan implementation.
See FMs 55-10, 71-123, and 101-5.
movement table (JP 1-02, NATO) A table giving detailed instructions or data for a move. When necessary
it will be qualified by the words road, rail, sea, air, etc. to signify the type of movement. It is normally issued
as an annex to a movement order or instruction. (See also movement order.) See FMs 55-10, 71-123, and
101-5.
movement technique Manner of traversing terrain used by a unit (such as traveling, traveling overwatch, and
bounding overwatch) which is determined by the likelihood of enemy contact.
multiagency Pertaining to activities or operations conducted by or through coordination with

nongovernmental, international, or foreign government agencies.
multinational Pertaining to activities or operations conducted by or through coordination with the military
forces of two or more nations.
multinational operations (JP 1-02) A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two
or more nations, typically organized within the structure of a coalition or alliance. See JP 0-2.
multinational warfare See combined warfare.
multiparty Pertaining to activities or operations conducted by or through coordination with two or more
groups, at least one of which is not a nationally or an internationally recognized group or representative.
multi-spectral imagery (JP 1-02, NATO) The image of an object obtained simultaneously in a number of
discrete spectral bands. (Army) For example; thermal or infrared, visual, or light intensification. See
FMs 34-2 and 34-3.
1-106
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
multispectral smoke A specifically formulated type smoke which does not allow an observer to see through
it. It is effective at blocking all observation from the unaided eye, thermal imagery, radar telemetry, and so
forth.
mutual support (JP 1-02, NATO) That support which units render each other against an enemy because of
their assigned tasks, their position relative to each other and to the enemy, and their inherent capabilities.
(Army) 1. It normally is associated with support rendered through fire and movement. 2. A condition
which exists when positions are able to support each other by direct fire, thus preventing the enemy from
attacking one position without being subjected to direct fire from one or more adjacent positions. (See also
support.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
N
named area of interest (NAI) A point or area along a particular avenue of approach through which enemy
activity is expected to occur. Activity or lack of activity within an NAI will help to confirm or deny a
particular enemy course of action. (See also event template.) See FM 34-130. 3-20
nap-of-the-earth flight See terrain flight.
national command (NATO) A command that is organized by, and functions under the authority of, a specific
nation. It may or may not be placed under a NATO commander.
national intelligence support team (NIST) (JP 1-02) A nationally sourced team composed of intelligence
and communications experts from either Defense Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, National
Security Agency, or any combination of these agencies.
nation assistance (JP 1-02) Civil and/or military assistance rendered to a nation by foreign forces within that
nation's territory during peacetime, crises or emergencies, or war based on agreements mutually concluded
between nations. Nation assistance programs include, but are not limited to, security assistance, foreign
internal defense, other US Code Title 10 (DOD) programs, and activities performed on a reimbursable basis
by Federal agencies or international organizations. See FMs 8-42 and 100-20.
natural disaster See domestic emergencies.
natural environment (Army) The human ecosystem, including both the physical and biological systems
that provide resources (clean air, clean water, healthy surroundings, sufficient food) necessary to sustain
productive human life. Included in the natural environment are man-made structures, such as water and
wastewater treatment facilities and natural cultural resources.
natural resource The natural wealth of a country or area, including land, wildlife, plant life, air, water,
mineral deposits, and so forth.
naval gunfire support (NGFS) (JP 1-02) Fire provided by Navy surface gun systems in support of a unit or
units tasked with achieving the commander's objectives. A subset of naval surface fire support. (See also
amphibious operation and air/naval gunfire liaison company (ANGLICO).) See FMs 6-series and 71-100-3.
4-15
1-107
NBC defense (JP 1-02) Nuclear defense, biological defense, and chemical defense, collectively. The term may
not be used in the context of US offensive operations. 3-34 to 3-36
NBC monitoring A protective measure performed by units to ensure advanced early warning for
contamination hazards from the use of weapons of mass destruction. It primarily includes sensor warning
of the presence of primarily nuclear or chemical materials. Monitoring may be either periodic or continuous.
See FM 3-19.
NBC reconnaissance A mission undertaken to obtain information (of military significance) about unknown
NBC contamination pertaining to routes, areas, and zones. This information confirms or denies the presence
or absence of NBC attacks or NBC hazards through the use of detection and identification equipment or
visual observation, or by the collection of samples in any specified location or region by using NBC
detection, identification, and sampling equipment. See FM 3-19.
NBC surveillance The systematic observation of aerospace, surface or subsurface areas, places, persons, or
things by visual, electronic, mechanical, or other means for NBC attacks or hazards. See FM 3-19.
NBC survey The collection of detailed information (of military significance) pertaining to specific
contaminated areas to determine the type of contaminant and degree (extent or intensity) of the NBC hazard.
This survey typically determines the outer boundaries of the hazard area. (See also reconnaissance (recon,
recce).) See FM 3-19.
near real time (JP 1-02, NATO) Pertaining to the timeliness of data or information which has been delayed
by the time required for electronic communication and automatic data processing. This implies that there
are no significant delays. (See also real time.)
negligible risk (nuclear) (JP 1-02) A degree of risk where personnel are reasonably safe, with the exceptions
of dazzle or temporary loss of night vision. (Army) Expressed in terms of risk to unwarned, exposed
personnel; warned, exposed personnel; and warned, protected personnel. (See also degree of risk (nuclear),
emergency risk (nuclear), and moderate risk (nuclear).) See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
negligible risk levels Level of contamination that will cause mild incapacitation among no more than
5 percent of unprotected soldiers who operate for 12 continuous hours within 1 meter of contaminated
surfaces. See FM 3-5.
nerve agent (JP 1-02, NATO) A potentially lethal chemical agent which interferes with the transmission of
nerve impulses. See FMs 3-9 and 8-10-7.
nested concept (Army) The means to achieve unity of purpose whereby each succeeding echelon's concept
is nested in the other.
net control station (NCS) (JP 1-02) A communications station designated to control traffic and enforce
circuit discipline within a given net.
neutral 1. When the temperature of the ground is approximately the same as the temperature of the lower
air up to 4 meters above it. This condition has light to moderate winds and slight turbulence, and is
considered average for the release of chemical agents. (See also inversion and lapse.) See FM 3-6. 2. An
individual, a group of individuals, an organization, or a nation which is not hostile or in any way supportive
of only one belligerent force in a hostile environment.
1-108
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
neutrality (JP 1-02) In international law, the attitude of impartiality, during periods of war, adopted by third
states toward belligerent and recognized by the belligerent, which creates rights and duties between the
impartial states and the belligerent. In a United Nations enforcement action, the rules of neutrality apply to
impartial members of the United Nations except so far as they are excluded by the obligation of such
members under the United Nations Charter.
neutralization (JP 1-02, NATO) In mine warfare, a mine is said to be neutralized when it has been rendered,
by external means, incapable of firing on passage of a target, although it may remain dangerous to handle.
See FMs 5-34 and 5-101.
neutralization fire (JP 1-02) Fire which is delivered to render the target ineffective or unusable. (NATO)
Fire that is delivered to hamper and interrupt movement and/or the firing of weapons. (Army) Fires
which are intended to render a target out of the battle temporarily by causing a minimum of 10 percent
casualties. See FM 6-20-10.
neutralize (JP 1-02) As pertains to military operations, to render ineffective or unusable. (Army)
1. To render enemy personnel or material incapable of interfering with a particular operation. 2. To render
safe mines, bombs, missiles, and boobytraps. 3. To make harmless anything contaminated with a chemical
agent. C-10
N-hour/N-hour sequence The unspecified time that commences unit notification and outload for rapid, no-
notice deployment on a contingency operation. N-hour initiates a predetermined sequence of events that
enables the unit to recall personnel, complete crisis action planning, conduct final personnel readiness
procedures, draw and prepare equipment for deployment, and move to a point of embarkation for immediate
deployment.
no-fire area (NFA) An area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Two exceptions are (1) when
establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily within the NFA on a mission basis, and (2) when the
enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force, the commander may engage the enemy to defend his
force. 3-21
no-fire line (NFL) (JP 1-02, NATO) A line short of which artillery or ships do not fire except on request or
approval of the supported commander, but beyond which they may fire at any time without danger to friendly
troops. 3-22
nonaligned state (JP 1-02) A state which pursues a policy of nonalignment.
nonalignment (JP 1-02) The political attitude of a state which does not associate or identify itself with the
political ideology or objective espoused by other states, groups of states, or international causes, or with the
foreign policies stemming therefrom. It does not preclude involvement, but expresses the attitude of no
precommitment to a particular state (or block) or policy before a situation arises.
nonbattle injury A person who becomes a casualty due to circumstances not directly attributable to hostile
action or terrorist activity. Casualties due to the elements, self-inflicted wounds, and combat fatigue are
nonhostile casualties.
noncombatant 1. An individual, in an area of combat operations, who is not armed and is not participating
in any activity in support of any of the factions or forces involved in combat. 2. An individual, such as a
chaplain or medical personnel, whose duties do not involve combat.
1-109
noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO) (JP 1-02) Operations conducted to relocate threatened
noncombatants from locations in a foreign country. These operations normally involve US citizens whose
lives are in danger, and may also include selected foreign nationals. See FMs 90-29, 100-5, and JP 3-07.
nongovernmental organization (NGO) (JP 1-02) Transnational organizations of private citizens that
maintain a consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. NGOs may be
professional associations, foundations, multinational businesses, or simply groups with a common interest
in humanitarian assistance activities (development and relief). NGO is a term normally used by non-US
organizations. (Army) NGO is the equivalent of the term private voluntary organization (PVO) used in
the United States. (See also military operations other than war (MOOTW) and support and stability
operations (SASO).) See FM 100-20 and JP 3-07. D-8
nonhostile casualty (JP 1-02) A person who becomes a casualty due to circumstances not directly attributable
to hostile action or terrorist activity. Casualties due to the elements, self-inflicted wounds, and combat
fatigue are nonhostile casualties. See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, 8-10-4, 8-10-14, and 8-10-24.
nonlethal fires Any fires that do not directly seek destruction of the intended target and are designed to
impair, disrupt, or delay the performance of enemy operational forces, functions, and facilities. Psychological
operations, special operations forces, electronic warfare (jamming), and other command and control
countermeasures are all nonlethal fire options. See FMs 6-20 series, 34-1, and 100-25.
nonpersistent agent A chemical agent that, when released, dissipates or loses its ability to cause casualties
from within minutes to several hours. See FM 3-9.
nonproliferation Efforts focusing on preventing the spread of missiles and weapons of mass destruction via
such mechanisms as arms, technology, and export controls. See FM 100-30.
nonunit-related cargo All equipment and supplies requiring transportation to an area of operations other than
that identified as the equipment or accompanying supplies of a specific unit. See FM 701-58.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) An organization of nations in North America and Western
Europe that have common political goals.
notice to airmen (NOTAM) (JP 1-02, NATO) A notice containing information concerning the
establishment, condition, or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedures, or hazard, the timely
knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. See FMs 1-103 and 1-111.
not mission capable, maintenance (NMCM) (JP 1-02) Material condition indicating that systems and
equipment are not capable of performing any of their assigned missions because of maintenance
requirements. See FM 63-2.
not mission capable, supply (NMCS) (JP 1-02) Material condition indicating that systems and equipment
are not capable of performing any of their assigned missions because of maintenance work stoppage due to
a supply shortage. See FM 63-2.
nuclear, biological, and chemical warning and reporting system (NBCWRS) The primary means of
warning units of an actual or a predicted NBC hazard. The report formats are standardized by
ATP 45/STANAG 2103 Ch 4 (Jan 89) and the US Message Text Format (USMTF). See FM 3-3. It
consists of six standardized reports:
1-110
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
NBC 1 Initial report.

NBC 2 Evaluated data.
NBC 3 Predicted contamination/hazard areas.
NBC 4 Monitoring/survey results.
NBC 5 Actual contamination areas.
NBC 6 Detailed information.
nuclear collateral damage (JP 1-02, NATO) Undesired damage or casualties produced by the effects from
friendly nuclear weapons. See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
nuclear damage assessment (JP 1-02, NATO) The determination of the damage effect to the population,
forces, and resources resulting from actual nuclear attack. It is performed during and after an attack. The
operational significance of the damage is not evaluated in this assessment. See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and
3-12.3.
nuclear strike warning (JP 1-02, NATO) A warning of impending friendly or suspected enemy nuclear
attack. See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
nuclear weapon option A discrete grouping of a specific number of nuclear weapons by specific yield
planned for employment in a specific area for a designated time frame. See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and
3-12.3.
nuclear yields (JP 1-02) The energy released in the detonation of a nuclear weapon measured in terms of the
kilotons or megatons of trinitrotoluene (TNT) required to produce the same energy release. See FM 100-30,
JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3. Yields are categorized as:
Very low less than 1 kiloton.
Low 1 kiloton to 10 kilotons.
Medium over 10 kilotons to 50 kilotons.
High over 50 kilotons to 500 kilotons.
Very high over 500 kilotons.
O
objective (JP 1-02, NATO) The physical object of the action taken, e.g., a definite tactical feature, the seizure
and/or holding of which is essential to the commander's plan. (Army) 1. The physical object of the action
taken (for example, a definite terrain feature, the seizure or holding of which is essential to the commander's
plan, or, the destruction of an enemy force without regard to terrain features). 2. The clearly defined,
decisive, and attainable aims which every military operation should be directed towards. 3. The most
important decisive points. (See also decisive point.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-
123, 100-15, and 101-5. 3-17
objective area (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A defined geographical area within which is located an objective to be
captured or reached by the military forces. This area is defined by competent authority for purposes of
command and control. (DOD) 2. The city or other geographical location where a civil disturbance is
occurring or is anticipated, and where Federal Armed Forces are, or may be, employed. See FMs 1-111,
6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-20, and 101-5.
obscurant A gas, liquid, solid particle, or combination of these, either man-made (such as smoke) or
natural (such as dust), suspended in the atmosphere, that may attenuate or block any portion of the
1-111
electromagnetic spectrum. This can affect such things as visual observation, laser rangefinders or
designators, radars, and thermal sites.
obscuration The effects of weather, battlefield dust, and debris, or the use of smoke munitions to hamper
observation and target-acquisition capability or to conceal activities or movement.
obscuring smoke Smoke placed between enemy forces and friendly forces or directly on enemy positions to
confuse and disorient enemy direct-fire gunners and artillery forward observers. See FM 3-100. 3-24
observation post (OP) (JP 1-02, NATO) A position from which military observations are made, or fire
directed and adjusted, and which possesses appropriate communications; it may be airborne. See FMs
1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5. 4-17
observed fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire for which the point of impact or burst can be seen by an observer. The
fire can be controlled and adjusted on the basis of observation. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
observer-target line (JP 1-02, NATO) An imaginary straight line from the observer/spotter to the target.
See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
obstacle (JP 1-02) Any obstruction designed or employed to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the movement
of an opposing force, and to impose additional losses in personnel, time, and equipment on the opposing
force. Obstacles can exist naturally or can be man-made, or can be a combination of both. (Army)
Obstacles can be used to protect friendly forces from close assault. (See also reinforcing obstacles.) See FM
90-7. 3-29
obstacle belt (JP 1-02) A brigade-level command and control measure, normally given graphically, to show
where within an obstacle zone the ground tactical commander plans to limit friendly obstacle employment
and focus the defense. It assigns an intent to the obstacle plan and provides the necessary guidance on the
overall effect of obstacles within a belt. (Army) It also supports the intent of the higher headquarters
obstacle zone. (See also obstacle.) See FM 90-7. 3-29
obstacle group Normally, a task force-level obstacle control measure that specifies the location of one or
more obstacles grouped to provide a specific obstacle effect. Obstacle groups are shown using the obstacle
effect graphics. See FM 90-7.
obstacle line A conceptual control measure used at battalion or brigade level to show placement intent without
specifying a particular type of linear obstacle. 3-29
obstacle plan That part of an operation plan (OPLAN) (or order) which is concerned with the use of obstacles
to enhance friendly fires or to affect the movement of an enemy. Obstacle plans are used at corps level and
below. (See also countermobility operations and obstacle.) See FM 90-7.
obstacle restricted areas (JP 1-02) A command and control measure used to limit the type or number of
obstacles within an area. (Army) A commander may use restricted areas to prevent subordinates from
emplacing obstacles in certain areas. The restricted area is labeled "NO OBSTACLES." (See also obstacle.)
See FM 90-7. 3-31
obstacle zone (JP 1-02) A division-level command and control measure, normally done graphically, to
designate specific land areas where lower echelons are allowed to employ tactical obstacles. (See also
countermobility operations and obstacle.) See FM 90-7. 3-29
1-112
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
occupy 1. A tactical task in which a force moves onto an objective, key terrain, or other man-made or natural
terrain area without opposition, and controls that entire area. 2. To remain in an area and retain control of
that area. C-10
offensive A principle of war by which a military force achieves decisive results by acting with initiative,
employing fire and movement, and sustaining freedom of maneuver and action while causing an enemy to
be reactive.
offensive counterair (OCA) Combat operations that take the initiative to destroy the enemy's ability to
operate in the aerospace environment by attacking systems (or their support systems) designed to operate
in the atmosphere (for example: a directed-energy system operating in space used to destroy or degrade
enemy airfields.).
offensive counterspace (OCS) Combat operations conducted against enemy systems (or their support
systems) designed to operate in space (for example: a directed-energy weapon operating from an aircraft or
ground location that is used to destroy enemy satellites.).
offensive operations Combat operations designed primarily to destroy the enemy. Offensive operations may
be undertaken to secure key or decisive terrain, to deprive the enemy of resources or decisive terrain, to
deceive or divert the enemy, to develop intelligence, and to hold the enemy in position. Forms of offensive
operations include movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pursuit. The offensive is undertaken to
seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. (See also attack, movement to contact, and reconnaissance in force.)
See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
on-call (JP 1-02) 1. A term used to signify that a prearranged concentration, air strike, or final protective fire
may be called for. 2. Preplanned, identified force or materiel requirements without designated time-phase
and destination information. Such requirements will be called forward upon order of competent authority.
( See also call for fire.) See FMs 6-series, 7-90.
on-call resupply (JP 1-02) A resupply mission planned before insertion of a special operations team into the
operations area but not executed until requested by the operating team.
on-call target (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a planned target other than a scheduled
target on which fire is delivered when requested. (See also scheduled target.) See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
on-order mission A mission to be executed at an unspecified time in the future. A unit with an on-order
mission is a committed force. The commander envisions task execution in the concept of operations;
however, he may not know the exact time or place of execution. Subordinate commanders develop plans or
orders and allocate resources, task-organize, and position forces for execution. (See also be-prepared
mission.) See FM 101-5.
one day's supply (JP 1-02, NATO) A unit or quantity of supplies adopted as a standard of measurement,
used in estimating the average daily expenditure under stated conditions. It may also be expressed in terms
of a factor, e.g., rounds of ammunition per weapon per day.
operating level of supply (JP 1-02) The quantities of material required to sustain operations in the interval
between requisitions or the arrival of successive shipments. These quantities should be based on the
established replenishment period (monthly, quarterly, etc).
1-113
operation (JP 1-02, NATO) A military action or the carrying out of a strategic, tactical, service, training, or
administrative military mission; the process of carrying on combat, including movement, supply, attack,
defense, and maneuvers needed to gain the objectives of any battle or campaign. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
operational art (JP 1-02) The employment of military forces to attain strategic and/or operational objectives
through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and
battles. Operational art translates the joint force commander's strategy into operational design, and,
ultimately, tactical action, by integrating the key activities at all levels of war. See FMs 100-5 and 100-15.
operational command (OPCOM) (NATO only) 1. The term is synonymous with operational control and
is uniquely applied to the operational control exercised by the commanders of combatant, unified, and
specified commands over assigned forces. 2. The authority granted to a commander to assign missions or
tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces, and to retain or delegate operational
or tactical control as may be deemed necessary. It does not include responsibility for administration or
logistics. OPCOM may also be used to denote the forces assigned to a commander. (See also operational
control (OPCON).)
operational control (OPCON) (JP 1-02) Transferable command authority that may be exercised by
commanders at any echelon at or below the level of combatant command. Operational control is inherent in
combatant command (command authority). Operational control may be delegated and is the authority to
perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving organizing and employing commands
and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish
the mission. Operational control includes authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations and
joint training necessary to accomplish missions assigned to the command. Operational control should be
exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised
through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component commanders.
Operational control normally provides full authority to organize commands and forces and to employ those
forces as the commander in operational control considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions.
Operational control does not, in and of itself, include authoritative direction for logistics or matters of
administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training. (See also assign, attack, detachment, and
operational command (OPCOM).) See JP 0-2.
operational decontamination (JP 1-02, NATO) Decontamination carried out by an individual and/or a unit,
restricted to specific parts of operationally essential equipment, materiel and/or working areas, in order to
minimize contact and transfer hazards and to sustain operations. This may include decontamination of the
individual beyond the scope of immediate decontamination, as well as decontamination of mission-essential
spares and limited terrain decontamination. See FM 3-5.
operational decontamination operations A decontamination operation that consists of two techniques, the
mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear exchange and the vehicle washdown. See FM 3-5.
operational environment (JP 1-02) A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences which
affect the employment of military forces and bear on the decisions of the unit commander. Some examples
are: a. permissive environment operational environment in which host country military and law
enforcement agencies have control and the intent and capability to assist operations that a unit intends to
conduct. b. uncertain environment operational environment in which host government forces, whether
opposed to or receptive to operations that a unit intends to conduct, do not have totally effective control of
the territory and population in the intended area of operations. c. hostile environment operational
environment in which hostile forces have control and the intent and capability to effectively oppose or react
to the operations a unit intends to conduct.
1-114
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
operational intelligence (JP 1-02) Intelligence that is required for planning and conducting campaigns and
major operations to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas of operations. (See also
intelligence, strategic intelligence, and tactical intelligence.) See FM 34-1.
operational level of war (JP 1-02) The level of war at which campaigns and major operations are planned,
conducted, and sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas of operations. Activities
at this level link tactics and strategy by establishing operational objectives needed to accomplish the strategic
objectives, sequencing events to achieve the operational objectives, initiating actions, and applying resources
to bring about and sustain these events. These activities imply a broader dimension of time or space than
do tactics; they ensure the logistic and administrative support of tactical forces, and provide the means by
which tactical successes are exploited to achieve strategic objectives. See FMs 100-5 and 100-15.
operationally ready (JP 1-02) 1. As applied to a unit, ship, or weapon system Capable of performing the
missions or functions for which organized or designed. Incorporates both equipment readiness and personnel
readiness. 2. As applied to personnel Available and qualified to perform assigned missions or functions.
See FM 63-2.
operational operating systems The major functions performed by joint and combined operational forces for
successfully executing campaigns and major operations in a theater or area of operations. The operating
systems are operational movement and maneuver, operational fires, operational protection, operational
command and control, operational intelligence, and operational support. See FM 100-15.
operational readiness float A quantity of selected class II and VII items authorized for use by direct support
maintenance units in exchange with supported units if a like item cannot be repaired in a timely manner. See
FM 63-2-1.
operational reserve (JP 1-02, NATO) An emergency reserve of men and/or material established for the
support of a specific operation. See FMs 100-5 and 100-15.
operational tempo (OPTEMPO) 1. The pace of an operation or operations. The OPTEMPO includes all
of the activities the unit is conducting. OPTEMPO can be a single activity or a series of operations. 2. The
mileage allowed to be put on a vehicle or aircraft during a fiscal year based on budgetary guidance. See FMs
1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
operation annexes (JP 1-02) Those amplifying instructions which are of such a nature, or are so voluminous
or technical, as to make their inclusion in the body of the plan or order undesirable. See FM 101-5.
operation exposure guide (OEG) (JP 1-02) The maximum amount of nuclear radiation which the
commander considers a unit may be permitted to receive while performing a particular mission or missions.
(Army) Within the Army it is known as operational exposure guidance (OEG). (See also radiation status
(RS).) See FMs 3-3-1 and100-30.
operation map (JP 1-02) A map showing the location and strength of friendly forces involved in an operation.
It may indicate predicted movement and location of enemy forces. (See also map.) See FM 101-5.
operation order (OPORD) (JP 1-02, NATO) A directive issued by a commander to subordinate
commanders for the purpose of effecting the coordinated execution of an operation. (Army) Also
called the five paragraph field order, it contains as a minimum a description of the task organization,
1-115
situation, mission, execution, administrative and logistics support, and command and signal for the specified
operation. (See also operation plan (OPLAN).) See FM 101-5.
operation overlay Overlay showing the location, size, and scheme of maneuver and fires of friendly forces
involved in an operation. As an exception, it may indicate predicted movements and locations of enemy
forces.
operation plan (OPLAN) (JP 1-02) Any plan, except for the Single Integrated Operation Plan, for the
conduct of military operations. Plans are prepared by combatant commanders in response to requirements
established by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and by commanders of subordinate commands in
response to requirements tasked by the establishing unified commander. Operation plans (OPLANs) are
prepared in either a complete format (OPLAN) or as a concept plan (CONPLAN). The CONPLAN can be
published with or without a time-phased force and deployment data (TPFDD) file. a. OPLAN. An
operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be used as a basis for development of an operation
order (OPORD). An OPLAN identifies the forces and supplies required to execute the CINC's Strategic
Concept and a movement schedule of these resources to the theater of operations. The forces and supplies
are identified in TPFDD files. OPLANs will include all phases of the tasked operation. The plan is prepared
with the appropriate annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as described in the Joint Operation Planning and
Execution System manuals containing planning policies, procedures, and formats. b. CONPLAN. An
operation plan in an abbreviated format that would require considerable expansion or alteration to convert
it into an OPLAN or OPORD. A CONPLAN contains the CINC's Strategic Concept and those annexes and
appendixes deemed necessary by the combatant commander to complete planning. Generally, detailed
support requirements are not calculated and TPFDD files are not prepared. (See also operation order
(OPORD).) See FM 101-5.
operations security (OPSEC) (JP 1-02) A process of identifying critical information and subsequently
analyzing friendly actions attendant to military operations and other activities to: a. Identify those actions
that can be observed by adversary intelligence systems. b. Determine indicators hostile intelligence systems
might obtain that could be interpreted or pieced together to derive critical information in time to be useful
to adversaries. c. Select and execute measures that eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level the
vulnerabilities of friendly actions to adversary exploitation. (Army) All measures taken to maintain
security and achieve tactical surprise. It includes countersurveillance, physical security, signal security, and
information security. It also involves the identification and elimination or control of indicators which can
be exploited by hostile intelligence organizations. (See also command and control warfare (C2W) .) See FMs
34-40 and 101-5.
operator's spraydown Process of applying decontaminant onto unit equipment control surfaces to stop
contamination from spreading, transferring, or soaking into surfaces. See FM 3-5.
opposed entry A military operation to enter an area against opposition. (See also air assault, airborne,
amphibious operation, and assault echelon.) See FMs 1-111, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 71-100-3, 90-4, and
90-26.
order (JP 1-02, NATO) A communication, written, oral, or by signal, that conveys instructions from a
superior to a subordinate. (DOD) In a broad sense, the terms order and command are synonymous.
However, an order implies discretion as to the details of execution whereas a command does not. (Army)
Also synonymous with requisition as used in back order. (See also fragmentary order (FRAGO),
movement order, operation order (OPORD), overlay order, and warning order (WARNO).) See FMs 100-34
and 101-5.
order of battle (JP 1-02, NATO) The identification, strength, command structure, and disposition of the
personnel, units, and equipment of any military force.
1-116
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
orders group A standing group of key personnel requested to be present when a commander at any level
issues his concept of operations and his order. See FM 101-5.
order and shipping time (JP 1-02) The time elapsing between the initiation of stock replenishment action
for a specific activity and the receipt by that activity of the materiel resulting from such action. Order and
shipping time is applicable only to materiel within the supply system, and it is composed of the distinct
elements, order time, and shipping time.
organic (JP 1-02) Assigned to and forming an essential part of a military organization. Organic parts of a
unit are those listed in its table of organization for the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, and are assigned
to the administrative organizations of the operating forces for the Navy. (See also assign, attach, and
operational control (OPCON).) See FM 101-5.
organization 1. Any military unit or larger command comprised of two or more smaller units. In this
meaning, a military element of a command is an organization in relation to its components and a unit in
relation to higher commands. 2. The definite structure of a military element prescribed by a component
authority such as a table of organization. (See also unit.)
organization of the ground (JP 1-02, NATO) The development of a defensive position by strengthening the
natural defenses of the terrain and by assignment of the occupying troops to specific localities. See also
defend.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
organophosphate A phosphate-containing organic compound which inhibits cholinesterase enzymes that

control the transmission of nerve impulses. G-series and V-series nerve agents are organophosphates. See
FM 3-9.
over (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a spotting, or an observation, used by a
spotter or an observer, to indicate that a burst(s) occurred beyond the target in relation to the spotting line.
(Army) 1. A communications proword meaning "I have finished speaking, do/does the other party(ies)
have anything to say." 2. In direct fire, a sensing that a round or burst of rounds went above the intended
target and landed beyond the target. See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
overlay (JP 1-02, NATO) A printing or drawing on a transparent or semitransparent medium at the same
scale as a map, chart, etc., to show details not appearing or requiring special emphasis on the original.
(Army) On digital displays, a set of graphical data which can be placed or removed from another set of
graphical data without causing the distortion of or damage to either set of graphical data. See FMs 1-111,
6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
overlay order A technique used to issue an order (normally a fragmentary order) that has abbreviated
instructions written on the overlay itself. On digital systems, it may have hypertext attached to a digital
overlay which allows a subordinate to click on a key word or graphic and a text display of specific
information will appear in a window which can be moved or closed by the user so that the graphic is fully
visible. (See also operation order (OPORD), overlay, and fragmentary order (FRAGO).) See FM 101-5.
overt operation (JP 1-02) An operation conducted openly, without concealment.
overwatch A tactical technique in which one element is positioned to support by fire the movement of
another element by observing known or suspected enemy locations and engaging the enemy if he is visible
or tries to fire on the friendly element. The overwatching element must be told if it is to destroy, suppress,
or fix the enemy. (See also movement technique and support by fire.)
1-117
P
packaged petroleum product (JP 1-02) A petroleum product (generally a lubricant, oil, grease, or specialty
item) normally packaged by a manufacturer and procured, stored, transported, and issued in containers having
a fill capacity of 55 United States gallons (or 45 Imperial gallons, or 205 liters) or less.
palletized unit load (JP 1-02, NATO) Quantity of any item, packaged or unpackaged, which is arranged on
a pallet in a specified manner and securely strapped or fastened thereto so that the whole is handled as a unit.
paramilitary forces (JP 1-02) Forces or groups which are distinct from the regular armed forces of any
country, but resembling them in organization, equipment, training, or mission.
partial mobilization See mobilization.
passage of command The exchange of responsibility for a sector or zone between the commanders of two
units. The time when the command is to pass is determined by mutual agreement between the two unit
commanders unless directed by higher headquarters. (See also passage of lines, battle handover, and relief
in place (RIP).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
passage of lines (JP 1-02, NATO) An operation in which a force moves forward or rearward through another
force's combat positions with the intention of moving into or out of contact with the enemy. (Army)
Passing one unit through the positions of another, as when elements of a covering force withdraw through
the forward edge of the main battle area, or when an exploiting force moves through the elements of the force
that conducted the initial attack. A passage may be designated as a forward or rearward passage of lines.
See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
passage point (PP) A specifically designated place where units will pass through one another either in an
advance or a withdrawal. It is located where the commander desires subordinate units to physically execute
a passage of lines. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
3-26
passive air defense (JP 1-02, NATO) All measures, other than active air defense, taken to minimize the
effectiveness of hostile air action. These measures include deception, dispersion, and the use of protective
construction. (See also active air defense and air defense.) See FMs 44-63 and 44-100.
passive defense (Army) Applies to measures initiated to reduce vulnerability and to minimize damage caused
by theater missile (TM) attacks. Passive defense includes TM counterproliferation and deterrence; TM early
warning and nuclear, biological, and chemical protection; countersurveillance; deception; camouflage and
concealment; hardening; electronic warfare; mobility; dispersal; redundancy; recovery, and reconstitution.
passive defense measures Measures taken to reduce the possibilities or effects of nuclear, biological, and
chemical attack. See FM 3-3.
pass time (JP 1-02, NATO) In road transport, the time that elapses between the moment when the leading
vehicle of a column passes a given point and the moment when the last vehicle passes the same point.
password (JP 1-02, NATO) A secret word or distinctive sound used to reply to a challenge. (See also
challenge.)
1-118
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
pathfinders (JP 1-02) 1. Experienced aircraft crews who lead a formation to the drop zone (DZ), release
point, or target. 2. Teams dropped or airlanded at an objective to establish and operate navigational aids
for the purpose of guiding aircraft to drop and landing zones. 3. A radar device used for navigating or
homing to an objective when visibility precludes accurate visual navigation. 4. Teams air delivered into
enemy territory for the purpose of determining the best approach and withdrawal lanes, landing zones, and
sites for heliborne forces. (See also landing zone control party.) See FMs 90-4 and 90-26.
pathogen(s) Disease-producing microorganisms such as bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, fungi, or

