Automotive Terminology A-Pillar

In the side view, the foremost roof support of a vehicle, located in most instances between the outer edge of the windshield and the leading edge of the front door upper. Also known as an A-Post.

Accelerate
To increase the speed or velocity.

Air Bag
The air bag, also known as a Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System, is a passive safety device, supplemental to safety belts, that inflates to provide a cushion to absorb impact forces during moderate to severe frontal collisions. This system can help to lessen the chance of contact with the steering wheel, instrument panel and windshield. The air bag is actuated automatically by sensors located in the front of the vehicle. To maximize effectiveness, seat and shoulder belts must always be used in conjunction with this system

Air filter
A device which removes dirt and particles from the air flowing into an engine.

Air Injection
A system that injects air into the exhaust ports of the engine for combustion of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases, thus producing "cleaner" exhaust emissions.

Airfoil
An aerodynamic device designed to improve traction by increasing the downforce on the car. The use of airfoils (also called wings) increases the cornering capability and improves stability at speed, but often at the expense of additional aerodynamic drag.

Alignment
Generally refers to wheel alignment, which is the proper adjustment of the car's front and rear suspension for camber, toe, caster and ride height.

All-Wheel Drive
Often confused with Four-Wheel Drive (4WD), this drive system features four, full-time active drive wheels to reduce wheel slippage and provide greater driver control over the vehicle. All-Wheel Drive automatically splits engine torque between the front and rear wheels as needed, improving on-road traction in unfavorable road conditions. Unlike FourWheel Drive, All-Wheel Drive is an on-road system and is not designed for off-road use. AWD does not require the driver to actively engage the system. It is operational at all times, and requires no switches, lights or visor instructions for system operation.

Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)

On a vehicle equipped with Anti-Lock Brakes, the wheels are equipped with speed sensors. When a sensor determines that a wheel is decelerating so rapidly that lockup may occur, the electro-Hydraulic Control Unit (EHCU) is activated. The EHCU then modulates the brake pressure in the appropriate brake lines by means of the solenoid-operated valves. This is intended to prevent wheel lockup and help the vehicle maintain directional stability during potentially hazardous braking situations. (See also: Rear-Wheel Anti-Lock and Four-Wheel Anti-Lock.)

Automatic Locking Front Hubs

Found in some four-wheel drive vehicles, this allows the driver to engage, or "lock," the front axle hubs without leaving the vehicle.

Axle
A shaft on which a wheel rotates or revolves.

Axle Ratio
The ratio between the rotational speed (RPM) of the drive shaft and that of the driven wheel. Gear reduction in final drive is determined by dividing the number of teeth on the ring gear by the number of teeth on the pinion gear.

B-Pillar
The roof support between a vehicle's front door window and rear side window, if there is one.

Balance Shaft
A shaft designed so that, as it turns, it counter rotates the rotational direction of the engine crankshaft in a manner that reduces or cancels out some of the vibration produced by the engine.

Ball Joint
A flexible joint consisting of a ball within a socket. Ball joints act as pivots which allow turning of the front wheels and compensate for changes in the wheel and steering geometries that occur while driving.

Base-Coat/Clear Coat
A paint system that adds a final clear-coat paint layer over primer and color coats to provide a deep, "wet-look" shine that resists fading.

Belted Radial Tires

A reinforcing bank, normally textile, fiberglass or steel, running around the circumference of a tire and strengthening the tread area.

Bias-Ply Tires
A type of tire in which the plies or layers of cord in the tire casing are laid diagonally, criss-crossing one another at an angle of 30 to 40 degrees.

Bleeding
The process of removing air from a system.

Body-On-Frame Construction
A type of automobile construction in which the body structure is attached to a separate frame.

Bore
The diameter of an engine cylinder or bearing.

Brake Fade
A condition brought about by repeated brake applications, resulting in build-up of heat that causes a temporary reduction or fading of braking effectiveness.

Brake Horsepower (BHP)

The actual horsepower of an engine, measured by a brake attached to the driving shaft and recorded by a dynamometer.

Brake Linings
The replaceable friction material which contacts the brake drum in a drum brake system to slow or stop the car.

