Literature is the art of self-expression. It comes from the Latin word, Littera, which means "acquaintance with letters".

Broadly speaking, literature describes written work that ranges from creative, technical, informational, descriptive or even scientific craft. Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/151414_literature-types-andkinds#ixzz1xMy3i3e7

Types of Literature : http://www.englisharticles.info/2010/05/22/what-are-thetypes-of-literature/ and http://www.bukisa.com/articles/151414_literaturetypes-and-kinds#ixzz1xMyqQYub Poetry Poetry is language in its most concentrated form. A poet uses the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words to paint pictures with language. Poetry is often intended to be read on the page, but there are many poems that need to be read out loud to be fully appreciated. Prose Prose writers use language to create a mixture of characters, places, and events that construct an entire world on the page, and in the readers mind. It is a literary piece that is written without metrical structure. Drama Plays are works of literature that are generally intended to be performed by actors in front of an audience. Dialog and plot are two of the key ingredients in creating a play. Fiction Fiction is simply defined as a product of one's imaginative mind. It can be a short story, myth, folktale, fable or any other kinds of imaginative stories. Non-Fiction Non-fiction comes out of one's personal experiences, a true and factual account of varying information.

SUb-types of Literature http://www.scribd.com/doc/25044932/Types-of-Literature http://www.bryk.pl/teksty/studia/j%C4%99zyki/angielski/16637-

types_of_prose.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-literature.html. Date: November 7, 2011.Authors:Stephanie Gonzlez BrachoLorena Lpez OrtegaMa. Fernanda Onaindia Gonzlez Prose is derived from a Latin root word,prosa, that means "straightforward" (Prose is generally defined as direct, common language presented in a straightforward manner. Prose demonstrates purposeful grammatic design in that it isconstructed strategically by the author to create specific meaning. Prose also contains plot and the attendant narrative structures of plot.In most cultures, prose narrative tends to appear after a culture has developed verse A short story is that kind of prose narrative, which length is limited. That kind of prose is probably as old as the literature. Moreover, this form of prose has existed for many years before the same art of writing was invented. Novel includes a lot of different kinds and possibilities. Its length is also longer than the length of short story. The novels are considered as the most popular literary form nowadays, in both criteria: in the quantity and the quality. The novel is the best qualitative form of literature. Fable is a kind of story with an allegorical tale with included some morals or the patterns of behaviour. The characters involved in the fable are often animals, which are talking and looking like human beings. They keep their real animal traits. The moral is usually defined as a proverb. Moreover, the fable may be called the acted-out kind of proverb. Some fables may explain the phenomena of our world such as the question why crows are often black. They establish some short animal characteristics, for example foxes are sly, whereas lions are dignified. The other fables, which were products of the more sophisticated type of cultures, use the animal creatures to give the moral lessons or are helpful in satirizing some human vices. Parable is an example of brief narrative, which is met in the Holy Bible. It was designed to explain some religious truths or give a lesson. Tale is a kind of story that includes some wonderful and magical events. Fairy tales are short stories in which appear some magical and supernatural events.Fairy tales tell about some fortunes or misfortunes of the main hero or heroine. They experience some adventures and then everything is all right. They live happily. Often magic, charms, disguises and other spells are the main ingredients of fairy tales. Almost every fairy tale has the happy end and the virtue is rewarded. Poetry

, from the Greek poetes which means "doer" or "creator," is a catch-all term that isapplied to any form of rhythmical or metrical composition. While poetry is consideredto be a subset of verse(and also considered to be superior to verse) both arerhythmical/metrical. What distinguishes poetry from verse is its "imaginative quality,intricate structure, serious or lofty subject matter, or noble purpose." Most culture's firstserious literary works are poetry (In Western tradition, we need look only as far as Homer and Hesiod). Limericks: A limerick is a funny little poem containing five lines. The last words of the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other (A) and the last words of the third and fourth lines rhyme with each other so the pattern is AABBA. Sonnet : A Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line containing ten syllables and written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet Ode is the formal and long poem serious in nature. Elegy This type of poem is the lamenting of the death of a person or his near one. Allegory: Allegory is the famous form of poetry and is loved by the readers because of its two symbolic meanings. One is the literal meaning and another is the deep meaning Ballads The poems that are on the subject matter of love and sung by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story Lyric: It has Greek origin that gives a melody of imagery. It is the direct appeal of a poet to the readers about any incident or historical events. Epics are the narrative poems that convey moral and culture of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad are one of the largest philosophical epics written by Samuel Butler. Rape of the Lock is the great mock epic focusing on the minor incident of cutting of a curl.