viruses. See FMs 3-9, 8-10-7, and 8-33.
patient (JP 1-02) A sick, injured, wounded, or other person requiring medical/dental care or treatment.
See FMs 8-10, 8-10-1, and 8-10-6.
patient decontamination The process of decontaminating contaminated patients using nonmedical personnel
as patient decontamination teams working under the supervision of medical personnel. The patient
decontamination process is performed at a location adjacent to the supporting medical treatment facility. See
FMs 8-10-1, 8-10-4, and 8-10-7. (See also patient decontamination team.)
patient decontamination team A team composed of nonmedical personnel designated by the echelon
commander to perform patient decontamination under supervision of medical personnel. See FMs 8-10-1,
8-10-4, and 8-10-7.
patrol (JP 1-02, NATO) A detachment of ground, sea, or air forces sent out for the purpose of gathering
information or carrying out a destructive, harassing, mopping-up, or security mission. See FMs 7-7, 7-8,
and 7-10.
patrol base The point of origin of a patrol where all equipment not required for the patrol is left. All supplies
necessary for resupplying the patrol and additional medical supplies and assistance are staged at this location.
See FMs 7-7, 7-8, and 7-10.
payload (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The sum of the weight of passengers and cargo that an aircraft can carry.
2. The warhead, its container, and activating devices in a military missile. 3. The satellite or research
vehicle of a space probe or research missile. 4. The load (expressed in tons of cargo or equipment, gallons
of liquid, or number of passengers) which the vehicle is designed to transport under specified conditions of
operation, in addition to its unladen weight. See FM 55-30.
peace building (JP 1-02) Postconflict actions, predominately diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and
rebuild governmental infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. See FM 100-23
and JP 3-07.
peace enforcement (JP 1-02) Application of military force, or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to
international authorization, to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or
restore peace and order. See FMs 100-20, 100-23, and JP 3-07.
peacekeeping (JP 1-02) Military operations undertaken with the consent of all major parties to a dispute,
designed to monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreementn (cease fire, truce, or other such
agreement) and support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement. See FMs 100-20, 100-
23, and JP 3-07.
1-119
peacemaking (JP 1-02) The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful
settlements that arranges an end to a dispute, and resolves issues that led to it. See FMs 100-20, 100-23, and
JP 3-07.
peace operations (JP 1-02) A broad term that encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement
operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace. See FMs 100-20, 100-
23, and JP 3-07.
pecuniary liability (JP 1-02) A personal, joint, or corporate monetary obligation to make good any lost,
damaged, or destroyed property resulting from fault or neglect. It may also result under conditions stipulated
in a contract or bond.
penetration (JP 1-02, NATO) In land operations, a form of offensive which seeks to break through the
enemy's defense and disrupt the defensive system. (Army) A choice of maneuver. (See also choice of
maneuver.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5. C-10
perimeter defense (JP 1-02) A defense without an exposed flank, consisting of forces deployed along the
perimeter of the defended area. (See also defensive operations and strongpoint (SP).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20,
7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
periodic intelligence summary (PERINTSUM) (JP 1-02) A report of the intelligence situation in a tactical
operation, normally produced at corps level or its equivalent, and higher, usually at intervals of 24 hours, or
as directed by the commander. See FMs 34-1, 34-2, 34-3, and 34-8.
periodic monitoring The periodic check of the unit area for presence of beta or gamma radiation. It is
performed when intelligence indicates threat use of nuclear weapons, nuclear warfare has been initiated, the
dose rate falls below 1 centigray per hour, or when ordered by the unit commander. See FM 3-100.
permissive environment See operational environment.
persistency (JP 1-02, NATO) In biological or chemical warfare, the characteristic of an agent which pertains
to the duration of its effectiveness under determined conditions after its dispersal. See FM 3-9.
persistent chemical agent A liquid or dust-like compound that remains hazardous for hours, days or, in
exceptional cases, weeks or more. It can be both a surface contact hazard or an airborne (vapor or particle)
hazard. It can be picked up on a surface and might not be removed through decontamination; it can be spread
to noncontaminated areas retaining its original lethality.
personal wipedown Process of removing or neutralizing contamination from the individual's equipment
including the protective mask, hood, gloves, weapon, and helmet. It is performed to stop the spread, transfer,
and penetration of contamination. See FM 3-5.
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) (JP 1-02, NATO) A broad term which includes all petroleum and
associated products used by the Armed Forces. (Army) Also known as class III supplies. See
FM 100-10. 3-39 4-28
phase A specific part of an operation that is different from those that precede or follow. A change in
phase usually involves a change of task. Phasing assists in planning nd controlling and may be indicated
by time (preparatory fire phase), by distance (intermediate objective or report line), by terrain (crossing
of an obstacle), or by occurrence f an event (commitment of a reserve). It is not to be confused with a
phase line (PL). It normally is associated in campaign planning with operations of larger units and with
1-120
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
special operations (such as river crossing and airborne operations). Each phase may be defined by a change
in task organization or a distinct end state. See FM 101-5.
phase line (PL) (JP 1-02, NATO) A line used for control and coordination of military operations, usually a
terrain feature extending across the zone of action. (Army) It is usually along a recognizable terrain
feature extending across the sector or zone of action. Units normally report crossing PLs, but do not halt
unless specifically directed. See FMs 7-10, 7-20, 7-30, 17-1, 17-2, 17-3, 71-100, 100-15, and 101-5.
3-13 3-26
physical security (JP 1-02, NATO) That part of security concerned with physical measures designed to
safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material, and documents;
and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft. (See also operations security
(OPSEC) and communications security (COMSEC).) See FMs 19-1 and 34-1.
pickup zone (PZ) A geographic area used to pick up troops or equipment by helicopter. 3-13
pickup zone control officer (PZCO) The officer designated by the commander with the responsibility for
establishing, organizing, setting up, and controlling the pickup zone during air assault PZ operations. See
FMs 1-111, 71-100-3, and 90-4.
pickup zone control party The personnel designated to assist the pickup zone control officer with the
establishment, setting up, and controlling of the PZ. See FMs 1-111, 71-100-3, and 90-4.
pilot report (PIREP) A report rendered by a pilot during a mission containing the specified information. A
PIREP could be for reconnaissance, enemy contact, weather, battle damage assessment, or any number of
other requirements. See FM 71-100-3.
planned target (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a target on which fire is prearranged.
(Army) A target is planned on an area or a point in which a need is anticipated. A planned target may be
scheduled or on call. Firing data for a planned target is normally calculated in advance. Coordination with
friendly troops and aircraft is mandatory. (See also scheduled target, on-call target, and priority target.) See
FMs 6-series and 7-90.
planning factor (JP 1-02, NATO) A multiplier used in planning to estimate the amount and type of effort
involved in a contemplated operation. Planning factors are often expressed as rates, ratios, or lengths of time.
See FMs 101-5, 101-10-1, and 101-10-2.
point defense (JP 1-02) The defense or protection of special vital elements and installations; e.g., command
and control facilities, air bases. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 44-100, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15,
100-40, and 101-5.
point of departure (PD) In night or limited visibility attacks, a specific place on the line of departure where
a unit will cross. 3-17
point obstacle Any obstruction designed or employed to deny ease of movement on a road, lane, or bridge
that is normally part of or completes a larger man-made or natural obstacle that has a designed effect on the
attacking enemy force. (See also abatis, cratering charge, log crib, log hurdle, log posts, and road block.)
3-29
1-121
point target (JP 1-02) 1. A target of such small dimension that it requires the accurate placement of ordnance
in order to neutralize or destroy it. 2. nuclear A target in which the ratio of radius of damage to target
radius is equal to or greater than 5. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
pop-up point (PUP) The location at which aircraft quickly gain altitude for target acquisition and
engagement. (See also target box.) 3-6
port (JP 1-02) A place at which ships may discharge or receive their cargoes. It includes any port accessible
to ships on the seacoast, navigable rivers, or inland waterways. The term "ports" should not be used in
conjunction with air facilities which are designated as aerial ports, airports, etc.
port of debarkation (POD) (JP 1-02) The geographic point at which cargo or personnel are discharged. May
be a seaport or aerial port of debarkation. For unit requirements, it may or may not coincide with the
destination. (See also port of embarkation (POE).) See FM 55-10. 4-29
port of embarkation (POE) (JP 1-02) The geographic point in a routing scheme from which cargo or
personnel depart. May be a seaport or aerial port from which personnel and equipment flow to port of
debarkation. For unit and nonunit requirements, it may or may not coincide with the origin. (See also port
of debarkation (POD).) See FM 55-10. 4-29
position 1. A location or area occupied by a military unit. 2. The location of a weapon, unit, or individual
from which fire is delivered upon a target. Positions may be classified as primary, alternate, subsequent, and
supplementary positions. (See also alternate position, battle position (BP), primary position, subsequent
position, and supplementary position.)
position area for artillery (PAA) An area assigned to an M109A6 Paladin platoon and other artillery units
for terrain management purposes in which the artillery can maneuver. See FM 6-20-60. 3-23
postconflict activity Those stability and support operations which are conducted in the period following
conflict termination.
power projection The ability of the nation to apply all or some of the instruments of national power
(diplomatic, economic, informational, or military) to respond to crisis, to contribute to deterrence, and to
enhance regional stability. See FM 100-5.
precedence (JP 1-02) 1. communications--A designation assigned to a message by the originator to indicate
to communications personnel the relative order of handling and to the addressee the order in which the
message is to be noted. 2. reconnaissance A letter designation, assigned by a unit requesting several
reconnaissance missions, to indicate the relative order of importance, within an established priority, of the
mission requested. (Army) Examples of communication precedence from most immediate to least are
flash, immediate, priority, and routine.
preclusion of damage A nuclear planning restriction used in conjunction with least separation distance to
avoid damage to important structures. If appropriate, it is included in the commander's guidance. (See also
least separation distance (LSD) and preclusion of obstacles.) See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
preclusion of obstacles A nuclear planning restriction used in conjunction with least separation distance
which, if appropriate, is included in the commander's guidance. It can include preclusion of fallout and tree
blowdown. (See also least separation distance (LSD) and preclusion of damage.) See FM 100-30.
1-122
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
preclusion-oriented method analysis A method of analyzing nuclear targets used when detailed information
about size, composition, disposition, location, and movement is not available. See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2,
and 3-12.3.
preemptive attack (JP 1-02) An attack initiated on the basis of incontrovertible evidence that an enemy
attack is imminent. See FMs 100-5 and 100-40.
preparation fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire delivered on a target preparatory to an assault. (Army) Normally
the preparation fires include (if available) artillery, mortar, naval gunfire, and close air support to destroy,
neutralize, or suppress the enemy's defense and to disrupt communications and disorganize the enemy's
defense. (See also artillery preparation.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15,
100-40, and 101-5.
preplanned air support (JP 1-02, NATO) Air support in accordance with a program, planned in advance
of operations.
preposition (JP 1-02, NATO) To place military units, equipment, or supplies at or near the point of planned
use or at a designated location to reduce reaction time, and to ensure timely support of a specific force during
initial phases of an operation. See FM 100-5.
prepositioned supplies Supplies located at or near the point of planned use or at other designated locations
to reduce reaction time and to ensure resupply.
prescribed load The quantity of combat essential supplies and repair parts (other than ammunition)
authorized by major commanders to be on hand in units and which is carried by individuals or on unit
vehicles. The prescribed load is continuously reconstituted as used.
preventive maintenance (PM) (JP 1-02) The care and servicing by personnel for the purpose of maintaining
equipment and facilities in satisfactory operating condition by providing for systematic inspection, detection,
and correction of incipient failures either before they occur or before they develop into major defects. (See
also preventive maintenance, checks, and services.)
preventive maintenance checks and services (PMCS) Operator-level maintenance conducted before,
during, and after equipment operations to identify actual and potential problems and to make repairs in a
timely manner to minimize equipment downtime. See FMs 1-111, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, 23-1, and 63-20.
preventive medicine (PVNTMED) Measures to counter the medical threat and prevent disease and injury.
primary position A place for a weapon, a unit, or an individual to fight that provides the best means to
accomplish the assigned mission. (See also alternate position, battle position (BP), position, subsequent
position, successive positions, and supplementary position.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95,
71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
prime mover (JP 1-02) A vehicle, including heavy construction equipment, possessing military
characteristics, designed primarily for towing heavy, wheeled weapons and frequently providing facilities for
the transportation of the crew of, and ammunition for, the weapon.
principal direction of fire (PDF) The direction of fire assigned or designated as the main direction in which
a weapon will be oriented. It is selected based on the enemy, mission, terrain, and weapons capability.
3-9
1-123
principles of war Principles that guide warfighting at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. They are
the enduring bedrock of US military doctrine. See FM 100-5.
priority of effort The element designated by the commander to receive a higher concentration of support
assets for the duration that it remains the priority of effort. See FM 101-5.
priority of fires The organization and employment of fire support means according to the importance of the
supported unit's missions. See FM 6-series.
priority intelligence requirements (PIR) (JP 1-02, NATO) Those intelligence requirements for which a
commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of planning and decisionmaking. (See also
information requirements (IR) and commander's critical information requirements (CCIR).) See FM 34-1.
priority message (JP 1-02) A category of precedence reserved for messages that require expeditious action
by the addressee(s) and/or furnish essential information for the conduct of operations in progress when
routine precedence will not suffice. (See also precedence.)
priority of support Priorities set by the commander in his concept of operations and during execution to
ensure that combat support and combat service support are provided to subordinate elements in accordance
with their relative importance to accomplishing the mission. See FM 100-10.
priority target A target on which the delivery of fires takes precedence over all the fires for the designated
firing unit or element. The firing unit or element will prepare, to the extent possible, for the engagement of
such targets. A firing unit or element may be assigned only one priority target. The designation may be
based on either time or importance. See FM 6-series.
prisoner of war (PW) (JP 1-02) A detained person as defined in Articles 4 and 5 of the Geneva Convention
Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949. In particular, one who, while engaged
in combat under orders of his or her government, is captured by the armed forces of the enemy. As such, he
or she is entitled to the combatant's privilege of immunity from the municipal law of the capturing state for
warlike acts which do not amount to breaches of the law of armed conflict. For example, a prisoner of war
may be, but is not limited to, any person belonging to one of the following categories who has fallen into the
power of the enemy: a member of the armed forces, organized militia or volunteer corps; a person who
accompanies the armed forces without actually being a member thereof; a member of a merchant marine or
civilian aircraft crew not qualifying for more favorable treatment; or individuals who, on the approach of the
enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces. See FM 19-1.
private voluntary organizations (PVO) (JP 1-02) Private, nonprofit humanitarian assistance organizations
involved in development and relief activities. PVOs are normally US-based. "Private voluntary organization"
is often used synonymously with the term "nongovernmental organization." (See also nongovernmental
organization (NGO).) See FM 100-20 and JP 3-07. D-8
probability The likelihood that an event will occur.
probable line of deployment (PLD) A line selected on the ground, usually the last covered and concealed
position prior to the objective and forward of the line of departure, where attacking units deploy prior to
beginning an assault; it is generally used under conditions of limited visibility. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5. 3-18
1-124
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
program of targets A number of planned targets of a similar nature. A program of targets identified by a
code name may be initiated on call, at a specified time, or when a particular event occurs. Targets are fired
in a predetermined sequence.
proliferation (nuclear weapons) (JP 1-02) The process by which one nation after another comes into
possession of, or into the right to determine the use of nuclear weapons, each potentially able to launch a
nuclear attack upon another nation. See FM 100-30.
propaganda (JP 1-02) Any form of communication in support of national objectives designed to influence
the opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior of any group in order to benefit the sponsor, either directly or
indirectly. D-1 D-2 D-6
protect 1. A tactical task to prevent observation of or engagement or interference with, a force or location.
2. All actions taken to guard against espionage or capture of sensitive equipment and information. (See also
guard.) See FM 17-95.
protecting smoke Smoke produced to defeat or degrade target acquisition, guidance systems, or directed-
energy weapons. It includes the smoke blanket and smoke curtain. See FM 3-50. 3-24
protective obstacles Obstacles employed to assist a unit in its local, close-in protection. (See also obstacle.)
See FM 90-7.
psychological operations (PSYOP) (JP 1-02) Planned operations to convey selected information and
indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the
behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological
operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives.
4-30 D-6
psychological warfare (JP 1-02) The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the
primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in
such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives.
public affairs (JP 1-02) Those public information and community relations activities directed toward the
general public by the various elements of the Department of Defense. 4-27
pull The need for a user of information or supplies to request each item individually and wait for the higher
unit to furnish the items or fill the request.
purpose (Army) The desired or intended result of the tactical operation stated in terms relating to the enemy
or to the desired situation (for example, to allow passage of follow-on forces or to set the conditions for the
counterattack). It is the why of the mission statement expressed using an action verb. (For example, allow,
cause, influence, prevent, protect). (See also battle command, battlefield visualization, and concept of
operations.) See FMs 100-5 and 101-5.
pursuit (JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive operation designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting
to escape, with the aim of destroying it. (See also offensive operations.)
push 1. In intelligence and communications, the broadcasting of information to multiple stations

simultaneously without the need for them to request or interrogate the host system. 2. In logistics, the
delivery of a predetermined amount of supplies to a user on a scheduled basis without the user requesting
them.
1-125
quadrant elevation (JP 1-02, NATO) The angle between the horizontal plane and the axis of the bore when
the weapon is laid. (DOD) It is the algebraic sum of the elevation, angle of site, and complementary angle
of site.
quartering party A group of unit representatives dispatched to a probable new site of operations in advance
of the main body to secure, reconnoiter, and organize an area prior to the main body's arrival and occupation.
( See also advance party.)
quay(JP 1-02) A structure of solid construction along a shore or bank which provides berthing and which generally
provides cargo-handling facilities. A similar facility of open construction is called a wharf.
R
rad See absorbed dose, centigray (cGy), radiation dose (RAD), and roentgen.
radar beacon (JP 1-02) A receiver-transmitter combination which sends out a coded signal when triggered
by the proper type of pulse, enabling determination of range and bearing information by the interrogating
station or aircraft.
radiac (JP 1-02, NATO) An acronym derived from the words "radioactivity, detection, indication, and
computation." It is used as an all-encompassing term to designate various types of radiological measuring
instruments or equipment. (This word is normally used as an adjective.) See FM 3-4.
radiation dose (JP 1-02, NATO) The total amount of ionizing radiation absorbed by material or tissues,
expressed in centigray. (DOD) The term radiation dose is often used in the sense of the exposure dose
expressed in roentgens, which is a measure of the total amount of ionization that the quantity of radiation
could produce in air. This could be distinguished from the absorbed dose, also given in rads, which
represents the energy absorbed from the radiation per gram of specified body tissue. Further, the
biological dose, in rems, is a measure of the biological effectiveness of the radiation exposure. (See also
absorbed dose, exposure dose, and radiation dose rate.) See FMs 3-4, 8-9, 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and
3-12.3.
radiation dose rate (JP 1-02, NATO) The radiation dose (dosage) absorbed per unit of time. (DOD) A
radiation dose rate can be set at some particular unit of time (e.g., H+1 hour) and would be called H+1
radiation dose rate. (See also radiation dose.)
radiation exposure state (RES) (JP 1-02, NATO) The condition of a unit, or exceptionally an individual,
deduced from the cumulative whole body radiation doses(s) received. It is expressed as a symbol which
indicates the potential for future operations and the degree of risk if exposed to additional nuclear
radiation.
radiation status (RS) Criteria to assist the commander in measuring unit exposure to radiation based on
total past cumulative dose in centigray (cGy). (See also dose rate, operation exposure guide (OEG), and
radiation dose.) See FM 3-1-1.) Categories are as follows: a. radiation exposure status-0 (RES-0)
No previous exposure history. b. radiation exposure status-l (RES-1) Negligible radiation
exposure history (greater than 0, but less than 70 cGy). c. radiation exposure status-2 (RES-2)
Significant but not a dangerous dose of radiation (greater than 70, but less than 150 cGy). d. radiation
1-126
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
exposure status-3 (RES-3) Unit has already received a dose of radiation which makes further
exposure dangerous (greater than 150 cGy).
radio fix (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The locating of a radio transmitter by bearings taken from two or more
direction finding stations, the site of the transmitter being at the point of intersection. 2. The location
of a ship or aircraft by determining the direction of radio signals coming to the ship or aircraft from two
or more sending stations, the locations of which are known.
radio listening silence The situation where radios are on and continuously monitored with strict criteria
when a station on the radio network is allowed to break silence. For example, maintain radio listening
silence until physical contact with the enemy is made. (See also radio silence.)
radiological survey (JP 1-02, NATO) The directed effort to determine the distribution and dose rates of
radiation in an area. (See also NBC survey.) See FMs 3-3-1 and 3-19.
radio silence (JP 1-02, NATO) A condition in which all or certain radio equipment capable of radiation
is kept inoperative. (DOD) (Note: In combined or United States Joint or intraservice communications,
the frequency bands and/or types of equipment affected will be specified.)
radius of action (JP 1-02, NATO) The maximum distance a ship, aircraft, or vehicle can travel away from
its base along a given course with normal combat load and return without refueling, allowing for all safety
and operating factors.
radius of damage (RD) (JP 1-02) The distance from ground zero at which there is a 0.50 probability of
achieving the desired damage. (See also collateral damage.) See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.1, 3-12.2, and
3-12.3.
radius of vulnerability (RV) (nuclear) The radius of a circle about ground zero within which friendly
personnel will be exposed to a risk equal to, or greater than, the emergency risk criterion, or within which
materiel will be subjected to a 5 percent probability of the specified degree of damage. (See also troop
safety (nuclear).) See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.1, 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
raid (JP 1-02, NATO) An operation, usually small scale, involving a swift penetration of hostile territory
to secure information, confuse the enemy, or to destroy installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal
upon completion of the assigned mission. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
railhead (JP 1-02, NATO) A point on a railway where loads are transferred between trains and other
means of transport. (See also aerial port and seaport.) 4-29
rally point An easily identifiable point on the ground at which units can reassemble and reorganize if they
become dispersed, or aircrews and passengers can assemble and reorganize following an incident
requiring a forced landing. See FM 1-111. 3-26
range (JP 1-02) 1. The distance between any given point and an object or target. 2. Extent or distance
limiting the operation or action of something, such as the range of an aircraft, ship, or gun. 3. The
distance which can be covered over a hard surface by a ground vehicle, with its rated payload, using the
fuel in its tank, and its cans normally carried as part of the ground vehicle equipment. 4. Area equipped
for practice in shooting at targets.
1-127
range of military operations The armed forces conduct operations in three states of environment: peace,
conflict, and war. Stability and support operations are conducted normally during peace and conflict.
(See also conflict, military operations other than war (MOOTW), peace operations, and stability and
support operations (SASO.) See FMs 100-5, 100-19, 100-20, and 100-23.
range probable error The range error caused by dispersion that will be exceeded as often as not in an
infinite number of rounds fired at the same elevation and is one-eighth of the length of the dispersion
pattern at its greatest length. The value is given in the firing tables. See FM 6-40.
range spread (JP 1-02) The technique used to place the mean point of impact of two or more units
100 meters apart on the gun-target line. See FM 6-40.
rate of fire (JP 1-02, NATO) The number of rounds fired per weapon per minute.
rate of march (JP 1-02, NATO) The average number of miles or kilometers to be traveled in a given
period of time, including all ordered halts. It is expressed in miles or kilometers per hour.
ready (JP 1-02, NATO) The term used to indicate that a weapon(s) is loaded, aimed, and prepared to fire.
real time (JP 1-02, NATO) Pertaining to the timeliness of data or information which has been delayed
only by the time required for electronic communication. This implies that there are no noticeable delays.
(See also near real time.)
rear area (JP 1-02) For any particular command, the area extending forward from its rear boundary to
the rear of the area assigned to the next lower level of command. This area is provided primarily for the
performance of support functions. (See also brigade support area (BSA) and division support area
(DSA).) See FMs 100-5, 101-5, 100-15, and 100-40.
rear area operations center (RAOC)/rear tactical operations center (JP 1-02) A command and control
facility that serves as an area/subarea commander's planning, coordinating, monitoring, advising, and
directing agency for area security operations.
rear area response forces Forces responsible for rear area threats beyond the capability of base defenses.
(See also security operations.)
rear area threat levels Levels of response to threat activities. (See rear area response forces.) a. level
I Threats that can be defeated by base or base cluster self-defense measures. b. level II Threats
that are beyond base or base cluster self-defense capabilities but can be defeated by response forces,
normally military police, with supporting fires. c. level III Threats that necessitate the command
decision to commit a combined arms tactical combat force to defeat them.
rear assembly area (RAA) An assembly area occupied by a unit farthest to the unit's rear that normally
is within 10 to 15 kilometers of the division forward assembly area and is controlled by the rear command
post. Fire support may be provided to the RAA by either division artillery or the aviation brigade. Units
within the RAA secure all routes through their assigned areas. See FMs 1-115 and 71-100-3. 3-10
rear boundary Line that defines the rear of a sector or zone of action assigned to a particular unit. The
area behind the rear boundary belongs to the next higher commander and positioning of elements behind
it must be coordinated with that commander. (See also boundary.) 3-11
1-128
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
rear command post (Army) Those staff activities concerned primarily with combat service support (CSS)
of the force, administrative support of the headquarters, and other activities not immediately concerned
with current operations. Typical representatives within the rear echelon are elements of the G1 and G4
sections, G5, adjutant general, staff judge advocate, inspector general, surgeon, provost marshal,
supporting military intelligence elements concerned with counterintelligence and prisoner of war
interrogation activities, and the tactical airlift representative of the tactical air control party. Normally
rear CPs are near or collocated with CSS units (for example, the COSCOM). (See also command post
(CP).) A-3
rear detachment command post See command post.
rear echelon (JP 1-02, NATO) Elements of a force which are not required in the objective area. (Army)
Generic term used to describe all elements normally located in the rear area.
rear guard (JP 1-02) Security detachment that protects the rear of a column from hostile forces. During
a withdrawal, it delays the enemy by armed resistance, destroying bridges, and blocking roads. (Army)
1. The rearmost elements of an advancing or a withdrawing force. It has the following functions: to
protect the rear of a column from hostile forces; during the withdrawal, to delay the enemy; during the
advance, to keep supply routes open. 2. Security detachment which a moving ground force details to the
rear to keep it informed and covered. (See also guard and security operations.) C-11
rearming (JP 1-02) 1. An operation that replenishes the prescribed stores of ammunition, bombs, and
other armament items for an aircraft, naval ship, tank, or armored vehicle, including replacement of
defective ordnance equipment, in order to make it ready for combat service. 2. Resetting the fuze on a
bomb, or on an artillery, mortar, or rocket projectile, so that it will detonate at the desired time.
rearm, refuel, and resupply point (R3P) A designated point through which a unit passes where it receives
fuel, ammunition, and other necessary supplies to continue combat operations. See FM 6-50. 3-38
rear operations (Army) Those actions, including area damage control, taken by all units (combat, combat
support, combat service support, and host nation), singly or in a combined effort, to secure the force,
neutralize or defeat enemy operations in the rear area, and ensure freedom of action in the deep and close-
in operations. Rear operations are part of operations in depth.
rebuild (JP 1-02) The restoration of an item to a standard as nearly as possible to its original condition
in appearance, performance, and life expectancy. See FMs 100-5 and 100-15.
reception (JP 1-02) 1. All ground arrangements connected with the delivery and disposition of air or sea
drops. Includes selection and preparation of site, signals for warning and approach, facilitation of secure
departure of agents, speedy collection of delivered articles, and their prompt removal to storage places
having maximum security. When a group is involved, it may be called a reception committee.
2. Arrangements to welcome and provide secure quarters or transportation for defectors, escapees,
evaders, or incoming agents.
recoilless rifle (heavy) (JP 1-02) A weapon capable of being fired from either a ground mount or from a
vehicle, and capable of destroying tanks. (Army) A weapon which expels the gases produced by the
combustion of the projectile propellant to the rear in order to cause the weapon system and operator to
remain relatively stationary. This creates a hazard to the rear of the weapon which must be planned for
when the weapon is positioned.
1-129
reconnaissance (recon) (recce) (JP 1-02, NATO) A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation
or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy,
or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular
area. (Army) 1. An operation designed to obtain information on the enemy, potential enemy, or the
characteristics of a particular area. The precursor to all operations, which may be accomplished through
passive surveillance, technical means, or human interaction (spies or human intelligence (HUMINT)), or
through fighting for information. Forms of reconnaissance include route reconnaissance, zone
reconnaissance, area reconnaissance, and reconnaissance in force. 2. NBC reconnaissance may operate
with other reconnaissance forces. The NBC reconnaissance uses special equipment to determine the
absence or presence and extent of nuclear, chemical, or biological contamination. 3. Engineer
reconnaissance may operate with other reconnaissance forces. Engineer reconnaissance focuses on the
requirements to clear obstacles or improve routes, fords, bridges, and so forth, to assist in the
uninterrupted movement of the main body force. In military operations other than war (MOOTW), the
information is used to task assets to improve the state of services, such as to prepare for rubble removal,
erect temporary shelter, and provide improved sanitation. See FMs 1-111, 3-19, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-
95, 71-123, 71-100, 100-5, 101-5, and 5-101. 4-9, 4-18
reconnaissance by fire (JP 1-02, NATO) A method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a
suspected enemy position to cause the enemy to disclose a presence by movement or return of fire.
See FMs 5-36, 71-100-2, 100-5, and 101-5.
reconnaissance in force (JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive operation designed to discover and/or test the
enemy's strength or to obtain other information. (Army) A form of reconnaissance operation designed
to discover or test the enemy's strength or to obtain other information. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-
30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
reconnaissance-pull Reconnaissance determines which routes are suitable for maneuver, where the enemy
is strong and weak, and where gaps exist. Thus, reconnaissance should pull the main body toward and
along the path of least resistance. This facilitates the division's initiative and agility. Reconnaissance-pull
is also valid in defensive operations. Reconnaissance determines which routes the enemy is using, where
the enemy is strong and weak, and where gaps exist. Thus, reconnaissance enhances agility by identifying
opportunities and pulling the division along the path of least resistance to mass the division's combat
power at the critical time and place. See FM 71-100-2.
reconnaissance and surveillance plan A plan prepared by the G2 or S2, in close coordination with the
G3 or S3, that assigns tasks to subordinates to develop information which satisfies the intelligence
requirements the commander has established. It will focus assets on the targeted areas of interest and
named areas of interest. See FMs 34-10-2, 34-130, and 101-5.
reconstitution Those actions that commanders plan and implement to restore units to a desired level of
combat effectiveness commensurate with mission requirements and available resources. Reconstitution
operations include regeneration and reorganization. See FMs 63-2, 71-100, 71-100-1/2/3, 100-9, 100-
10, and 100-15.
reconstitution site (JP 1-02) A location selected by the surviving command authority as the site at which
a damaged or destroyed headquarters can be reformed from survivors of the attack and/or personnel from
other sources, predesignated as replacements.
recovery operations Extricating damaged or disabled equipment and moving it to locations where repairs
can be made. Recovery is the primary responsibility of the using unit.
1-130
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
recovery site (JP 1-02) In evasion and escape usage, an area from which an evader or an escapee can be
evacuated.
redeployment (JP 1-02) The transfer of a unit, an individual, or supplies deployed in one area to another
area, or to another location within the area, or to the zone of interior for the purpose of further
employment.
reduce 1. A tactical task to gain control over an enemy position or objective. 2. A task to create lanes
through or over an obstacle sufficient to allow the attacking force to accomplish its mission.
refuel on the move (ROM) An operation to ensure fuel tanks on combat and fuel-servicing vehicles are
full before they arrive in the unit's tactical assembly area. See FM 71-123. 3-39
refugee (JP 1-02) A civilian who, by reason of real or imagined danger, has left home to seek safety
elsewhere. See FM 100-20. D-1
regeneration Rebuilding of a unit through large-scale replacement of personnel, equipment, and supplies,
including the reestablishment or replacement of essential command and control and the conduct of
mission essential training for the newly rebuilt unit. See FM 100-9.
regimental landing team (JP 1-02) A task organization for landing comprised of an infantry regiment
reinforced by those elements which are required for initiation of its combat function ashore.
registration fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective
engagement of targets. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
registration point (JP 1-02, NATO) Terrain feature or other designated point on which fire is adjusted
for the purpose of obtaining corrections to firing data.
regulated item (JP 1-02, NATO) Any item whose issue to a user is subject to control by an appropriate
authority for reasons that may include cost, scarcity, technical or hazardous nature, or operational
significance.
rehearsal The process of practicing a plan before actual execution. Rehearsals assist units in clarifying
the scheme of maneuver, synchronizing the battlefield operating systems, orienting subordinates to the
positions and actions of other units, and practicing any possible branches and sequels from the decision
support matrix. The rehearsal should not be allowed to digress into a war game. If the commander
identifies problems with the synchronization, he should direct a rehearsal after the issues are resolved to
ensure all participants clearly understand the required actions. (See also backbrief, confirmation brief,
and war game.) See FM 101-5
reinforce (R) (+) A mission in which one unit augments the capability of another similar-type unit. (See
also direct support, general support, and general support-reinforcing.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-
30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
reinforcing (R) (+) (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery usage, tactical mission in which one artillery unit
augments the fire of another artillery unit. (See also direct support (DS), general-support (GS), and
general support reinforcing (GSR).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15,
100-40, and 101-5.
1-131
reinforcing obstacles (JP 1-02) Those obstacles specifically constructed, emplaced, or detonated through
military effort and designed to strengthen existing terrain to disrupt, fix, turn, or block enemy movement.
(See also obstacle.) See FM 90-7.
release line (RL) Phase line used in river-crossing operations that delineates a change in the headquarters
controlling movement. 3-20
release point (road) (RP) (JP 1-02) A well-defined point on a route at which the elements composing a
column return under the authority of their respective commanders, each one of these elements continuing
its movement toward its own appropriate destination. (See also lane, march column, march serial, march
unit, route, or start point (SP).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 55-10, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15,
100-40, and 101-5. 3-26
relief in place (RIP) (JP 1-02, NATO) An operation in which, by direction of higher authority, all or part
of a unit is replaced in an area by the incoming unit. The responsibilities of the replaced elements for the
mission and the assigned zone of operations are transferred to the incoming unit. The incoming unit
continues the operation as ordered. C-10
religious ministry support (JP 1-02) The entire spectrum of professional duties to include providing for
or facilitating essential religious needs and practices, pastoral care, family support programs, religious
education, volunteer and community activities, and programs performed to enhance morale and moral,
ethical, and personal well-being. Enlisted religious support personnel assist the chaplain in providing
religious ministry support.
reorganization Action taken to shift internal resources within a degraded unit to increase its level of
combat effectiveness. See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-20 and 100-9.
repair(JP 1-02) The restoration of an item to serviceable condition through correction of a specific failure
or unserviceable condition.
repeat(JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, an order or request to fire again the same
number of rounds with the same method of fire. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
required supply rate (RSR) (ammunition) (JP 1-02) In Army usage, the amount of ammunition
expressed in terms of rounds per weapon per day for ammunition items fired by weapons, and in terms
of other units of measure per day for bulk allotment and other items, estimated to be required to sustain
operations of any designated force without restriction for a specified period. Tactical commanders use
this rate to state their requirements for ammunition to support planned tactical operations at specified
intervals. The required supply rate is submitted through command channels. It is consolidated at each
echelon and is considered by each commander in subsequently determining the controlled supply rate
within the command. (See also controlled supply rate (CSR).) See FMs 9-6 and 100-10.
reserve(JP 1-02) 1. Portion of a body of troops which is kept to the rear, or withheld from action at the
beginning of an engagement, available for a decisive movement. 2. Members of the Military Services
who are not in active service but who are subject to call to active duty. 3. Portion of an appropriation
or contract authorization held or set aside for future operations or contingencies and in respect to which
administrative authorization to incur commitments or obligations has been withheld. (Army) That
portion of a force withheld from action or uncommitted to a specific course of action, so as to be available
for commitment at the decisive moment. Its primary purpose is to retain flexibility through offensive
action. (See also committed force and uncommitted force.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95,
71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
1-132
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
reserved demolition target (JP 1-02, NATO) A target for demolition, the destruction of which must be
controlled at a specific level of command because it plays a vital part in the tactical or strategical plan,
or because of the importance of the structure itself, or because the demolition may be executed in the face
of the enemy. (See also reserved obstacles.) See FM 90-7.
reserved obstacles (JP 1-02) Those demolition obstacles that are deemed critical to the plan for which
the authority to detonate is reserved by the designating commander. (Army) Obstacles, of any type,
for which the commander restricts execution authority. See FM 90-7.
reserved route (JP 1-02, NATO) In road traffic, a specific route allocated exclusively to an authority or
formation. See FM 55-10.
residual radioactivity (JP 1-02) Nuclear radiation that results from radioactive sources and which persist
for longer than one minute. Sources of residual radioactivity created by nuclear explosions include fission
fragments and radioactive matter created primarily by neutron activation, but also by gamma and other
radiation activation. Other possible sources of residual radioactivity include radioactive material created
and dispersed by means other than nuclear explosion. (See also contamination, induced radiation
(nuclear), and initial nuclear effects.) See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.3, and 3-12.2.
residual risk The level of risk remaining after controls have been identified and selected for hazards that
may result in loss of combat power. Controls are identified and selected until residual risk is at an
acceptable level or until it cannot be practically reduced further.
response force (JP 1-02) A mobile force with appropriate fire support designated, usually by the area
commander, to deal with Level II threats in the rear area. (Army) Normally a military police function.
See FMs 19-1, 71-100, and 100-15.
restoration The systematic removal of pollution or contaminants from the environment, especially from
the soil or ground water, by physical, chemical, or biological means. Restoration is also known as
remediation or environmental cleanup.
restricted operations zone (ROZ) (Army) A volume of airspace of defined dimensions designated for
a specific operational mission. Entry into that zone is authorized only by the originating
headquarters. See FM 100-103. 3-6
restrictive fire area (RFA) An area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that
exceed those restrictions may not be delivered without prior coordination with the establishing
headquarters. See FM 6-series. 3-22
restrictive fire line (RFL) A line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be
moving) that prohibits fires or effects from fires across the line without coordination with the affected
force. It is established by the next higher common commander of the converging forces. See FMs 7-20,
17-95, 71-100, and 100-15. 3-22
resupply (JP 1-02, NATO) The act of replenishing stocks in order to maintain required levels of supply.
See FM 100-10.
retain (JP 1-02) When used in the context of deliberate planning, the directed command will keep the
referenced operation plan, operation plan in concept format, or concept summary and any associated Joint
Operation Planning System or Joint Operation Planning and Execution System automated data processing
files in an inactive library or status. The plan and its associated files will not be maintained unless
1-133
directed by follow-on guidance. (Army) A tactical task to occupy and hold a terrain feature to ensure
it is free of enemy occupation or use. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15,
100-40, and 101-5. C-10
retirement(JP 1-02, NATO) An operation in which a force out of contact moves away from the enemy.
(Army) A form of retrograde operations; a directed, rearward movement by a force that is not in
contact with the enemy and does not anticipate significant contact with the enemy. See FMs 1-111, 6-20,
7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5. C-10
retrograde A type of operation in which a unit conducts a directed, organized movement to the rear or
away from the enemy. Forms of retrograde include delay, withdrawal, and retirement. (See also delaying
operation.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
retrograde movement (JP 1-02) Any movement of a command to the rear, or away from the enemy. It
may be forced by the enemy or may be made voluntarily. Such movements may be classified as
withdrawal, retirement, or delaying action. (See also delaying operation.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
reverse slope Any slope which descends away from the enemy.
revolutionary(JP 1-02) An individual attempting to effect a social or political change through the use of
extreme measures. (See also antiterrorism (AT).) See FM 100-20.
riot control agent (RCA) (JP 1-02) A substance that produces temporary irritating or disabling physical
effects that disappear within minutes of removal from exposure. There is no significant risk of permanent
injury, and medical treatment is rarely required. (Army) A compound that produces temporary
irritating or incapacitating effects when used in field concentrations. Such compounds include tearing
(crying), sneezing, and vomiting agents. See FM 3-9.
risk Chance of hazard or bad consequences; exposure to chance of injury or loss. Risk level is expressed
in terms of hazard probability or severity.
risk assessment The identification and assessment of hazards (first two steps of risk management
process).
risk decision The decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action; made by the
commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing that action.
risk management The process of detecting, assessing, and controlling risk arising from operational factors
and making decisions that balance risk costs with mission benefits. The five steps of risk management
are identify the hazards, assess the hazards, develop controls and make risk decision, implement controls,
and supervise and evaluate. (See controls, exposure, hazard, probablity, residual risk, risk, risk
assessment, risk decision, and severity) See FM 1-100.
river crossing An operation required before ground combat power can be projected and sustained across
a water obstacle. It is a centrally planned and controlled offensive operation that requires the allocation
of external crossing means and a force dedicated to the security of the bridgehead. (See also deliberate
crossing and hasty crossing.) See FM 90-13. 3-28
1-134
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
riverine area (JP 1-02) An inland or coastal area comprising both land and water, characterized by limited
land lines of communication, with extensive water surface and/or inland waterways that provide natural
routes for surface transportation and communications. See FM 100-40.
riverine operations (JP 1-02) Operations conducted by forces organized to cope with and exploit the
unique characteristics of a riverine area, to locate and destroy hostile forces, and/or to achieve, or maintain
control of the riverine area. Joint riverine operations combine land, naval, and air operations, as
appropriate, and are suited to the nature of the specific riverine area in which operations are to be
conducted. See FM 100-40.
roadblock (JP 1-02, NATO) A barrier or obstacle (usually covered by fire) used to block, or limit the
movement of, hostile vehicles along a route. See FM 5-102. 3-31, 3-32
road clearance time (JP 1-02, NATO) The total time a column requires to travel over and clear a section
of the road. See FMs 55-10 and 55-30.
roentgen(JP 1-02, NATO) A unit of exposure dose of gamma (or X-) radiation. In field dosimetry, one
roentgen is essentially equal to one rad. (Army) An obsolete term for a unit of radiation dosage equal
to the quantity of ionizing radiation that will produce one electrostatic unit of electricity in one cubic
centimeter of dry air at zero degrees Celcius and standard atmospheric pressure. (See also centigray
(cGy) and dose rate.) See FM 3-9.
rounds complete (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, the term used to report that the
number of rounds specified in fire for effect have been fired. (See also shot.) See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
route(JP 1-02, NATO) The prescribed course to be traveled from a specific point of origin to a specific
destination. See FMs 55-10, 55-30, and 100-103.
route capacity (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The maximum traffic flow of vehicles in one direction at the most
restricted point on the route. 2. The maximum number of metric tons which can be moved in one
direction over a particular route in one hour. It is the product of the maximum traffic flow and the
average payload of the vehicles using the route. See FM 55-10.
route classification (JP 1-02, NATO) Classification assigned to a route using factors of minimum width
and worst route type; least bridge, raft, or culvert military load classification; and obstructions to traffic
flow. (See also military load classification (MLC).) See FMs 5-36 and 17-95.
route reconnaissance A form of reconnaissance focused along a specific line of communications, such
as a road, railway, or waterway, to provide new or updated information on route conditions and activities
along the route. See FMs 5-36 and 17-95.
rules of engagement (ROE) (JP 1-02) Directives issued by competent military authority which delineate
the circumstances and limitations under which US forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement
with other forces encountered. See FM 100-20.
rules of interaction (ROI) (Army) Rules that guide those human dimension skills required to successfully
interface with the myriad of players often present in stability and support operations. These guidelines
govern interpersonal communications skills, extent and form of soldier's persuasion, negotiation, and
communication techniques. Their purpose is to reduce hostile confrontation. Rules of interaction are
founded on firm rules of engagement. Together they provide the soldier a tool to deal with nontraditional
1-135
threats such as political friction, ideologies, cultural idiosyncrasies, and religious beliefs and rituals. See
FM 100-20.
rupture A task to create a gap in enemy defensive positions quickly. (See also breach and reduce.)
ruse (Army) A technique of deception operations designed to deceive the enemy, characterized by
deliberately exposing false information to the collection means of the enemy, thereby obtaining an
advantage. This can be done by any means, including electronic signals and signatures, dummy positions,
dummy vehicles and facilities, or misleading troop and force movements. (See also deception operation.)
S
sabotage (JP 1-02) An act or acts with intent to injure, interfere with, or obstruct the national defense of
a country by willfully injuring or destroying, or attempting to injure or destroy, any national defense or
war material, premises, or utilities, to include human and natural resources. (See also terrorism.) See
FMs 19-1 and 100-20.
safe area (JP 1-02) A designated area in hostile territory that offers the evader or escapee a reasonable
chance of avoiding capture and of surviving until he can be evacuated.
safe house (JP 1-02) An innocent-appearing house or premises established by an organization for the
purpose of conducting clandestine or covert activity in relative security. See FM 100-20. D-2, D-7
salient A protrusion or bulge in the trace of the forward line of friendly troops toward or into an enemy
area of operations or on the outside bend of a river. See FM 100-40.
salvage (JP 1-02) 1. Property that has some value in excess of its basic material content but which is in
such condition that it has no reasonable prospect of use for any purpose as a unit and its repair or
rehabilitation for use as a unit is clearly impractical. 2. The saving or rescuing of condemned, discarded,
or abandoned property, and of materials contained therein for reuse, refabrication, or scrapping. 4-27
scatterable mine (JP 1-02, NATO) In land mine warfare, a mine laid without regard to classical pattern
and which is designed to be delivered by aircraft, artillery, missile, ground dispenser, or by hand. Once
laid, it normally has a limited life. See FM 20-32. 3-30
scheduled fire (JP 1-02, NATO) A type of prearranged fire executed at a predetermined time. See
FMs 6-series and 7-90.
scheduled supplies Requirements that can be reasonably predicted. A scheduled supply normally will not
require a requisition to be submitted by the user for its replenishment. Requirements are based on troop
strength, equipment density, forecasts, and daily usage factors. Supply classes I, III (bulk), V, and VI
normally are treated as scheduled supplies. See FM 100-10.
scheduled target (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a planned target on which fire
is to be delivered at a specific time. (See also on-call target.) See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
schedule of fire (JP 1-02) Groups of fires or series of fires fired in a definite sequence according to a
definite program. The time of starting the schedule may be ON CALL. For identification purposes
schedules may be referred to by a code name or other designation. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
1-136
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
schedule of targets (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, individual targets, groups or
series of targets to be fired on, in a definite sequence according to a definite program. See FMs 6-series
and 7-90.
scheme of maneuver (JP 1-02) The tactical plan to be executed by a force in order to seize assigned
objectives. See FM 101-5.
scientific and technical intelligence (JP 1-02) The product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
analysis, and interpretation of foreign scientific and technical information which covers: a. foreign
developments in basic and applied research and in applied engineering techniques; and b. scientific and
technical characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of all foreign military systems, weapons, weapon
systems, and materiel, the research and development related thereto, and the production methods
employed for their manufacture. See FM 34-2.
screen (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An arrangement of ships, aircraft, and/or submarines to protect a main body
or convoy. 2. In cartography, a sheet of transparent film, glass, or plastic carrying a "ruling" or other
regularly repeated pattern which may be used in conjunction with a mask, either photographically or
photomechanically, to produce areas of the pattern. 3. In surveillance, camouflage, and concealment,
any natural or artificial material, opaque to surveillance sensor(s), interposed between the sensor(s) and
the object to be camouflaged or concealed. 4. A security element whose primary task is to observe,
identify and report information, and which only fights in self-protection. (Army) A task to maintain
surveillance; provide early warning to the main body; or impede, destroy, and harass enemy
reconnaissance within its capability without becoming decisively engaged. (See also security operations.)
See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5. C-11
screen line A control measure, usually named as a phase line (PL), established forward of the main body
during defensive operations. Once occupied it becomes the forward line of own troops (FLOT) and the
limit of advance (LOA) for all friendly forces although permission can be obtained from the establishing
headquarters to go beyond it. (See also screen and security operations.) See FMs 7-30, 17-95, 71-100,
and 100-15.
seaport A place at which ships may discharge or receive their cargoes. (See also aerial ports.) See
FM 55-10. 4-29
seaport of debarkation (SPOD) A marine terminal for sustained port operations at which personnel and
material are discharged from ships. SPODs normally act as ports of embarkation on return passenger and
retrograde cargo shipments. 4-29
seaport of embarkation (SPOE) A marine terminal for sustained port operations at which personnel
board and materiel is loaded aboard ships. SPOEs normally act as ports of debarkation on return
passenger and retrograde cargo shipments. 4-29
search and attack A variant of the movement to contact conducted by smaller, light maneuver units and
air cavalry or air assault forces in large areas to destroy enemy forces, deny area to the enemy, or collect
information. Search and attack operations may be conducted against a dispersed enemy in close terrain
unsuitable for armored forces, in rear areas against enemy special operations forces (SOF) or infiltrators,
or as an area security mission to clear assigned zones. (See also movement to contact.) See FMs 7-7, 7-
10, 7-20, 7-30, 71-100-2, 90-4, and 90-26.
sector(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. An area designated by boundaries within which a unit operates, and for which
it is responsible. 2. One of the subdivisions of a coastal frontier. (Army) Normally, sectors are used
1-137
in defensive operations and have a forward edge of the battle area designated by a higher commander.
(See also area of influence and zone of action.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-15, and 101-5.
sector of fire (JP 1-02, NATO) A defined area which is required to be covered by the fire of individual
or crew-served weapons or the weapons of a unit. See FMs 7-7, 7-8, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
secure(JP 1-02, NATO) In an operational context, to gain possession of a position or terrain feature, with
or without force, and to make such disposition as will prevent, as far as possible, its destruction or loss
by enemy action. (Army) A tactical task to gain possession of a position or terrain feature, with or
without force, and to deploy in a manner which prevents its destruction or loss to enemy action. The
attacking force may or may not have to physically occupy the area. C-10
security (JP 1-02) 1. Measures taken by a military unit, an activity or installation to protect itself against
all acts designed to, or that may, impair its effectiveness. 2. A condition that results from the
establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts
or influences. 3. With respect to classified matter, it is the condition that prevents unauthorized persons
from having access to official information that is safeguarded in the interests of national security.
(NATO) A condition that results from the establishment of measures which protect designated
information, materiel, personnel, systems, components, and equipment against hostile persons, acts, or
influences. See FMs 17-95, 71-100, and 100-15.
security area (zone) Area that begins at the forward area of the battlefield and extends as far to the front
and flanks as security forces are deployed. Forces in the security area furnish information on the enemy
and delay, deceive, and disrupt the enemy and conduct counterreconnaissance. See FMs 17-95, 71-3,
71-100, and 100-15.
security assistance (JP 1-02) Group of programs authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as
amended, and the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, as amended, or other related statutes by which the
United States provides defense articles, military training, and other defense-related services, by grant,
loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of national policies and objectives. See FM 100-20.
security operations Those operations designed to provide reaction time, maneuver space, and protection
to the main body. Security operations are characterized by aggressive reconnaissance to reduce terrain
and enemy unknowns, to gain and maintain contact with the enemy to ensure continuous information, and
to provide early and accurate reporting of information to the protected force. Forms of security operations
include screen, guard, cover, and area security. Area security operations normally are associated with rear
operations. Security operations forces orient on the main body and may be oriented in any direction from
a stationary or moving force. (See also screen, guard, cover, and rear area response forces.) See FMs 7-
30, 17-95, 71-100, 100-15, and 100-40. C-11
seize A tactical task to clear a designated area and obtain control of it. (See also contain.) See FM 100-
40. C-11
selective identification feature (SIF) (JP 1-02) A capability that, when added to the basic identification
friend or foe system, provides the means to transmit, receive, and display selected coded replies. (See also
identification, friend or foe (IFF), and IFF on/off line.) See FM 1-111.
selective mobilization See mobilization.
semipermissive environment See operational environment.
1-138
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
sensor (JP 1-02, NATO) An equipment which detects, and may indicate and/or record objects and
activities by means of energy or particles emitted, reflected, or modified by objects. 4-9, 4-20
separation zone (JP 1-02, NATO) An area between two adjacent horizontal or vertical areas into which
units are not to proceed unless certain safety measures can be fulfilled. (See also zone of separation
(ZOS).) See FM 100-20.
sequel Major operations that follow the current major operation. Plans for these are based on the possible
outcomes (victory, stalemate, or defeat) associated with the current operation. See FM 101-5.
serial (JP 1-02, NATO) An element or a group of elements within a series which is given a numerical or
alphabetical designation for convenience in planning, scheduling, and control. (Army) A serial can
be a group of people, vehicles, equipment, or supplies and is used in airborne, air assault, and amphibious
operations. See FMs 55-10, 71-100-3, 90-26, and 100-40.
serial assignment table (JP 1-02) A table that is used in amphibious operations and shows the serial
number, the title of the unit, the approximate number of personnel; the material, vehicles, or equipment
in the serial; the number and type of landing craft and/or amphibious vehicles required to boat the serial;
and the ship on which the serial is embarked. (Army) Also used in airborne and air assault operations
and may be used in noncombatant evacuation operations. See FMs 71-100, 71-100-3, and 90-26.
series of targets (NATO, Army) In fire support, a number of targets and/or group(s) of targets planned
in a predetermined time sequence to support a maneuver phase. A series of targets is indicated by a code
name or nickname. See FMs 6-series and 7-90. 3-24
service ammunition (JP 1-02) Ammunition intended for combat, rather than for training purposes. See
FMs 7-91, 9-6, 17-12, and 23-1.
Service component command (JP 1-02) A command consisting of the Service component commander
and all those Service forces, such as individuals, units, detachments, organizations, and installations under
the command including the support forces that have been assigned to a combatant command, or further
assigned to a subordinate unified command or joint task force. (See also functional component
command.) See FM 100-7 and JP 3-0.
severity The expected consequence of an event in terms of degree of injury, property damage, or other
mission-impairing factors (loss of combat power, adverse publicity, and so forth) that could occur.
shallow fording (JP 1-02) The ability of a self-propelled gun or ground vehicle equipped with built-in
waterproofing, with its wheels or tracks in contact with the ground, to negotiate a water obstacle without
the use of a special waterproofing kit. (See also ford.)
shaped charge (JP 1-02, NATO) A charge shaped so as to concentrate its explosive force in a particular
direction. (Army) The high-explosive antitank round is a type of shaped charge. This type charge is
used for cutting holes in armor plate or concrete. See FMs 5-series and 9-6.
sheaf(JP 1-02) In artillery and naval gunfire support, planned planes (lines) of fire that produce a desired
pattern of bursts with rounds fired by two or more weapons. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
shelling report (SHELREP) (JP 1-02, NATO) Any report of enemy shelling containing information on
caliber, direction, time, density and area shelled.
1-139
shift fire The command to move the cone of fire in a direction away from a friendly maneuvering force so
that enemy forces continue to be struck by the beaten zone at the same time the friendly unit moves. See
FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
shore party (JP 1-02, NATO) A task organization of the landing force, formed for the purpose of
facilitating the landing and movement off the beaches of troops, equipment, and supplies; for the
evacuation from the beaches of casualties and enemy prisoners of war; and for facilitating the beaching,
retraction, and salvaging of landing ships and craft. It comprises elements of both the naval and landing
forces. It is also called beach group. See JP 3-02.1.
short (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a spotting, or an observation, used by an
observer to indicate that a burst(s) occurred short of the target in relation to the spotting line. (Army)
In direct fire, a sensing of a round hitting below the target or between the target and the firing system.
See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
short-range air defense engagement zone (SHORADEZ) (JP 1-02) In air defense, that airspace of
defined dimensions within which the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with
short-range air defense weapons. It may be established within a low- or high-altitude missile engagement
zone. See FMs 44-100 and 100-103.
short round (JP 1-02) 1. The unintentional or inadvertent delivery of ordnance on friendly troops,
installations, or civilians by a friendly weapon system. 2. A defective cartridge in which the projectile
has been seated too deeply. See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
shot (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a report that indicates a gun, or guns, have
been fired. (Army) A message sent to the observer to alert him that rounds for his call for fire are in
the air and to be prepared to provide a sensing of the relation of their impact to the target. See FMs 6-
series and 7-90.
show of force (JP 1-02) An operation, designed to demonstrate US resolve, that involves increased
visibility of US deployed forces in an attempt to defuse a specific situation, which, if allowed to continue,
may be detrimental to US interests or national objectives. See also deception.) See FM 100-20.
signal operating instruction (SOI) (Army) Series of orders issued for technical control and coordination
of signal support activities of a command.
signal security (SIGSEC) (JP 1-02) A generic term that includes both communications security and
electronics security. (Army) Measures intended to deny or counter hostile exploitation of electronic
missions. SIGSEC includes communications security and electronic security. (See also security).
signals intelligence (SIGINT) (JP 1-02) 1. A category of intelligence comprising either individually or
in combination all communications intelligence, electronics intelligence, and foreign instrumentation
signals intelligence, however transmitted. 2. Intelligence derived from communications, electronics, and
foreign instrumentation signals. See FM 34-2.
signature The visible or audible effects produced when a weapon is fired or a piece of equipment operated,
such as noise, smoke, flame, heat, or debris; also, an electronic emission subject to detection and traceable
to the equipment producing it.
1-140
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
simplicity One of the nine principles of war. The preparation and execution of clear, uncomplicated, and
concise orders and plans to facilitate mission execution in the stress, fatigue, and fog of war. See FM
100-5.
simulative electromagnetic deception Actions to simulate friendly, notional, or actual capabilities to