Brake Master Cylinder

A cylinder containing a movable piston activated by pressure on the brake pedal. The piston produces hydraulic pressure that pushes fluid through the lines and wheel cylinders. This forces the brake lining or pad against the drum or disc to slow or stop the car.

Brake Pads
In a disc system, they are the replaceable flat segments consisting of a rigid backing plate plus frictional lining that takes the place of the shoe and lining in a drum brake. Brake pads are sometimes referred to as brake pucks.

Brake Shoe
The arc-shaped carrier to which the brake linings are mounted in a drum brake. They also force the lining against the rotating drum during braking.

Brakes, Disc
A type of braking system in which brake shoes, in a vise-like caliper, grip a revolving disk mounted on a wheel to slow or stop disc and wheel rotation for braking.

Brakes, Drum
A type of braking system that utilizes a metal drum mounted on a wheel to form the outer shell of a brake. The brake shoes press against the drum to slow or stop drum and wheel rotation for braking.

Bushing
A component usually rubber, which is placed between moving components to prevent excessive wear to those components.

C-Pillar
The roof support between a vehicle's rearmost side window and its rear window. Also known as a C-Post. On a vehicle with four side pillars, the rearmost roof support may be called a D-pillar.

Caliper
In a disk brake, a housing for cylinder, pistons and brake shoes, connected to the hydraulic system. The caliper holds the brake shoes so they straddle the brake disc.

Camber Angle
The inward or outward angle which a front-wheel spindle makes with a vertical line, as viewed by either the front or the rear of the vehicle. Positive camber results when the top of the tire tilts out further than its bottom. The adjustment of this setting affects both tire wear and vehicle handling.

Camshaft
The shaft in the engine which is driven by gears, belts or chain from the crankshaft. The camshaft has a series of cams that opens and closes intake and exhaust valves as it turns.

Carburetor
A mechanical device located on top of an engine which regulates the mixture of air and fuel for engine performance.

Caster Angle
The forward or backward tilt of the steering axis as viewed from the side. If the point of load is ahead of the point of contact, the caster angle is positive. The caster angle tends to keep wheels in a straight line. Proper caster adjustment improves both tire wear and fuel economy.

Catalytic Converter
Often simply called a "catalyst", this is a stainless steel canister that is part of a vehicle's exhaust system and contains a thin layer of catalytic material spread over a large area of inert supports. It induces chemical reactions that convert an engine's exhaust emissions into less harmful products prior to entering the environment.

Center of Gravity
Point where the weight of a vehicle appears to be concentrated and if suspended at that point would balance front and rear.

Charging System
The system which holds or maintains the electrical charge in your vehicles battery, consisting of an alternator, battery, and voltage regulator.

Closed Crankcase Ventilation (CCV)

A system in which crankcase vapors are discharged into the engine intake system (usually via the intake manifold) where they are burned during the combustion process rather than being discharged into the atmosphere.

Cold Cranking Amps (CCA)

A rating, measured in amperes. Used for comparing cranking strength of automotive batteries during extremely cold (0 F or lower) weather.

Combustion Chamber
The volume of space at the top of the cylinder where burning of the air/fuel mixture begins.

Compression Ratio
The volume of the combustion chamber and cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, divided by the volume of the combustion chamber and cylinder when the piston is at the top of its stroke. Higher compression ratios tend to increase engine efficiency.

Compressor (Air Conditioning)

The mechanism is an air conditioner that pumps vaporized refrigerant out of the evaporator, compresses it to a relatively high pressure, and then delivers it to the condenser.

Condenser
A device for storing electrical energy. In A/C application, an air conditioning component used to remove heat from the inside of a vehicle.

Connecting Rod
The metal rod that connects a piston to the crankshaft.

Constant Velocity Boot (CV boot)

The rubber boot that keeps the constant velocity joint lubricated by encasing the axle grease.

Constant Velocity Joint (CV Joint)

A type of universal joint, usually used between the front half-shafts and front wheels or spindles in a front wheel drive or four wheel drive vehicle, that is engineered to transmit torque smoothly as they move through two planes (ex: up/down, forward/backward)

Contact Patch
The area of a tire's tread that is in contact with the ground.

Control Arm
A suspension element that has one joint at one end and two joints at the other end, typically on the chassis side. Also known as a wishbone or an A-arm.