Drama Drama is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. It is also a literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and atmosphere designed to be acted by players on a stage before an audience. Types of Drama: http://drb.lifestreamcenter.net/Lessons/Drama.htm Tragedy -- In general, tragedy involves the ruin of the leading characters. To the Greeks, it meant the destruction of some noble person through fate, To the Elizabethans, it meant in the first place death and in the second place the destruction of some noble person through a flaw in his character. Today it may not involve death so much as a dismal life, Modern tragedy often shows the tragedy not of the strong and noble but of the weak and mean, Comedy -- is lighter drama in which the leading characters overcome the difficulties which temporarily beset them Problem Play -- Drama of social criticism discusses social, economic, or political problems by means of a play. Farce -- When comedy involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for human values, it becomes farce. Comedy of Manners -- Comedy which wittily portrays fashionable life. Fantasy -- A play sometimes, but not always, in comic spirit in which the author gives free reign to his fantasy, allowing things to happen without regard to reality. Melodrama -- Like farce, melodrama pays almost no attention to human values, but its object is to give a thrill instead of a laugh. Often good entertainment, never any literary value.

Fiction http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_fiction Action-adventure Action-adventure fiction, features physical action often around a mission usually involving killing and robbing. Many times set in forbidding locales such as jungles, deserts, or mountains. Crime Crime fiction stories, centered on criminal enterprise, are told from the point of

view of the perpetrators. They range in tone from lighthearted "caper" stories to darker plots involving organized crime or incarcerated convicts. Detective Detective fiction has become almost synonymous with mystery. These stories relate the solving of a crime, usually one or more murders, by a protagonist who may or may not be a professional investigator. This large, popular genre has many subgenres, reflecting differences in tone, character, and it always contains criminal and detective settings. Fantasy Fantasy is a genre in which novels are placed in a world of either complete fiction or a contemporary setting where several aspects of fantasy elements are included. Horror Horror fiction Mystery Mystery fiction, technically involving stories in which characters try to discover a vital piece of information which is kept hidden until the climax, is now considered by many people almost a synonym for detective fiction. The standard novel stocked in the mystery section of bookstores is a whodunit. A few other types of mystery novels are Cozy Mysteries (where a group of people who are very unlikely to be mixed up in a crime become involved - these are usually not gorey) or Hard-Boiled Mysteries (where the detective/private eye etc. are very tough and unsentimental). Romance Romance is currently the largest and best-selling fiction genre in North America. It has produced a wide array of subgenres, the majority of which feature the mutual attraction and love of a man and a woman as the main plot, and have a happy ending. Science fiction Science fiction is defined more by setting details than by other story elements. Science fiction by definition includes extrapolated or theoretical future science and technology as a major component, and is often set on other planets, in outer space, or on a future version of Earth. Within these setting details, however, the conventions of almost any other genre may be used, including comedy, action-adventure and mystery.

Western Western fiction is defined primarily by being set in the American West in the second half of the 19th century, and secondarily by featuring heroes who are rugged, individualistic horsemen (cowboys). Other genres, such as romance, have subgenres that make use of the Western setting. Inspirational Inspirational fiction is a term that refers to fictional works with religious themes and aimed at a Christian audience.

Non-fiction Types of Non-Fiction http://www.misshannigan.com/Genre/nonfiction/nonfictionnotes.html There are four main types, or modes, of nonfiction that are defined by their purposes. - Narrative nonfiction tells stories of real-life events. Examples include autobiographies and memoirs. Some narrative nonfiction is reflective writing, which shares the writers thoughts and feelings about a personal experience, an idea, or a concern. Examples include reflective essays, personal essays, and journals. An essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. -Expository nonfiction informs or explains. Examples include analytical essays and research reports. A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. -Persuasive nonfiction presents reasons and evidence to convince the reader to act or think in a certain way. Examples include editorials and political speeches. Speech is the vocalized form of human communication -Descriptive nonfiction uses details related to the senses to create mental images for the reader. Examples include character sketches and scientific observations. An almanac (also spelled almanack and almanach) is an annual publication that includes information such as weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates,

tide tables, and tabular information in a particular field or fields often arranged according to the calendar etc An autobiography (from the Greek, - autos self + -bios life + graphein to write) is a book about the life of a person, written by that person. A biography is a detailed description or account of someone's life. It entails more than basic facts (education, work, relationships, and death), a biography also portrays a subject's experience of these events

Elements of Poetry http://www.buzzle.com/articles/basic-elements-ofpoetry.html

Rhythm: This is the music made by the statements of the poem, which includes the syllables in the lines. The best method of understanding this is to read the poem aloud, and understand the stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter: This is the basic structural make-up of the poem. Do the syllables match with each other? Every line in the poem must adhere to this structure. A poem is made up of blocks of lines, which convey a single strand of thought. Within those blocks, a structure of syllables which follow the rhythm has to be included. This is the meter or the metrical form of poetry. Stanza: Stanza in poetry is defined as a smaller unit or group of lines or a paragraph in a poem. A particular stanza has a specific meter, rhyme scheme, etc. Based on the number of lines, stanzas are named as couplet (2 lines), Tercet (3 lines), Quatrain (4 lines), Cinquain (5 lines), Sestet (6 lines), Septet (7 lines), Octave (8 lines). hyme: A poem may or may not have a rhyme. When you write poetry that has rhyme, it means that the last words or sounds of the lines match with each other in some form. Rhyme is basically similar sounding words like 'cat' and 'hat', 'close' and 'shows', 'house' and 'mouse', etc. Free verse poetry, though, does not follow this system.