mislead hostile forces. (See also electromagnetic deception, imitative electromagnetic deception, and
manipulative electromagnetic deception.)
simultaneous attack in depth Concurrent firing on or attack of enemy reserves, logistics, headquarters,
staging and assembly areas, airfields, and close forces (attacking or defending) by maneuver, fire support,
and other combat support units in the close fight and fighting in depth with cannon artillery, rocket or
missile artillery (land- and sea-based), attack helicopters, airborne forces, air assault forces, other
maneuver and combat support forces, special operations forces, and fighter or bomber aircraft to create
a synergistic and paralyzing effect on the enemy. See FMs 71-100, 100-5, and 100-15.
situational obstacle An obstacle that a unit plans and possibly prepares prior to starting an operation, but
does not execute unless specific criteria are met. It provides the commander flexibility for emplacing
tactical obstacles based on battlefield development. See FM 90-7.
situation template A series of projections that portray, based on enemy doctrine, the most probable
disposition and location of enemy forces within constraints imposed by weather and terrain. See FMs 34-
130 and 101-5.
situation map (SITMAP) (JP 1-02, NATO) A map showing the tactical or the administrative situation
at a particular time. (See also map and overlay.) See FM 101-5.
situation report (SITREP) (JP 1-02, NATO) A report giving the situation in the area of a reporting unit
or formation. (Army) The format is usually established by unit standard operating procedures.
skin decontamination technique Process of removing or neutralizing contamination on the skin within
one minute of exposure to prevent it from penetrating into the skin. Immediate decontamination
techniques are skin decontamination, personal wipedown, and operator's spraydown. See FM 3-5.
slice (JP 1-02) An average logistic planning factor used to obtain estimates of requirements for personnel
and materiel. A personnel slice, e.g., generally consists of the total strength of the stated basic combatant
elements, plus its proportionate share of all supporting and higher headquarters personnel. (Army)
The normal apportionment of combat support and combat service support elements allocated to support
a maneuver unit. (See also combat multiplier.)
small-scale map See map.
smoke blanket A dense horizontal concentration of smoke covering an area of ground with visibility inside
the concentration less than 50 meters. The blanket is established over and around friendly areas to protect
them from air visual observation and visual precision bombing attacks or established over enemy areas
to protect attacking friendly aircraft from enemy air defense. See FM 3-50.
smoke curtain A vertical smoke screen. (See also smoke screen.) See FM 3-50. 3-24
smoke haze A light concentration that restricts accurate enemy observation and fire but which is not dense
enough to hamper friendly operations (visibility 50 to 150 meters). See FM 3-50. 3-24
1-141
smoke screen (JP 1-02, NATO) Cloud of smoke used to mask either friendly or enemy installations or
maneuvers. (Army) The smoke screen is used to conceal ground maneuver, obstacle breaching,
recovery operations, amphibious assault operations, as well as key assembly areas, supply routes, and
logistical facilities. See FM 3-50. 3-24
solid waste Any material or substance (solid or liquid) which is inherently waste-like by being no longer
suitable for its originally intended purpose.
sortie (JP 1-02, NATO) In air operations, an operational flight by one aircraft.
space defense (JP 1-02) All defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy vehicles (including
missiles) while in space, or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack.
space operations The employment of space system capabilities that provide the means to enhance
command and control, facilitate the maneuver of forces, reduce the commander's uncertainty, and improve
fire support, air defense, intelligence collection, and combat service support operations which will support
strategic, operational, and tactical missions across the operational continuum in the near, mid, and
far term. See FM 100-5.
special activities (JP 1-02) Activities conducted in support of national foreign policy objectives which are
planned and executed so that the role of the US Government is not apparent or acknowledged publicly.
They are also functions in support of such activities but are not intended to influence United States
political processes, public opinion, policies, or media and do not include diplomatic activities or the
collection and production of intelligence or related support functions.
special air operation (JP 1-02) An air operation conducted in support of special operations and other
clandestine, covert, and psychological activities. See FM 100-25. 4-30
special forces operations base (SFOB) (Army) A base formed and operated by the special forces group
from organic and attached resources. It is the focal point for operational, administrative, logistical, and
communication support functions. See FM 100-25.
special operations (SO) (JP 1-02) Operations conducted by specially organized, trained, and equipped
military and paramilitary forces to achieve military, political, economic, or psychological objectives by
unconventional military means in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive areas. These operations are
conducted during peacetime competition, conflict, and war, independently or in coordination with
operations of conventional, nonspecial operations forces. Political-military considerations frequently
shape special operations, requiring clandestine, covert, or low visibility techniques and oversight at the
national level. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political
risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence
on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets. See FM 100-25. 4-29, 4-30
special operations-peculiar (Army) Materiel, services, and training for special operations mission
support for which there is no broad conventional requirement. See FM 100-25.
special operations forces (SOF) (JP 1-02) Those active and reserve component forces of the Military
Services designated by the Secretary of Defense and specifically organized, trained, and equipped to
conduct and support special operations. 4-29, 4-30
special reconnaissance (Army) Complementing of national and theater intelligence collection assets and
systems by obtaining specific, well-defined, and time-sensitive information of strategic or operational
1-142
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
significance. It may complement other collection methods where there are constraints of weather, terrain-
masking, hostile countermeasures, and/or other systems availability. Special reconnaissance is a human
intelligence function that places US or US-controlled "eyes on target" in hostile, denied, or politically
sensitive territory when authorized. SOF may conduct these missions unilaterally or in support of
conventional operations. See JP 3-05.
special staff (JP 1-02) All staff officers having duties at a headquarters and not included in the general
(coordinating) staff group or in the personal staff group. The special staff includes certain technical
specialists and heads of services, for example, quartermaster officer, antiaircraft officer, transportation
officer, etc. See FM 101-5.
specified command (JP 1-02) A command that has a broad, continuing mission, normally functional, and
is established and so designated by the President through the Secretary of Defense with the advice and
assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It normally is composed of forces from a single
Military Department. Also called specified combatant command. See FM 100-5 and JP 5-0.
splash (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. In artillery and naval gunfire support, word transmitted to an observer or
spotter five seconds before the estimated time of the impact of a salvo or round. 2. In air interception,
target destruction verified by visual or radar means. (See also shot and fire mission.) See FMs 6-series
and 7-90.
split-based operation The dividing of logistics, staff, and management and command functions so that
only those functions absolutely necessary are deployed, allowing some logistics, staff, and management
and command functions to be accomplished from CONUS or another theater. See FMs 100-7 and
100-10.
spoiling attack (JP 1-02) A tactical maneuver employed to seriously impair a hostile attack while the
enemy is in the process of forming or assembling for an attack. Usually employed by armored units in
defense by an attack on enemy assembly positions in front of a main line of resistance or battle position.
(Army) A type of attack executed from a defensive posture to seriously impair a hostile attack by
striking the enemy when he is preparing for his own attack and is vulnerable in assembly areas and attack
positions. (See also attack.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40,
and 101-5.
spore An asexual, usually single-celled, reproductive body of plants such as fungi, mosses, and ferns; a
microorganism, as a bacterium, in a resting or dormant state. See FM 3-9.
spot jamming (JP 1-02, NATO) The jamming of a specific channel or frequency. (See also jamming.)
See FM 34-2.
spot report (SPOTREP) (JP 1-02) A concise narrative report of essential information covering events
or conditions that may have an immediate and significant effect on current planning and operations that
is afforded the most expeditious means of transmission consistent with requisite security. (Note: In
reconnaissance and surveillance usage, spot report is not to be used.) (Army) The format is usually
established by unit standard operating procedures.
stability and support operations (Army) The use of military capabilities for any purpose other than war.
(See also counterdrug, counterinsurgency, domestic emergencies, humanitarian assistance (HA), military
operations other than war (MOOTW), and peace operations.) See JP 3-07 and FM 100-20.
1-143
staff estimates (JP 1-02) Assessments of courses of action by the various staff elements of a command
that serve as the foundation of the commander's estimate. (Army) The staff officer's evaluation of how
factors in his particular field of interest will influence the courses of action under consideration by the
commander. (See also commander's estimate of the situation.) See FM 101-5.
staging area (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Amphibious or airborne A general locality between the mounting
area and the objective of an amphibious or airborne expedition, through which the expedition or parts
thereof pass after mounting, for refueling, regrouping of ships, and/or exercise, inspection, and
redistribution of troops. 2. Other movements A general locality established for the concentration of
troop units and transient personnel between movements over the lines of communications. See FMs
55-10 and 55-30.
staging base (JP 1-02) 1. An advanced naval base for the anchoring, fueling, and refitting of transports
and cargo ships, and for replenishing mobile service squadrons. 2. A landing and takeoff area with
minimum servicing, supply, and shelter provided for the temporary occupancy of military aircraft during
the course of movement from one location to another.
staging field A predetermined area where aircraft assemble prior to conducting an air assault operation.
staging plan An air assault operation plan that is based on the loading plan and prescribes the arrival time
of the ground units (troops, equipment, and supplies) at the pickup zone in the proper order for
movement. See FM 90-4.
standard pattern (JP 1-02, NATO) In landmine warfare, the agreed pattern to which mines are normally
laid. See FMs 5-34, 5-102, and 20-32.
standard use Army aircraft flight route (SAAFR) (JP 1-02) Routes established below the coordinating
altitude to facilitate the movement of Army aviation assets. Routes are normally located in the corps
through brigade rear areas of operation and do not require approval by the airspace control authority.
(See airspace control measures.) See FM 100-103. 3-5
standing operating procedure (SOP) (JP 1-02, NATO) A set of instructions covering those features of
operations which lend themselves to a definite or standardized procedure without loss of effectiveness.
The procedure is applicable unless ordered otherwise. See FM 101-5.
start point (SP) (NATO, Army) A well-defined point on a route at which a movement of vehicles begins
to be under the control of the commander of this movement. It is at this point that the column is formed
by the successive passing, at an appointed time, of each of the elements composing the column. In
addition to the principal start point of a column there may be secondary start points for its different
elements. (See also release point (RP).) See FM 55-30. 3-26
state of readiness (JP 1-02) state 1 (safe) The state of a demolition target upon or within which the
demolition charge has been placed and secured. The firing or initiating circuits have been installed, but
not connected to the demolition charge. Detonators or initiators have not been connected nor installed.
(JP 1-02, NATO) state 2 (armed) The state of a demolition target in which the demolition charges
are in place, the firing and priming circuits are installed and complete, ready for immediate firing. See
FM 5-102.
status-of-forces agreement (SOFA) (JP 1-02) An agreement which defines the legal position of a visiting
military force deployed in the territory of a friendly state. Agreements delineating the status of visiting
military forces may be bilateral or multilateral. Provisions pertaining to the status of visiting forces may
1-144
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
be set forth in a separate agreement, or they may form a part of a more comprehensive agreement. These
provisions describe how the authorities of a visiting force may control members of that force and the
amenability of the force or its members to the local law or to the authority of local officials. To the extent
that agreements delineate matters affecting the relations between a military force and civilian authorities
and population, they may be considered as civil affairs agreements. (See also stability and support
operations (SASO).) See FM 100-20.
stay behind force (JP 1-02, NATO) A force which is left in position to conduct a specified mission when
the remainder of the force withdraws or retires from the area. See FMs 17-95 and 71-100.
stick (air transport) (JP 1-02) A number of paratroopers who jump from one aperture or door of an
aircraft during one run over a drop zone. See FM 90-26.
stowage plan (JP 1-02) A completed stowage diagram showing what materiel has been loaded and its
stowage location in each hold, between-deck compartment, or other space in a ship, including deck space.
Each port of discharge is indicated by colors or other appropriate means. Deck and between-deck cargo
normally is shown in perspective, while cargo stowed in the lower hold is shown in profile, except that
vehicles usually are shown in perspective regardless of stowage.
straggler(JP 1-02, NATO) Any personnel, vehicles, ships, or aircraft which, without apparent purpose
or assigned mission, become separated from their unit, column or formation.
straggler control Operations conducted to regulate friendly forces who have become separated from their
commands by events on the battlefield.
strategic air transport operations (JP 1-02, NATO) The carriage of passengers and cargo between
theaters by means of: a. scheduled service; b. special flight; c. air logistic support; d. aeromedical
evacuation. See FMs 8-10-6, 100-5, and 100-15.
strategic intelligence (JP 1-02) Intelligence that is required for the formulation of military strategy, policy,
and plans and operations at national and theater levels. (See also intelligence.) See FM 100-5.
strategic level of war (JP 1-02) The level of war at which a nation, often as a member of a group of
nations, determines national or multinational (alliance or coalition) strategic security objectives and
guidance, and develops and uses national resources to accomplish these objectives. Activities at this level
establish national and multinational military objectives; sequence initiatives; define limits and assess risks
for the use of military and other instruments of national power; develop global plans or theater war plans
to achieve these objectives; and provide military forces and other capabilities in accordance with strategic
plans. (See also operational level of war and tactical level of war.) See FM 100-5.
strategic mobility (JP 1-02) The capability to deploy and sustain military forces worldwide in support
of national strategy.
strategic operating systems The functions and subfunctions that describe the activities performed within
a theater by unified, joint, or combined forces. The eight operating systems are theater force requirements
and readiness, alliance and regional relations, theater strategic intelligence, theater strategic direction and
integration, intra-theater strategic deployment and maneuver, theater strategic fires, theater strategic
protection, and theater strategic sustainment.
1-145
strategic psychological activities (JP 1-02, NATO) Planned psychological activities in peace and war
which normally pursue objectives to gain the support and cooperation of friendly and neutral countries
and to reduce the will and the capacity of hostile or potentially hostile countries to wage war.
strategy (JP 1-02) The art and science of developing and using political, economic, psychological, and
military forces as necessary during peace and war, to afford the maximum support to policies, in order
to increase the probabilities and favorable consequences of victory and to lessen the chances of defeat.
striking force A committed force organized to conduct the decisive attack in a mobile defense. It normally
comprises the maximum combat power available to the commander at the time of the attack.
STRIKWARN A message transmitted to give advance warning of a friendly nuclear attack to ensure
friendly forces can protect themselves from the effects of the attack.
strong point (SP) (JP 1-02, NATO) A key point in a defensive position, usually strongly fortified and
heavily armed with automatic weapons, around which other positions are grouped for its protection.
(Army) A position requiring extensive engineer effort for obstacles and survivability positions and
positioned to control or block an avenue of approach. Normally, command and control, aid stations, and
critical supply stockpiles will be dug in with overhead protection. Trenches and other protective
construction will be done to protect soldiers and weapons from damage during assault by mounted and
dismounted forces. (See also battle position (BP) and mobile defense.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5. 3-9 3-33
subsequent operations phase The phase of an airborne, air assault, or amphibious operation conducted
after the assault phase. Operations in the objective area may consist of offense, defense, linkup, or
withdrawal. (See also air movement, assault phase, and mounting phase.)
subsequent position A planned and, to some extent, prepared location for defense or delay that is behind
(away from the enemy) the primary positions initially occupied for a defense. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
subversion (JP 1-02) Action designed to undermine the military, economic, psychological, or political
strength or morale of a regime. (See also unconventional warfare (UW).) See FM 100-20.
successive positions Defensive fighting positions located one after another on the battlefield. A force can
conduct a delaying action or defense from successive positions. (See also defend and delaying operation.)
See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
supervised route (JP 1-02, NATO) In road traffic, a roadway over which limited control is exercised by
means of traffic control posts, traffic patrols, or both. Movement authorization is required for its use by
a column of vehicles or a vehicle of exceptional size or weight. See FMs 55-10 and 55-30.
supplementary position That location which provides the best sectors of fire and defensive terrain along
an avenue of approach other than the primary avenue the enemy is expected to attack along, for example,
a flank avenue of approach. (See also alternate position, battle position, position (BP), and successive
positions.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
supply control (JP 1-02) The process by which an item of supply is controlled within the supply system,
including requisitioning, receipt, storage, stock control, shipment, disposition, identification, and
accounting.
1-146
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
supply discipline Command responsibility to identify and redistribute excess materiels, observe senior
commander's priorities, and ensure subordinates operate within the legal boundaries of the logistics
system.
supply point (JP 1-02, NATO) Any point where supplies are issued in detail. (Army) A location where
supplies, services, and materiels are located and issued. These locations are temporary and mobile,
normally being occupied for up to 72 hours. 3-39
supply point distribution A method of distributing supplies to the receiving unit at a supply point,
railhead, or truckhead. The unit then moves the supplies to its own area using its own transportation.
supply site A location where supplies, services, and materiels are located or stored in a permanent or
semipermanent facility.
support (JP 1-02) 1. The action of a force which aids, protects, complements, or sustains another force
in accordance with a directive requiring such action. 2. A unit which helps another unit in battle.
Aviation, artillery, or naval gunfire may be used as a support for infantry. 3. A part of any unit held back
at the beginning of an attack as a reserve. 4. An element of a command which assists, protects, or
supplies other forces in combat. (See also common servicing, direct support (DS), and general support
(GS).)
support area A designated area in which combat service support elements and some staff elements locate
to support a unit. (See also brigade support area (BSA) and division support area (DSA).) 3-39
support by fire A tactical task in which a maneuver element moves to a position on the battlefield where
it can engage the enemy by direct fire to support a maneuvering force by either support by fire by
overwatching or by establishing a base of fire. The maneuver element does not attempt to maneuver to
capture enemy forces or terrain. (See also attack by fire and overwatch.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5. 3-18 C-11
support force Those forces charged with providing intense direct overwatching fires to the assault and
breaching forces or a force that supports a river crossing and other combat operations. (See also breach
force.)
supporting arms (JP 1-02) Air, sea, and land weapons of all types employed to support ground units.
supporting attack (JP 1-02, NATO) An offensive operation carried out in conjunction with a main attack
and designed to achieve one or more of the following: deceive the enemy; destroy or pin down enemy
forces which could interfere with the main attack; control ground whose occupation by the enemy will
hinder the main attack; or force the enemy to commit reserves prematurely or in an indecisive area. (See
also main attack.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
3-15, 3-16
supporting distance Distance between two units that can be traveled in time for one to come to the aid
of the other. For small units, it is the distance between two units that can be covered effectively by their
fires.
supporting effort The unit, battle position, sector, zone, axis, avenue of a pproach, area of operations,
theater of operations, and so forth, whose purpose supports the success of the main effort. The supporting
effort, either directly or indirectly, creates a necessary condition for the main effort to succeed. The
higher commander will use other operations, such as economy of force, deep operations, interdiction,
1-147
deception operations (feints and demonstrations), counterattacks, and supporting attacks as part of the
supporting effort. (See also economy of force, main attack, main effort, and supporting attack. See FMs
1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
supporting forces (JP 1-02) Forces stationed in, or to be deployed to, an area of operations to provide
support for the execution of an operation order. Combatant command (command authority) of supporting
forces is not passed to the supported commander.
suppression (JP 1-02) Temporary or transient degradation by an opposing force of the performance of
a weapons system below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives. (Army) A tactical task to
employ direct or indirect fires, electronic attack, or smoke on enemy personnel, weapons, or equipment
to prevent or degrade enemy fires and observation of the friendly forces. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) (JP 1-02) That activity which neutralizes, destroys, or
temporarily degrades surface-based enemy air defenses by destructive and/or disruptive means. (Army)
The Army has primary responsibility for suppressing ground-based enemy air defense weapons to the
limits of observed fire. The United States Air Force (USAF) has responsibility from beyond the limits
of observed fire out to the range limits of Army weapons systems; the Army, secondary responsibility.
Even if the USAF can target or observe, the Army may still have to attack the target. Beyond the range
limits of Army weapons, the USAF is responsible. (See also suppression.) See FM 6-series. (Army)
campaign SEAD SEAD operations that are preplanned, theaterwide efforts conducted concurrently
over an extended period against air defense systems normally located well behind enemy lines.
complementary SEAD SEAD operations that involve continuously seeking enemy air defense system
targets to destroy them. localized SEAD SEAD operations that support tactical air operations, Army
aviation operations, reconnaissance, and the establishment of corridors for Air Force and Army assets.
surprise One of the nine principles of war. The enemy is attacked at a time or place, or in a manner for
which he is unprepared and which he did not expect. See FM 100-5.
surveillance (JP 1-02, NATO) The systematic observation of aerospace, surface or subsurface areas,
places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. (Army) This
includes the use of special NBC and air defense equipment. (See also sensor.)
survey 1. The act of determining a precise location with various instruments. 2. The directed effort to
determine the location and the nature of contamination within an area. See FMs 3-3 and 3-19. 3. The
element of an artillery unit which determines an exact location and marks it as a point of reference for
laying in the artillery unit. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
survivability 1. Includes all aspects of protecting personnel, weapons, and supplies while simultaneously
deceiving the enemy. 2. Encompasses planning and locating position sites, designing adequate overhead
cover, analyzing terrain conditions and construction materials, selecting excavation methods, and
countering the effects of direct and indirect fire weapons. See FM 5-103. 3-33
survivability operations The development and construction of protective positions such as earth berms,
dug-in positions, overhead protection, and countersurveillance means to reduce the effectiveness of enemy
weapon systems. See FM 5-103.
survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) Training and actions taken by military members to
assist them in surviving in hostile environments, resisting enemy activities, escaping enemy forces, and
evading enemy forces until the individual or unit can be reunited with friendly forces. See FM 1-111.
1-148
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
suspect (JP 1-02) In counterdrug operations, a track of interest where correlating information actually ties
the track of interest to alleged illegal drug operations. See FM 100-20.
sustained rate of fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Actual rate of fire that a weapon can continue to deliver for an
indefinite length of time without seriously overheating. (Army) Or without doing other mechanical
damage to the weapon or weapon system. (See also maximum rate of fire.) See FMs 6-series, 7-90,
7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
sustainment (JP 1-02) The provision of personnel, logistic, and other support required to maintain and
prolong operations or combat until successful accomplishment or revision of the mission or of the
national objective.
sweep jamming (JP 1-02, NATO) A narrow band of jamming that is swept back and forth over a
relatively wide operating band of frequencies.
synchronization (JP 1-02) 1. The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce
maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time. 2. In the intelligence context, application
of intelligence sources and methods in concert with the operational plan. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20,
7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
synchronization matrix A format for the staff to record the results of wargaming and synchronize the
course of action (COA) across time, space, and purpose in relation to the enemy's most likely COA. The
staff can readily translate a synchronization matrix into a graphic decision-making product such as a
decision support matrix. Each battlefield operating system can develop its own synchronization matrix
for more detail on specific tasks. See FM 101-5.
T
tactical air control party (TACP) (JP 1-02, NATO) A subordinate operational component of a tactical
air control system designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft.
tactical air liaison officer (TALO) (Army) An Air Force officer who works at the division or higher rear
command post G4 section and facilitates the coordination of cargo aircraft. He maintains information
on runway availability, cargo handling capability, and the location of brigade medical treatment facilities
and landing areas. See FMs 71-100-1/2/3 and 100-15.
tactical air operation (JP 1-02) An air operation involving the employment of air power in coordination
with ground or naval forces to: a. gain and maintain air superiority; b. prevent movement of enemy
forces into and within the objective area and to seek out and destroy these forces and their supporting
installations; and c. join with ground or naval forces in operations within the objective area, in order to
assist directly in attainment of their immediate objective. (See also air interdiction (AI), allocation,
apportionment, close air support (CAS), and counterair.)
tactical air reconnaissance See air reconnaissance.
tactical ballistic missile (TBM) predicted ground impact point (PGIP) An elliptical area that indicates
where a TBM most likely will strike the ground. This area varies in size based on the known or suspected
accuracy of the TBM if it functions normally. (See also theater missile defense (TMD).) See FM 44-100.
1-149
tactical combat force (TCF) (JP 1-02) A combat unit, with appropriate combat support and combat
service support assets, that is assigned the mission of defeating Level III threats. (See also rear area
response forces.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 101-5.
tactical command post (TAC CP) The forward echelon of a headquarters. The TAC CP consists of
representatives from G/S2, G/S3, fire support, tactical air control party, air defense artillery engineers,
and combat service support liaison (G/S1, G/S4) elements. It is located well forward on the battlefield
so that the commander is near subordinate commanders and can directly influence operations. At division
level, the TAC CP is normally located within FM radio range of the committed brigades. (See also
command post (CP).) See FM 101-5. A-3
tactical control (TACON) (JP 1-02) Command authority over assigned or attached forces or commands,
or military capability or forces made available for tasking, that is limited to the detailed and, usually, local
direction and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned.
Tactical control is inherent in operational control. Tactical control may be delegated to, and exercised
at any level at or below the level of combatant command. (Army) Tactical control allows commanders
below combatant command level to apply force and direct the tactical use of logistics assets but does not
provide authority to change organizational structure or direct administrative and logistical support. See
FMs 1-111, 31-20, 71-100, 100-15, and 101-5.
tactical intelligence (JP 1-02) Intelligence that is required for planning and conducting tactical operations.
(See also intelligence and combat intelligence.) See FM 34-1, 34-2, 34-3, and 34-130.
tactical level of war (JP 1-02) The level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and
executed to accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. Activities at this level
focus on the ordered arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in relation to each other and to the
enemy to achieve combat objectives.
tactical minefield (JP 1-02, NATO) A minefield which is part of a formation obstacle plan and is laid to
delay, channel, or break up an enemy advance (Army) Minefield employed to directly attack enemy
maneuver and to give the defending element a positional advantage over the attacker. See FM 20-32.
3-30, 3-31
tactical movement A movement or maneuver to contact with the enemy or during which contact is
anticipated. In a tactical movement, elements are organized to facilitate combat. (See also administrative
movement.) See FM 100-15.
tactical obstacles (JP 1-02) Those obstacles employed to disrupt enemy formations, to turn them into a
desired area, to fix them in position under direct and indirect fires, and to block enemy penetrations. (See
also obstacle.)
tactical operations center (TOC) (JP 1-02) A physical groupment of those elements of an Army general
and special staff concerned with the current tactical operations and the tactical support thereof. (See also
command post (CP).) A-2
tactical road march A rapid movement used to relocate units within a combat zone in order to prepare
for combat operations. Although contact with enemy ground forces is not anticipated, security against
air attack, enemy special forces, and sympathizers is maintained and the unit is prepared to take
immediate action against an enemy threat. (See also march column, march serial, and march unit.) See
FMs 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 55-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
1-150
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
tactical task The specific activity to be performed by the unit while conducting a form of tactical
operation or a choice of maneuver. It is the minimum essential effects to accomplish the purpose. (See
also mission statement and operation order (OPORD).) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95,
71-100, 71-123, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
tactics (JP 1-02) 1. The employment of units in combat. 2. The ordered arrangement and maneuver of
units in relation to each other and/or to the enemy in order to use their full potentialities. (Army)
tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) 1. Tactics the art and science of employing available
means to win battles and engagements. 2. Techniques the methods used by troops and/or
commanders to perform assigned missions and functions, specifically, the method of employing
equipment and personnel. 3. Procedures the standard and detailed courses of action that describe
how to perform a task. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and
101-5.
tailor To task-organize forces for the accomplishment of a specific mission.
tanker airlift control element (TALCE) (JP 1-02) A mobile command and control organization deployed
to support strategic and theater air mobility operations at fixed, en route, and deployed locations where
air mobility operational support is nonexistent or insufficient. The Tanker Airlift Control Element
provides on-site management of air mobility airfield operations to include command and control,
communications, aerial port services, maintenance, security, transportation, weather, intelligence, and
other support functions, as necessary. The Tanker Airlift Control Element is composed of mission
support elements from various units and deploys in support of peacetime, contingency, and emergency
relief operations on both planned and "no notice" basis. See FMs 55-12, 71-100, 71-100-2, 71-100-3,
90-26, and 100-15.
target (JP 1-02) 1. A geographical area, complex, or installation planned for capture or destruction by
military forces. 2. In intelligence usage, a country, area, installation, agency, or person against which
intelligence operations are directed. 3. An area designated and numbered for future firing. 3-22
3-24 4. In gunfire support usage, an impact burst which hits the target. (NATO) In radar, any
discrete object which reflects or retransmits energy back to the radar equipment, or the object of a radar
search or surveillance. See FM 44-100. (Army) An object, vehicle, individual, and so forth, which
is the aiming point of any weapon or weapon system. See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
target acquisition (JP 1-02, NATO) The detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient
detail to permit the effective employment of weapons. (See also target analysis.) See FMs 6-series, 7-90,
7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
target analysis (JP 1-02, NATO) An examination of potential targets to determine military importance,
priority of attack, and weapons required to obtain a desired level of damage or casualties. (See also target
acquisition.)
target array (JP 1-02) A graphic representation of enemy forces, personnel, and facilities in a specific
situation, accompanied by a target analysis.
target box Areas designated on identifiable terrain in which enemy targets are expected to appear and
against which air support will be employed. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
target concentration (JP 1-02, NATO) A grouping of geographically proximate targets. (See also target
and group of targets.)
1-151
targeted area of interest (TAI) The geographical area or point along a mobility corridor where successful
interdiction will cause the enemy to either abandon a particular course of action or require him to use
specialized engineer support to continue, where he can be acquired and engaged by friendly forces. Not
all TAIs will form part of the friendly course of action; only TAIs associated with high-payoff targets are
of interest to the staff. These are identified during staff planning and wargaming. TAIs differ from
engagement areas in degree. Engagement areas plan for the use of all available weapons; TAIs might be
engaged by a single weapon. See FM 34-130. 3-20
targeting (JP 1-02) 1. The process of selecting targets and matching the appropriate response to them,
taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. 2. The analysis of enemy situations relative
to the commander's mission, objectives, and capabilities at the commander's disposal, to identify and
nominate specific vulnerabilities that, if exploited, will accomplish the commander's purpose through
delaying, disrupting, disabling, or destroying enemy forces or resources critical to the enemy. See FM
6-20-10.
target list (JP 1-02) The listing of targets maintained and promulgated by the senior echelon of command;
it contains those targets that are to be engaged by supporting arms, as distinguished from a "list of
targets" that may be maintained by any echelon as confirmed, suspected, or possible targets for
informational and planning purposes. See FM 6-series and 7-90.
target of opportunity (JP 1-02) 1. A target visible to a surface or air sensor or observer which is within
range of available weapons and against which fire has not been scheduled or requested. 2. nuclear
A nuclear target observed or detected after an operation begins that has not been previously considered,
analyzed, or planned for a nuclear strike. Generally fleeting in nature, it should be attacked as soon as
possible within the time limitations imposed for coordination and warning of friendly troops and aircraft.
See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
target-oriented method A method of nuclear analysis used when detailed target information is available.
It gives the best estimate of the effects that the weapon will probably have on the target. See JPs 3-12.2
and 3-12.3.
target overlay (JP 1-02, NATO) A transparent sheet which, when superimposed on a particular chart,
map, drawing, tracing or other representation, depicts target locations and designations. The target
overlay may also show boundaries between maneuver elements, objectives, and friendly forward
dispositions. See FMs 6-series and 101-5.
target reference point (TRP) An easily recognizable point on the ground (either natural or man-made)
used to initiate, distribute, and control fires. TRPs are designated by maneuver leaders from platoon
through battalion to define battalion, company, platoon, section, squad, or individual sectors of fire and
observation usually within an engagement area. TRPs can also designate the center of an area where the
commander plans to distribute or converge the fires of all his weapons rapidly. TRPs are designated
using the standard target symbol and numbers issued by maneuver commanders. Once approved by the
battalion fire support officer, TRPs can be designated as indirect fire targets using the standard target
symbol with letters and numbers issued by the fire support officer. (See also engagement area (EA),
principal direction of fire (PDF), and sector of fire.) See FMs 6-series, 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 7-20, 7-90, 7-91,
17-12, 17-15, 17-9 and 23-1. 3-9
target signature (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The characteristic pattern of a target displayed by detection and
identification equipment. 2. In naval mine warfare, the variation in the influence field produced by the
passage of a ship or sweep.
1-152
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
task force (TF) (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A temporary grouping of units, under one commander, formed for
the purpose of carrying out a specific operation or mission. 2. Semipermanent organization of units,
under one commander, formed for the purpose of carrying out a continuing specific task. 3. (Army)
A battalion-sized unit of the combat arms consisting of a battalion control headquarters, with at least one
of its major organic subordinate elements (a company), and the attachment of at least one company-sized
element of another combat or combat support arm. (See also task organization.) A component of a fleet
organized by the commander of a task fleet or higher authority for the accomplishment of a specific
task or tasks. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
task organization (JP 1-02) 1. In the Navy, an organization which assigns to responsible commanders
the means with which to accomplish their assigned tasks in any planned action. 2. An organization table
pertaining to a specific naval directive. (Army) A temporary grouping of forces designed to
accomplish a particular mission. It is the process of allocating available assets to subordinate
commanders and (establishing) determining their command and support relationships. See FMs
1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
technical control (TECHCON) The authority a controlling element has to control all technical aspects
of other unit operations.
technical intelligence (TECHINT) (JP 1-02) Intelligence derived from exploitation of foreign materiel,
produced for strategic, operational, and tactical level commanders. Technical intelligence begins when
an individual service member finds something new on the battlefield and takes the proper steps to report
it. The item is then exploited at succeedingly higher levels until a countermeasure is produced to
neutralize the adversary's technological advantage. (See also intelligence, and scientific and technical
intelligence.)
tempo The rate of military action; controlling or altering that rate is a necessary means to initiative. All
military operations alternate between action and pauses as opposing forces battle one another and fight
friction to mount and execute operations at the time and place of their choosing. See FM 100-5.
terrain analysis (JP 1-02, NATO) The collection, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of geographic
information on the natural and manmade features of the terrain, combined with other relevant factors, to
predict the effect of the terrain on military operations. See FMs 34-3 and 34-130.
terrain flight (JP 1-02, NATO) Flight close to the Earth's surface during which airspeed, height, and/or
altitude are adapted to the contours and cover of the ground in order to avoid enemy detection and fire.
See FM 1-111.
terrain following Terrain flying that includes low-level, contour, and nap-of-the-earth flight techniques.
See FMs 1-111 and 100-103.
terrain management 1. The process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of operation, designating
assembly areas, and specifying locations for units and activities to deconflict activities that might interfere
with each other, for example, ensuring artillery firing units are not placed within air corridors. 2. In rear
operations, the process includes grouping units together to form bases, and designating a base cluster as
necessary. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-3, 7-30, 71-100, and 100-15.
terrain reinforcement The development of terrain using obstacles to degrade enemy mobility or to
enhance friendly survivability through the construction of fighting positions and cover. (See also
countermobility operations and survivability operations.)
1-153
terrorism (JP 1-02) The calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to
coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political,
religious, or ideological. (See also antiterrorism (AT) and counterterrorism (CT).) See FM 100-20.
terrorist (JP 1-02) An individual who uses violence, terror, and intimidation to achieve a result. See FM
100-20.
terrorist threat condition (THREATCON) (JP 1-02) A Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff-approved
program standardizing the Military Services' identification of and recommended responses to terrorist
threats against US personnel and facilities. This program facilitates inter-Service coordination and
support for antiterrorism activities. There are four THREATCONs above normal: a. THREATCON
ALPHA This condition applies when there is a general threat of possible terrorist activity against
personnel and facilities, the nature and extent of which are unpredictable, and circumstances do not
justify full implementation of THREATCON BRAVO measures. However, it may be necessary to
implement certain measures from higher THREATCONs resulting from intelligence received or as a
deterrent. The measures in this THREATCON must be capable of being maintained indefinitely. b.
THREATCON BRAVO This condition applies when an increased and more predictable threat of
terrorist activity exists. The measures in this THREATCON must be capable of being maintained for
weeks without causing undue hardship, affecting operational capability, and aggravating relations with
local authorities. c. THREATCON CHARLIE This condition applies when an incident occurs or
intelligence is received indicating some form of terrorist action against personnel and facilities is
imminent. Implementation of measures in this THREATCON for more than a short period probably will
create hardship and affect the peacetime activities of the unit and its personnel. d. THREATCON
DELTA This condition applies in the immediate area where a terrorist attack has occurred or when
intelligence has been received that terrorist action against a specific location or person is likely.
Normally, this THREATCON is declared as a localized condition. (See also antiterrorism (AT).) See
FM 100-20.
theater(JP 1-02) The geographical area outside the continental United States for which a commander of
a combatant command has been assigned responsibility. See FMs 100-5 and 100-7.
theater airlift (intratheater airlift) (Army) The movement of personnel and materiel by aircraft within
a theater of operations that provides air movement and delivery of combat troops and supplies directly
into objective areas through airlanding, extraction, airdrop, or other delivery techniques; the use of air
transport in direct support of airborne assault, carriage of air transported forces, tactical air supply,
evacuation of casualties from forward airfields, and special operations. See FMs 8-10-6, 100-5, and
100-17.
theater missile (TM) (JP 1-02) A missile, which may be a ballistic missile, a cruise missile, or an air-to-
surface missile (not including short-range, non-nuclear, direct-fire missiles, bombs, or rockets such as
Maverick or wire-guided missiles), whose target is within a given theater of operation. See FM 44-100
and JP 3-01.5.
theater missile defense (TMD) Applies to the identification, integration, and employment of forces
supported by other theater and national capabilities, to detect, identify, locate, track, minimize the effects
of, or destroy enemy theater missiles (TMs). This includes the destruction of TMs on the ground and in
flight, their ground-based launchers and supporting infrastructure; TM-capable ships and vessels in port
or at sea; and enemy aircraft armed with air-to surface missiles. TMD comprises four pillars necessary
for a complete TM defense: passive defense, active defense, attack operations, and C4I measures. See
FM 44-100 and JP 3-01.5. 4-11
1-154
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
theater missile defense system Applies to a system or systems with applicable capabilities that may be
used to support passive defense measures, active defense measures, attack operations capabilities, and
the command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence and countermeasures required to
counter the missile threat. See FM 44-100.
thermal crossover (JP 1-02) The natural phenomenon which normally occurs twice daily when
temperature conditions are such that there is a loss of contrast between two adjacent objects on infrared
imagery. See FMs 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
thermal radiation (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. The heat and light produced by nuclear explosion. (DOD)
2. Electromagnetic radiations emitted from a heat or light source as a consequence of its temperature;
it consists essentially of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiations. See JPs 3-12.2 and 3-12.3.
thorough decontamination (JP 1-02, NATO) Decontamination carried out by a unit, with or without
external support, to reduce contamination on personnel, equipment, materiel and/or working areas to the
lowest possible levels, to permit the partial or total removal of individual protective equipment, and to
maintain operations with minimum degradation. This may include terrain decontamination beyond the
scope of operational decontamination. (See also decontamination, immediate decontamination, and
operational decontamination.) See FM 3-5.
throughput (JP 1-02) The average quantity of cargo and passengers that can pass through a port on a
daily basis from arrival at the port to loading onto a ship or plane, or from the discharge from a ship or
plane to the exit (clearance) from the port complex. Throughput is usually expressed in measurement
tons, short tons, or passengers. Reception and storage limitation may affect final throughput. See FM
100-10.
throughput distribution The bypassing of one or more intermediate supply echelons in the supply system
to avoid multiple handling. See FM 100-10.
time of attack (JP 1-02) The hour at which the attack is to be launched. If a line of departure is
prescribed, it is the hour at which the line is to be crossed by the leading elements of the attack. (See also
H-hour.) See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, 100-40, and 101-5.
time of flight (JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, the time in seconds from the instant
a weapon is fired, launched, or released from the delivery vehicle or weapons system to the instant it
strikes or detonates. See FMs 6-series and 7-90.
time-phased force and deployment data (TPFDD) (JP 1-02) The Joint Operation Planning and
Execution System data base portion of an operation plan; it contains time-phased force data, nonunit-
related cargo and personnel data, and movement data for the operation plan, including: a. In-place units.
b. Units to be deployed to support the operation plan with a priority indicating the desired sequence for
their arrival at the port of debarkation. c. Routing of forces to be deployed. d. Movement data
associated with deploying forces. e. Estimates of nonunit-related cargo and personnel movements to be
conducted concurrently with the deployment of forces. f. Estimate of transportation requirements that
must be fulfilled by common-user lift resources, as well as those requirements that can be fulfilled by
assigned or attached transportation resources. See JP 5-0.
time-phased force and deployment list (TPFDL) (JP 1-02) Appendix 1 to Annex A of the operation
plan. It identifies types and/or actual units required to support the operation plan and indicates origin and
ports of debarkation or ocean area. It may also be generated as a computer listing from the time-phased
force and deployment data.
1-155
time on target (TOT) (JP 1-02) 1. Time at which aircraft are scheduled to attack/photograph the target.
2. The actual time at which aircraft attack/photograph the target. 3. The time at which a nuclear
detonation is planned at a specified desired ground zero. See FM 6-series.
time zone A geographical area having the exact same time (clockwise). These areas are designated from
east to west from ZULU time or Greenwich Mean Time and expressed by a letter of the alphabet.
tolerance dose (JP 1-02) The amount of radiation which may be received by an individual within a
specified period with negligible results.
topographical crest Highest point of a hill, ridge, or mountain. (See also military crest.) See FM 21-26.
topographic map (JP 1-02) A map which presents the vertical position of features in measurable form
as well as their horizontal positions. See FM 21-26.
total asset visibility (TAV) The ability to identify the location of equipment, supplies, or personnel during
in-processing and while in transit or in storage. See FM 55-12.
total mobilization. See mobilization.
toxin agent (JP 1-02) A poison formed as a specific secretion product in the metabolism of a vegetable
or animal organism as distinguished from inorganic poisons. Such poisons can also be manufactured by
synthetic processes. See FM 3-9 and 3-100.
track(JP 1-02) 1. A series of related contacts displayed on a plotting board. 2. To display or record the
successive positions of a moving object. 3. To lock onto a point of radiation and obtain guidance
therefrom. 4. To keep a gun properly aimed, or to point continuously a target-locating instrument at a
moving target. 5. The actual path of an aircraft above, or a ship on, the surface of the Earth. The course
is the path that is planned; the track is the path that is actually taken. 6. One of the two endless belts on
which a full-track or half-track vehicle runs. 7. A metal part forming a path for a moving object, e.g.,
the track around the inside of a vehicle for moving a mounted machine gun.
tracking (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Precise and continuous position-finding of targets by radar, optical, or
other means. (DOD) 2. In air intercept, a code meaning, "By my evaluation, target is steering true course
indicated."
trafficability (JP 1-02, NATO) Capability of terrain to bear traffic. It refers to the extent to which the
terrain will permit continued movement of any and/or all types of traffic. See FMs 5-36, 34-3, and
34-130.
traffic control post (TCP) A place at which traffic is controlled either by military police or by mechanical
means. See FMs 17-95, 19-1, 55-10, 55-30, 71-100, 71-123, 100-15, and 100-40. 3-40
trailer transfer point A location where trailers are transferred from one carrier to another while en route.
(See also logistics release point (LRP).) See FM 55-30. 3-40
trail party The last march unit in a march serial, usually consisting of priority maintenance and recovery
vehicles. See also unit maintenance collection point (UMCP). See FM 63-2.
train (Army) 1. A service force or group of service elements which provides logistic support, that is, the
vehicles and operating personnel which furnish supply, evacuation, and maintenance services to a land
1-156
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
unit. 2. Bombs dropped in short intervals or sequence. (See also unit trains, combat trains, and field
trains.) See FMs 17-95 and 71-123.
traveling A movement technique used when speed is necessary and contact with enemy forces is not
likely. All elements of the unit move simultaneously with the unit leader located where he can best control
his unit. (See also movement technique.) See FM 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 17-95, and 17-98.
traveling overwatch A movement technique used when contact with enemy forces is possible. The lead
element and trailing element are separated by a short distance which varies with the terrain. The trailing
element moves at variable speeds and may pause for short periods to overwatch the lead element. It keys
its movement to terrain and the lead element. The trailing element overwatches at such a distance that
should the enemy engage the lead element, it will not prevent the trailing element from firing or moving
to support the lead element. (See also movement technique.) See FM 7-7, 7-8, 7-10, 17-95, and 17-98.
traverse (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. To turn a weapon to the right or left on its mount. 2. A method of
surveying in which lengths and directions of lines between points on the earth are obtained by or from
field measurements, and used in determining positions of the points. (Army) To move across terrain.
See FMs 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
triage (JP 1-02, NATO) The evaluation and classification of casualties for purposes of treatment and
evacuation. It consists of the immediate sorting of patients according to type and seriousness of injury,
and likelihood of survival, and the establishment of priority for treatment and evacuation to assure
medical care of the greatest benefit to the largest number. See FM 8-series.
trigger 1. Event or time-oriented criteria used to initiate planned actions directed toward achieving
surprise and inflicting maximum destruction on the enemy. 2. A designated point or points (selected
along identifiable terrain) in an engagement area used to mass fires at a predetermined range.
troop safety (nuclear) (JP 1-02) An element which defines a distance from the proposed burst location
beyond which personnel meeting the criteria described under degree of risk will be safe to the degree
prescribed. (Army) It is expressed as a combination of a degree of risk and vulnerability category.
(See also emergency risk (nuclear), negligible risk (nuclear), unwarned exposed, and warned protected.)
See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
true azimuth Direction measured as an angle to the east of the north star (Polaris). (See also azimuth.)
See FM 21-26.
true north (JP 1-02, NATO) The direction from an observer's position to the geographic North Pole. The
north direction of any geographic meridian. See FM 21-26.
turn A tactical obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to divert an enemy
formation off one avenue of approach to an adjacent avenue of approach, or into an engagement area.
See FM 90-7. 3-31
turnaround (JP 1-02, NATO) The length of time between arriving at a point and being ready to depart
from that point. It is used in this sense for the loading, unloading, refueling and rearming, where
appropriate, of vehicles, aircraft, and ships. See FMs 1-111 and 55-30.
turning movement (JP 1-02, NATO) A variation of the envelopment in which the attacking force passes
around or over the enemy's principal defensive positions to secure objectives deep in the enemy's rear to
1-157
force the enemy to abandon his position or divert major forces to meet the threat. (See also choices of
maneuver.) See FMs 100-5 and 100-15.
turret-down Fighting position in which the entire vehicle is behind cover, but the commander can still
observe to the front from the turret hatch or cupola. (See also hide and hull down.) See FMs 7-8, 7-91,
17-12, and 23-1.
twilight The period of incomplete darkness following sunset and preceding sunrise. Twilight is
designated as civil, nautical, or astronomical, as the darker limit occurs when the center of the sun is 6,
12, or 18 degrees, respectively, below the celestial horizon. (See also begin morning nautical twilight
(BMNT).) See FM 34-130.
type of operation A broad category of tactical activities, each with specific doctrinal tenets.
Reconnaissance, security, entry operations, offensive operations, defensive operations, retrograde
operations, troop movement, and specialized operations are specific types of operations. (See also form
of tactical operations, choices of maneuver, and tactical task.) See FM 100-40.
U
uncertain environment. See operational environment.
uncommitted force A force that is not in contact with an enemy and is not already assigned a specific
mission or course of action which would preclude its use elsewhere.
unconventional warfare (UW) (JP 1-02) A broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations,
normally of long duration, predominantly conducted by indigenous or surrogate forces who are organized,
trained, equipped, supported, and directed in varying degrees by an external source. It includes guerrilla
warfare and other direct offensive, low visibility, covert, or clandestine operations, as well as the indirect
activities of subversion, sabotage, intelligence activities, and evasion and escape. (Army) A broad
spectrum of military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held, enemy-controlled, or
politically sensitive territory. UW includes guerrilla warfare, evasion and escape, subversion, sabotage,
direct action missions, and other operations of a low-visibility, covert, or clandestine nature. These
interrelated aspects of UW may be prosecuted singly or collectively by predominantly indigenous
personnel, usually supported and directed in varying degrees by an external source during all conditions
of war or peace. (See military operations other than war (MOOTW).) See FM 100-20.
underground A covert unconventional warfare organization established to operate in areas denied to the
guerrilla forces or conduct operations not suitable for guerrilla forces.
unexploded explosive ordnance (UXO) (JP 1-02, NATO) Explosive ordnance which has been primed,
fused, armed, or otherwise prepared for action, and which has been fired, dropped, launched, projected,
or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material,
and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause. 3-33
unified command (JP 1-02) A command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander and
composed of significant assigned components of two or more Military Departments, and which is
established and so designated by the President, through the Secretary of Defense with the advice and
assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Also called unified combatant command. See
FM 100-5 and JP 5-0.
1-158
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
unit(JP 1-02, NATO) 1. Any military element whose structure is prescribed by competent authority, such
as a table of organization and equipment; specifically, part of an organization. 2. An organization title
of a subdivision of a group in a task force. 3. A standard or basic quantity into which an item of supply
is divided, issued, or used. In this meaning, also called unit of issue. 4. With regard to reserve
components of the Armed Forces, denotes a Selected Reserve unit organized, equipped, and trained for
mobilization to serve on active duty as a unit or to augment or be augmented by another unit.
Headquarters and support functions without wartime missions are not considered units. (Army) This
first level of command (company, troop, or battery) upon which all other higher formations and
organizations are built. (See also organization.)
unit distribution A method of distributing supplies by which the receiving unit is issued supplies in its
own area with transportation furnished by the issuing agency.
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) A tailored, temporary force, comprised of joint and/or
multinational forces or agencies under the command of the United Nations Secretary-General, that
monitors or verifies compliance with United Nations Resolutions by various parties or ensures
humanitarian care is provided to noncombatants. These forces are equipped with light defensive weapons
and are authorized to use force only for self-defense. (See also implementation force (IFOR).) See FMs
100-20 and 100-23.
unit maintenance collection point (UMCP) A location or a series of locations, operated by a battalion
maintenance platoon, that is the nearest point to the combat unit to which equipment can be recovered,
and where limited parts are available, and some repairs can be performed. See FM 72-1. 3-40
unit trains Combat service support personnel and equipment organic or attached to a force that provides
support such as supply, evacuation, and maintenance services. Unit trains, whether or not echeloned, are
under unit control and no portion of them is released to the control of a higher headquarters. Trains are
normally echeloned into combat and field trains. (See also combat trains and field trains.) 4-23
unity of command One of the nine principles of war. All forces operate under one responsible
commander who possesses requisite authority to direct forces in pursuit of a common unified purpose.
(See also maneuver, offensive, objective, surprise, economy of force, mass, security, and simplicity.) See
FM 100-5.
unity of effort Coordination and cooperation among all forces, not necessarily part of the same command
structure toward a commonly recognized objective. See FM 100-5.
Universal Time (ZULU) (JP 1-02) A measure of time that conforms, within a close approximation, to
the mean diurnal rotation of the Earth and serves as the basis of civil timekeeping. Universal Time (UTI)
is determined from observations of the stars, radio sources, and also from ranging observations of the
Moon and artificial Earth satellites. The scale determined directly from such observations is designated
Universal Time Observed (UTO); it is slightly dependent on the place of observation. When UTO is
corrected for the shift in longitude of the observing station caused by polar motion, the time scale UT1
is obtained. When an accuracy better than one second is not required, Universal Time can be used to
mean Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Formerly called Greenwich Mean Time. (See also ZULU
time.) See FM 101-5.
universal transverse mercator grid (JP 1-02, NATO) A grid coordinate system based on the transverse
mercator projection, applied to maps of the Earth's surface extending to 84 degrees N and 80 degrees S
latitudes. See FM 21-26.
1-159
unknown (JP 1-02) 1. A code meaning information not available. 2. An unidentified target. (Army)
An aircraft or ship which has not been determined to be hostile, friendly, or neutral using identification
friend or foe (IFF) and other techniques, but which must be tracked by air defense or naval engagement
systems.
unobserved fire (JP 1-02, NATO) Fire for which the points of impact or burst are not observed. See FM
6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
unwarned exposed (JP 1-02, NATO) The vulnerability of friendly forces to nuclear weapon effects. In
this condition, personnel are assumed to be standing in the open at burst time, but have dropped to a
prone position by the time the blast wave arrives. They are expected to have areas of bare skin exposed
to direct thermal radiation, and some personnel may suffer dazzle. (See also warned exposed and warned
protected.) See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
up(JP 1-02, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support: 1. A term used in a call for fire to indicate that
the target is higher in altitude than the point which has been used as a reference point for the target
location. 2. A correction used by an observer or a spotter in time fire to indicate that an increase in height
of burst is desired. (Army) Indirect fire, a term used to move the point of aim higher than the previous
point of aim, usually expressed in mils. See FMs 6-series, 7-90, 7-91, 17-12, and 23-1.
V
vaccine A preparation of killed or attenuated infective or toxic agent used as an inoculation to produce
active artificial immunity. See FM 3-9.
V-agents Persistent, highly toxic nerve agents absorbed primarily through the skin. See FM 3-9.
vector 1. A carrier, especially the animal or intermediate host, that carries a pathogen from one host to
another. See FM 3-9. 2. An angle of direction expressed in degrees or mils to a target or a specified
point.
vee formation A unit formation with subordinate elements arranged in a V formation with the point facing
away from the templated enemy. This formation is hard to reorient and difficult to control in heavily
wooded areas but provides good firepower to the front and flanks. (See also formation, movement
formation, and wedge formation.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8, and 7-20.
vehicle distance (JP 1-02, NATO) The clearance between vehicles in a column which is measured from
the rear of one vehicle to the front of the following vehicle. (See also march column, march serial, and
march unit.) See FMs 55-10, 55-30, and 101-5.
vehicle washdown Technique used for flushing contamination off equipment surfaces to limit the
spreading and transferring of contamination. Along with mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP)
gear exchange, it is part of decontamination operations. See FM 3-5.
versatility The ability of units to meet diverse mission requirements and for commanders to shift focus,
tailor forces, and move from one form or type of operation to another rapidly and efficiently. It is also
the ability to be multifunctional and to operate across the full range of military operations. See FM
100-5.
1-160
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
vertical envelopment (JP 1-02) A tactical maneuver in which troops, either air-dropped or air-landed,
attack the rear and flanks of a force, in effect cutting off or encircling the force. (See also air assault and
choices of maneuver.)
vesicant chemical agent that acts on the eyes, lungs, and skin, capable of producing blisters. See FM 3-9.
visual flight rules (VFR) A meteorological condition that allows pilots to control aircraft orientation and
attitude using visual references (the ground and the natural horizon). When weather conditions are good
enough to allow pilots to safely operate their aircraft without the control requirements of instrument flight
rules (IFR) flight procedures, and weather minimum conditions are above the regulatory requirements for
VFR flight, pilots may operate under VFR procedures. See FM 1-111.
vulnerability analysis A process to determine which friendly elements are within the radius of
vulnerability (RV) for a proposed friendly weapon of mass destruction target and whether they will be
exposed to a radiation risk greater than emergency risk. (See also emergency risk (nuclear), radius of
vulnerability (RV) (nuclear), and troop safety (nuclear) .) See FMs 3-3, 3-100, 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and
3-12.3
W
walking patient (JP 1-02, NATO) A patient not requiring a litter while in transit. (See also casualty and
patient.) See FM 8-series.
war game (JP 1-02, NATO) A simulation, by whatever means, of a military operation involving two or
more opposing forces, using rules, data, and procedures designed to depict an actual or assumed real life
situation.
war gaming A step-by-step process of action, reaction, and counteraction for visualizing the execution
of each friendly course of action (COA) in relation to enemy COAs and reactions. It explores the possible
branches and sequels to the primary plan resulting in a final plan and decision points for critical actions.
(See also battlefield visualization.) See FMs 71-100, 100-5, 100-15, and 101-5.
warned exposed (JP 1-02, NATO) The vulnerability of friendly forces to nuclear weapon effects. In this
condition, personnel are assumed to be prone with all skin covered and with thermal protection at least
that provided by a two-layer summer uniform. (See also unwarned exposed and warned protected.) See
FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
warned protected (JP 1-02, NATO) The vulnerability of friendly forces to nuclear weapon effects. In
this condition, personnel are assumed to have some protection against heat, blast, and radiation such as
that afforded in closed armored vehicles or crouched in fox holes with improvised overhead shielding.
See also unwarned exposed and warned exposed. See FM 100-30, JPs 3-12.2, and 3-12.3.
warning order (WARNO) (JP 1-02, NATO) 1. A preliminary notice of an order or action which is to
follow. 2. A crisis action planning directive issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that
initiates the development and evaluation of courses of action by a supported commander and requests that
a commander's estimate be submitted. 3. A planning directive that describes the situation, allocates
forces and resources, establishes command relationships, provides other initial planning guidance, and
initiates subordinate unit mission planning. See FMs 1-111, 6-20, 7-20, 7-30, 17-95, 71-100, 71-123,
100-15, 100-40, 101-5, and JP 5-0.
1-161
wave (JP 1-02, NATO) A formation of forces, landing ships, craft, amphibious vehicles or aircraft
required to beach or land about the same time. Can be classified as to type, function, or order as
shown: a. Assault wave; b. Boat wave; c. Helicopter wave; d. Numbered wave; e. On-call wave; f.
Scheduled wave.
way point (JP 1-02) In air operations, a point or a series of points in space to which an aircraft may be
vectored. (Army) A designated point or series of points loaded and stored in a global positioning
system or other electronic navigational aid system to facilitate movement. 3-26
weapon control status The degree of fire control imposed upon Army units having assigned, attached,
or organic air defense weapons. (See air defense weapon control status.)
weapon engagement zone (WEZ) (JP 1-02) In air defense, airspace of defined dimensions within which
the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with a particular weapon system.
a. fighter engagement zone (FEZ). In air defense, that airspace of defined dimensions within which
the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with fighter aircraft. b. high-altitude
missile engagement zone (HIMEZ). In air defense, that airspace of defined dimensions within which
the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with high-altitude surface-to-air missiles.
c. low-altitude missile engagement zone (LOMEZ). In air defense, that airspace of defined
dimensions within which the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with low- to
medium-altitude surface-to-air missiles. d. short-range air defense engagement zone (SHORADEZ).
In air defense, that airspace of defined dimensions within which the responsibility for engagement of air
threats normally rests with short-range air defense weapons. It may be established within a low- or high-
altitude missile engagement zone. e. joint engagement zone (JEZ). In air defense, that airspace of
defined dimensions within which multiple air defense systems (surface-to-air missiles and aircraft) are
simultaneously employed to engage air threats. 3-6
weapons free (JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a weapon control order imposing a status whereby
weapons systems may be fired at any target not positively recognized as friendly. (See also weapons hold,
weapons tight, and air defense weapon control status.) See FM 44-100.
weapons free zone (JP 1-02) An air defense zone established for the protection of key assets or facilities,
other than air bases, where weapon systems may be fired at any target not positively recognized as
friendly. (See also weapons free and air defense weapon control status.) See FMs 100-103 and 44-100.
3-7
weapons hold (JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a weapon control order imposing a status whereby
weapons systems may only be fired in self-defense or in response to a formal order. (See also weapons
free, weapons tight, and air defense weapon control status.) See FM 44-100.
weapon signature Any smoke, vapor trail, noise, heat, flash, tracer, or flight characteristic that denotes
a specific weapon system. (See also signature.)
weapons of mass destruction (JP 1-02) In arms control usage, weapons that are capable of a high order
of destruction and/or of being used in such a manner as to destroy large numbers of people. Can be
nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological weapons, but excludes the means of transporting or
propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part of the weapon.
weapons tight (JP 1-02, NATO) In air defense, a weapon control order imposing a status whereby
weapons systems may be fired only at targets recognized as hostile. (See also air defense, weapons free,
and weapons hold.)
1-162
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
weathering The process of decontamination by natural evaporation or decomposition of the chemical

