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com/apa



1 | Updated 2011-09-07
LIBRARY INFORMATION COMMON
APA Citation Style
REFERENCES & IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR APA 6
TH
EDITION


American Psychological Association (APA) style is one of several styles for academic writing.

This guide covers frequently used citation forms. For more detailed information, refer to the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (6
th
ed.) available at the Library Information Desk, or Red Deer College
Library's APA Citation Style Guide online at http://rdc.libguides.com/apa.

References

Books Basic Format





Harris, L. A. (2001). Canadian copyright law (3
rd
ed.). Toronto, ON: McGraw Hill Ryerson.

Books (pp. 202-205)
Book
1-2 authors (p. 177, 203)
Harris, L. A. (2001). Canadian copyright law (3
rd
ed.). Toronto, ON: McGraw Hill
Ryerson.
In-text Citation: (Harris, 2001)
Book
3-5 authors (p. 177, 203)
Murphy, M. A., Lai, D., & Sookraj, D. (1997). Evaluation of the neighborhood
(congregate) meal program: Final report. Kelowna, BC: Kelowna Home
Support Society.
In-text Citation: (Murphy, Lai, & Sookraj, 1997)
Edited book
(p. 177, 202)
Burley, J., & Harris, J. (Eds.). (2002). A companion to genethics. Malden, MA:
Blackwell.
In-text Citation: (Burley & Harris, 2002, p. 153)
Article/chapter in edited
book
Multiple authors/editors
(pp. 202, 204)
Lawrence, J. A., & Dodds, A. E. (2003). Goal-directed activities and life-span
development. In J. Valsiner & K. Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of
developmental psychology (pp. 517-533). London, England: Sage
Publications.
In-text Citation: (Lawrence & Dodds, 2003, p. 524)
Encyclopaedia article
(p. 202, 203)
Lindgren, H. C. (2001). Stereotyping. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 4, pp.
1617-1618). New York, NY: Wiley.
In-text Citation: (Lindgren, 2001)
Book with no author or
editor
(p. 203, 205)
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
In-text Citation: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993)
Entry in online reference
work
No author (p. 205 #29 & #30
& p. 176 sec. 6.15)
Globalization. (2005). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology.
Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com
In-text Citation: ("Globalization, 2005)
E-book
(p. 203)
Ochs, S. (2004). A history of nerve functions: From animal
spirits to molecular mechanisms [ebrary Reader version].
Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com/corp/
In-text Citation: (Ochs, 2004)

PUBLICATION
DATE AUTHOR
BOOK
TITLE

EDITION
PUBLICATION
PLACE

PUBLISHER

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LIBRARY INFORMATION COMMON

Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper Articles Basic Format




Rutherford, B. J. (2006). Reading disability and hemispheric interaction on a lexical decision task.
Brain and Cognition, 60, 55-63. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.09.013




Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper Articles (pp. 198-202)
Journal article
Continuous pagination, with
DOI (p. 198)
Rutherford, B. J. (2006). Reading disability and hemispheric interaction on a lexical
decision task. Brain and Cognition, 60, 55-63.
doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.09.013
In-text Citation: (Rutherford, 2006, p. 56)
Journal article
3-5 authors, paginated by
issue, with DOI (p. 198)
Westhues, A., Lafrance, J., & Schmidt, G. (2001). A SWOT analysis of social work
education in Canada. Social Work Education, 20(1), 35-56.
doi:10.1080/02615470020028364
In-text Citation: (Westhues, Lafrance, & Schmidt, 2001, p. 47)
Journal article
No DOI, use URL of the
journal home page (p. 199)
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem
mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal
of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
In-text Citation: (Sillick & Schutte, 2006)
Magazine article
Print (p. 200)
Henry, W. A., & Mehta, N. S. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135,
28-31.
In-text Citation: (Henry & Mehta, 1990, p. 30)
Magazine article
Retrieved online (p. 200)
Kuttner, R. (2003, September 8). The great American pension-fund robbery.
Business Week, 24-26. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/
In-text Citation: (Kittner, 2003)
Newspaper article
Discontinuous pages (p. 200)
Wallace, K. (2007, December 4). Passport applicant finds massive privacy breach.
The Globe and Mail, pp. A1, A8.
In-text Citation: (Wallace, 2007)
Newspaper article
Retrieved online (p. 200)
Cernetig, M. (2009, August 11). Opinion: Crafty Campbell knew the dangers of
HST. The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved from http://www.vancouversun.com
In-text Citation: (Cernetig, 2009)

PUBLICATION
DATE AUTHOR
ARTICLE
TITLE

DOI (DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER, PP. 188-192)
JOURNAL
TITLE