Coolant
The mixture of water and anti-freeze that picks up heat from the engine and transfers it to the air passing through the radiator. This transfer of heat keeps the engine operating within its optimum temperature rant preventing premature engine wear.

Cooling System
The system that removes heat from the engine by the forced circulation of coolant and thereby prevents engine overheating. In a liquid-cooled engine, it includes the water jackets, water pump, radiator, and thermostat.

Crankcase
A case that encloses the crankshaft. In most engines, the oil pan and the lower portion of the cylinder block form the crankcase.

Crankshaft
A shaft with one or more cranks, or "throws," that are coupled by connecting rods to the engine's pistons. The combustion process creates reciprocating motion in the rods and pistons which in turn is converted to a rotating motion by the crankshaft.

Crossmember
One of several horizontal members in a vehicle frame which join the side members and add to overall strength and stability.

Cubic Centimeter (cc)

Metric measure of engine displacement: 1,000cc = 1 liter, which is approximately 61 cubic inches.

Cubic Inch (cu. in.)

U.S. measure of engine displacement: 1 cubic inch = 16.387 cc.

Cylinder Block
The basic part of the engine to which other engine parts are attached. It is usually a casting and includes engine cylinders and the upper part of the crankcase.

Cylinder Head
The removable part of the engine that attaches to the cylinder block directly above the cylinders. The head is cast from aluminum or iron and houses the combustion chambers, the intake and exhaust ports, spark plugs and much or all of the valve train. It has oil and water passages for cooling and lubrication.

D-Pillar or D-Post
The vertical or sometimes diagonal roof supporting member located at the extreme rear of the roof or greenhouse structure on station wagons and some sedan models.

Diesel Engine
A diesel engine uses heavier weight components than gas engines to handle higher compression ratios. Typically, diesel engines run with greater efficiency and higher torque than similar size gas engines. These attributes lead to better fuel economy and towing performance. Diesel engines do not have spark plugs or carburetors. Instead glow plugs are used to preheat air in the cylinders to ensure easy starts. Once the engine is started, compression heats the fuel in the cylinders for combustion.

Dieseling
A condition in which gasoline continues to fire after the ignition has been shut off. In late-model engines, dieseling , or run-on, is caused by heat and the unusually high manifold pressure that result from retarding the spark at idle. In fuelinjected cars when the engine is turned off, fuel is automatically shut off, eliminating dieseling.

Differential
The gear assembly connected to the drive shaft that permits the wheels to turn at different speeds when going around a corner, while transmitting power from the drive shaft to the wheel axles.

Differential, Locking
The same attributes of a standard differential, except that when one wheel is slipping, the most torque is supplied to the wheel with best traction. A locking differential reduces the possibility of a vehicle becoming immobile when one driving wheel loses traction.

Disc Brakes
Properly called caliper disc brakes, a type of brake that consists of a rotor that rotates at wheel speed, straddled by a caliper that can squeeze the surfaces of the rotor with brake pads near its edge. Disc brakes provide a more linear response and operate more efficiently at high temperatures and during wet weather than drum brakes.

Displacement
In an engine, the total volume of air or air-fuel mixture an engine is theoretically capable of drawing into all cylinders during one operating cycle. Generally expressed in liters or cubic inches. Engine displacement is equal to (bore) x (bore) x (stroke) x (number of pistons) x (.785).

Distributor
A component of the ignition system, usually driven by the camshaft that directs high-voltage surges to the spark plugs in the proper sequence.

Double Wishbone Suspension ("A" Arm Suspension)

A system of independent suspension in which each wheel is located on a "knuckle" that is connected by ball joints to an upper A arm and a lower A arm. Usually, the lower A arms are longer. This system provides minimal changes in track and camber when the suspension is under load, as when going over bumps or in hard cornering.

Drag Coefficient
A measure of the aerodynamic sleekness of an object. Drag coefficient is signified by "dc.: The lower the number, the greater the aerodynamic efficiency. The higher the drag coefficient, the more a car's engine must work to keep a given road speed. Also known as "CD" for coefficient of drag."

Drive Shaft
The shaft that transmits power from the transmission to the differential in a rear-drive power train.

Drivetrain
The power-transmitting components in a car, including clutch, gearbox (or automatic transmission), driveshaft, universal joints, differential and axle shafts.