agent. See FM 3-100.
wedgeformation A unit formation with subordinate elements in a V formation with the point toward the
suspected or templated enemy positions. This facilitates control and transition to the assault (line
formation). The wedge provides maximum firepower forward and good firepower to the flanks. (See also
vee formation and formation.) See FMs 7-7, 7-8 and 7-20.
white lists Listings that identify and locate individuals who have been identified as being of intelligence
or counterintelligence interest and who are expected to be able to provide information or assistance in
existing or new intelligence areas of interest. The individuals are usually in accordance with, or favorably
inclined toward, US policies. Contributions are based on a voluntary and cooperative attitude. D-8
white propaganda (JP 1-02) Propaganda disseminated and acknowledged by the sponsor or by an
accredited agency thereof.
withdrawal operation (JP 1-02, NATO) A planned operation in which a force in contact disengages
from an enemy force. (Army) A type of retrograde where a force in contact plans to disengage from
the enemy and move in a direction away from the enemy. (See retrograde.) C-11
world geographic reference system (GEOREF) (JP 1-02) A worldwide position reference system that
may be applied to any map or chart graduated in latitude and longitude regardless of projection. It is a
method of expressing latitude and longitude in a form suitable for rapid reporting and plotting.
wounded in action (WIA) (JP 1-02) A casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the
victim of a terrorist activity, who has incurred an injury due to an external agent or cause. The term
encompasses all kinds of wounds and other injuries incurred in action, whether there is a piercing of the
body, as in a penetration or perforated wound, or none, as in the contused wound. These include
fractures, burns, blast concussions, all effects of biological and chemical warfare agents, and the effects
of an exposure to ionizing radiation or any other destructive weapon or agent. The hostile casualty's
status may be very seriously ill or injured, seriously ill or injured, incapacitating illness or injury, or not
seriously injured.
wrong (JP 1-02) A proword meaning, "Your last transmission was incorrect, the correct version is
"_____."
X
X-hour The unspecified time that commences unit notification for planning and deployment preparation
in support of potential contingency operations that do not involve rapid, no-notice deployment.
X-hour sequence Extended sequence of events initiated by X-hour that allows a unit to focus on planning
for a potential contingency operation, to include preparations for deployment.
Z
zone of action (JP 1-02, NATO) A tactical subdivision of a larger area, the responsibility for which is
assigned to a tactical unit; generally applied to offensive action. (Army) The offensive operational
area assigned to a unit or commander that is defined by a forward boundary, rear boundary, lateral
boundaries, and a coordinating altitude. (See also sector.)
1-163
zone of fire (Army) A maneuver control measure usually utilized during amphibious operations that is an
area within which designated ground fire support units and naval gunfire support ships deliver, or are
prepared to deliver, fire support. Fire may be observed or unobserved. The zone of fire is used to
coordinate the efforts of the fire support ships and units with each other and with the ground scheme of
maneuver. The size and location of a zone of fire is based on the ground force boundaries; the area in
which the supporting ships and units can provide effective fire; visibility; range of the ship's guns; and
the height of intervening terrain. (See also fire support area (FSA), fire support station (FSS), and naval
gunfire support (NGFS).) See FM 6-series.
zone reconnaissance A directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning all routes, obstacles (to
include chemical or radiological contamination), terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by
boundaries. A zone reconnaissance normally is assigned when the enemy situation is vague or when
information concerning cross-country trafficability is desired. (See also reconnaissance (recon) (recce).)
zone of separation (ZOS) That space controlled by a third-party neutral force that enforces the
parameters specified by international agreement, ceasefire agreement, or United Nations mandate.
D-10
ZULU time A measure of time that conforms, within a close approximation, to the mean diurnal rotation
of the Earth and serves as the basis of civil timekeeping. ZULU time is determined from observations
of the stars, radio sources, and also from ranging observations of the Moon and artificial Earth satellites.
The scale determined directly from such observations is designated Universal Time Observed (UTO); it
is slightly dependent on the place of observation. When ZULU time is corrected for the shift in longitude
of the observing station caused by polar motion, the time scale ZULU time is obtained. Formerly called
Greenwich Mean Time (See also Universal Time.) See FM 101-5.
1-164
Chapter 2
Operational Acronyms and Abbreviations
A
A/A air to air
AA avenue of approach; assembly area
AAA antiaircraft artillery
A2C2 Army airspace command and control
AADC area air defense commander
AAP Allied Administrative Publication
AASLT air assault
AAW antiair warfare
abn airborne
ABCCC airborne battlefield command and control center
ABCS Army Battle Command System
ACA airspace coordination area; airspace control authority
ACE air combat element (NATO); analysis and control element;aviation combat elemen t
(USMC)
acft aircraft
ACL allowable combat load; allowable cabin load
ACM airspace control measures
ACO airspace control order
ACP air control point; Allied Communications Publication
acq acquisition
ACR armored cavalry regiment
ACT analysis control team
AD air defense; armored division
ADA air defense artillery
ADC area damage control; assistant division commander
ADC(M) assistant division commander (maneuver)
ADC(S) assistant division commander (support)
ADM atomic demolition munitions
admin administrative
ADOA air defense operations area
ADP automated data process(ing)
AEW airborne early warning
AFSOC Air Force special operations component
A/G air to ground
AG adjutant general
AGL above ground level
AGM air-to-ground missile
AGS Armored Gun System (light tank)
2-1
AI air interdiction
AIM air intercept missile
AJ Azerbaijan
ALCE airlift control element
ALO air liaison officer; artillery liaison officer
alt altitude, alternate
AMB air mission brief; air mobility branch
AMC air mission commander
ammo ammunition
ANGLICO air/naval gunfire liaison company
AO area of operations
AOA amphibious objective area
AOC air operations center
AOI area of interest
AOR area of responsibility
AP antipersonnel
APC armored personnel carrier
APOD aerial port of debarkation
APOE aerial port of embarkation
APP Allied Procedural Publication
AQ Samoa (US)
AR Army regulation; armor
ARFOR Army forces
ARG amphibious ready group
armd armored
ARSOA Army special operations aviation
ARSOF Army special operations forces
ARSOTF Army special operations task force
arty artillery
AS Australia; area security
ASCC Army service component commander
ASL authorized stockage list; allowable supply list
aslt assault
ASLT PSN assault position (graphics)
ASM antiship missile
ASOC air support operations center
ASP ammunition supply point
ASR alternate supply route; ammunition supply rate
ASW antisubmarine warfare
AT antiterrorism; antitank
ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System
ATC air traffic control
ATF amphibious task force
atk attack
2-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
ATK PSN attack position (graphics)

