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The Parachute Problem: Ronald Phoebus and Cole Reilly

1) The document presents an improved model of the parachute problem that more accurately depicts skydiving. 2) The basic model uses Newtonian mechanics with drag as a linear function of velocity, while the improved model accounts for fluid mechanics and makes drag a quadratic function of velocity. 3) The improved model divides the jump into different phases with changing drag coefficients and parachute/body areas to realistically model the entire skydiving experience.

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Chathura Chamikara
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213 views23 pages

The Parachute Problem: Ronald Phoebus and Cole Reilly

1) The document presents an improved model of the parachute problem that more accurately depicts skydiving. 2) The basic model uses Newtonian mechanics with drag as a linear function of velocity, while the improved model accounts for fluid mechanics and makes drag a quadratic function of velocity. 3) The improved model divides the jump into different phases with changing drag coefficients and parachute/body areas to realistically model the entire skydiving experience.

Uploaded by

Chathura Chamikara
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Parachute Problem


Ronald Phoebus and Cole Reilly
College of the Redwoods
Dierential Equations

Spring 2004, Final Project

Objectives
To present a basic model for the Parachute Problem as presented in many Dierential Equation textbooks. Solve and explain problems with this basic model. To introduce an improved model that more accurately depicts a real life sky-diving jump.
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Basic Model
Simple application of Newtonian Mechanics. F = ma F = Fg + Fd = ma Where, F g = mg Fd = kv
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If deployment occurs at t0 then, k= k1, 0 t < t0


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k2, t t0 The problem can be expressed as either a second-order dierential equation (ODE) for position or as a rst-order system of ODEs for the velocity and position. During the rst interval the velocity satises the initial value problem dv = mg k1v, v(0) = 0. dt Solutions for velocity and position are well known. mg k1t/m (e 1), 0 t < t0 v(t) = k1 mg m2g k1t/m y(t) = y0 t 2 (e 1), 0 t < t0 k1 k1 m (1)

During the second interval the velocity satises the I.V.P. m with the initial condition v(t0) = mg k1t0/m (e 1). k1 dv = mg k2v, dt
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Therefore, the equation for velocity is mg mg k2(tt0)/m (e 1)+ (ek2(tt0)/m)(ek1t0/m 1), v(t) = k2 k1

t t0.

Using a numerical solver we can plot these equations over time.

Results
Using MatLab we obtain the following graph,
Velocity and acceleration for first 30 seconds of the jump. 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 velocity acceleration 0 5 10 15 taxis 20 25 30

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Skydiving Physics
Based on principles of Fluid Mechanics Relationship between viscous and inertial forces is described by the Reynolds Number. Re = dv/ Ranges from 0 for a dust particle or larger objects in less viscous uids to more than 108 for submarine in water. When Re < 1 viscous forces dominate and the drag is linear in velocity. When Re > 103 inertial forces dominate and the drag is quadratic in velocity. Therefore, Reynolds Numbers are essential to consider in the development of the model.
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Calculation of Reynolds Number


Assuming an are constant at altitudes appropriate for skydiving. Where = 1 kg/m3 and =1.5x105 Kg/m/s. Terminal velocity is a reasonable choice characteristic velocity when determining Reynolds Number. During free-fall v 45 m/s 100 mph. With chute deployed v 5.3 m/s Thus, at each stage of the jump Re > 106 Therefore, drag is proportional to the square of velocity for our model.
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Coecient of Drag
Cd is determined by the shape of the body and is found experimentally or through complex computational analysis. 1 Fd = (CdAv 2) 2 Both the skydiver and their equipment generate separate drag forces, therefore, Fd = F bd + F ed = 1 (C bdAb + C edAe)v 2 2
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Shape Reynolds Number Cd Hemispherical Shell Re > 103 1.33 Flat Strip Re > 103 1.95 Cylinder Re > 5x105 0.35 During free-fall the skydiver is in a horizontal position and can be represented by a at strip with A 0.5 m2. After parachute deployment the skydiver is in a vertical position and can be represented by a long cylinder with A 0.1 m2. The canopy can be represented by a hemispherical shell where A 43.8 m2.