Dual Overhead Camshafts (DOHC)

A DOHC engine has two camshafts in each cylinder head; one camshaft actuates intake valves and the other actuates exhaust valves. The camshafts act directly on the valves, eliminating pushrods and rocker arms. This reduced reciprocating mass of the valve train enables the engine to build RPM more quickly. DOHC designs are typically high-performance, four valve per cylinder engines. (A four valve per cylinder two intake and two exhaust design helps the engine "breathe" more freely for increased performance.)

Dynamometer
A device which absorbs and measures the power derived by an internal combustion engine.

Electronic Fuel Injection System

A system that injects fuel into the engine and includes an electronic control unit to time and meter the fuel flow.

Electronic Ignition System

An ignition system that uses transistors and other semiconductor devices as an electronic switch to turn the primary current on and off.

EPA Fuel Economy Rating

Comparative mileage figures generated from laboratory fuel-economy tests administered by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) using simulated weight and drag to approximate real driving conditions.

Exhaust Manifold
The network of passages that gathers the exhaust gases from the various exhaust ports and routes them toward the catalyst, the muffler and the exhaust system.

Exhaust-Gas Recirculation (EGR)

An exhaust-emission control system in which a portion of the exhaust gas is picked up from the exhaust manifold and sent back to the intake manifold t be reburned in the engine. Mixing exhaust gases with the fresh air/fuel mixture lowers the combustion temperature and reduces the formation of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust.

Factory Equipment
In used vehicles: the combination of original standard equipment and production options that make up the equipment of a used vehicle. May also be referred to as "base" equipment.

Fifth Wheel
Load supporting plate mounted to the frame of a vehicle. Pivot mounted, it contains provision for accepting and holding the kingpin of a trailer, providing a flexible connection between the tractor and the trailer. Center of the fifth wheel should always be located ahead of the centerline of the rear axle.

Final Drive Ratio

A fluid coupling consists of two fan-like impellers in a sealed, oil-filled housing. The input "fan" churns the oil, and the churning oil, in turn, twirls the output "fan." Such a coupling allows some speed difference between its input and output shafts. The automatic transmission's torque converter is based on the fluid coupling principle.

Four Wheel
On a vehicle equipped with Four-Wheel Anti-Lock Brakes, all four wheels are equipped with speed sensors. When these sensors determine that the wheels are decelerating so rapidly that lockup may occur, the Electro-Hydraulic Control Unit (EHCU) is activated. The EHCU then modulates the brake pressure in the appropriate brake lines by means of the solenoid-operated valves. This is intended to prevent wheel lockup and help the vehicle maintain directional stability during potentially hazardous braking situations

Four Wheel Drive (4WD)

In a Four Wheel Drive system, a secondary transmission assembly, called a transfer case, is driven from the main transmission. The transfer case distributes power to both axles to drive all four wheels. It is the heart of the Four-Wheel Drive system. Four-Wheel Drive can be full-time, in which power is delivered to both axles at all times or part-time, where the driver selects two or four wheel drive. Four wheel drive is often combined with independent suspension systems and off-road type tires to enhance driveability on rough, off-road terrain, or on-road driveability in unfavorable driving conditions.

Four Wheel Independent Suspension

A type of suspension in which all wheels are mounted to separate suspension members with no rigid axle connecting them. Therefore a disturbance affecting one wheel has no effect on the opposite wheel. Four wheel independent suspension reduces the un-sprung weight, improves ride and handling over rough surfaces and permits room for a larger trunk.

Front-Wheel Drive (FWD)

A drive system where the engine and transaxle components apply the driving force to the front wheels rather than the rear wheels. Benefits of Front-Wheel drive include: Maximized passenger space. Enhanced cargo area. excellent drive traction; particularly on wet or slippery surfaces, since the drive is through the front wheels, which carry a heavier load.

Fuel Injection
A method of delivering fuel under pressure into an engine's combustion chamber. Fuel injection systems can be singlepoint, multi-point, etc.. Replaces carbureted system.

Fuel Injection, Electronic

A computer-controlled method of delivering fuel under pressure. The computer monitors signals from coolant temperatures, manifold vacuum, exhaust oxygen sensor, and engine cranking sensor. It "tells" the injectors to release and adjust the fuel to yield an air/fuel mixture assuring engine operation well matched with emission requirements, optimum fuel economy and overall vehicle performance.