ATM air tasking message (Army)
ATO air tasking order
ATP ammunition transfer point; Allied Tactical Publication
AVIM aviation intermediate maintenance
AVLB armored vehicle-launched bridge
AVLM armored vehicle-launched mine clearing
AVLO aviation liaison officer
avn aviation
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
AXP ambulance exchange point
B
B biological (graphics)
BA Bahrain
BAI battlefield air interdiction
BAS battalion aid station
BC battle command
BCC battlefield circulation control
BCD battlefield coordination detachment
BCOC base cluster operations center
BDA battle damage assessment
BDAR battle damage assessment and repair
bde brigade
BDOC base defense operations center
BDU battle dress uniform
BDZ base defense zone
BE Belgium
BF beginning of radioactive fallout
BFV Bradley fighting vehicle
BH Belize
BICC battlefield information coordination center
biol biological
BK Bosnia-Herzgovina
BL Bolivia
BMCT begin morning civil twilight
BMNT begin morning nautical twilight
bn battalion
BO Belarus
BOS battlefield operating systems
BP battle position
BPAD broadcast public affairs detachment
B/P be-prepared mission
2-3
BPSE brigade PSYOP support element

BR Brazil
BRAA bearing, range, altitude, aspect
BSA brigade support area
btry battery
BU Bulgaria
BZ buffer zone
C
C chemical (graphics)
C2 command and control
C2W command and control warfare
C3 command, control, and communications
C3CM command, control, and communications countermeasures
C3I command, control, communications, and intelligence
C4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence
CA Canada; civil affairs; combat assessment
cal caliber
CALFEX combined arms live fire exercise
CAP crisis action planning; combat air patrol
CARP computed air release point
CARS combat arms regimental system
cas casualty
CAS close air support
CATF commander, amphibious task force
CATK counterattack (graphics)
cav cavalry
cbt combat
CCIR commander's critical information requirements
CCL combat-configured load
CCP communications checkpoint
CCT combat control team
CD chemical defense; counterdrug; Chad
C-day unnamed day on which a deployment operation commences or is to commence
CDM chemical downwind message
CDS container delivery system
CE command element
CENTCOM United States Central Command
CEP circular error probable
CEWI combat electronic warfare and intelligence
CFA covering force area; call forward area
CFL coordinated fire line
2-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
CG commanding general
cGy centigray
CH China; chaplain
chem chemical
CHS combat health support
CI combat intelligence; counterintelligence; Chile
CINC commander of a combatant command; commander in chief
CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
CJTF commander, joint task force
CLF commander, landing force
CLR STA clearing station (graphics)
cmd command
CMO civil-military operations
CMOC civil-military operations center
co company
CO commanding officer; Colombia
COA course of action
COCOM combatant command (command authority)
COFM correlation of forces and means
COLT combat observation and lasing team
COMINT communications intelligence
comm communications
COMMZ communications zone
COMSEC communications security
CONPLAN concept plan
const construction
CONUS continental United States
COSCOM corps support command
CP command post
CPSE corps PSYOP support element
CPX command post exercise
CS combat support; Costa Rica
CSAR combat search and rescue
CSC combat stress control
CSH corps surgical hospital
CSR controlled supply rate
CSS combat service support
CSSE combat service support element
CT counterterrorism
CTCP combat trains command post
CU Cuba
CUWTF Combined Unconventional Weapons Task Force
CW chemical warfare
CY Cyprus
CZ combat zone
2-5
D
D dental (graphics)
DA Denmark; direct action
DAO division ammunition officer
DCA defensive counterair; Defense Communications Agency
DCM deputy chief of mission
DCS defensive counterspace; Defense Communications System
D-day unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to commence
D-3 3 days prior to D-day
D+7 7 days after D-day
D+90 90 days after D-day
DE directed energy
DEFCON defense readiness condition
det cord detonation cord
DEW directed-energy warfare
DFSCOORD deputy fire support coordinator
DGZ desired ground zero
DISCOM division support command
DISE division intelligence support element
DISUM daily intelligence summary
div division
DLIC detachment left in contact
DMZ demilitarized zone
DOA direction of attack
DOD Department of Defense
DOS day of supply
DOW died of wounds
DP decision point
DPSE division PSYOP support element
DPU data processing unit
DR Dominican Republic
DRB division ready brigade
DS direct support
DSA division support area
DSM decision support matrix
DST decision support template
DSU direct support unit
DTG date-time group
DWRIA died of wounds received in action
DZ drop zone
2-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
E
EA engagement area; electronic attack; emergency action
EAC echelons above corps
EAD echelons above division
EC Ecuador
ECM electronic countermeasures
E&E evasion and escape
EECT end evening civil twilight
EEFI essential elements of friendly information
EEI essential elements of information
EENT end evening nautical twilight
EF end of radioactive fallout
eff effective
EG Egypt
EI Ireland
ELINT electronic intelligence
ELSEC electronics security
EMCON emission control
EMI electromagnetic interference
EMP electromagnetic pulse
EN engineer (unit designations; graphics)
ENCOORD engineer coordinator
engr engineer
ENY enemy (graphics)
EOD explosive ordnance disposal
EP electronic protection
EPW enemy prisoner of war
equip equipment
ERP engineer regulating point
ES electronic warfare support; El Salvador
ESM electronic warfare support measures; electronic surveillance measures
EUCOM European Command
EW electronic warfare
EZ extraction zone
F
FA field artillery
FAA forward assembly area
FAAD forward area air defense
FAADEZ forward area air defense engagement zone
FAAWC force antiair warfare commander
FAC forward air controller
2-7
FAC(A) forward air controller (airborne)

FARP forward arming and refueling point
FASCAM family of scatterable mines
fax facsimile
FB fire base
FCC flight coordination center
FCL final coordination line
FDC fire direction center
FDO flexible deterrent option ; fire direction officer
FDRP first destination reporting point
FEBA forward edge of the battle area
FES forced entry system
FEZ fighter engagement zone
FFA free-fire area
FFCC friendly forces coordination center; force fires coordination center
FFIR friendly forces information requirements
FH field hospital
FID foreign internal defense
FISINT foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
FIST fire support team
FLB forward logistics base
fld field
FLE forward logistics element
FLO fighter liaison officer
FLOT forward line of own troops
FM field manual; frequency modulated/modulation
FMC fully mission capable
FMF Fleet Marine Force
FO forward observer
FOB forward operations base
FOC flight operations center
FPF final protective fire
FPL final protective line
FR France
FRAGO fragmentary order
FSA forward support area (NGFS)
FSB forward support battalion
FSC fire support coordinator (USMC)
FSCC fire support coordination center (USMC)
FSCL fire support coordination line
FSCM fire support coordinating measure
FSCOORD fire support coordinator
FSE fire support element
FSO fire support officer
2-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
FSS fire support station (NGFS)

FSSG force service support group
FTCP field trains command post
fwd forward
FY Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
G
G1 Assistant Chief of Staff, Personnel
G2 Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
G3 Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations
G4 Assistant Chief of Staff, Logistics
G5 Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil Affairs
G6 Assistant Chief of Staff, Communications
GA nerve agent tabun
GB nerve agent sarin
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GCE ground combat element
GD nerve agent soman
GE Germany
GEOREF geographic reference
GG Georgia (the nation)
GIE global information environment
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
gp group
GPS global positioning system
GR Greece
GS general support
GSM ground station module
GSR general support-reinforcing; ground surveillance radar
GT Guatemala
GW guerrilla warfare
GZ ground zero
H
HA Haiti; holding area; humanitarian assistance
HACC humanitarian assistance coordination center
HAHO high-altitude high-opening (parachute technique)
HALO high-altitude low-opening (parachute technique)
HARM high-speed antiradiation missile
HCA humanitarian and civic assistance
HD heavy drop; blister agent (distilled Levinstein mustard)
HE high explosive
2-9
hel helicopter
HELO helicopter
HET heavy equipment transporter
HF high frequency
H-hour specific hour on D-day at which a particular operation commences
H-3 3 hours prior to H-hour
H+7 7 hours after H-hour
H+30 min 30 minutes after H-hour
HHB headquarters and headquarters battery (FA and ADA)
HHC headquarters and headquarters company
HHT headquarters and headquarters troop (cavalry units)
HIDACZ high-density airspace control zone
HIMAD high-altitude missile air defense
HL blister agent (mustard-lewisite mixture)
HMMWV high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle
HN host nation; blister agent (nitrogen mustard)
HO Honduras
HOB height (depth) of burst
hos hostile
HPRF high pulse repetition frequency
HPT high-payoff target
HQ headquarters
HR Croatia
H&S headquarters and service
HT blister agent (mustard T-mixture)
HU Hungary
HUMINT human intelligence
HVT high-value target
I
ICAC2 integrated combat airspace command and control
ID identification; infantry division
IDAD internal defense and development
IDP initial delay position
IED imitative electromagnetic deception
IEW intelligence and electronic warfare
IFF identification, friend or foe (radar)
IFV infantry fighting vehicle
IG inspector general
IHL intelligence handover line
IMINT imagery intelligence
IN India; infantry
inf infantry
2-10
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
INFOSEC information security

INTSUM intelligence summary
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IPW prisoner of war interrogation
IR information requirements; infrared, thermal; Iran
IS Israel
ISB intermediate staging base
ISE intelligence support element
ISS information system security
IT Italy
IV intravenous
IW information warfare
IZ Iraq
J
JA Japan
JAAT joint air attack team
JCATF joint civil affairs task force
JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff
JCSE joint communications support element
JDISS Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System
JEZ joint engagement zone
JFACC joint force air component commander
JFC joint force commander
JFLCC joint force land component commander
JFMCC joint force maritime component commander
JFSOCC joint force special operations component commander
JIB Joint Information Bureau
JIC joint intelligence center
JLOTS joint logistics over-the-shore
JMC joint movement center
JO Jordan
JOA joint operations area
JOC joint operations center
JOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution System
JP joint publication
JPOTF joint psychological operations task force
JRC joint reception center
JSEAD joint suppression of enemy air defenses
JSOA joint special operations area
JSOACC joint special operations air component commander
JSOLE joint special operations liaison element
JSOTF joint special operations task force
2-11
JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System

JTB joint target board
JTF joint task force
JUWC Joint Unconventional Warfare Command
JUWTF Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force
K
KIA killed in action
km kilometer
KN Korea (North)
KS Korea (South)
kt kiloton
KU Kuwait
KZ Kazakhstan
L
L light (refers to light infantry) (graphics)
LAB logistics assault base
LANTCOM United States Atlantic Command
LAPES low-altitude parachute extraction system
LAV light armored vehicle
LC line of contact
LCC land component commander
LD line of departure
LD/LC line of departure is line of contact
LE Lebanon
LEN large extension node
LF landing force
LG Latvia
LH Lithuania
LIWA land information warfare agency
LL light line; latent lethality
LLTR low-level transit route
LNO liaison officer
LO lubrication order; law and order; Slovakia
LOA limit of advance
LOC lines of communications
LOD line of demarcation
LOGPAC logistics package
LOS line of sight
LOTS logistics over-the-shore
LP/OP listening post/observation post (USMC)
LRP logistics release point
2-12
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
LRS long-range surveillance

LRSD long-range surveillance detachment
LRSU long-range surveillance unit
LSD least separation distance
LTD laser target designator
LU Luxembourg
LY Libya
LZ landing zone
M
M mechanized (graphics)
MACCS Marine air command and control system
MACG Marine air control group
MACS Marine air control squadron
MAG Marine aircraft group
MAGTF Marine air-ground task force
MAIN primary command post (graphics)
maint maintenance
MALS Marine aviation logistics squadron
MarDiv Marine division
MASINT measurement and signature intelligence
MASS Marine air support squadron
max maximum
MBA main battle area
MCM mine countermeasures
MCRP Marine Corps Reference Publication
MD Moldavia; medium division
M-day mobilization day
mech mechanized
med medical
MED manipulative electromagnetic deception
MEDEVAC medical evacuation
MEF Marine expeditionary force
MEF(FWD) Marine expeditionary force (forward)
met meteorological
METL mission essential task list
METT-T mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available (Army); mission, enemy , terrain and
weather, troops and support available, and time available (USMC)
MEU Marine expeditionary unit
MEZ missile engagement zone
MFF military free fall
MG Mongolia; machine gun
MHE materials handling equipment
MI military intelligence
2-13
MICLIC mine clearing line charge

MIE military information environment
MIJI meaconing, interference, jamming, and intrusion
MILSTD military standard
min minimum
MIST military information support team
MLC military load classification
MLRS multiple launch rocket system
mm millimeter
MOB main operations base
MOBA military operations in a built-up area
MOOTW military operations other than war (joint only)
MOPP mission-oriented protective posture
MOUT military operations on urbanized terrain
MP military police
MPA mission planning agent; manpower authorization; maritime patrol aircraft
MPC military pay certificate
MPF maritime prepositioning force
MPRF medium pulse repetition frequency
MRC major regional conflict/contingency
MRE meal, ready to eat
MRR motorized rifle regiment; minimum-risk route
MSB main support battalion
MSC Military Sealift Command; major subordinate command
MSD minimum safe distance
MSR main supply route
MSL mean sea level
mt megaton
MST maintenance support team
MTF medical treatment facility
MTT mobile training team
MU Oman
MX Mexico
N
NAI named area of interest
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NAVSOF naval special operations forces
NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical
NBCWRS nuclear, biological, and chemical warning and reporting system
NCA National Command Authorities
NCS net control station
NCTR noncooperative target recognition
NEO noncombatant evacuation operations
2-14
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
NFA no-fire area

NFL no-fire line
NGFS naval gunfire support
NGLO naval gunfire liaision officer
NGO nongovernmental organizations
NI Nigeria
NIST national intelligence support team
NL Netherlands
NLT not later than
NMCM not mission capable, maintenance
NMCS not mission capable, supply
NO Norway
NOTAM notice to airman
NPG network participating group
NSFS naval surface fire support
NSWG naval special warfare group
NSWU naval special warfare unit
NU Nicaragua
NVD night vision device
NZ New Zealand
O
OAS offensive air support
obj objective
OCA offensive counterair
OCOKA observation, concealment, obstacles, key terrain, and avenue of approach (Army)
OCS offensive counterspace
OEG operation exposure guide
OP observation post
OPCOM operational command (NATO)
OPCON operational control
OPLAN operation plan
opns operations
OPORD operation order
OPSEC operations security
OPTEMPO operational tempo
OT observer-target
P
PA Paraguay; public affairs
PAA position area for artillery
PACOM United States Pacific Command
PD point of departure
2-15
PDB PSYOP dissemination battalion

PDF principal direction of fire
PE Peru
PERINTSUM periodic intelligence summary
pers personnel
PGIF predicted ground impact point
PIR priority intelligence requirements
PIREP pilot report
PK` Pakistan
PL phase line; Poland
PLD probable line of deployment
plt platoon
PM provost marshal; preventive maintenance; Panama
PMCS preventive maintenance checks and services
PNL prescribed nuclear load
PO Portugal
POD port of debarkation
POE port of embarkation
POG psychological operations group
POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants
POTF PSYOP task force
PP passage point
PRF pulse repetition frequency
PS personnel services
PSE PSYOP support element
psn position
PSYOP psychological operations
pub publication
PUP pop-up point
PVNTMED preventive medicine
PVO private voluntary organization s
PW prisoner of war
PWRS prepositioned war reserve stock
PZ pickup zone
PZCO pickup zone control officer
Q
QA Qatar
R
R reinforcing
R3P rearm, refuel, and resupply point
RAA rear assembly area
2-16
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
RAAMS route antiarmor mine system

RAD radiation absorbed dose
RAOC rear area operations center
RAS rear area security
RAU remote access unit
RCA riot control agent
RD radius of damage
REAR rear command post (graphics)
recon reconnaissance
regt regiment
REMS remotely employed sensor
RES radiation exposure status
retrans retransmission
RFA restrictive fire area
RFI request for intelligence/information
RFL restrictive fire line
RGR ranger (graphics)
RHU replacement holding unit
RIP relief in place
RISTA reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquistion. See RSTA also.
RL release line
RO Romania
ROE rules of engagement
ROI rules of interaction
ROM refuel on the move
ROTA releases other than attack (related nuclear, biological, and chemical)
ROZ restricted operations zone
RP Republic of Philippines; release point
RPB regional PSYOP battalion
RPV remotely piloted vehicle
RQ Puerto Rico
RS Russia; radiation status
RSO&I reception, staging, onward movement, and integration
RSR required supply rate
RSTA reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition
RV radius of vulnerability
RW Rwanda
RWR radar warning receiver
S
S scatterable mines (graphics)
SA Saudi Arabia
S/A surface to air
2-17
SAAFR standard use Army aircraft flight route

SAB separate armored brigade
SAR search and rescue
SAEDA subversion and espionage directed against the Army
SALUTE size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment
SAM surface-to-air missile
SASP special ammunition supply point
SAT security assistance team
SATCOM satellite communications
SBF support by fire
SBU special boat unit
SCI sensitive compartmented information
SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses
SEAL sea-air-land team
SECDEF Secretary of Defense
SEN small extension node
SERE survival, evasion, resistance, and escape
SF special forces
SFC special forces command
SFOB special forces operations base
SFOD-ABC special forces operational detachment Alpha/Bravo/Charlie
SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
SHELREP shelling report
SHF super-high frequency
SI Slovenia
SIB separate infantry brigade
SIDPERS Standard Installation Division Personnel System
SIF selective identification feature
sig signal
SIGINT signals intelligence
SIGSEC signals security
SITMAP situation map
SITREP situation report
SJA staff judge advocate
SO special operations; Somalia
SOCCE special operations command and control element
SOCORD special operations coordinator
SOF special operations forces
SOFA status-of-forces agreement
SOI signal operating instructions
SOLL special operations low-level
SOP standing operating procedures
SOSB special operations support battalion
2-18
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
SOSCOM special operations support command

SOSR suppress, obscure, secure, and reduce
SOT-A/B special operations team Alpha/Bravo
SOUTHCOM United States Southern Command
S&P stake and platform
SP start point; strongpoint; self-propelled; Spain
SPOD seaport of debarkation
SPOE seaport of embarkation
SPOTREP spot report
spt support
sqdn squadron
SRD secret restrictive data
ST SEAL team
STANAG standardization agreement (NATO)
SU Sudan
SUPCOM support command
SURFREP surf report
svc service
SY Syria
T
TAACOM Theater Army Area Command
TAB target acquisition battery
tac tactical
TAC tactical command post; tactical (artillery, naval gunfire, and close air support )
(graphics)
TACAN tactical air navigation
TACC tactical air control center (USN); tactical air command center (USMC)
TACCP tactical command post
TACON tactical control
TACP tactical air control party
TACSAT tactical satellite
TADIL tactical digital information link
TAF tactical air force
TAI targeted area of interest
TALCE tanker airlift control element
TALO tactical air liaison officer; theater airlift liaison officer
TAV total asset visibility
TBM tactical ballistic missile; theater ballistic missile
TCF tactical combat force
TCP traffic control post
TDA table of distribution and allowances
TEB tactical exploitation brigade
2-19
TECHCON technical control

TECHINT technical intelligence
TF task force
tgt target
THREATCON threat condition
TI Tajikistan
TIRS terrain index reference system
tm team
TM theater missile
TMD theater missile defense
TOC tactical operations center
TOE table of organization and equipment
TOR terms of reference
TOT time on target (naval gunfire, mortar, and close air support)
TOW tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided, heavy antitank missile system
TPFDD time-phased force and deployment data
TPFDL time-phased force and deployment list
TPT tactical PSYOP team
TRADOC United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
trans transportation
TRP target reference point
TS Tunisia; top secret
TU Turkey
TX Turkmenistan
U
UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
UGS unattended ground sensors
UHF ultrahigh frequency
UK United Kingdom
UMCP unit maintenance collection point
UN United Nations
UP Ukraine
US United States
USAF United States Air Force
USASOC United States Army Special Operations Command
USCG United States Coast Guard
USFK United States Forces Korea
USMC United States Marine Corps
USN United States Navy
UTM universal transverse mercator
UW unconventional warfare
UXO unexploded explosive ordnance
2-20
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
UY Uruguay
UZ Uzbekistan
V
V veterinary (graphics)
VE Venezuela
VFR visual flight rules
VHF very high frequency
W
WARNO warning order
WCS weapons control status
WFZ weapons free zone
WIA wounded in action
WS Samoa Western
Y
YE Yemen
YU Serbia and Montenegro Federal Republic
Z
Z Zulu Time
ZI Zimbabwe
ZK Czech Republic
ZOS zone of separation
ZULU Universal Time
2-21
Chapter 3
Graphic Control Measures
The shadowed boxes 1-16 show the page number for the
definition of a symbol or graphic in this chapter .
This chapter establishes a standard system for the use of graphic control measures. It applies to both
automated and hand-drawn graphic displays or overlays. The control measures portrayed are for use on situation
maps, overlays, and annotated aerial photographs. They are al so the standard for all simulations, to include those
used in live, virtual, and constructive environments.
GRAPHIC OVERLAYS
Overlays are graphics drawn on top of a map, sketch, or photograph. To ensure accurate alignment, the overlay
must have at least two reference marks at opposite locations. On automated displays, overlays are graphica l
information that is joined electronic ally so that it can be turned on or off over or in front of the primary digital
display, such as a map, sketch, or photograph.
All obstacles, friendly, enemy, neutral, or factional, will be drawn using the color green. These graphics are
shown in the mobility and survivability section. All friendly graphic control measures will be shown in black
when drawn manually o r on a color display. Enemy graphic control measures will be shown in red. If red is not
availab le, they will be drawn in black with a double line or the abbreviation ENY placed on the graphic in at
least two places to avoid confusion. If other colors are used to show friendly or enemy (hostile) factions, then
the colors used will be shown in a legend on the overlay describing what each color means.
USE OF GRAPHICS
This section describes how to label various graphic control measures. Some boundary labeling can b e
abbreviated when the abbreviation will not cause confusion. All text labeling should be drawn so that it can be
read when the bottom of the overlay is closest to the reader. Labeling written on an angle should be readable
when the overlay is turned a quarter of a turn (90 degrees) clockwise (to the left).
3-1
For boundaries, size markings should be perpendicular to the boundary line. For a corps boundary, us e
Roman numerals to show the number of the corps. A national abbreviation from Chapter 2 should
be used if the boundary is between forces from different countries.
Field Field Title Description Application Length

B Size Indicator A symbol that denotes the size of a unit Units and
or installation (see Figure 4-5) installations
N Enemy (Hostile) Indicated enemy by letters "ENY" Enemy 3
equipment, lines,
areas, and
boundaries
T Unique An alphanumeric title that uniquely 21
Designation identifies a particular symbol; track All
number. Nuclear: friendly delivery unit
(missile, satellite, aircraft, etc)
Fire support control measures should be labeled with the effective times, the controlling headquarters, and
the abbreviation of the control measure. This labeling should be on both ends of the line and repeated as often
as necessary for clarity along any line that passes through many boundaries.
3-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Most lines should be named as a phase line for easy reference during orders and radio transmissions. A phase
line should be marked as PL NAME. Other lines that have a specific purpose and are also named as phase lines
should have the primary purpose such as no fire line NFL labeled on top of the name and at both ends of the
line or as often as necessary for clarity. The phase line labeling should be in parentheses.
W U U W
O O
O Control A name given to a phase line and other Control measures 20

Measure Code control measures for easy reference and
Name security when using in orders and in
electromagnetic transmission. It is
placed in parentheses below the
abbreviation of a control measure.
U Control An abbreviation of a fire support or other As necessary 4

Measure control measure, such as LOA for limit of
Abbreviation advance.
W Date-Time Alphanumeric field for date/time (MIL- All 15

Group STD-2500A)
(DDHHMMSSZMONYY) or o/o for on
order.
3-3
Areas will normally be marked with the abbreviation for the type of area followed by a name. This labeling
should be in the center of the area unless the area is too small or the labeling would interfere with the locating of
units.

or installation (see Figure 4-5) installations
H Additional Free text 20
All
Information
N Enemy Indicated enemy by letters "ENY" Enemy 3
(Hostile) equipment, lines,
areas, and
boundaries
W Date-Time Alphanumeric field for date/time (MIL- 15
Group STD-2500A) All
order.
Points can be numbered, lettered, or a combination. An abbreviation for the point may be inside the point
as in a passage point or release point, or on the upper right hand corner of the point symbol. Way points an d
targets are marked uniquely as shown later in this chapter.