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Time-Line of Jump
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t0

t1

Free Fall

Lines Extend

Jump Begins

Ripcord Pulled

Snatch

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t1

a1 t2

Ae 1,2

a1 t3

Ae 2,3

Parachute Inates

Parachute Overinates

Final Desent

Snatch

Parachute Fully Inates

Parachute Ination Reaches Steady-State

Area of Skydivers Body


a1 b0 b1 h l 43.8m2 0.5m2 0.1m2 1.78m 8.96m m t0 t1 t2 t3 97.2kg 10s 10.5s 11.5s 13.2 b0, t t0 b0, t0 < t t1 Ab(t) = b1, t1 < t t2 b1, t2 < t t3 b , tt
1 3
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Coecient of Drag for Skydiver


a1 b0 b1 h l 43.8m2 0.5m2 0.1m2 1.78m 8.96m m t0 t1 t2 t3 97.2kg 10s 10.5s 11.5s 13.2 1.95, t t0 1.95, t0 < t t1 Cdb(t) = 0.35h, t1 < t t2 0.35h, t2 < t t3 0.35h, tt
3
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Area of the Equipment


a1 b0 b1 h l 43.8m2 0.5m2 0.1m2 1.78m 8.96m m t0 t1 t2 t3 97.2kg 10s 10.5s 11.5s 13.2 0.0, t t0 b1, t0 < t t1 Ae(t) = Ae1,2(t), t1 < t t2 e A 2,3(t), t2 < t t3 a , tt
1 3
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Coecient of Drag for Equipment


a1 b0 b1 h l 43.8m2 0.5m2 0.1m2 1.78m 8.96m m t0 t1 t2 t3 97.2kg 10s 10.5s 11.5s 13.2 0.0, t t0 0.35l tt0 , t0 < t t1 t1 t0 Cde(t) = 1.33, t1 < t t2 1.33, t2 < t t3 1.33, tt
3
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Improved Model
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m where

dv = mg + kv 2, dt

v(0) = 0

k = 1/2(C bdAb + C edAe). Thus, 1.95b0, t t0 1.95b0 + 0.35b1l tt0 , t0 < t t1 t1 t0 1 k = 0.35b1h + 1.33Ae1,2(t), t1 < t t2 2 0.35b1h + 1.33Ae2,3(t), t2 < t t3 0.35b h + 1.33a , tt
1 1 3

Continuity at End Points


At t0, 1.95b0 = 1.95b0 + 0.35b1l Substituting t0 for t; t0 t0 t1 t0 t t0 t1 t0
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1.95b0 = 1.95b0 + 0.35b1l 1.95b0 = 1.95b0

At t1, 1.95b0 + 0.35b1l = 0.35b1h + 1.33Ae1,2(t1) 1.95b0 + 0.35b1l 0.35b1h = 1.33Ae1,2(t1) 1.95b0 + 0.35b1(l h) = 1.33Ae1,2(t1) 1.95b0 + 0.35b1(l h) Ae1,2(t1) = 1.33
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At t2, 0.35b1h + 1.33Ae1,2(t2) = 0.35b1h + 1.33Ae2,3(t2) Ae1,2(t2) = Ae2,3(t2) At t3, 0.35b1h + 1.33Ae2,3(t3) = 0.35b1h + 1.33a1 Ae2,3(t3) = a1
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Equation for Ae1,2(t)


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Ae1,2(t) = 0e0(tt1)/(t2t1) 1.95b0 + 0.35b1(l h) a1 and , 0 = ln . 1.33 0 Ae1,2(t1) = 0e0(t1t1)/(t2t1) Ae1,2(t1) = 0. And, Ae1,2(t2) = 0e0(t2t1)/(t2t1) Ae1,2(t2) = 0eln (a1/0) Ae1,2(t2) = a1.

where , 0 = Note:

Equation for Ae2,3(t)


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Ae (t) = a1 1 + 1 sin 2,3

t t2 t3 t2 where , 1 = 0.15. t2 t2 t3 t2

Note: Ae (t2) = a1 1 + 1 sin 2,3 Ae (t2) = a1(1) 2,3 Ae (t2) = a1. 2,3 And, Ae (t3) = a1 1 + 1 sin 2,3 Ae (t3) = a1. 2,3

t3 t2 t3 t2

Results
50

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50

velocity acceleration 0 5 10 15 taxis 20 25 30

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