Fuel Pump
A mechanical or electrical device that draws fuel from the fuel tank and delivers it to the carburetor or injectors

Gas Filled Shock Absorbers

A nitrogen gas chamber is used to pressurize the shock absorber in place of the traditional air/oil combination. Gas filled shock absorbers provide more stable damping in a variety of conditions and thus improves ride and road contact.

Gear Ratio
The number of revolutions a driving (pinion) gear requires to turn a driven (ring) gear through one complete revolution. For a pair of gears, the ratio is found by dividing the number of teeth on the driven gear by the number of teeth on the driving pinion gear.

Generator
A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It can produce either AC or DC electricity. Seldom used in automotive applications, it has been replaced by the alternator.

Halogen Headlamp
A sealed-beam headlamp with a small inner bulb filled with halogen which surrounds a tungsten filament. Halogen headlamps may increase luminous intensity at the road surface by 50 to 80 percent, as compared to the long-conventional sealed-beam headlamp systems. Many halogen headlamp systems incorporate high-beam and low-beam in one element, enhancing their serviceability.

Head Gasket
The gasket at the top of the cylinder that sits between the cylinder and cylinder head. It keeps the coolant out of the cylinder and retains compression in the cylinder.

Heads Up Display
The digital projection of pertinent instrument data onto the lower portion of the windshield on the driver's side. The driver does not have to take his eyes off the road to read his instrument panel.

Horsepower
The measurement of an engines ability to perform work.

Hub
The base of a wheel with studs protruding from its face, upon which the wheel itself is mounted to the vehicle

Ignition
A process which initiates the combustion of the compressed air and fuel mixture in the combustion chamber

Independent Suspension
A term used to refer to any type of suspension system that allows each of the two wheels of a given axle to move up and down independently of each other.

Intake manifold
The connecting tubes between the base of the carburetor and the port opening to the intake valve or intake ports.

Leaf Spring
A length of flat spring steel plates bent in an arch and mounted to a vehicles frame as part of the suspension system

Limited Slip Differential

A differential in a rear-drive vehicle fitted with a mechanism that limits the speed and torque differences between its two outputs. Limited slip ensures that some torque is always distributed to both wheels, even when one is on a very slipper surface.

Lock Up Torque Converter

A torque converter that contains a special clutch that forms a solid connection between the engine output shaft and the transmission input shaft when a certain, pre-set speed is attained. This reduces transmission friction losses and increases efficiency.

MacPherson Strut
A suspension system that consists of a combination coil spring and shock absorber in one compact unit at each wheel. With this "independent" suspension design, road shocks at one wheel are not transferred to the opposite wheel. MacPherson struts use fewer parts, meaning a reduction on weight and fewer elements that could wear out.

Mass Air Flow (MAF)

A device used for measuring the flow of air into an engine.

Misfire
The failure of the fuel charge in one or more engine cylinders to fire or ignite at the proper time

Motor Mount
The rubber covered bracket that holds the engine to the frame of a vehicle to cushion vibration.

Muffler
A device used to quiet the sounds of exhaust gases while they pass through the exhaust system

Multi-Port Fuel Injection (MFI)

Multi-Port Fuel Injection uses individual fuel injectors to spray fuel into each intake port, bypassing the intake manifold.

Naturally Aspirated (na)

An engine that intakes air without the assistance of a supercharger or turbocharger.

Octane Rating
A unit of measurement on a scale intended to indicate the tendency of a fuel to detonate or knock based on the percentage of isooctane in the fuel. The higher the rating, the higher the percentage of isooctane and therefore the greater the resistance to detonation offered by the fuel.

On Board Diagnostics (O.B.D. II)

A unit that monitors a vehicles electronic control unit and responses for errors during normal driving conditions.

Overdrive
A transmission in which the highest gear ratio is less than a one-to-one ratio. This means the drive shaft turns faster than the engine crankshaft. The overdrive feature saves fuel and, because the engine runs slower, engine wear and noise are reduced.