H Additional Free text 20
All
Information
N Enemy Indicated enemy by letters "ENY" Enemy equipment, 3
(Hostile) lines, areas, and
boundaries
W Date-Time Alphanumeric field for date/time (MIL- 15
All
Group STD-2500A) (DDHHMMSSZMONYY)
or o/o for on order.
3-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
MANEUVER
Air Control Point (ACP) 1-5

ACP
4
N am e
Air Corridor 1-5 W id th
M in Alt
ACP M a x Alt
1
Nam e
W idth
M in Alt
M ax Alt
ACP AC P
N AM E
2 3
ACP ACP
1 3
ACP CCP CCP

1 8 2
Low-Level Transit Route (LLTR) AC P

L LT R
AC P
1-94 1 270600Z -28060Z 2
Minimum-Risk Route (MRR) 1-101 AC P

MRR
AC P
1 2
270600 Z -280 60Z
N am e
Standard Use Army Aircraft Flight W id th
M in Alt
Route (SAAFR) 1-144 AC P M ax Alt
1
N am e
W id th
M in Alt
M ax Alt
ACP AC P
2 NAM E 3
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Route ACP

U AV
AC P
1 270600Z-270900Z 2
Communications Checkpoint (CCP) CCP

1-35 8
Downed Aircrew Pickup Point 1-56
3-5
Forward Area Air Defense Engagement

Zone (FAADEZ)
High-Density Airspace Control Zone HIDACZ

(HIDACZ) 1-77 (Unit ID)
MIN ALT:
MAX ALT:
TIME FROM:
TIME TO:
Missile Engagement Zone (MEZ) MEZ

(Unit ID)
MIN ALT:
MAX ALT:
TIME FROM:
TIME TO:
LOMEZ
(Unit ID)
Low altitude (LOMEZ)
MIN ALT:
MAX ALT:
TIME FROM:
TIME TO:
HIMEZ
(Unit ID)
High altitude (HIMEZ) MIN ALT:
MAX ALT:
TIME FROM:
TIME TO:
ROZ
(Unit ID)
Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ) MIN ALT:
1-133 MAX ALT:
TIME FROM:
TIME TO:
Pop-up Point (PUP) 1-122 PUP
3-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Maneuver-Airspace (Continued)
Weapons Free Zone (WFZ) 1-162
Maneuver-Deception
Dummy (Deception) (decoy) 1-45
Axis of Advance for Feint 1-64 NAME
Decoy Infantry Battalion 1-46 II
NAME
Direction of Attack for Feint 1-64
M
Decoy Mined Area
M M
M
M
Decoy Mined Area, Fenced
M
Dummy Minefield 1-57
3-7
Maneuver-Defensive
Battle Position (BP) 1-18
Occupied (Battalion sized unit) Letter, # or Name
Prepared "(P)" but not occupied (P) Letter, #

or Name
Planned Letter, # or Name
Engagement Area 1-61
3-8
Maneuver-Defensive
Battle Position (BP) 1-18
Occupied (Battalion sized unit) Letter, # or Name
Prepared "(P)" but not occupied (P) Letter, #

or Name
Planned Letter, # or Name
Engagement Area 1-61
3-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Maneuver-Defensive (Continued)
Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA)

1-70
Forward Edge of the Battle Area
Actual Trace of the FEBA
Proposed or On Order Trace of the

FEBA
Principal Direction of Fire (PDF)

1-123
(This shows an automatic rifle with the
sector of fire between the two lines and with the
arrows indicating the maximum effective range of
the weapon or maximum range based on the terrain.
The PDF is along the left side of the sector.)
Strong Point 1-146

Friendly
Letter, # or
Name
I
Enemy Known and Confirmed
(Company sized)
ENY
Target Reference Point (TRP) 1-152
3-9
Maneuver-General
Areas (General)
Friendly
Friendly Planned/On Order
Enemy Known/Confirmed
ENY
Enemy Suspected/Templated
Assembly Areas 1-13 AA

Occupied
2 77
Occupied
2 77
AA
Occupied by Multiple Units

AA
NAME
Proposed/On Order
AA
NAME
77
3-10
Maneuver-General
Areas (General)
Friendly
Friendly Planned/On Order
Enemy Known/Confirmed
ENY
Enemy Suspected/Templated
Assembly Areas 1-13 AA

Occupied
2 77
Occupied
2 77
AA
Occupied by Multiple Units

AA
NAME
Proposed/On Order
AA
NAME
77
3-10
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Maneuver-General (Continued)
Boundaries (General) 1-20

Friendly Present
(Size markings are always perpendicular
or at a 90-degree angle to the boundary.)
Friendly Planned or On Order
Enemy Known
Enemy Suspected or Templated
Boundaries (Lateral) 1-90
Boundaries (Rear) 1-128 XV (SA)

(Forward) 1-70 X (US)
(Corps are designated by Roman numerals.)
(All text should be oriented as shown so that
it is readable with the bottom nearest the 21 ID(L)
reader or by turning the overlay one quarter 208 ACR
turn clockwise.)
X (US)
XII (GE)
3-11
Drop Zone (DZ) 1-57
DZ
NAME
Engagement Area (EA) 1-61

EA
NAME
Extraction Zone (EZ) 1-64

EZ
NAME
Fortified Area 1-65
Forward Line of Own Troops (FLOT)

1-70
Friendly Present
Enemy Known or Confirmed
Enemy Suspected or Templated
3-12
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Forward Line of Own Troops (Continued)
Landing Zone (LZ) 1-89

LZ
NAME
Line of Contact (LC) 1-91 2-66 IN(L)

1-94 IN(M)
3
2
Phase Line (PL) 1-121
Pickup Zone (PZ) 1-121
PZ NAME
3-13
Maneuver-Offensive
Assault Position 1-13
Attack by Fire Position 1-13
Attack Position 1-13
Friendly Attack Position (Actual) ATK

NAME
Friendly Occupied (Only if a unit must

stop in the attack position) 3 76
ATK NAME
Friendly Planned, Proposed, or On Order

ATK
NAME
Axis of Advance 1-14

(The tip of the arrow should touch the
objective or limit of the movement.)
Friendly Aviation
3-14
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Maneuver-Offensive (Continued)
Axis of Advance (Continued)

Friendly Airborne
Friendly Attack Helicopter
Friendly Ground Axis of Supporting

Attack 1-147
Friendly Ground Axis of Main Attack

1-94
Friendly Ground Axis On Order with RED EFF 040500Z NOV

Date and Time (if known) Effective
Enemy Confirmed ENY
ENY
Enemy Templated ENY
ENY
Direction of Attack 1-53

(The tip of the arrow should touch the
objective or limit of the movement.)
Friendly Aviation
Friendly Aviation Planned or On Order
3-15
Direction of Attack (Continued) 1-53

ENY
Enemy Known/Confirmed Aviation
Templated Enemy Aviation

ENY
Enemy Confirmed/Known Ground

ENY
Templated Enemy Ground ENY
Friendly Direction of Supporting

Attack 1-147
Friendly Direction of Main Attack

1-94
Final Coordination Line 1-65
Infiltration Lane 1-81 ENY
ENY
3-16
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Limit of Advance (LOA) 1-91 LOA

LOA (PL NAME)
(PL NAME)
Line of Departure (LD) 1-91
Line of Departure is Line of Contact

(LD/LC) 1-92
Objective 1-111
Point of Departure (PD) 1-121
3-17
Probable Line of Deployment (PLD)

1-124
PLD
PLD (PL NAME)
(PL NAME)
Support by Fire Position 1-147
Maneuver-Special
Airhead 1-5 / Airhead Line 1-6

(The airhead is bounded by a phase line
called the airhead line)
3-18
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Maneuver-Special (Continued)
Ambush 1-8
(The base of the arrow shaft is the center
of mass of the ambush unit's position, the
arrow points in the direction of fire from
the ambush unit.)
Area of Operations (AO) 1-10
Bridgehead 1-22
(The bridgehead is bounded by a phase
line called the bridgehead line.)
Encirclement 1-60
Friendly II II
Enemy
III ?
3-19
Maneuver-Special (Continued)
Holding Line 1-78 (HOLDING LINE)
ENY
Named Area of Interest (NAI) 1-107

NAI
NAME
#
Point of Interest
Release Line (RL) 1-132 ENEMY RL

RL NAME NAME
RIVER
RL
RL NAME NAME
Targeted Area of Interest (TAI) 1-152

TAI
NAME
Point of Interest #
3-20
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
MANEUVER AND FIRE
Airspace Coordination Area (ACA) 1-7
Coordinated Fire Line (CFL) 1-39
Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL)

1-67
Free Fire Area (FFA) 1-71
No Fire Area (NFA) 1-109
3-21
Maneuver and Fire (Continued)
No Fire Line (NFL) 1-109
Restrictive Fire Area (RFA) 1-133
Restrictive Fire Line (RFL) 1-133
FIRE SUPPORT
Area Target 1-151
Bomb Area
3-22
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Fire Support (Continued)

Fire Support Area (FSA) 1-67
(A sea area for naval gunfire support)
V
Fire Support Station (FSS) 1-67
FSS7
Group of Targets 1-74 A2B

All targets are fired at the same time. AG7005
AG7003
Group of Targets Using Regular Targets AG7002
A2B
Group of Targets Using Rectangular
Targets
AG1201
Linear Target
Final Protective Fire 1-65
(The indirect fire unit designated to
fire the FPF is listed below the target)
Nuclear Target
AG9998
!
PAA
Position Area for Artillery (PAA) 1-122
Paladin 2 km by 2 km PAA PAA
MLRS 3 km by 3 km
PAA
3-23
Fire Support (Continued)

Series of Targets 1-139
Targets are fired in a predetermined
sequence, for example, AG700,
AG7006, and AG7004.
Series of Targets Using Regular Targets
Series of Targets Using Rectangular Targets
Smoke 1-111 1-125 1-141

(Planned with designated time shown) SMOKE
100710Z- 100730Z
(Actually in place)
SMOKE
Linear Smoke Target
AG1210
SMOKE
Target 1-151
Target, Circular
AG9999
3-24
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
COMMAND AND CONTROL
Airfield Zone
Checkpoint (CKP) 1-25

(Bottom point or an extension is exact
location.) 8
Contact Point 1-37
Coordinating Point 1-39

(Center of symbol is exact location.)
Decision Point 1-45
General or Unspecified Point

(Bottom point or an extension is exact
location.)
3-25
Command and Control (Continued)
Light Line (LL) 1-91
Linkup Point 1-92

LU
8
Passage Point (PP) 1-118

PP
8
Phase Line (PL) 1-121
RLY
Rally Point 1-127
8
Release Point 1-132 RP

8
Start Point 1-144 SP

8
Way Point 1-162

8
3-26
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
MOBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY
Abatis 1-1
Toward
Antitank Obstacles Enemy
Antitank Ditch Under
Construction Completed
Antitank Ditch Reinforced with

Antitank Mines
Antitank Obstacles, Tetrahedrons,

Dragon's Teeth, and other similar
obstacles
Antitank Wall Toward

Enemy
Booby Trap 1-20
Bypass 1-23
Bypass Easy
Bypass Difficult
Bypass Impossible
3-27
Mobility and Survivability (Continued)
Crossing Sites/Water Crossings

Assault Crossing Area 1-43
Bridge or Gap 1-72
Ferry
Ford/Ford Easy 1-69
Ford Difficult
Lane 1-89
Raft Site
Example Crossing Sites 1-43 As sa ult crossing area
Ford w ith diffic ulty
R aft site F ord easily
Float bridge, existing

bridge site, or viaduct
Engineer Regulating Point 1-61
3-28
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
General Obstacle
Obstacle Belt 1-112

(Controlled by 3d Brigade, 27th AD)
Obstacle Line 1-112
Obstacle Zone 1-112

(Controlled by 27th AD)
27 AD
Mines
Antipersonnel (AP) Mine
Antitank (AT) Mine
Antitank Mine with Antihandling Device
Directional Mine (Arrow Shows Effects)

"Claymore Type Mine"
Unspecified Mine
Mine Cluster
Wide Area Mine

W
3-29
Minefields 1-101
Planned Minefield (Unspecified mines)
Completed Minefield (Unspecified

mines)
Antipersonnel (AP) Minefield
Antitank (AT) Minefield with Gap

(Show effective time and name of
gap.)
Antitank (AT) Minefield (Line points to

center of mass of minefield)
Scatterable Minefield (Unspecified mines)

S
with Self-Destruct Date-Time Group
1-136
DTG
+S
Antipersonnel (AP) Minefield Reinforced
with Scatterable with Self-Destruct
Date-Time Group
DTG
S
Scatterable Minefield (Antitank mines)
with Self-Destruct Date-Time Group
1-136 101200Z
3-30
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Minefields (Continued) M
Mined Area
M M
M
Obstacle Effect
Block 1-20
Fix 1-68
Turn 1-157
Disrupt 1-55
Obstacle-Free Area FREE

23 AD
200900-
272100Z SEP
Obstacle-Restricted Area 1-112 23 AD

200900-
272100Z SEP
Roadblocks, Craters, and Blown Bridges

1-42 1-135
Planned (Usually used to close a lane
through an antitank ditch or other obstacle.)
Explosives,
State of Readiness 1 (Safe) 1-42
3-31
Roadblock (Continued)
Explosives, State of Readiness 2
(Armed but passable)
Roadblock Complete (Executed)
Wire Obstacles
Unspecified XXXXXXXX
Single Fence
Double Fence
XX XX XX
Double Apron Fence
XXXXXXXX
Low Wire Fence
XXXXXXXX
High Wire Fence
XXXXXXXX
Single Concertina
Double Strand Concertina
Triple Strand Concertina
Executed Volcano Minefield V

(The date-time group indicates the
self-destruct time; the line indicates the
center of mass of the Volcano minefield.) 200900Z
3-32
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Trip Wire
Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Area

UXO UXO
1-158
SURVIVABILITY
Earthwork, Small Trench, or Fortification

(Line points to exact location.) 1-65
Fort
Fortified Line
Foxhole, Emplacement 1-60 , or

Weapon Slit
Strong Point 1-146 (Company-sized)

(Size indicator faces away from
anticipated enemy direction; it is Letter,
equally fortified on all sides.) # or Name
I
Surface Shelter
Line points to exact location.)
Underground Shelter
(Line points to exact location.)
3-33
Survivability-Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC)
Minimum Safe Distance Zones 1-101

(Shows minimum safe distance (MSD)
from ground zero of a friendly nuclear
explosion as zones 1, 2, and 3.)
1 2 3
Nuclear Detonations, Releases, or Events YIELD

Friendly Ground Zero
Note: Height stated in meters or as

high, low, surface, or subsurface.
Enemy Known, Ground Zero YIELD
ENY
Enemy Templated YIELD
ENY
Friendly Planned or On order
Fallout Producing
3-34
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Survivability-Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC)(Continued)
Biological and Chemical Attack

Release Events
Contaminated Areas
Radioactive Area (Used to show the
limits of the nuclear contamination.
A dose rate contour line overlay
should be used if entering the area.) N
Shown in Yellow
(If Available)
Biologically Contaminated Area
Shown in Yellow
(If Available)
Chemically Contaminated Area
Shown in Yellow
(If Available)
3-35
Survivability-Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC)(Continued)
NBC (Continued)
Decontamination 1-46 Points DCN
3
Decon Site/Point (Unspecified)
Alternate Decon Site/Point (Unspecified)

3 DCN
ALT
Decon Site/Point (Troops) 1-52

3 DCN
T
Decon Site/ Point (Equipment) 1-52

3 DCN
E
Decon Site/Point (Equipment and

3 DCN
troops) 1-52 E/T
Decon Site/Point (Operational decon-

tamination) 3 DCN
O
Decon Site/Point (Thorough decon-

tamination) 3 DCN
TH
Dose Rate Contour Lines 1-56

Levels of radioactivity are represented in
centigrays per hour. The overlay is
drawn to the scale of the map and from
survey (reconnaissance) data.
3-36
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Ambulance Exchange Point 1-8

AXP
3 2 BDE
(Point # 3 serviced by 2d Bde)
ASP ATP
Ammunition Points: ASP 1-8 3 3
ATP 1-8
CAN
Cannibalization Point 1-24 3
CCP
Casualty Collection Point (CCP) 1-24 3
CIV
Civilian Collection Point 3
Convoys 1-39
Moving Convoy
Halted Convoy
A Column of 12 Medium Tanks at

0825 on the 25th M1A1 12
250825Z
Detainee Holding Area 1-52
DETAINEE
HOLDING
AREA
3-37
Combat Service Support (Continued)
Detainee Collection Point 1-52 DET

3
Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW)
EPW
Collection Point 1-60
3
Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW)

Holding Area 1-60 EPW
HOLDING
AREA
Forward Arming and Refueling Point

(FARP) 1-70
FARP
Logistics Release Point (LRP) 1-93 LRP

3
Maintenance Collection Point 1-96
Refugee Holding Area

REFUGEE
HOLDING
AREA
Rearm, Refuel, and Resupply Point R3P

(R3P) 1-129 3
3-38
Refuel on the Move (ROM) Point

1-131
Support Areas: Brigade (BSA) 1-22

Division (DSA) 1-55
Regimental (RSA)
_SA
Supply Points 1-27 1-147 I/V/IX

General (For multiple classes of
supplies, show outside upper right.)
Class I
Class II II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Class VI
Class VII
3-39
Supply Points (Continued)

Class VIII
Class IX
Class X CA
Supply Routes 1-95

Main Supply Route
Alternate Supply Route 1-8
One-way Traffic MSR NAME
Alternating Traffic MSR NAME

ALT
Two-way Traffic MSR NAME
TCP
Traffic Control Post (TCP) 1-156
3
TTP
Trailer Transfer Point (TTP) 1-156 3
UMCP
Unit Maintenance Collection Point
(UMCP) 1-159 3
3-40
Chapter 4
Unit Symbols
definition of a symbol.
This chapter establishes a stand ard system for the development of ground unit symbols. These symbols are
for use on situation maps, overlays, and annotated aerial photographs. This chapter applies to both automated
and hand-drawn graphic displays or overlays.
This chapter includes a wide variety of unit symbols as well as mo difiers for building new or unique symbols.
Users should avoid using any sym bols, or combinations and modifications of symbols, that differ from those in
this manual. If the user, after searching doctrinal symbols and modifers, must create a new symbol, it must be
explained in an accompanying legend.
The symbols shown in t his chapter are adequate for depicting enemy units. When representing unorthodox
units and equipment, select the most appropriate symbol contained herein.
ICON-BASED SYMBOLS
A symbol is composed of three components: a frame (geometric border), fill, and icon. Frames are geometric
shapes used to display affiliation. Affiliation refers to whether the warfighting object being represented is a
threat. The basic affiliation categories are friendly, unknown, neutral, and enemy. The unknown frame shape
is normally used only for aircraft and ships. The frame shape for suspected friendly, enemy, or neutral is used
for ground units not positively identified. The basic frame shapes for units, installations, activities, and logistics
sites are shown in Figure 4-1, page 4-2.
4-1
Friendly Friendly Unknown

Ground Units Sea/Air Sea/Air Neutral Enemy Units
Surface
Subsurface
In-flight
Figure 4-1. Unit, Installation, and Site Symbol Frames
Fill refers to the area within the frame. If color is used in a symbol, it shall indicate affiliation. Generally,
black is used for the frame, icon, and modifiers when symbols are displayed on a light background. White is used
for these elements when they are displayed on a dark background. A color fill can be used if an icon is displayed
within the area of the frame. Figure 4-2, fr om MILSTD 2525A, shows the color defaults for affiliation used for
hand-drawn and computer-generated symbols. The use of any other colors m ust be explained in an accompanying
legend. Automated systems allow users to select other colors and to portray their meaning on the automated
overlay display.
Affiliation Hand-Drawn Computer-Generated
Friend, Assumed Friend Blue Cyan
Unknown, Pending Yellow Yellow
Neutral Green Green
Enemy, Suspect, Joker, Faker Red Red

Figure 4-2. Color Defaults
The icon is a role indicator that shows the warfighting function the unit performs either on the ground, in
the air, or at sea. An example is the crossed rifles which represent an infantry unit.
This manual does not include an example of every type of unit; however, users can see from those presented
the pattern of construction in order to make symbols for new or unique units. Upon US Army and Marine Corps
approval, MILSTD 2525A, Common Warfighting Symbology, will contain more approved ground unit symbols.
Appendix A includes additional examples of friendly units. Appendix B includes examples of enemy units.
4-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
BUILDING UNIT SYMBOLS
Seven rules govern the building of unit symbols. They are:

1. Existing standard symbols must be used whenever possible as building blocks for new symbols.
2. Symbols must be usable in manual as well as automated modes.
3. Symbols must be easily distinguishable.
4. Friendly symbols must not use attributes that could be confused with enemy symbols.
5. Symbols must be distinguishable without color. (Monochrome display.)
6. Composite symbols will generally have the primary symbol centered on or below the modifying symbols.
7. All unit symbols will be drawn or portrayed with the top of the symbol facing the top of the overlay (normally North
is at the top). Orientation of the symbol will be accomplished by using the Q field for moving symbols or another
graphic such as a battle position or support by fire position.
Normally, additional information needs to be included with the unit symbol and is placed in standardized unit
labeling fields shown in Figure 4-3. The fields are defined in Figure 4-4. The unit location is determined by the center
of mass of the symbol or a line (without an arrow head) from the center of the bottom of the frame to the location .
Headquarters unit locations are at the bottom of the "headquarters staff," displayed as field "S."
C
W
C
B E/F W B E/F
X/Y A G X/Y A G
V A1, 2, 3 H/K V H/K
A Text
T A Text M T M
Z H P Z H P
Q Q
S
S
Friendly and Neutral Ground Units Friendly Sea Surface Units
Friendly Sea Subsurface Units Enemy Surface Units
Enemy Air Units Enemy Subsurface Units
Figure 4-3. Standardized Unit Labeling Fields
4-3

(characters)
A Symbol Frame, fill, and icon showing basic All
function of units, installations, or
equipment with modifers A1,A2, and A3.
or installation (see Figure 4-5). installations
C Equipment Indicates number of items present. Units and 10
Installation: Size in square feet. installations
D Task Force A symbol placed over the size indicator to Units 6
denote a task force or company team
(see Figure 4-3).
E Suspect, Assumed Question mark ?: suspect, assumed All 1
Friend, Faker, Joker friend, faker. J: Joker.
F Reinforced or Shows (+) reinforced , (-) reduced, or (+-) Units 3
Detached reinforced and reduced.
G Staff Comments Free text. All 20
H Additional Free text. All 20
Information
J Evaluation Rating One letter and one number (see Enemy only 2
STANAG 2022 ).
K Combat Effectiveness of unit displayed. Units and 5
Effectiveness installations
L Signature Indicated by "!" ( refers to detectable Enemy equipment 1
Equipment electronic signatures). only
M Higher Formation Number or title of higher echelon All 21
command (corps designated by Roman
numerals).
N Enemy (Hostile) Indicated enemy by letters "ENY." Enemy equipment, 3
lines, areas, and
boundaries
P IFF/SIF Identification modes and codes. Units and 5
equipment
Q Direction of Direction symbol is moving or will move. All 4
Movement Arrow Nuclear, biological, chemical: Downwind
direction.
R Mobility Indicator Pictorial representation of mobility. Equipment only
S Headquarters Staff Identifies unit symbol as a headquarters Units
Indicator/Locating or used to indicate location or to
Indicator declutter.
T Unique Designation An alphanumeric title that uniquely All 21
identifies a particular symbol; track
number. Nuclear: Friendly delivery unit
(missile, satellite, aircraft, etc).
V Type of Equipment Identifies unique designation. Nuclear: Units and 24
Friendly weapons type. equipment
W Date-Time Group Alphanumeric field for date/time All 15
(MILSTD-2500A)
order.
X Altitude/Depth Altitude portion of GPS. Flight level for All 6
aircraft. Depth for submerged objects.
Height in feet of equipment or structure
on the ground. Nuclear: Height of burst.
Y Location Latitude and longitude ; grid coordinates. All 19
Z Speed Nautical miles per hour; kilometers per Units and 5
hour. equipment
Figure 4-4. Labeling Field Definitions
4-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
As an example, we will build the symbol for a friendly nuclear, bi ological, or chemical (NBC) reconnaissance
unit equipped with the FOX and M21 long-range sensor.
STEP 1. First choose the frame (friendly) and graphic for the basic function o r
branch of the unit, labeling field A, In this example, the basic function is NBC.
STEP 2. Choose the graphic modifier for the secondary function or capability ,
labeling field A1, (possibly from the list of modifiers). In this example, th e
secondary function and first modifier is reconnaissance.
STEP 3. Choose the graphic modifier for the next capability, labeling field A 2.
In this example, the tertiary (third function or capability) is wheeled armore d
vehicle.
STEP 4. Choose the graphic modifier for any other capability, labeling field A 3.
This example requires no more graphic modifiers.
STEP 5. If necessary to fully dist inguish the unit from another type of unit, include
a text abbreviation, labeling field A TEXT, inside the symbol frame. In this example,
a text abbreviation RS is added inside the symbol to show that this unit is
specially equipped w ith the M21 sensor. Unit size indicators, shown in Figure 4-5,
are placed at the top center of the symbol frame in field B.
Size Indicator Meaning

Installation
Team/Crew
Squad
Section
Platoon/Detachment
I Company/Battery/Troop
II Battalion/Squadron
III Regiment/Group
X Brigade
XX Division
XXX Corps
XXXX Army
XXXXX Army Group/Front
XXXXXX Region
Figure 4-5. Unit Size and Installation Indicator
4-5
Figure 4-6 shows the abbreviations used when identifying units or marking boundaries.
Long Name Abbreviation

Air Assault AASLT
Airborne ABN
Armored Cavalry Regiment ACR
Armored Division AD
Cavalry Division CAV
Infantry Division ID
Light Infantry Division ID(L)
Mechanized Battalion or TF MECH
Mechanized Infantry Division ID(M)
Mountain MTN
Separate Armored Brigade SAB
Separate Infantry Brigade SIB
Separate Infantry Brigade (Light) SIB(L)
Separate Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) SIB(M)
Figure 4-6. Unit Abbreviations
SYMBOLS FOR THE GROUND ENVIRONMENT

Situation maps and overlays provide a rapid and easily understood means by which a commander or staff may
express an operational plan, concept, or friendly or enemy situation. The combination of unit and weapo n
symbols with o bjectives, boundaries, routes of march, and other control measures creates an indispensable tool
for quickly a nd accurately portraying battle activity. Standardization of techniques is essential if tactica l
information is to be relayed without misunderstanding.
Present and Proposed Locations
Basic unit and installation symbols are drawn with either solid or broken lines. The center of mass of the
symbol indicates the general vicinity of the center of mass of the unit. If a staff is added to identify a
headquarters, the base of the staff indicates the precise location of the headquarters.
A solid line symbol represents a present or

actual location.
A broken line symbol indicates a future or

projected location.
4-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Precise Locations
To indicate locations more precisely, the following methods are employed.
Basic symbols other than the headquarters

symbol (for example, points) may be placed
on a staff which is extended or bent. The end
of the staff indicates the precise location.
Since the headquarters symbol already

includes a staff, this staff may be extended or
bent. The end of the staff, or extension (if
used), indicates the exact location of the
headquarters.
If several headquarters are at one location,

more than one headquarters symbol can be
on a single staff.
If a group of units or installations other than a

headquarters is at one location, the grouping
of symbols may be enclosed with a bracket
and the exact location indicated with a staff.
4-7
UNIT SYMBOL MODIFIERS
Unit symbol modifiers are c ombined with basic unit function (branch) symbols to create a composite symbol
that represents a unique type of unit. All modifiers are placed in either the center of the frame, upper half, o r
above the basic function symbol with the exception of a irborne, mountain, and light modifiers. These are placed
below the basic function symbol. In a ddition to the modifier symbols, text may be used inside the symbol frame
to further clarify the symbol.
Air Assault
1-4
Air Assault w/Organic Lift
Air Assault w/Organic Lift (NATO Only)
Airborne
1-4
AmphibiousNaval
1-8
ArcticSki
Bicycle-Equipped
4-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Unit Symbol Modifiers (Continued)
Gun System-Equipped
(Vulcan, IFV, ZSU, etc.)
Horse, Camel, or Pack Animal-Equipped
Mechanized or Armored
(Tracked or Wheeled)
Tracked Wheeled
Motorized
Mountain
Observation or Listening Posts

Combat Outpost 1-31
RadarSensor 1-139
Reconnaissance 1-130
Riverine or Floating
4-9
COMBAT ARMS
Air Defense Artillery
Air Defense 1-5
Generic Gun System-Equipped
Towed Tracked & Wheeled &

Armored Armored
Generic Gun and Missile, Tracked,

Armored System-Equipped Unit
Generic Missile
(Low, medium, and high altitude)
(Short, medium, and long range)
Radar (Target acquisition or tracking)
Avenger (Motorized missile system)
Bradley Stinger (Tracked gun/missile

combination)
s
Chaparral
C
4-10
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Combat Arms (Continued)

Air Defense Artillery (Continued)
Hawk
H
Patriot
P
Stinger or Short Range/Low Altitude

Missile S
Theater Missile Defense 1-154

T
Vulcan (Gun system)

V V
M113 (tracked) Towed
Armor
Tracked Tank-Equipped
Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV) (US)

Amphibious Tank
Wheeled Tank-Equipped
Antiarmor
Fighting Vehicle Dismounted Motorized Mechanized
4-11
Aviation
Aviation (Basic)
Fixed Wing
Rotary Wing (Basic)
Air Cavalry
Reconnaissance (Scout) R
Helicopter (OH-58)
Attack Helicopter
A A A
L M H
Basic or Light Medium Heavy

(AH-1) (AH-64)
Lift Helicopter U U U
L M H
Basic or Light Medium Heavy

(UH-1 or 60) (UH-46 or 47) CH-53
4-12
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A

Engineer
Engineer (Basic)
Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge

(AVLB)
Combat (Dismounted and mechanized)

CBT CBT
Construction (General, railway,

pipeline)
Engineer Bridge
Floating Bridge
Railway Operating Unit
4-13
Scatterable Mine-Laying Unit

S
Topographic
Air Assault Engineers
Airborne Engineers
Light Engineers
Mechanized Engineers
Field Artillery
Field Artillery (Basic) (Towed)
Artillery Locating Radar

Target Acquisition Radar
4-14
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Field Artillery (Continued)
COLT 1-31 or FIST 1-67
Tracked Dismounted
Forward Observer Position
Rocket Artillery (MLRS or ATACMS)
Self-propelled (SP) Artillery
Sound Ranging (Target acquisition)

S
Surface-to-Surface Missile
Survey
Air/Naval Gunfire Liaison

Company (ANGLICO) 1-6
4-15
Infantry
Infantry (Basic)
Mortar
Air Assault 1-4 Infantry
Airborne 1-4 Infantry
Amphibious Infantry (USMC landing

teams)Naval Infantry
Arctic Infantry
Light Infantry
Mechanized Infantry (In tracked

armored personnel carrier (APC))
4-16
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Infantry (Continued)
Mechanized Infantry (In tracked
infantry fighting vehicle (IFV)
(Bradley, Marder, BMP, etc))
Mechanized Infantry (Dismounted from

` a tracked infantry fighting vehicle
(IFV) (Bradley, Marder, BMP, etc))
Mechanized Infantry (In wheeled

infantry fighting vehicle (IFV))
(Marine light armored infantry
(LAI))
Motorized Infantry (Equipped with

unarmored but armed wheeled
vehicles) (HMMWVs with MK19s
or .50-caliber machine guns)
Mountain Infantry
Naval Infantry
Observation Post/Outpost 1-112
Combat Outpost 1-31
4-17

Reconnaissance 1-130
Reconnaissance, Cavalry, or Scouts
(Basic or dismounted)
Airborne Cavalry, Reconnaissance, or

Scouts
Horse Cavalry, Reconnaissance, or

Scouts
Light Cavalry, Reconnaissance, or

Scouts
L
Armored (APC) Cavalry,

Reconnaissance, or Scouts
Armored (Tracked IFV) Cavalry,

Reconnaissance, or Scouts
Armored (Wheeled IFV) Recon-

naissance or Scouts (Marine light
armored reconnaissance (LAR))
Motorized (HMMWV or BRDM) Recon-

naissance or Scouts
Observation Post Occupied by Dis-

Mounted Scouts or Reconnaissance
4-18
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
COMBAT SUPPORT
Chemical Corps
Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical
(NBC) NBC (Basic symbol)
Decontamination 1-46 D
Smoke (Basic or truck-equipped,

APC-equipped, HMMWV- S S
equipped)
Smoke and Decontamination SD SD SD

(Basic or Truck-equipped,
APC-equipped, HMMWV-
equipped)
Biological Reconnaissance B
(HMMWV-equipped (BIDS))
Chemical and Nuclear

Reconnaissance (Wheeled Armored RS
Vehicle (FOX))
With M21
NBC Observation Post (OP) (Dis-

mounted)
Landing Support
Shore Party SP
Military Intelligence
Basic Symbol
4-19
Combat Support (Continued)
Military Intelligence
Aerial Exploitation
(UAV)
MI
Ground Station Module for J-STARS GSM