Rhyme Scheme: As a continuation of rhyme, the rhyme scheme is also one of the basic elements of poetry. In simple words, it is defined as the pattern of rhyme. Either the last words of the first and second lines rhyme with each other, or the first and the third, second and the fourth and so on. It is denoted by alphabets like aabb (1st line rhyming with 2nd, 3rd with 4th); abab (1st with 3rd, 2nd with 4th); abba (1st with 4th, 2nd with 3rd), etc.

Alliteration: This is also used in several poems for sound effect. Several words in the sentence may begin with the same alphabet or syllable sound. For example, in the sentence "Many minute miniature moments," the sound of the alphabet 'M' (phonetic sound /m/) is repeated in all the four words continuously. When you say those words aloud, the sound effect generated is called Alliteration.

Simile: A simile is a method of comparison using the words 'like' or 'as'. When, in a poem, something is said to be 'like' another, it means that the poet is using Simile to convey his feelings by comparing it to something. For example, in the statement 'Her laughter was like a babbling brook', the poet is comparing the laughter of the girl to the sound made by a babbling brook. Note that 'babbling brook' is also an example of Alliteration.

Metaphor: A metaphor is a method of comparison where the words 'like' and 'as' are not used. To modify the earlier example, if the statement had been 'Her laughter, a babbling brook', then it would be the use of Metaphor.

Theme: This is what the poem is all about. The theme of the poem isthe central idea that the poet wants to convey. It can be a story, or a thought, or a description of something or someone; anything that the poem is about.

Symbolism: Often poems will convey ideas and thoughts using symbols. A symbol can stand for many things at one time and leads the reader out of a systematic and structured method of looking at things. Often a symbol used in the poem will be used to create such an effect.

Imagery: Imagery is also one of the important elements of a poem. This device is used by the poet for readers to create an image in their imagination. Imagery appeals to all the five senses. For e.g., when the poet describes, 'the flower is bright red', an image of a red flower is immediately created in the reader's mind.

These are the basic elements of poetry. They are an essential part of the

structure of a good poem. Of course, it does not mean, that all poems must have all these elements. It depends entirely upon the poet, who has all these tools at his disposal to use in order to convey his ideas effectively.

Elements of Fiction http://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsoffiction.htm PLOT Plot, or storyline, is often listed as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. It is the rendering and ordering of the events and actions of a story. On a micro level, plot consists of action and reaction, also referred to as stimulus and response. On a macro level, plot has a beginning, a middle, and an ending. SETTING- the location and time of a story, is often listed as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. Sometimes setting is referred to as milieu, to include a context (such as society) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story. Stories actually have two types of setting: Physical and Chronological. The physical setting is of course where the story takes place. The where can be very generala small farming community, for exampleor very specifica two story white frame house at 739 Hill Street in Scott City, Missouri. Likewise, the chronological setting, the when, can be equally general or specific. All of the events occur in the text in the order they happen. There may be references to events from the past or future, however the events are written in time order. There are no flashbacks or flash-forwards. CHARACTER A character is a participant in the story, and is usually a person, but may be any personal identity, or entity whose existence originates from a fictional work or performance. Characters may be of several types: Point-of-view character: The character from whose perspective (theme) the audience experiences the story. This is the character that represents the point of view the audience empathizes, or at the very least, sympathies with. Therefore this is the "Main" Character. Protagonist: The driver of the action of the story and therefore responsible for achieving the story's Objective Story Goal (the surface journey). In western storytelling tradition the Protagonist is usually the main character.

Static character: A character who does not significantly change during the course of a story. Dynamic character: A character who undergoes character development during the course of a story. Foil: The character that contrasts to the protagonist in a way that illuminates their personality or characteristic. Supporting character: A character that plays a part in the plot, but is not major Minor character: A character in a bit/cameo part. CONFLICT Two types of conflict are possible: External and Internal. External conflict could be man against nature (people in a small lifeboat on a rough ocean) or man against man.While internal conflict might not seem as exciting as external, remember that real life has far more internal than external conflict. The conflict that is one between good and evil depends upon whether the reader or spectator prefers good or evil and is thus a slight story at best. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist or antagonist,

SYMBOL A symbol is something which means something else. Frequently its a tangible physical thing which symbolizes something intangible. The basic point of a story or a poem rarely depends solely on understanding a symbol. However important or interesting they might be, symbols are usually frosting, things which add interest or depth. Symbolism is the applied use of symbols: iconic representations that carry particular conventional meanings POINT OF VIEW Point of View is the narrative point of view, how the story is toldmore specifically, who tells it. THEME The theme is the main idea the writer of the poem or story wants the reader to understand and remember. It is the central idea or insight serving as a unifying element, creating cohesion and is an answer to the question,