Overhead Cam
The type of valve train arrangement in which the engine's camshaft is mounted above the cylinder head(s). When the camshaft is placed close to the valves, the valve train components can be stiffer and lighter, allowing the valves to open

and close more rapidly and the engine to run at a higher RPM. In a single overhead cam (SOHC) layout, one camshaft actuates all of the valves in a cylinder head. In a dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) layout, one camshaft actuates the intake valves, and one camshaft operates the exhaust valves.

Overhead Valve Engine (OHV)

An engine with both intake and exhaust valves placed directly over the piston. In this design, the camshaft is located in the block, and the valves are actuated by pushrods and rocker arms.

Oxygen Sensor
A pollution control device which measures the amount of oxygen in the exhaust and sends the information to the vehicles computer to control the air/fuel mixture entering the engine.

Pearl Paint
A type of paint that is similar to metallic paint, but instead of minute metal particles it uses mica. Mica is a kind of semi transparent, crystalline mineral that absorbs and reflects light in prismatic fashion. This gives a dramatic, multidimensional effect to the paint. Sometimes called "pearl coat."

Pinion
A gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger geared wheel or a rack. Used in rack and pinion steering and the differential ring and pinion.

Piston
A partly hollow cylindrical part closed at one end, fitted to each of the engine's cylinders and attached to the crankshaft by a connecting rod. Each piston moves up and down in its cylinder, transmitting power created by the exploding fuel to the crankshaft via a connecting rod.

Pitch
The up and down movement along an imaginary axis between the front and rear of a vehicle. Often during hard braking, the vehicle's nose will "dive" or pitch down in front. During acceleration the back end will "squat" or pitch down in the rear.

Planetary Gears
A gear set, generally found in automatic transmissions, in which all of the gears are in one plane, grouped around each other like planets around the sun. The central gear is called the "sun gear."

Plies
The layers of cord, fiberglass, steel or structural fabric that make up the tire carcass and reinforcing belts.

Ply Rating
A measure of the strength of tires based upon the strength of a single ply of designated construction. An eight-ply rating does not necessarily mean the tire has eight plies, but rather that the tires has the strength of eight standard plies.

Pound-Feet (LB.-FT.) Pound-Feet (LB.-FT.)

Pound-feet measure twisting force or torque. Generated by the engine, torque is the "push" that sets a vehicle into motion and accelerates it. Specifications charts usually include the maximum torque the engine can develop, and the RPM at which it is generated (such as 300 lb.-ft. @ 3500 RPM).

Power Band
A subjectively defined RPM range over which an engine delivers a substantial portion of its peak power. The power band usually extends from slightly below the engine's torque peak to slightly above its horsepower peak.

Powertrain
A name applied to the group of components used to transmit engine power to the driving wheels. It can consist of engine, clutch, transmission, universal joints, drive shaft, differential gear, and axle shafts. Powertrain components are matched according to driver needs such as high torque, fuel economy, or convenience.

Predetonation
The undesirable "knock" or "ping" that occurs when the ignition of the air-fuel mixture occurs before the ignition spark. Also known as "pre-ignition".

Pushrod
A general term for any rod that transfers force in compression. In a conventional overhead valve layout, pushrods are used to transfer reciprocating motion from the cam followers to a more distant part of a valve train, typically the rocker arms. Pushrods are eliminated in overhead camshaft designs.

Quarter Panel
A sheet metal panel that covers the area from the rear-door opening to the taillight area, and from the bottom of the surface to the base of the roof, or from the headlamp area to the front-door opening, and from the bottom of the surface to the base of the hood.

Quartz Halogen Headlamps

A headlamp bulb having a quartz envelope holding the tungsten filament and filled with an inert gas containing iodine or another of the five halogen gases. The gas serves to remove the tungsten deposits from the bulb wall and redeposit them on the filament, preventing blackening of the bulb surface and reduction of light output. This kind of cycle requires very high filament operation temperatures which necessitates the use of quartz instead of glass. These lamps produce more lighting power per watt of electrical power than standard sealed beam headlamps.

Rack and Pinion Steering

A steering gear in which a pinion on the end of the steering shaft merges with a rack of gear teeth on the major cross member of the steering linkage. When the steering wheel is turned, the pinion gear turns, moving the rack to the left or right, thus steering the wheels.

Radiator
A device that cools the liquid in the cooling system by allowing it to circulate through a series of water channels.