MI
Ground Surveillance Radar (GSR)

MI
Meteorological
Military Intelligence Operations
Sensor Control and Management SCM

(USMC (SCAMP)) Sensor OP/LP
1-139 MI
Tactical Exploitation Battalion
Electronic Warfare (Basic symbol)

(USMC LAV-equipped EW unit) EW
The following symbols replace the EW
site symbols for EW.
Direction Finding (Unit, crew, or

installation)
4-20
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Military Intelligence (Continued)

EW Intercept (Unit, crew, or
installation)
E
EW Jamming (Unit, crew, or

installation)
EW
Law Enforcement-Army Military Police
MP
Signal/Communications
Basic Symbol
Area Signal AREA
Command Operations OPS
Construction/Installers CON
Forced Entry System FES
Forward Communications FWD
4-21
Signal (Continued)
Communications Configured Package CCP LCCP
(CCP); Light (LCCP) (Airborne)
Multiple Subscriber Element (MSE)

MSE
Large Extension Node (LEN) LEN
Node Center
NC
Remote Access Unit (RAU)
Small Extension Node (SEN) SEN
Radio Relay Station--Retrans Station
Radio/Wireless Station--Radio Recon OP
Signal Support Operations

SPT
4-22
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Signal (Continued)
Tactical Satellite Communications
Telephone Switching Center
Teletype Center
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Multifunctional Combat Service Support

Echelons Above Corps Combat
Service Support
Corps Level Combat Service Support
Supply
Supply Trains 1-32
4-23
Multifunctional Combat Service Support (Continued)

The size indicator represents the rank or relative position of the commander of the CSS unit. The M
labeling field will describe who the higher headquarters is that the CSS organization is supporting.
Theater Army Area Command
Theater Support Command
Area Support Group
Area Support Battalion 1-11
Corps Support Command (COSCOM)
Corps Support Group (Forward (F) and

Rear (R))
Force Service Support Group (FSSG)

(USMC)
Corps Support Battalion
Division Support Command (DISCOM)
4-24
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Multifunctional Combat Service Support (Continued)
Division Aviation Support Battalion
Main Support Battalion
Forward Support Battalion
Combat Service Support
Band
Finance
Labor
Laundry and Bath
Laundry, Shower, and Clothing

Repair LSCR
4-25
Maintenance 1-95
Medical
Medical (Basic symbol)
Medical Treatment Facility (MTF)

1-4 (BAS) 1-99
Dental
D
Veterinary
Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR) MWR
Mortuary Affairs 1-105
Personnel Services
PS
Postal or Courier
4-26
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Public Affairs 1-125
PA
Broadcast Public Affairs Detachment
BPAD
Corps Media Center
PRESS
Joint Information Bureau (EAC)

JIB
Replacement Holding Unit

RHU
Salvage 1-27 1-136

SALV
Service
SVC
Supply
Supply (Basic symbol)
Classes of Supply 1-27
Class I 1-27
(Food)
4-27
Class II 1-27
(Clothing, individual equipment,
tentage, organizational tool sets)
Class III 1-27

(Petroleum supply)
Class IV 1-27
(Construction & barrier material)
Class V 1-27
(Ammunition)
Class VI 1-27
(Personal demand)
Class VII 1-27

(Major assemblies)
Class VIII 1-27

(Medical supplies)
Class IX 1-27
(Repair parts)
Class X 1-27
(Agricultural and nonmilitary material CA
not in the other classes of supply)
4-28
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Support
SPT
Transportation
Transportation (Basic symbol)
Railhead 1-127
Seaport (SPOD or SPOE) 1-122

1-137
Airfield/Airport (APOD or APOE)

1-3 1-122
Water 1-27
PURE
Purification Distribution
SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES (SOF)
Special Forces (SF)
SF
Rangers (RGR)
R
4-29
Special Operations Forces (SOF) (Continued)
Civil Affairs (CA) 1-26
CA
Psychological Operations (PSYOP)

1-125
Marine Force Recon F
SEALS
SEAL
Special Forces Aviation SF

Fixed Wing
Rotary Wing SF
4-30
Chapter 5
Equipment Symbols
definition of a symbol or graphic in this chapter .
This chapter describes equipment, weapon, ground vehicle, and aerial vehicl e symbols. It describes procedures
for creating composite weapon system symb ols and the procedures for text labeling to provide necessary details.
The use of the symbol frames shown in Chapter 4 is optional for equipment and recommended only for ships,
aircraft, and aerial vehicles.
Orientation of the symbols shown in this chapter is extremely important. All manual and automated displays
and overlays should show the symbol oriented the same as the actual equipment. The Q field will show the
orientation of moving equipment symbols.
Blue or black will represent friendly equipment on color displays and red will represent enemy or hostil e
equipment. Monochrome displays will use the color available.
EQUIPMENT SYMBOL LABELING
Figures 5-1 through 5-4 show the placement of unit labeling fields around the different symbol frames. Figure
5-5 is a table defining the labeling fields. See Appendix A for examples of fully labeled unit and equipmen t
symbols.
5-1
Figure 5-1. Friendly and Neutral

Figure 5-2. Friendly Aerial Vehicle
Ground Equipment Labeling
and Aircraft Labeling Fields
Fields
Figure 5-3. Enemy Ground and Figure 5-4. Enemy Aerial Vehicles
Naval (Surface) Equipment and Aircraft (In Flight) Labeling
Labeling Fields Fields
5-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A

A Symbol Frame shape, fill, and icon showing the basic All (characters)
function of units, installations, or equipment with
modifers A1, A2, and A3
D Equipment Indicates number of items present. Installation : Units and 10
Size in square feet installations
E Suspect, Assumed Question mark ?: suspect, assumed friend, All 1
Friend, Faker, Joker faker. J: joker
F Reinforced or Shows (+) reinforced , (-) reduced, or (+-) Units 3
Detached reinforced and reduced
G Staff Comments Free text All 20
H Additional Information Free text All 20
J Evaluation Rating One letter and one number (see STANAG 2022 ) Enemy only 2
L Signature Equipment Indicated by "!" ( refers to detectable electronic Enemy 1

signatures) equipment only
M Higher Formation Number or title of higher echelon command All 21
(Corps designated by Roman numerals)
N Enemy (Hostile) Indicated enemy by letters "ENY" Enemy 3
equipment,
lines, areas,
and boundaries
P IFF/SIF Identification modes and codes Units and 5
equipment
Q Direction of Direction symbol is moving or will move. Nuclear, All 4
Movement Arrow biological, chemical: downwind direction
R Mobility Indicator Pictorial representation of mobility Equipment only
T Unique Designation An alphanumeric title that uniquely identifies a All 21

particular symbol; track number. Nuclear: friendly
delivery unit (missile, satellite, aircraft, etc)
V Type of Equipment Identifies unique designation. Nuclear: Friendly Units and 24
weapons type equipment
W Date-Time Group Alphanumeric field for date/time (MILSTD-2500A) All 15
(DDHHMMSSZMONYY) or o/o for on order
X Altitude / Depth Altitude portion of GPS. Flight level for aircraft. All 6
Depth for submerged objects. Height in feet of
equipment or structure on the ground. Nuclear:
Height of burst
Y Speed Nautical miles per hour; kilometers per hour Units and 5
equipment
Z Location Latitude and longitude; grid coordinates All 19
Figure 5-5. Equipment Labeling Field Definitions
5-3
BUILDING AN EQUIPMENT SYMBOL

The following are example procedures for building a specific equipment symbol. Select the basic
equipment symbol.
Rifle/light automatic weapon (M16)
Add horizontal lines to indicate the size or range of a weapon: zero for small, light, or short; one for
medium; or two for large, heavy, or long.
Medium machine gun (7.62 mm) Heavy machine gun (.50 cal)
Add a circle in the center of the line for a grenade launcher.
M203 MK19
If a weapon has a high trajectory, a circle is placed at the base of the shaft.
If the weapon has a flat trajectory, a chevron is placed at the base of the shaft .
Medium mortar Light antitank gun
5-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
If the weapon is primarily for air defense, a horizontal half circle is placed at the base of the shaft.
Air defense missile Air defense gun
If the weapon is a rocket launcher, a double arrowhead is placed at the head of the shaft.
If the weapon is also a tracked, self-propelled vehicle, a flat ellipse is placed below the weapon symbol.
Rocket launcher Tracked, self-propelled medium howitzer
COMPOSITE WEAPON SYSTEM SYMBOLS
5-5
MODIFIERS
Rifle or Automatic Weapon
Size of Weapon
small medium large
Antitank Weapon
Rocket
Indirect Fire (high trajectory)
Direct Fire Gun
Air Defense
Recoilless Rifle
Tracked Self-Propelled
or Armor-Protected
5-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
MOBILITY MODIFIERS
Wheeled (limited cross-country)
Wheeled (cross-country)
Towed Vehicle or Trailer
Railway
Wheeled and Tracked (half track)
Over-snow (prime mover)
Sled (towed)
Pack Animals or Horse-Mounted
Barge
Amphibious
5-7
TYPES OF GROUND EQUIPMENT
LIGHT MEDIUM HEAVY
Laser
Howitzer
Mortar
Multibarrel Rocket Launcher
Surface-to-Surface Missiles
Flame Thrower
vehicle
Non-Line-of-Sight Antitank Missile
Smoke Generator
Tank (friendly)
5-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
VEHICLE SYMBOLS
Infantry Fighting Vehicle
Armored Personnel Carrier
Cargo or Personnel Carrier
Train Engine/Locomotive
Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE)
Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge (AVLB)
Hovercraft
Armored Vehicle-Mounted MICLIC (AVLM)

Trailer-mounted MICLIC
Tractor, Full-tracked Low-speed (dozer)
Armored Carrier with Volcano
Truck-mounted Volcano
5-9
AIRCRAFT/AERIAL VEHICLES
HELICOPTER
Civilian
Attack
(Navy; ASW & ASUW)
Reconnaissance
Transport
(Air Force; HH-53)
Support (SAR & C2)

(Navy; MCM)
5-10
Appendix A
Friendly Unit and Equipment Symbols
HIGH LEVEL COMMANDS
ARMY SERVICE COMPONENT COMMANDS

1-11
USAREUR EUCOM
United States Army, Europe
United States Army, Pacific

USARPAC PACOM
Forces Command FORSCOM

LANTCOM
Third US Army TUSA

CENTCOM
US Army South USARSO

SOUTHCOM
Eighth US Army EUSA

USFK
XXXX
FIELD ARMY
Field Army (With Corps Attached) CENTCOM
3
A-1
A-2
High Level Commands (Continued)
JOINT TASK FORCE COMMANDS XXX

1-88
Joint Task Force South JTF
SOUTH
Joint Support Command
180
JTF SOUTH
HEADQUARTERS TYPES
Tactical Operations Center (TOC)

1-150
TOC
Assault Command Post (ASLT)

1-12
ASLT
Base Defense Operations Center (BDOC)

1-16
BDOC
Command Group (CMD GP)

1-34
CMD
A-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Headquarters Types (Continued)
Combat Trains Command Post (CTCP)

1-32 CTCP
Field Trains Command Post (FTCP)

1-65
FTCP
Forward Command Post (FWD)
FWD
Main Command Post (MAIN)

1-95
MAIN
Rear Command Post (REAR)
1-129
REAR
Tactical Command Post (TAC)

1-150
TAC
USMC
Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) 1-32
A-3
EXAMPLES OF UNITS IN DIVISIONS
A-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
CBT
MI
Abn MI Bn Air Cav Sqdn Cbt Avn Bn Abn AT Co Abn Chem Co
MI MP
ADA Bn Air Cav Sqdn Sig Bn AASLT MI Bn AASLT MP Co
AASLT AASLT AASLT
FSB
Sig Bn Fwd Spt Bn Atk Hel Co Bridge Co ADA Bn MLRS Btry

En Bn
CMD
MSB
Main Spt Bn Cav Sqdn Mech In Co AVIM Tgt Acq Btry Cmd Avn Co
L CBT-L MSB FSB

L L L L
Recon Bn ADA Bn En Bn Main Spt Bn Fwd Spt Bn Sig Bn
(Light) In Div
CMD CBT
MI
Cmd Avn Bn ADA Bn En Bn Sig Bn MI Bn Chem Co
A-5
EXAMPLES OF SUPPLY SITES
II &VI
Water Class I Class II Multiple Classes
Class III Class III Class III Class IV

Army Aviation Ground Solid Fuel
Class V Class V ASP ATP

All Types Air Defense
Class V Class V Class V Class V

Army Aviation Artillery Mines & Explosives Rocket Artillery
Class V Class V Class VIII Class IX

Small Arms Tank
ALL
All Classes
A-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
EXAMPLES OF COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS
A-7
EXAMPLES OF UNIT SYMBOLS WITH LABELING FIELDS
Twentieth Corps, Third Army.
Twenty-fifth Armored Division, Twentieth

Corps, Third Army.
208th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Tenth

Corps
208 X
Engineer construction supply site for the 4101st CONST

En Const Spt Co, 44th En Gp, Twentieth Corps.
4101 44/XX
EXAMPLES OF EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS WITH LABELING FIELDS
Six 5-ton trucks from B Co,

2d Engr, moving east.
An UAV launch site of B Co, 301 MI Bn,

launch direction 130 degrees, "Phoenix" type
UAV, to air corridor "Cathy", next launch at
1500Z on the 15th of the current month.
Six 4.2-in mortars, in M113s from HHC Co,

1st Bn, 141st IN(M), at 50% of its ammo
A-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Equipment Symbols with Labeling Fields (Continued)
Eight 155-mm towed howitzers of Btry A,

1st Bn, 2d FA, valid as of 0800Z
the 7th of the current month
Two STINGER missiles from 1st Section

1st Plt, A Btry, 2d Bn, 6th ADA, in
HUMMWVs. Location valid as of
1000Z the 11th of the current month.
Four IFVs of the 3d Plt, B Co,
1st Bn, 87th IN(M) with a "green"
readiness rating and moving east
on Route LOU.
Six M-1A2 tanks from A Co, 2-34 Armor,

3d Bde, refueling as of 0600Z the
21st , "yellow" status.
Three MLRS from A Btry, 3d Bn,

16th FA, in a hide position.
A-9
Appendix B
Enemy Unit and Equipment Symbols
EXAMPLES OF ENEMY COMBAT UNITS
EX
B-1
AMPLES OF ENEMY COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS
CA MI MP
Civil Affairs Military Police Signal
EXAMPLES OF ENEMY COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS
ALL
Medical Medical All Classes Maintenance
Treatment of Supply
EXAMPLES OF ENEMY EQUIPMENT
Enemy tank
Enemy wheeled infantry fighting vehicle
Enemy tracked infantry fighting vehicle
An enemy 57-mm antitank gun, reported 2

at this location at 1200Z on the 12th of 121800Z
the current month. 57
ENY
B-2
Appendix C
Military Decisionmaking Process and Tactical Mission Graphics
The basic tenets of Army doctrine are initiative, depth, agility, synchronization, and versatility. I f
commanders and staffs are to adhere to these tenets, they need information in a format that assists them to adapt
quickly to the changing factors of METT-T. The graphics portrayed in Chapters 3 through 5 are used to plot
locations and directions of movement; how ever, the decision maker normally requires additional information not
readily available by studying a current situ ation map. The battlefield envisioned by our current doctrine requires
rapid and frequent changes in task organization of units to retain or take the initiative and move optimall y
task-organized forces to the critical point on the battlefield. Military decisionmaking process graphics are a tool
for portraying the necessary information.
STATUS AND ASSESSMENT CHARTS

Commanders require two general categories of information when analyzing the situation map: the status of
equipment and personnel, and the composition of the task-organized forces. Two common methods fo r
displaying information and identifying status are the bar chart and the gumball chart.
Bar Chart
The bar chart is used to display quantities or percentages. Its major advantage is that it provides a simple
method for comparing status indicators to each other and to a set, standard reference point. Bar charts also give
the staff flexibility to display and relate various types and combinations of information for the commander .
Figure C-1, page C-2, shows examples of various styles and information.
Gumball Chart
The gumball chart provides a clear picture of the status of designate d elements using a color code established
in the unit standing operating procedures. The chart assists the com mander to quickly assess the status of critical
elements and assists the staff to focus on problem areas. The color code chosen should be consistent throughout
all echelons of the command. The following is a commonly used color code: GREEN indicates that the unit is
at 85 percent or greater strength (combat capable); AMBER indicates that the unit is at 70 to 84 percent strength
(combat capable with minor deficiencies); RED indicates that the unit is at 50 to 69 percent strength (combat
ineffective, unit has major losses or deficiencies); and BLACK indicates that the unit is at less than 50 percent
strength (requires reconstitution before next mission). See the example in Figure C-2, page C-3.
C-1
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tank IFV Pers
1st Bde Tanks
100 100
1st Bde
80 80
Tank 2d Bde
60 60
3d Bde
IFV
40 40
Div
20 20
Pers
0 0
1st Bde 2d Bde 3d Bde Tank IFV Pers
Figure C-1. Example Bar Type Status Charts
Combat Effectiveness Graphics
Situation reports (SITREPs) focus on the collection of information about the ability of subordinate units to
perform their mission. Appropriate staff elements use vari ous formats to report factors such as the status of fuel,
ammunition, vehicle availability, and personnel. The task force commander, however, provides the ne t
assessment of his unit's ability to perform the mission. This as sessment can be expressed using decision graphics
as shown in Figure C-3, page C-4.
The center column of Figure C-3 visually depicts the overall combat rating of the unit, and the right column
specifies the status of selected items of interest. The standing operating procedures (SOP) will specify the items
of interest to be reported higher. The subordinate commander may add to this list for his internal reporting and
tracking. The four items shown in the right column are ammunition, weapons, POL, and personnel.
C-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Overall Tanks BFVs Pers
1st Brigade
2d Brigade
3d Brigade
Now 24 hours 48 hours
1st Brigade
Tanks
BFVs
Personnel
2d Brigade
Tanks
BFVs
Personnel
3d Brigade
Tanks
BFVs
Personnel
Figure C-2. Example of Gumball Charts

Note: The circles (gumballs) would be filled in with appropriate colors (GREEN/AMBER/RED/BLACK).
C-3
Commanders Assessment Effectiveness Pie Chart Selected Status Pie Chart

of Ability to Perform
Mission
No Problem Personnel Ammo
POL Weapons
Some Problems (Personnel)
Major Problems (Weapon

Systems)
Cant Perform Mission

(Personnel, Ammunition,
Weapon Systems)
Figure C-3. Example of Combat Effectiveness Graphics
TASK-ORGANIZED COMPOSITION GRAPHICS

The assets available to a commander are established in the operation order and may be late r
modified by fragmentary and warning orders. The composition of task-organized forces may b e
portrayed by using the standard symbol syste m. These symbols do not provide decision makers with
a graphic portrayal of information relating to task-organized composition. Figure C-4 on this page
and C-5 on the next page show a task force organized around the headquarters of the 1st Battalion,
72d Infantry Regiment (Mechanized), of the 1st Brigade, 52d Infantry Division (Mechanized). The
task force unit symbol (Figure C-4) does not tell the decision maker how t he unit is organized or what
the overall combat effectiveness may be.
Although this data may be available through other charts, reports, and briefings, its impact can
be lost when it is in various locations. Figure C-5 shows TF 1-72 as a task-organized composition
graphic. Figure C-6 on page C-6 shows examples of shorthand unit symbols for use as decision
graphics.
Figure C-4. Task Force Unit Symbol
C-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
TF 1-72 IN(M) is organized with two

mechanized infantry companies, one armor
team, an antitank company minus one platoon,
and an engineer company.
Figure C-5. Example of a Task-Organized Composition Graphic
Armor
Armored Cavalry
Infantry
Air Assault Infantry
Airborne Infantry
Light Infantry
L
Mechanized Infantry
Mountain Infantry
MD
Medium
Antitank (Mechanized)
Figure C-6. Shorthand Unit Symbols
C-5
Engineer
Air Defense
Artillery
Attack Helicopter
Air Cavalry
Lift/Assault Helicopters
Figure C-6. Shorthand Unit Symbols (Continued)
DECISION GRAPHICS
Combat effectivenes s graphics and task-organized composition graphics can be combined to form decision
graphics. Examples of composite decision graphics at the c ompany/team, battalion/task force, and brigade levels
are at Figures C-7, 8, and 9. Green, amber, red, or black can be used for the fill colors or outlines of the unit
decision graphics to show the status of the subordinate units .
Subordinate units are assumed to be one echelon lower than the parent organization. If any subordinate unit
is not one echelon lower, a size indicator should be used for clarity. For example, Task Force 1-6 Armor shows
the platoon size indicator over the air defense artillery platoon shorthand symbol (Figure C-8) because th e
platoon is two echelons lower than the parent organization (TF 1-6 Armor). Figure C-9 shows an example of
a brigade-level decision graphic.
Tm A, 1st Bn, 72d IN(M), is organized with

two mechanized infantry platoons and one
armor platoon. It has some difficulty
performing its mission because of deadlined
weapon systems.
Figure C-7. Example Company Team Decision Graphic
C-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
TF 1-6 AR is organized with two armor teams,

two mechanized infantry teams, and an air
defense platoon. It has major problems
in performing its mission because of a shortage
of personnel and weapon systems.
Figure C-8. Example of a Task Force Decision Graphic
1st Bde, 52d ID(M), is organized with two X

mechanized infantry battalions, one armor 1/52ID(M)
battalion, and an attack helicopter battalion.
It has no problems in performing the mission.
Figure C-9. Example of a Brigade Decision Graphic
MISSION GRAPHICS
Tactical task graphics are for use in course of action sketches, synchronization matrixes, and maneuve r
sketches. They do not replace any part of the operation order. The graphics should be scaled to fit the map scale
and size of unit for which they are being used. The examples shown here are for illustration purposes only .
Where practical the task graphic should connect with the decision graphic or unit graphic where the Q labeling
field is (center of the bottom of the symbol).
Figure C-10 below shows that the 1st Brigade, 52d Infantry Division (Mechanized), is task-organized with
two mechanized infantry battalions, an armor (tank) battalion, and an attack helicopter battalion. It has n o
deficiencies. Its task is to seize objective Tina. The 2d Brigade, 52d Infantry Division (Mechanized), is task-
organized with two mechanized infantry battalions and two armor (tank) battalions. It has no deficiencies. Its
task is to follow and support the first brigade.
Figure C-10. Example of Use of Decision Graphics and Mission Graphics
C-7
TACTICAL MISSION GRAPHICS
Ambush 1-8
Attack by Fire 1-13
Block 1-20
Breach 1-21
Bypass 1-23
Canalize 1-23
Clear 1-28
Contain 1-37
C-8
Tactical Mission Graphics (Continued)
Counterattack 1-39
(Axis is always dashed.)
Counterattack by Fire 1-70
Delay 1-48, 1-49
Delay (until a specified time) 1-48, 1-49
Destroy 1-51
Disrupt 1-55
Fix 1-68
Follow and Assume 1-69
Follow and Support 1-69
Interdict 1-84
C-9
Isolate 1-86
Neutralize 1-109
Occupy 1-113
Penetrate 1-120
Relief in Place 1-132
Retain 1-133
Retirement 1-134
Secure 1-138
C-10
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A

Security (Arrowheads touch graphics
which define the 1-138 S S
limits of the task.) G G
screen 1-137 C C
guard 1-74
cover 1-41
Seize 1-138
Support by Fire 1-147
Withdraw 1-163
Withdraw under Pressure 1-163
EXAMPLES
IN POSITIONS
RELIEVING UNIT
C-11
Appendix D
Stability and Support Operations Symbology
During recent stability and support operations, units have found a need to use symbols to track incidents and
to support intelligence preparation of the battlefiel d. This appendix includes examples of symbols used to depict
common events in a stability and support operations environment and shows the pattern of developing additional
symbols from doctrinal symbols or other easily drawn and understood symbols. Any symbols which deviat e
from a combination of symbols in this manual must be shown in the margin of the overlay with a legen d
explaining their meaning.
NOTE: The terms insurgent and hostile are used to describe any force, faction, or political group that is opposed
to United States forces presence, the National Security Objectives of the United States, United Nation s
peacekeeping actions, and humanitarian assistance efforts, or that commits unlawful activities. The terms are
also used to describe violent acts against Americans, allies, or friendly factions.
FRIENDLY UNITS, ACTIVITIES, OR FACILITIES
Arrest (Arrest of hostiles by friendly

military, police, or other paramilitary
organizations friendly to US Forces
and goals.)
Demonstration 1-50
MASS
House-to-House Propaganda 1-125
Internal Security Force (ISF) (Paramilitary

organizations or militias, whose primary
purpose is internal defense.)
Refugees 1-131
D-1
Friendly Units, Activities, or Facilities (Continued)
Safe House 1-136

SAFE
Written Propaganda 1-125
HOSTILE ACTIVITIES, UNITS, OR FACILITIES
Ambush
Ammunition Cache
Arson/Fire
Artillery/Artillery Fire
D-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Hostile Activities, Units, or Facilities (Continued)
Assassination/Murder/Execution
Black List Location 1-19
Bomb/Bombing
Boobytrap 1-20
Demonstration
MASS
Drive by Shooting
Drug Operation
D-3
Drug Vehicle
Electronic Warfare Intercept
Extortion
Foraging/Searching
Graffiti
Gray List Location 1-73
Helicopter (civilian being used by hostiles

or insurgents)
D-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Hijacking
VEHICLE AIRPLANE BOAT
Indirect Fire (Unspecified Type)

(The number sequentially records
the number of indirect fire incidents.)
Hostile or Insurgent Motorized

Infantry
Hostile or Insurgent Infantry
Kidnapping
Known Insurgent Vehicle
Minelaying (in progress)
D-5
Mortar/Mortar Fire
Patrolling
Poisoning
Psychological Operations (PSYOP) 1-125
PSYOP (TV and radio propaganda) 1-125
PSYOP (written propaganda) 1-125 W
Reconnaissance/Surveillance
D-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Recruitment (willing)
Recruitment (coerced/impressed) C
Roadblock (completed/in-place)
Roadblock (under construction)
Rocket/Rocket Fire
Safe House 1-136
Signal/Radio Station
D-7
OPERATIONALTERMS AND GRAPHICS
Sniping
Spy
Supply Cache
Vandalism/Rape/Loot/Ransack/
Plunder/ Sack
White List Location 1-163
NEUTRAL (NGO OR PVO) ACTIVITIES, UNITS, OR FACILITIES
Food Distribution (by an NGO 1-110

or PVO 1-124 )
D-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
Neutral (NGO or PVO) Activities, Units, or Facilities (Continued)
Infantry Unit
Medical Treatment Facility

(Established by the Red Cross, a PVO) RED
1-99 CROSS
Refugees
UNKNOWN ACTIVITIES, UNITS, OR FACILITIES
Bomb/Bombing
Demonstration
MASS
PSYOP (written)
D-9
GRAPHIC CONTROL MEASURES
Zone of Separation (ZOS)

Linear
Isolated or Nonlinear
D-10
Appendix E
Multiservice Tactical Brevity Codes
This appendix standardizes air-to-air, surface-to-air, and air-to-surface brevity code words. The scope si
limited to those brevity codes used in multiservice operations and does not include words unique to single service
operations. While these codes are not authoritative in nature, all services agree to their meanings. Using the
codes eases coordination and improves understanding during multiservice operations. The codes are intended
for use by air and ground operations personnel at the tactical level. Code words that are followed by an asterisk
(*) may differ in meaning from NATO usage.
CODE LIST
ABORT(ING)(ED) Directive/informative call to cease action/attack/event/mission.
ACTION Directive to initiate a briefed attack sequence or maneuver.
ACTIVE An emitter is radiating.
ADD( ) Directive call to add a specific (system) or (electronic order of battle (EOB)
category) to search responsibility.
ALARM Directive/informative call indicating the termination of emission control

(EMCON) procedures.
ALLIGATOR Link-11/ tactical digital information link (TADIL) A.
ALPHA CHECK Request for/confirmation of bearing and range to described point.
ANCHOR(ED) 1. Orbit about a specific point; refueling track flown by tanker.

2. Informative call to indicate a turning engagement about a
specific location.
ANGELS Height of friendly aircraft in thousands of feet.
ARIZONA No antiradiation missile (ARM) ordnance remaining.
AS FRAGGED Unit or element will be performing exactly as stated by the air tasking order
(ATO).
AUTHENTICATE To request or provide a response for a coded challenge.
AUTOCAT Any communications relay using automatic retransmissions.
AZIMUTH Two or more groups primarily separated in bearing.
E-1
BANDIT An aircraft identified as enemy, in accordance with theater ID criteria. The term
does not necessarily imply direction or authority to engage.
BANZAI Informative call or directive to execute launch and decide tactics.
BASE (Number) Reference number used to indicate such information as headings, altitude, and
fuels.
BEAD WINDOW Last transmission potentially disclosed unauthorized information.
BEAM(ING) Target stabilized within 70 to 110 degree aspect; generally (Direction)

given with cardinal directions: east, west, north, or south.
BENT System indicated is inoperative.
BINGO 1. Fuel state needed for recovery.

2. Proceed/am proceeding to specificed base (field) or carrier.
BIRD Friendly surface-to-air missile (SAM).
BIRD(S) AFFIRM Surface to Air (S/A) informative call indicating unit is able and prepared to engage a
specified target with SAMs (presumes target is within or will enter the SAM
engagement envelope).
BIRD(S) AWAY Friendly SAM has been fired at designated target.
BIRD(S) NEGAT S/A informative call indicating unit is unable to engage a specified target with
SAMs. Opposite of BIRD(S) AFFIRM.
BITTERSWEET Notification of possible BLUE ON BLUE situation relative to a designated track or

friendly aircraft.
BLANK A suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) aircraft does not detect any emitters of
interest.
BLIND No visual contact with friendly aircraft/ground position; opposite of VISUAL.
BLOW THROUGH Directive/informative call that indicates aircraft will continue straight ahead at the
merge and not turn with target/targets.
BOGEY A radar or visual air contact whose identity is unknown.
BOGEY DOPE Request for target information as briefed/available.
BOX Groups/contacts/formations in a square or offset square.
E-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
BRAA Tactical control format providing target bearing, range, altitude, and aspect, relative
to a friendly aircraft.
BRACKET Indicates geometry where friendly aircraft will maneuver to a position on opposing
sides, either laterally or vertically from the target.
BREAK (Direction) Directive to perform an immediate maximum performance turn in the direction
indicated; assumes a defensive situation.
BREAKAWAY Tanker or receiver directive call indicating immediate vertical and nose/tail
separation between tanker and receiver is required.
BREVITY Radio frequency is becoming saturated, degraded, or jammed

and briefer transmissions must follow.
BROADCAST Request/directive to switch to broadcast control.
BROKE LOCK Loss of radar/infrared (IR) lock-on (advisory).
BRUISER Friendly air-launched antishipmissile (ASM) (for example, HARPOON, EXOCET,

PENGUIN).
BUDDY LOCK Locked to a known friendly aircraft; normally a response to a SPIKE or BUDDY
SPIKE call and accompanied with position/heading/altitude.
BUDDY SPIKE Friendly aircraft air-to-air indication on radar warning receiver (RWR); to be
followed by position/heading/altitude.
BUGOUT Separation from that particular engagement/attack/operation; no intent to

(Direction) re-engage/return.
BULLDOG Friendly surface/submarine-launched ASM (for example, HARPOON, EXOCET,

OTOMAT).
BULLSEYE An established point from which the position of an object can be referenced; made
by cardinal/range or digital format.
BUMP/BUMP-UP A fly-up to acquire line of sight (LOS) to the target or laser designation.
BURN GLINT used to provide illumination.
BUSTER Directive call to fly at maximum continuous speed (military power).
BUZZER Electronic communications jamming.
E-3
CANDYGRAM Informative call to aircraft that EW targeting information is available on a briefed

secure net.
CAP/CAPPING 1. Directive call to establish an orbit at a specified location.

(Location) 2. An orbit at a specified location.
CAPTURED Aircrew has identified and is able to track a specified air-to-ground (A/G) target
with an onboard sensor.
CEASE In air defense, break the engagement on the target specified. Missiles in flight
ENGAGEMENT will continue to intercept.
CEASE FIRE Do not open fire or discontinue firing; complete intercept if weapons are in flight;
continue to track.
CHAMPAGNE An attack of three distinct groups with two in front and one behind.
CHATTERMARK Begin using briefed radio procedures to counter communications jamming.
CHEAPSHOT 1. (USAF) Active missile supported to high pulse repetition frequency (HPRF),
but not medium pulse repetition frequency (MPRF).
2. (Naval) Active missile not supported to active range.
CHECK Turn ( ) degrees left or right and maintain new heading.

(Left/Right)
CHERUBS Height of a friendly aircraft in hundreds of feet.
CHICKS Friendly aircraft.
CLEAN 1. No radar contacts on aircraft of interest.

2. No visible battle damage
3. Aircraft not carrying external stores.
CLEARED Requested action is authorized (no engaged/support roles are assumed).
CLEARED HOT Ordnance release is authorized.
CLOAK Directive/informative call to switch from normal external lighting to covert night
vision device (NVD) only compatible lighting.
CLOSING Decreasing in range.
E-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
COLD 1. Attack geometry will result in a pass or rollout behind the target.
2. On a leg of the combat air patrol (CAP) pointed away from the anticipated
threats.
3. Group(s) heading away from friendly aircraft.
COLOR Request for information on a (system) at stated location; usually a request for
(System/Position) ambiguity resolution. May be used with improved data modem (IDM) data
message--COLOR, DATA.
COMEOFF Directive to maneuver as indicated to either regain mutual support or to

(Left/Right/ deconflict flight paths for an exchange of engaged and supporting roles; Low/Dry)
implies both VISUAL and TALLY.
COMMIT(TED) Fighter intent to engage/intercept; controller continues to provide information.
CONFETTI Chaff lane or corridor.
CONS/CONNING THREAT/BOGEY aircraft leaving contrails.
CONTACT 1. Sensor contact at the stated position.

2. Acknowledges sighting of a specified reference point.
CONTINUE Continue present maneuver; does not imply clearance to engage or expend
ordnance.
CONTINUE DRY Ordnance release not authorized.
COVER(ING)* 1. Directive/informative call to take S/A action or establish an air-to-air (A/A)

posture that will allow engagement of a specified target or threat.
CRANK F-pole maneuver; implies illuminating target at radar gimbal limits.

(Direction)
CUTOFF Request for, or directive to, intercept using cutoff geometry.
CYCLOPS Any unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
DASH (#) Aircraft position within a flight. Use if specific call sign is unknown.
DATA Standby for IDM data message concerning (object) at stated location.
DEADEYE Informative call by an airborne laser designator indicating the laser/IR system is
inoperative.
DECLARE Inquiry as to the identification of a specified track(s), target(s), or correlated group.
E-5
DEFENSIVE Aircraft is in a defensive position and maneuvering with reference to the

(SPIKE/Missile/ stated condition.
SAM/MUD/AAA)
DE-LOUSE Directive to detect and identify unknown aircraft trailing friendly aircraft.
DEPLOY Directive to maneuver to briefed positioning.
DIVERT Proceed to alternate mission or base.
DOLLY Link-4A/TADIL C.
DRAG(ING) 1. (USAF) Target stabilized at 0 to 60 degrees aspect.