VOLUME

PAGES

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LIBRARY INFORMATION COMMON

Websites and Web Documents Basic Format




Browning, T. (1993). A brief historical survey of women writers of science fiction. Retrieved from
http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~tonya/Tonya/sf/history.html
Websites and Web Documents (pp. 211-215)
Web page
(p. 212)
Browning, T. (1993). A brief historical survey of women writers of science fiction.
Retrieved from http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~tonya/Tonya/sf/history.html
In-text Citation: (Browning, 1993, par 12)
Wiki entry
No author, no date (p. 192,
205)
Deferred compensation. (n.d.). In Family business wiki. Retrieved October 8, 2009,
from http://www.familybusinesswiki.org/Deferred+compensation
In-text Citation: ("Deferred compensation, n.d.)
Web page
University site or institutional
archive, no date (p. 206)
Johnson, K. A., & Becker, J. A. (n.d.). The whole brain atlas. Retrieved from
Harvard University Medical School website: http://www.med.harvard.edu
/AANLIB/
In-text Citation: (Johnson & Becker, n.d.)
Blog post
(p. 215)

Kiume, S. (2007, August 17). Loneliness isn't good [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2007/08/17/loneliness-isnt-good/
In-text Citation: (Kiume, 2007)


Other Sources

Media (pp. 210-215)
Video clip
(p. 215)
Wesch, M. (2007, October 12). Information r/evolution [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CV05HyAbM
In-text Citation: (Wesch, 2007)
Audio clip (podcast):
(p. 210)
Green, C. D. (Producer). (2006, October 9-15). Thomas Blass on Stanley Milgram's
shocking studies of obedience [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.yorku.ca/christo/podcasts/
In-text Citation: (Green, 2006)
Electronic Image*
(Adapted from APA
Publication Manual)
Di Carpi, G. (1540). The holy family [image]. Retrieved from
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o707.html
In-text Citation: (Di Carpi, 1540)
*Images in-text are also generally accompanied by a caption that includes copyright
information and statement of permission for use.

Government Documents (pp. 205-206)
Government Document
(p. 205)
Environment Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service. (2004). The 1995 peregrine
falcon survey in Canada. U. Banasch & G. Holroyd (Eds.). (Occasional Paper
no. 110). Retrieved from http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/publications/
AbstractTemplate.cfm?lang=e&id=1067
In-text Citation: (Environment Canada, 2004)

LAST UPDATE
OR COPYRIGHT
DATE
PERSONAL OR
CORPORATE
AUTHOR
WEBSITE OR WEB DOCUMENT
TITLE
RETRIEVED FROM URL
INCLUDE DATE IF INFO
MAY CHANGE OVER TIME

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LIBRARY INFORMATION COMMON

Blackboard (p. 215)*
Lecture Notes
Posted to Blackboard
Connors, J. T. (2011). Virtual reality [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from
https://blackboard.rdc.ab.ca
In-text Citation: (Connors, 2011)
PowerPoint Presentation
Posted to Blackboard
Wei-Yang, Q. (2011). What's Web 3.0? [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
https://blackboard.rdc.ab.ca
In-text Citation: (Wei-Yang, 2011)
Class Handout
Posted to Blackboard
Benz, T. (2011). Military units deployed in Europe [Class handout]. Retrieved from
https://blackboard.rdc.ab.ca
In-text Citation: (Benz, 2011)
Discussion Board
On Blackboard
Thompson, T. (2011, January 12). Social networking: Boom or bane? [Discussion
board comment]. Retrieved from https://blackboard.rdc.ab.ca
In-text Citation: (Thompson, 2011)
*Interpretation of APA citation format for Blackboard. Check with your instructor.
*If an article or document is accessed via Blackboard, the original source must be cited.

In-Text Citations

How to Cite Quotations (pp. 170-171)
When you incorporate a direct quotation into a sentence, you must cite the source. nclude the author's last name,
the year of publication, and the page number. Fit quotations within your sentences, enclosed in quotation marks,
making sure the sentences are grammatically correct. For example:
x "Quotations are effective in research papers when used selectively stated Gibaldi (2003, p. 109).
x Remember that "[q]uotations are effective in research papers when used selectively (Gibaldi, 2003, p.
109).
x n 2003, Gibaldi wrote that, "[q]uotations are effective in research papers when used selectively (p. 109).
If a quotation is 40 words or more, omit quotation marks and use a block format in which the quotation is indented
about inch (or 5 spaces) from the left margin.

How to Cite Summaries or Paraphrases (p. 171)
Even if you put information in your own words by summarizing or paraphrasing, you must cite the original author or
researcher. nclude the author's last name and year of publication. APA recommends, but does not require, that
you include a page number. For example:
x When writing the research paper, students should use quotations judiciously (Gibaldi, 2003).

How to Cite Personal Communications (p. 179)
Letters, memos, emails, personal interviews, and the like are not included in the reference list because they do not
provide recoverable data. Cite them in text only, providing initials and surname of the communicator, and as exact a
date as possible:
x (Y. Martel, personal communication, April 15, 2005)

How to Cite Information When You Have Not Seen the Original Source (p. 178)
Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else has done, but you are unable to track down the
original research report. In this case, because you did not read the original report, you will include only the source
you did consult in your References. The words "as cited in in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not
read the original research. For example:

x Fong's 1987 study (as cited in Bertram, 1996) found that older students' memory can be as good as that of
young people, but this depends on how memory is tested.
[Do not include Fong (1987) in your References; do include Bertram (1996).]