Remanufactured
The process of taking a used part and returning it to original equipment specifications, by disassembling, cleaning, testing and replacing worn components.

Resonator
A small auxiliary muffler that assists the main muffler in reducing exhaust noise.

Ring-and-Pinion Gear
Any gear set consisting of a small gear (the pinion gear) which turns a large-diameter annular gear (the ring gear). Used in rear-drive differentials (rear ends) to transfer power from the driveshaft to the axle and wheels.

Rolling Radius
Tire-rolling radius is the distance from the center of the wheel to the road. Static radium applies when the vehicle is standing still. Dynamic rolling-radius described wheels in motion. The latter is used to measure tire revolutions per mile and is usually slightly higher than static radius.

Rolling Resistance
This is motion resisting force that is present from the instant the wheels begin to turn. On normal road surfaces, rolling resistance decreases with increased tire pressure and increases with vehicle weight. Rolling resistance can also be affected by tire construction and tread design.

SAE
Acronym for the Society of Automotive Engineers. A professional organization that sets standards for measuring horsepower and torque and for many automotive products such as fasteners, lenses, and lubricants.

Sealed Beam Headlamp

A one piece, hermetically sealed headlamp in which the filament is an integral part of the unit and the lens itself is the bulb. Sealed beams are relatively inexpensive and when one burns out or the lens cracks, the whole unit is replaced.

Spark Plug
A device containing two electrodes across which electricity jumps to produce a spark to ignite fuel charge.

Spark Plug Wire

A high voltage wire that connects a spark plug to the distributor.

Speedometer
An instrument used to determine forward speed of a vehicle

Spoiler
An aerodynamic device, normally on the rear of the vehicle, that changes the direction of airflow in order to reduce lift aerodynamic drag. A spoiler either reduces drag or create a downward force on the car. It is called a spoiler because it "spoils" the normal air flow over the car.

Springs, Torsion Bar

A long straight bar that is fastened to the frame at one end and to a control arm at the other. Spring action is produced by a twisting of the bar.

Steering Ratio
A predetermined ratio of the steering gears. Usually, the lower the steering ratio, the quicker the response.

Stroke
The distance the piston travels from bottom dead center to top dead center within the cylinder.

Strut
The main support member in a MacPherson suspension system. The strut also serves as the shock absorber.

Supercharger
Supercharging is the compression of an engine's intake charge above atmospheric pressure by means of an air pump driven by a crankshaft. This is not to be confused with a turbocharger which is an air pump that is exhaust driven.

Suspension System
Includes springs, shock absorbers/struts, and linkage used to suspend a vehicle's frame, body, engine and drivetrain above the wheels.

Tachometer
An instrument for measuring the speed of the engine crankshaft in revolutions per minute (RPM).

Throttle-Body
Throttle-Body Fuel Injection is a type of Electronic Fuel Injection which positions the injector(s) centrally in a throttlebody housing. This housing contains a valve to regulate the airflow through the intake manifold.

Timing
Timing refers to the crankshaft angles at which the valves open and close and at which time the ignition system fires the spark plugs.

Tire Ratings
Tires are rated by load capacity, size and speed capacity. For example, a P225/55VR16 printed on the side of the tire means: P = P-Metric (Passenger Type Tire) 225 = Section Width (225mm) 55 = Aspect Ratio (tire height/section width) V = Speed Rating R = Type of Ply (Radial) 16 = Wheel Diameter (16 inches) Tire and wheel dimensions are the first point of information in any discussion of size and capacities. Among the other terms used to describe tires are: tread, shoulder, carcass, sidewall, bead seal, bead seat, tire diameter, aspect ratio, speed rating and section width. P = P-Metric (Passenger Type Tire) 225 = Section Width (225mm) 55 = Aspect Ratio (tire height/section width) V = Speed Rating R = Type of Ply (Radial) 16 = Wheel Diameter (16 inches) Tire and wheel dimensions are the first point of information in any discussion of size and capacities. Among the other terms used to describe tires are: tread, shoulder, carcass, sidewall, bead seal, bead seat, tire diameter, aspect ratio, speed rating and section width.