(Direction) 2. (Naval) Target stabilized at 120 to 180 degrees aspect.
DROP(ING) 1. Directive/informative call to stop monitoring a specified emitter/target and

resume search responsibilities.
2. Remove the emitter/target from tactical picture/track stores.
DUCK* Tactical air-launched decoy (TALD).
ECHELON Groups/contacts/formation with wingman displaced approximately 45 degrees

behind leaders 3/9 line.
ECHO Positive SEESAW/electronic warfare weapons system (EWWS)/ System M/Mode

X reply.
ENGAGED Maneuvering with the intent to kill; this implies visual/radar acquisition of target.
ESTIMATE Provides estimate of the size, range, height, or other parameter of a specified
contact; implies degradation.
EXTEND Short-term maneuver to gain energy, distance, or separation; normally with the
(Direction) intent of re-engaging.
EYEBALL( ) 1. Fighter with primary visual identification responsibility.

2. Electro-optical (EO)/IR/NVD acquisition of an aircraft. Normally followed by
( ) number of aircraft observed.
FADED Radar contact is lost. (Termination of track plotting is not warranted.)
FAST* Target speed is estimated to be 600 knots ground speed/Mach 1 or greater.
FATHER Tactical air navigation (TACAN) station.
E-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
FEET WET/DRY Flying over water/land.
FENCE (IN/OUT) Set cockpit switches as appropriate prior to entering/exiting the combat area.
FLANK(ING) 1. (USAF) Target with a stable aspect of 120 to 150 degrees.

2. (Naval) Target with stable aspect of 30 to 60 degrees.
FLASH (System) Temporarily turn on prebriefed identification, friend or foe (IFF) mode or system.
FLOAT Directive/informative call to expand the formation laterally within visual limits to
maintain a radar contact or prepare for a defensive response.
FOX (Number) Simulated/actual launch of air-to-air weapons.

ONE - semiactive radar-guided missile.
TWO - infrared-guided missile.
THREE - active radar-guided missile.
FOX MIKE Very high frequency (VHF)/frequency modulated (FM) radio.
FRIENDLY A positively identified friendly contact.
FURBALL A turning fight involving multiple aircraft with known BANDITS and
FRIENDLIES mixed.
GADGET Radar or emitter equipment.
GATE Directive/informative call to fly as quickly as possible, using after-

burner/maximum power.
GIMBAL Radar target is approaching azimuth or elevation limits.

(Direction)
GO ACTIVE Go to briefed Have Quick net.
GO CLEAR Use unencrypted voice communications.
GOGGLE/ Directive/informative call to put on/take off NVDs.

DEGOGGLE
GORILLA Large force of indeterminate numbers and formation.
GO SECURE Use encrypted voice communications.
GRANDSLAM All HOSTILE aircraft of a designated track (or against which a mission was
tasked) are shot down.
E-7
GREEN (Direction) Direction determined to be clearest of enemy air-to-air activity.
GREYHOUND Friendly ground attack cruise missile (for example, Tomahawk Land Attack Missile
(TLAM) and Conventional Air-launched Cruise Missile (CALCM).
GROUP Radar targets within approximately 3 nautical miles (NMs) of each other.
GUNS An air-to-air or air-to-surface gunshot.
HARD (Direction) High-G, energy-sustaining turn.
HEAD/ 1. (USAF) Target with an aspect of 160 to 180 degrees.

HEAD ON 2. (Naval) Target with an aspect of 0 to 20 degrees.
HEADS UP Alert of an activity of interest.
HEAVY* A group or package known to contain three or more entities.
HIGH* Between 25,000 and 40,000 feet mean sea level (MSL).
HIT(S) 1. Air-to-air (A/A) Momentary radar returns search. (Indicates approximate altitude
information from fighter.)
2. Air-to-ground (A/G) Weapons impact within lethal distance.
HOLD DOWN Directive to key transmitter for direction-finding (DF) steer.
HOLDING HANDS Aircraft in visual formation.
HOLD FIRE An emergency fire control order used to stop firing on a designated target, to
include destruction of any missiles in flight.
HOME PLATE Home airfield or carrier.
HOOK (Left/Right) Directive to perform an in-place 180-degree turn.
HOSTILE* A contact identified as enemy upon which clearance to fire is authorized in

accordance with theater rules of engagement.
HOT 1. Attack geometry will result in rollout in front of the target.

2. On a leg of the CAP pointing toward the anticipated threats.
3. Group heading towards friendly aircraft; opposite of COLD.
4. Ordnance employment intended or completed.
HOTDOG Informative/directive call that an aircraft is approaching or at a specified standoff

distance from the sovereign airspace of a nation (as defined by national boundaries
E-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
or territorial sea and airspace). (COLOR may indicate additional standoff distance.)
Follow briefed procedures.
HOTEL FOX High frequency (HF) radio.
HUSKY (Naval) Air Intercept Missile (AIM)-120 supported to HPRF active range; same as
USAF CHEAPSHOT.
ID 1. Directive to identify the target.

2. Identification accomplished, followed by type.
IN (Direction) Informative call indicating a turn to a hot aspect relative to a THREAT/TARGET.
INDIA Mode IV.
INTERROGATE Interrogate the designated contact of the IFF mode indicated.
JACKAL Surveillance network participating group (NPG) of Link 16/TADIL J.
JOKER* Fuel state above BINGO at which separation/bugout/event termination should

begin.
JUDY Aircrew has radar/visual contact on the correct target, has taken control of the
intercept, and only requires situation awareness information. Controller will
minimize radio transmissions.
KILL 1. Clearance to fire.

2. In training, a fighter call to indicate kill criteria have been fulfilled.
KNOCK IT OFF Directive to cease air combat maneuvers/attacks/activities.
LADDER Three or more groups/contacts in range.
LASER ON Directive to start laser designation.
LEAD-TRAIL Tactical formation of two contacts within a group separated in range or following
one another.
LEAKER(S) Airborne threat has passed through a defensive layer. Call should include
amplifying information.
LINE ABREAST Two contacts within a group side by side.
LIGHTS ON/OFF Directive to turn on/off exterior lights.
E-9
LOCKED Final radar lock-on; sort is not assumed.

(BRAA/Direction)
LOST CONTACT Radar contact lost. (DROP track is recommended.)
LOST LOCK Loss of radar/IR lock-on (advisory).
LOW* Target altitude below 10,000 feet above ground level (AGL).
MAGNUM Launch of friendly antiradiation missile.
MAPPING Multifunction radar in an A/G mode.
MARKING Friendly aircraft leaving contrails.
MARSHAL(ING) Establish(ed) at a specific point.
MEDIUM* Target altitude between 10,000 feet AGL and 25,000 feet MSL.
MERGE(D) 1. Information that friendlies and targets have arrived in the same visual arena.
2. Call indicating radar returns have come together.
MICKEY Have Quick Time-of-Day (TOD) signal.
MIDNIGHT Informative call advising that C 2 functions are no longer available; opposite of
SUNRISE.
MONITOR Maintain radar awareness on or assume responsibility for specified group.
MOTHER Parent ship.
MUD Indicates RWR ground threat displayed followed by clock position and type.
(Type/Direction)
MUSIC Electronic radar jamming. (On air interdiction (AI) radar, electronic deceptive
jamming.)
NAILS Radar warning receiver indication of AI radar in search. Add clock

position/azimuth, if known.
NAKED No RWR indications.
NEW PICTURE Used by controller or aircrew when tactical picture has changed. Supersedes all
previous calls and re-establishes picture for all players.
E-10
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
NO FACTOR Not a threat.
NO JOY Aircrew does not have visual contact with the TARGET/BANDIT/landmark;
opposite of TALLY.
NOTCH All-aspect missile defensive maneuver to place threat radar/missile on the beam.
(Direction)
OFF (Direction) Informative call indicating attack is terminated and maneuvering to the indicated
direction.
OFFSET Informative call indicating maneuver in a specified direction with reference to

(Direction) the target.
ON STATION Informative call unit/aircraft has reached assigned station.
OPENING Increasing in range.
OUT (Direction) Informative call indicating a turn to a cold aspect relative to the threat; opposite
of IN.
OUTLAW Informative call that a bogey has meet point of origin criteria.
PACKAGE Geographically isolated collection of groups/contacts/formations.
PADLOCKED Informative call indicating aircrew cannot take eyes off an aircraft or a surface
position without risk of losing TALLY/VISUAL.
PAINT(S) Interrogated group/radar contact that is responding with any of the specified IFF
modes and correct codes established for the ID criteria.
PARROT IFF transponder.
PICTURE Provide tactical situation status pertinent to mission.
PIGEONS Magnetic bearing and range to HOMEPLATE (or specified destination).

(Location)
PINCE/PINCER Threat maneuvering for a bracket attack.
PITBULL 1. Informative call AIM-120 is at MPRF active range.

2. AIM-54 at active range.
PLAYMATE Cooperating aircraft.
E-11
PLAYTIME Amount of time aircraft can remain on station.
POGO Switch to communication channel number preceding POGO. If unable to establish

comunications, switch to channel number following POGO. If no channel number
follows POGO, return to this channel.
POP Starting climb for air-to-surface attack.
POPEYE Flying in clouds or area of reduced visibility.
POPUP Informative call of a contact that has suddenly appeared inside of

meld/CCR/briefed range.
POSIT Request for position; response in terms of a geographic landmark, or off a common
reference point.
POST ATTACK Directive transmission to indicate desired direction after completion of

(Direction) intercept/engagement.
POST HOLE Rapid descending spiral.
PRESS Directive to continue the attack; mutual support will be maintained. Supportive role
will be assumed.
PRINT (Type) Unambiguous noncooperative target recognition (NCTR) reply.
PUMP A briefed maneuver to low aspect to stop closure on the threat or geographical
boundary with the intent to re-engage.
PURE Informative call indicating pure pursuit is being used or directive to go pure
pursuit.
PUSH (Channel) Go to designated frequency. No acknowledgment required.
PUSHING Departing designated point.
PUSHING Informative call that said group(s) have turned cold and will continue to be
(Group Description) monitored.
RANGE* Two or more groups separated primarily in distance along the same bearing.
RAYGUN Indicates a radar lock-on to unknown aircraft; a request for a BUDDY SPIKE
(Position/Heading/ reply from friendly aircraft meeting these parameters (to prevent fratricide).
Altitude)
E-12
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
REFERENCE Directive to assume stated heading.

(Direction)
REPORTED Identification of an object or a contact by an intelligence system.

(Type)
RESET Proceed to a prebriefed position or area of operation.
RESUME Resume last formation/ station/mission ordered.
RETROGRADE Directive to withdraw from present position or area of operation in response to a

threat.
RIDER A BOGEY that is conforming with safe passage routing/airspeed/altitude

procedures.
RIFLE Air-to-ground missile (AGM)-65 Maverick launch.
RIPPLE Two or more munitions released or fired in close succession.
ROLEX (+/- Time) Time-line adjustment in minutes from planned mission execution time. (Plus means
later; minus means earlier).
ROPE Illumination of an aircraft with an IR pointer.
SADDLED Informative call from wingman/element indicating the return to briefed formation
position.
SAM (Direction) Visual acquisition of a SAM or SAM launch; should include position.
SANDWICHED A situation where an aircraft/element is positioned between opposing

aircraft/elements.
SAUNTER Fly at best endurance.
SCRAM Emergency directive to egress for defensive or survival reasons.

(Direction)
SCRAMBLE Takeoff as quickly as possible.
SCUD Any threat tactical/theater ballistic missile (TBM).
SEPARATE Leave a specific engagement; may or may not reenter.
E-13
SHACKLE One WEAVE, a single crossing of flight paths; maneuver to adjust/regain

formation parameters.
SHADOW Follow indicated target.
SHIFT Directive to shift laser illumination.
SHOOTER Aircraft/unit designated to employ ordnance.
SHOTGUN Prebriefed weapons state at which SEPARATION/BUGOUT should begin.
SKATE Informative call/directive to execute launch and leave tactics.
SKIP IT Veto of fighter COMMIT, usually followed with further directions.
SKOSH Aircraft is out of or unable to employ active radar missiles.
SKUNK A radar or visual maritime surface contact whose identity is unknown.
SLAPSHOT Directive for an aircraft to employ a range-unknown high-speed antiradiation

(Type/Bearing) missile (HARM) against a specified threat at the specified bearing.
SLIDE Directive call to high value airborne asset (HVAA) to continue present mission
while extending range from target in response to perceived threat.
SLOW* Target with a ground speed of 300 knots or less.
SMASH Directive to turn on/off anticollision lights.
SMOKE Smoke marker used to mark a position.
SNAKE Directive to oscillate an IR pointer about a target.
SNAP (Direction) An immediate vector to the group described.
SNIPER Directive for an aircraft to employ a range-known HARM against a specified threat
at the specified location.
SNOOZE Directive/informative call indicating initiation of EMCON procedures.
SORT Directive to assign responsibility within a group; criteria can be met visually,
electronically (radar), or both.
SORTED Sort responsibility has been met.
E-14
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
SOUR 1. Equipment indicated is operating inefficiently.

2. Invalid response to an administrative IFF check.
(Opposite of SWEET.)
SPADES An integrated group/radar contact which lacks the ATO (or equivalent) IFF modes
and codes required for the ID criteria.
SPARKLE Target marking by IR pointer; target marking by gunship or forward air controller
(airborne) (FAC-A) using incendiary rounds.
SPIKE RWR indication of an AI threat in track, launch, or unknown mode; include

bearing, clock position, and threat type, if known.
SPIN Directive/informative call to execute a prebriefed timing/spacing maneuver.
SPITTER An aircraft that has departed from the engagement or is departing the engaged
(Direction) fighters targeting responsibility.
SPLASH 1. (A/A) Target destroyed.

2. (A/G) Weapons impact.
SPLIT An informative call that a flight member is leaving information to engage a threat;
visual may not be maintained.
SPOOFING Informative call that voice deception is being employed.
SPOT* Acquisition of laser designation.
SQUAWK ( ) Operate IFF as indicated or IFF is operating as indicated.
SQUAWKING An informative call denoting a bogey is responding with an IFF mode (#).
STACK Two or more groups/contacts/ formations with a high/low altitude separation in

relation to each other.
STATUS Request for tactical situation.
STEADY Directive to stop oscillation of IR pointer.
STEER Set magnetic heading indicated.
STERN Request for, or directive to, intercept using stern geometry.
STINGER Within a group, a formation of three or more aircraft with a single aircraft in trail.
E-15
STOP Stop IR illumination of a target.
STRANGER Unidentified traffic that is not associated with the action in progress.
STRANGLE ( ) Turn off equipment indicated.
STRIP Individual fighter/section is leaving the formation to pursue separate attacks.
STRIPPED Informative call from wingman/element indicating out of briefed

formation/position.
STROBE Radar indications of noise jamming.
SUNSHINE Directive or informative call indicating illumination of target is being conducted

with artificial illumination.
SUNRISE Informative call that C2 functions are available (opposite of MIDNIGHT).
SWEET 1. Equipment indicated is operating efficiently.

2. Valid response to an administrative IFF check.
(Opposite of sour.)
SWITCH(ED) Indicates an attacker is changing from one aircraft to another.
TACTICAL Request/directive to switch to tactical control.
TAG (system Known identification of a specific (system) at the stated location; may be used
w/position) with IDM data message, (for example, TAG DATA).
TALLY Sighting of a TARGET, BANDIT, BOGEY, or enemy position; opposite of NO

JOY.
TARGET ( ) Directive to assign group responsibility to aircraft in a flight.
TARGETED ( ) Group responsibility has been met.
TEN SECONDS Directive to terminal controller to standby for LASER ON call in approximately
10 seconds.
TERMINATE 1. Stop laser illumination of a target.

2. Cease local engagement without affecting the overall exercise.
THREAT Untargeted HOSTILE/BANDIT/BOGEY within prebriefed range/aspect of a

(Direction) friendly.
E-16
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
THROTTLES Reduction in power to decrease IR signature.
TIED Positive radar contact with element/aircraft.
TIGER Enough fuel and ordnance to accept a COMMIT.
TIMBER Air control NPG of Link 16/TADIL J.
TRACKING 1. Stabilized gun solution.

2. Continuous illumination of a target.
3. Contact heading.
TRAILER* The last aircraft within a group(s).
TRASHED Informative call that missile has been defeated.
TRESPASS The addressed flight is entering a S/A threat ring of a specific system at the stated
(Position) location.
TUMBLEWEED Indicates limited situational awareness; NO JOY, BLIND; a request for

information.
UNABLE Cannot comply as requested/directed.
UNIFORM Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio.
VAMPIRE Hostile antiship missile (ASM).
VERY HIGH* Above 40,000 feet MSL.
VIC Three groups, contacts, or formations with the single closest in range and two
contacts, azimuth split, in trail.
VICTOR VHF/amplitude modulation (AM) radio.
VISUAL Sighting of a friendly aircraft/ground position; opposite of BLIND.
WALL Three or more groups or contacts primarily split in azimuth.
WARNING (color) Hostile attack is

RED imminent or in progress.
YELLOW probable.
WHITE improbable (all clear).
E-17
WEAPONS ( ) Fire only

FREE at targets not identified as friendly in accordance with
current rules of engagement (ROE).
TIGHT at targets positively identified as hostile in accordance
with current ROE.
HOLD* (USA, USMC) in self-defense or in response to a formal order.
SAFE (USN)
NOTE: USN and NATO use WEAPONS SAFE to avoid confusion with the phrase
HOLD FIRE.
WEEDS Indicates that fixed-wing aircraft are operating below 2,000 feet AGL.
WHAT LUCK Request for results of missions or tasks.
WHAT STATE Report amount of fuel and missiles remaining. Ammunition and oxygen are
reported only when specifically requested or critical.
( ) Active = number of active radar missiles remaining.
( ) Radar = number of semiactive radar missiles remaining.
( ) Heat = number of IR missiles remaining.
( ) Fuel = pounds of fuel or time remaining.
WINCHESTER No ordnance remaining.
WORDS Directive or interrogative regarding further information or directives pertinent to

mission.
WORKING 1. A SEAD aircraft is gathering EOB on a designated emitter; generally followed by

signal type, (SAM/AAA/group) bearing, and range, if able.
2. Aircraft executing electronic identification (EID) on a specific aircraft/group to
obtain identification necessary for beyond visual range (BVR) employment.
YARDSTICK Directive to use A/A TACAN for ranging.
E-18
References
STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENTS
STANAG 1059 National Distinguishing Letters for Use by NATO Armed Forces.
STANAG 2019 APP-6 Military Symbols for Land Based Systems.
STANAG 2022 Intelligence Reports.
STANAG 2961 Classes of Supply of NATO Land Forces.
STANAG 3680 AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions.
STANAG 4420 Display Symbology and Colors for NATO Maritime Units.
MILITARY STANDARDS
MILSTD 2525A Common Warfighting Symbology. 15 December 1996.
JOINT AND MULTISERVICE PUBLICATIONS

JP 0-2 Unified Action Armed Forces. 24 February 1995.
JP 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated

Terms. 23 March 1994.
JP 3-0 Doctrine for Joint Operations. 1 February 1995.
JP 3-01.5 Doctrine for Joint Theater Missile Defense. 22 February 1996.
JP 3-02 Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations. 8 October 1992.
JP 3-02.1 Joint Doctrine for Landing Force Operations. 1 November 1989.
JP 3-05 Doctrine for Joint Special Operations. 28 October 1992.
JP 3-07 Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War. 16 June 1995.
JP 3-12 Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations. 18 December 1995.
JP 3-12.1 Doctrine for Joint Theater Nuclear Operations. 9 February 1996.
JP 3-12.2 (SRD) Nuclear Weapons Employment and Effects Data. (U) 20 December 1995.
JP 3-12.3 Nuclear Weapons Employment and Effects Data. 14 February 1996.
JP 3-13 Joint Doctrine for Information Warfare, under development.
JP 3-18.1 Joint Doctrine for Airborne and Air Assault Operations, under development.
References-1
JP 3-53 Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations. 30 July 1993.
JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Operations. 3 May 1995.
JP 3-58 Joint Doctrine for Military Deception. 31 May 1996.
JP 5-0 Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations. 13 April 1995.
FM 3-3 Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance. FMFM 11-17.

16 November 1992.
FM 3-3-1 Nuclear Contamination Avoidance. FMFM 11-18. 9 September 1994.
FM 3-4 NBC Protection. FMFM 11-19. 29 May 1992.
FM 3-5 NBC Decontamination. FMFM 11-10. 17 November 1993.
FM 3-6 Field Behavior of NBC Agents. AFM 105-7; FMFM 7-11. 3 November
1986.
FM 3-9 Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds.
NAVFAC P-467; AFR 355-7. 12 December 1990.
FM 3-11 Flame, Riot Control Agents, and Herbicide Operations. MCRP 3-3.7.2.
19 August 1996.
FM 3-19 NBC Reconnaissance. FMFM 11-20. 19 November 1993.
FM 3-100 NBC Defense, Chemical Warfare, Smoke, and Flame Operations.

FMFM 11-2. 23 May 1991.
FM 8-9 NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations.
NAVMED P-5059; AFP 161-3. 31 August 1973.
FM 20-12 Amphibious Operations. LFM 03; NWP 22-6; AFR 75.6. 11 June 1987.
FM 33-1 Psychological Operations. FMFM 3-53. 18 February 1993.
FM 90-13 River Crossing Operations. FMFM 7-26. 30 September 1992.
FM 90-38 Multiservice Air-Air, Air-Surface, Surface-Air Brevity Codes. MCRP 3-25B;

NWP 6-02.1; AFJPAM 10-228. 25 April 1997.
FM 100-19 Domestic Support Operations. FMFM 7-10. 1 July 1993.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
AR 25-1 The Army Information Resources Management Program. 18 November 1988.
AR 310-25 Dictionary of United States Army Terms. 15 October 1986.
AR 310-50 Authorized Abbreviations, Brevity Codes, and Acronyms. 15 November

1985.
References-2
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
FM 1-100 Doctrinal Principles for Army Aviation in Combat Operations.

28 February 1989.
FM 1-103 Airspace Management and Army Air Traffic in a Combat Zone. 30 December
1981.
FM 1-111 Aviation Brigades. 27 August 1990.
FM 1-112 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Attack Helicopter Battalion.
21 February 1991.
FM 1-113 Assault Helicopter Battalion. 28 October 1985.
FM 1-114 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Regimental Aviation Squadron.
20 February 1991.
FM 1-116 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Air Cavalry/Reconnaissance Troop.
20 February 1991.
FM 3-7 NBC Field Handbook. 29 September 1994.
FM 3-50 Smoke Operations. 4 December 1990.
FM 5-34 Engineer Field Data. 14 September 1987.
FM 5-36 Route Reconnaissance and Classification. 10 May 1985.
FM 5-71-100 Division Engineer Combat Operations. 22 April 1993.
FM 5-100 Engineer Combat Operations. 22 November 1988.
FM 5-101 Mobility. 23 January 1985.
FM 5-102 Countermobility. 14 March 1985.
FM 5-103 Survivability. 10 June 1985.
FM 5-114 Engineer Operations Short of War. 13 July 1992.
FM 5-250 Explosives and Demolitions. 15 June 1992.
FM 6-series Field Artillery.
FM 6-20 series Fire Support.
FM 6-20 Fire Support in the AirLand Battle. 17 May 1988.
FM 6-20-10 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Targeting Process. 29 March 1990.
FM 6-20-20 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support at Battalion Task Force
and Below. 27 December 1991.
FM 6-20-30 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for Corps and Division
Operations. 18 October 1989.
References-3
FM 6-30 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Observed Fire. 16 July 1991.
FM 6-50 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Field Artillery Cannon Battery.
20 November 1990.
FM 7-7 The Mechanized Infantry Platoon and Squad (APC). 15 March 1985.
FM 7-8 Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad. 22 April 1992.
FM 7-10 The Infantry Rifle Company. 14 December 1990.
FM 7-20 The Infantry Battalion. 6 April 1992.
FM 7-30 Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Brigade Operations. 24 April 1981.
FM 7-90 Tactical Employment of Mortars. 9 October 1992.
FM 7-91 Tactical Employment of Antiarmor Platoons, Companies, and Battalions.

30 September 1987.
FM 7-92 The Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon and Squad. 23 December 1992.
FM 8-series Medical.
FM 8-10 Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations. 1 March 1991.
FM 8-10-1 The Medical Company Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.

29 December 1994.
FM 8-10-3 Division Medical Operations Center, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, final
draft, November 1995.
FM 8-10-4 Medical Platoon Leaders' Handbook, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
16 November 1990.
FM 8-10-5 Brigade and Division Surgeons' Handbook for Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures. 10 June 1991.
FM 8-10-6 Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures. 31 October 1991.
FM 8-10-7 Health Service Support in a Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Environment.
22 April 1993.
FM 8-10-8 Medical Intelligence in a Theater of Operations. 7 July 1989.
FM 8-10-9 Combat Health Logistics in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and

Procedures. 3 October 1995.
FM 8-10-14 Employment of the Combat Support Hospital, Tactics, Techniques, and

Procedures. 29 December 1994.
References-4
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
FM 8-10-15 Employment of the Field and General Hospitals, Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures, final draft, December 1995.
FM 8-10-24 Area Support Medical Battalions Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.

13 October 1993.
FM 8-10-25 Employment of Forward Surgical Teams, draft.
FM 8-33 Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. 31 May 1991.
FM 8-42 Medical Operations in Low Intensity Conflict. 4 December 1990.
FM 8-51 Combat Stress Control in a Theater of Operation Tactics, Techniques, and

Procedures. 29 September 1994.
FM 8-55 Planning for Health Service Support. 9 September 1994.
FM 9-6 Munitions Support in Theaters of Operations. 1 September 1989.
FM 10-1 Quartermaster Principles. 11 August 1994.
FM 10-63 Handling of Deceased Personnel in Theaters of Operations. 28 February 1986.
FM 10-63-1 Graves Registration Handbook. 17 July 1986.
FM 10-67 Petroleum Supply in Theaters of Operation. 16 February 1983.
FM 12-6 Personnel Doctrine. 9 September 1994.
FM 16-1 Religious Support. 26 May 1995.
FM 17-12 Tank Gunnery.
FM 17-15 Tank Platoon. 7 October 1987.
FM 17-95 Cavalry Operations. 19 September 1991.
FM 17-98 Scout Platoon. 9 September 1994.
FM 19-1 Military Police Support for the AirLand Battle. 23 May 1988.
FM 19-4 Military Police Battlefield Circulation Control, Area Security, and Enemy
Prisoner of War Operations. 7 May 1993.
FM 19-10 Military Police Law and Order Operations. 30 September 1987.
FM 19-15 Civil Disturbances. 25 November 1985.
FM 19-40 Enemy Prisoners of War, Civilian Internees, and Detained Persons.

27 February 1976.
FM 20-32 Mine/Countermine Operations. 30 September 1992.
References-5
FM 21-10 Field Hygiene and Sanitation. 22 November 1988.
FM 21-18 Foot Marches. 1 June 1990.
FM 21-26 Map Reading and Land Navigation. 7 May 1993.
FM 22-51 Leaders' Manual for Combat Stress Control. 29 September 1994.
FM 22-100 Military Leadership. 31 July 1990.
FM 22-102 Soldier Team Development. 2 March 1987.
FM 22-103 Leadership and Command at Senior Levels. 21 June 1987.
FM 23-1 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Gunnery. 1 March 1991.
FM 24-1 Signal Support and the Information Mission Area. May 1993.
FM 25-100 Training the Force. 15 November 1988.
FM 25-101 Battle Focused Training. 30 September 1990.
FM 27-10 The Law of Land Warfare. 18 July 1956.
FM 31-12 Army Forces in Amphibious Operations. 28 March 1961.
FM 31-20 Doctrine for Special Forces Operations. 20 April 1990.
FM 31-20-3 Foreign Internal Defense Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Special
Forces. 20 September 1994.
FM 34-1 Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations. 27 September 1994.
FM 34-2 Collection Management and Synchronization Planning. 8 March 1994.
FM 34-3 Intelligence Analysis. 15 March 1990.
FM 34-8 Combat Commander's Handbook on Intelligence. 28 September 1992.
FM 34-10 Division Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations. 25 November 1986.
FM 34-10-1 TTP for the Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System (REMBASS). 18 June
1991.
FM 34-10-2 Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Equipment Handbook. 13 July 1993.
FM 34-40 Electronic Warfare Operations. 9 October 1987.
References-6
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation. 28 September 1992.
FM 34-130 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. 8 July 1994.
FM 41-10 Civil Affairs Operations. 11 January 1993.
FM 44-63 FAAD/SHORAD Battalion Operations, Heavy Divisions. 31 March 1992.
FM 44-100 US Army Air Defense Operations. 15 June 1995.
FM 55-2 Division Transportation Operations. 31 January 1985.
FM 55-9 Unit Air Movement Planning. 5 April 1993.
FM 55-10 Movement Control in a Theater of Operations. 8 December 1992.
FM 55-12 Movement of Units in Air Force Aircraft. 12 March 1993.
FM 55-30 Army Motor Transport Units and Operations. 14 March 1980.
FM 55-450-3 Multiservice Helicopter External Air Transport Basic Operations and Equipment.
11 February 1991.
FM 55-450-4 Multiservice Helicopter External Air Transport Single-Point Load Rigging

Procedures. 11 February 1991.
FM 55-450-5 Multiservice Helicopter External Air Transport Dual-Point Load Rigging

Procedures. 11 February 1991.
FM 63-2 Division Support Command, Armored, Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry

Divisions. 20 May 1991.
FM 63-2-1 Division Support Command Light Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Divisions.
16 November 1992.
FM 63-6 Combat Service Support in Low-Intensity Conflict. 21 January 1992.
FM 63-20 Forward Support Battalion. 26 February 1990.
FM 63-21 Main Support Battalion. 7 August 1990.
FM 71-100 Division Operations. 28 August 1996.

FM 71-100-1 Armor and Mechanized Division Operations Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures, final draft, May 1993.
FM 71-100-2 Infantry Division Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
31 August 1993.
References-7
FM 71-100-3 Air Assault Division Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.

29 October 1996.
FM 71-123 Tactics and Techniques for Combined Arms Heavy Forces: Armored Brigade,
Battalion/Task Force, and Company/Team. 30 September 1992.
FM 90-4 Air Assault Operations. 16 March 1987.
FM 90-7 Combined Arms Obstacle Integration. 29 September 1994.
FM 90-8 Counterguerrilla Operations. 9 August 1986.
FM 90-10 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain. 15 August 1979.
FM 90-10-1 An Infantryman's Guide to Combat in Built-Up Areas. 12 May 1993.
FM 90-13 River Crossing Operations. 30 September 1992.
FM 90-13-1 Combined Arms Breaching Operations. 28 February 1991.
FM 90-26 Airborne Operations. 18 December 1990.
FM 90-29 Noncombatant Evacuation Operations. 17 October 1994.
FM 100-5 Operations. 14 June 1993.
FM 100-6 Information Operations. 27 August 1996.
FM 100-7 Decisive Force: The Army in Theater Operations. 31 May 1995.

FM 100-8 The Army in Multinational Operations, draft, August 1996.
FM 100-9 Reconstitution. 13 January 1992.
FM 100-10 Combat Service Support. 3 October 1995.
FM 100-13 Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD). 12 April 1996.
FM 100-15 Corps Operations. 29 October 1996.
FM 100-15-1 Corps Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, initial draft, June 1996.
FM 100-16 Support Operations: Echelons Above Corps. 31 May 1995.
FM 100-17 Mobilization, Deployment, Redeployment, Demobilization, final draft,
February 1995.
FM 100-20 Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict. 5 December 1990.
FM 100-23 Peace Operations. 30 December 1994.
FM 100-25 Doctrine for Army Special Operations Forces. 12 December 1991.
FM 100-30 Nuclear Operations. 29 October 1996.
References-8
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
FM 100-40 Army Tactics, initial draft, April 1996.

FM 100-103 Army Airspace Command and Control in a Combat Zone. 7 October 1987.
FM 100-103-1 Multiservice Procedures for Integrated Combat Airspace Command Control.
5 October 1994.
FM 100-103-2 TAGS Multiservice Procedures for the Theater Air-Ground System. 31 October
1994.
FM 101-5 Staff Organization and Operations. 31 May 1997.
FM 101-10-1/1 Staff Officers Field Manual Organizational, Technical, and Logistical Data.
7 October 1987.
FM 101-10-1/2 Staff Officers Field Manual Organizational, Technical, and Logistical Data
Planning Factors. 7 October 1987.
FM 701-58 Planning Logistic Support for Military Operations. 27 May 1987.
MARINE CORPS PUBLICATIONS

FMFRP 0-14 Marine Corps Supplement to the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated
Terms. 27 January 1994.
NOTE: STANAGS may be obtained from the Navy Publications and Forms Directorate, 5801 Tabor
Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120-5099. Use DD Form 1425 to requisition documents.
References-9
FM 101-5-1
MCRP 5-2A
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
DENNIS J. REIMER
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
JOEL B. HUDSON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
By direction of the Commandant of the Marine Corps:
PAUL K. VAN RIPER

Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Commanding General
Marine Corps Combat Develoopment Command
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with the initial
distribution number 110515, requirements for FM 101-5.
MARINE CORPS: PCN 144000008 00
PIN: 045259-000

ARMY Operational Terms & Graphics FM 101-5-1 1997 339 Pgs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ARMY Operational Terms & Graphics FM 101-5-1 1997 339 Pgs

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ARMY Operational Terms & Graphics FM 101-5-1 1997 339 Pgs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is the purpose of this document?

What is the purpose of this document?

What topics are covered in the document?

What topics are covered in the document?

FM 101-5-1

HEADQUARTERS , DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public, distribution is unlimited

Field Manual Headquarters

Operational Terms and Graphics

Chapter 1 Operational Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Chapter 2 Operational Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

Chapter 3 Graphic Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Chapter 4 Unit Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Chapter 5 Equipment Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Appendix A Friendly Unit and Equipment Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Appendix B Enemy Unit and Equipment Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Appendix C Military Decisionmaking Process and Tactical Mission Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

Appendix D Stability and Support Operations Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Appendix E Multiservice Tactical Brevity Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY

1059 National Distinguishing Letters for Use by NATO Armed Forces

2019 Military Symbols for Land Based Systems

2022 Intelligence Reports

2961 Classes of Supply of NATO Land Forces

3680 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (AAP-6)

4420 Display Symbology and Colors for NATO Maritime Units

Commander Commanding General

acoustical surveillance (JP 1-02) Employment of electronic devices, including sound-recording,

air defense warning (local) (LADW) (Army)

base element See base unit.

beleaguered See missing.

beseiged See missing.

break-bulk cargo Cargo which is not shipped in a container. See FM 10-1.

captured See missing.

civil defense emergency See domestic emergencies.

civil disturbances See domestic emergencies.

clandestine operation (JP 1-02) An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or

X Material required to support nonmilitary programs, such as agricultural and economic

MISC Water, captured enemy material, salvage material. 4-27, 4-29

combined operation See combined warfare.

compartmentation (Army) In unconventional warfare, the division of an organization or activity into

connectivity The exchange of information by electronic means.

contaminati on (JP 1-02) 1. The deposit, absorption, or adsorption of radioactive material, or of

control measures Directives given graphically or orally by a commander to subordinate commands to

controls Actions taken to eliminate hazards or reduce their risk.

counterprol iferation Military measures centering on deterring or discouraging, as well as defending

deconflict To reconcile or resolve a conflict in responsibility, area of operations, airspace, or interests in

destroy 1. A tactical task to physically render an enemy force combat-ineffective unless it is

detailed equipment decontamin ation In thorough decontamination, removing, neutralizing, or reducing

detailed troop decontamination In thorough decontamination, reducing mission-oriented protective

detained See missing.

exposure The frequency and length of time subjected to a hazard.

forward area A location near an enemy or a hostile force or persons.

full mobilization. See mobilization.

GB the symbol for the nerve agent sarin. See FM 3-9.

GD the symbol for the nerve agent soman. See FM 3-9.

g-series nerve agents A series of fluorine- or cyanide-containing organophosphate nerve agents

HN The symbol for nitrogen mustard, a blister agent. See FM 3-9.

hostile environment See operational environment.