Toe In
The amount by which the front of a front wheel points inward or outward. A slight amount of toe in is usually specified to keep the front wheels running parallel on the road by offsetting other forces that tend to spread the wheels apart.

Torque
A force that produces a twisting or rotating motion.

Torque Converter Clutch

An electronically controlled lockup clutch that is automatically engaged at certain speeds to eliminate the slip between the torque converter's input and output, thereby improving fuel efficiency and performance.

Torque Rating
A measure of the engine's power capability, whereby the amount of twisting or rotating effort being exerted on the crankshaft is expressed in lb.-ft. of force. Torque is the force that gets the weight of the vehicle moving, making it an important consideration in trailering.

Torque, Engine
Engine torque is the amount of twisting effort exerted at the crankshaft by an engine expressed in foot-pounds of force. A foot-pound represents the force of one pound acting at the right angle to the rotating crankshaft at distance of one foot in length.

Torsion Bar
A long straight bar fastened to the frame at one end and to a suspension part at the other. In effect, a torsion bar is merely an uncoiled spring, and spring action is produced by twisting the bar. The main advantage of the torsion bar over the coil spring in the front suspension is the ease of adjusting the front suspension height.

Traction Control
Traction control helps provide smoother, more controlled acceleration by reducing the amount of wheel spin during reduced traction conditions. Traction control utilizes the vehicle's anti-lock braking system and is usually activated only at low vehicle speeds.

Trailing Arm
A rear suspension element consisting of a lengthwise member that pivots from the body at its forward end and has a wheel hub rigidly attached to its trailing end.

Transaxle
A transmission and differential combined in one integrated assembly, eliminating the need for a separate connecting drive shaft. This configuration is typical in front-wheel-drive vehicles.

Transmission
The gear changing or gear shifting system through which engine power is transferred to the wheels. The purpose of gear changing is to keep maximum engine power applied to the wheels at all times for all conditions, from start up to high speeds.

Tuned Intake and Exhaust Systems

Intake and exhaust systems that increase the flow of intake charge into and out of the combustion chambers by varying the length, shape, or diameter of the component.

Tuned-Port Fuel Injection

Tuned-Port Fuel Injection is almost identical to Multi-Port Fuel Injection, except that tuned runners are used to channel air to the cylinder heads. This results in increased airflow to the cylinders.

Turbocharger
Rotary compressor or pump that pressurizes engine intake air. It is driven by the flow of exhaust gases. The increased pressure forces more air into the cylinder than it could normally draw, allowing the engine to burn more fuel and in turn produce more power.

Unibody Construction
A type of body construction that doesn't require a separate frame to provide structural strength or support for the vehicle's mechanical components. Also called "unitized."

Universal Joint
A joint that transmits rotary motion between two shafts that aren't in a straight line.

Valve
A device that can be opened or closed to allow or prevent the flow of a liquid or gas from one place to another. Most internal combustion engines use intake and exhaust valves to allow fuel/air mixture into the cylinders and to exhaust burnt gases. Some engines have four valves per cylinder, which increases total valve area for increased efficiency and performance.

Valve Lifter
The cylindrical component that presses against the lobe of a camshaft and moves up and down as the cam lobe rotates, opening and closing an intake or exhaust valve. Virtually all modern valve lifters are of an hydraulic design that uses a cushion foil to promote quiet operation.

Valve Train
The collection of parts that make the valves operate, allowing fuel intake, compression and exhaust. Includes the camshaft(s) and all related drive components, and the various parts that convert the camshaft's rotary motion into reciprocating motion at the valves.

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)

A number assigned to a vehicle by the manufacturer for registration and identification purposes.

Warp
A bending or changing of shape

Waste Gate
A valve used to limit the boost developed by a turbocharger.

Weight Distribution
That portion of the total weight of a vehicle, including equipment and payload, that will be supported by each axle and tire. Proper distribution of total vehicle weight is critical to the service life of components such as the frame, axles, springs, bearings, and tires and therefore one of the most important requirements in selecting the right truck for your customer's particular job.

Wheel Bearing
The bearing in a wheels hub

Wheelbase
Distance, center to center, from front axle to rear axle. Wheelbase is important because it indicates available body length and weight distribution between front and rear axles.

Yoke
A bracket or coupling

Zero Emissions Vehicle

A vehicle which produces no emissions.