Triola Pullout Card Left 4/25/01 11:10 AM Page 1

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
2002 by Addison-Wesley.

Ch. 2: Descriptive Statistics

x
x
s
s
s

Sx
n
Sf

x2E,m,x1E

Mean

Sf . x

Ch. 6: Confidence Intervals (one population)

Mean (frequency table)

S(x 2 x) 2
n21

Standard deviation

n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2
n(n 2 1)

Standard deviation
(shortcut)

n3S(f . x2 )4 2 3S(f . x)4 2

variance 

Mean
s
where E 5 za>2
(s known or n  30)
!n
s
or E 5 ta>2
(s unknown and n  30)
!n

n(n 2 1)

Standard deviation
(frequency table)

s2

E p p

E
p

where E 5 za>2
(n 2 1)s

, s2 ,

xR2

(n 2 1)s2
x L2

Variance

Ch. 6: Sample Size Determination

za>2s

Ch. 3: Probability

n 5 B

P(A or B) 5 P(A) 1 P(B) if A, B are mutually exclusive

P(A or B) 5 P(A) 1 P(B) 2 P(A and B)
if A, B are not mutually exclusive
P(A and B) 5 P(A) . P(B) if A, B are independent
P(A and B) 5 P(A) . P(B 0A) if A, B are dependent

n5
n5

P(A) 5 1 2 P(A) Rule of complements

n!
Permutations (no elements alike)
nPr 5
(n 2 r)!
n!
Permutations (n1 alike, ...)
n1! n2! . . . nk!
n!
Combinations
nCr 5
(n 2 r)! r!

z5

Ch. 4: Probability Distributions

z5

  x . P(x) Mean (prob. dist.)

  [x2 . P(x)]  2 Standard deviation (prob. dist.)
n!
. px . qnx Binomial probability
P(x) 
(n  x)! x!
n.p
Mean (binomial)
2
.
.
 n p q
Variance (binomial)
  n . p . q

Proportion
p q

Standard deviation (binomial)

E
3za>24 2 . 0.25
E2
3za>24 2p q
E2

Mean
Proportion

Proportion (p and q are known)

Ch. 7: Test Statistics (one population)

t5

x2m

Meanone population
( known or n  30)

s> !n
x2m

Meanone population
( unknown and n  30)

s> !n

p 2 p

Proportionone population

pq

n
(n 2 1)s2
x2 5
s2

Standard deviation or variance

one population

Ch. 8: Test Statistics (two populations)

z5

Ch. 5: Normal Distribution

xx
x
z
or
Standard score
s

x   Central limit theorem

t5


x 
n

z5

Central limit theorem

(Standard error)

(x1 2 x2 ) 2 (m1 2 m2 )
s 22
s 12
1
n2
n1
d 2 md
sd> !n

Two meansindependent
(1, 2 known or
n1  30 and n2  30)

Two meansmatched pairs

(df  n  1)

(p 1 2 p 2 ) 2 (p1 2 p2 )
pq pq
1 n
2
n1

Two proportions

Triola Pullout Card Left Mid 4/25/01 11:12 AM Page 1

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
2002 by Addison-Wesley.

Ch. 8: Confidence Intervals (two populations)

(x1 2 x2 ) 2 E , (m1 2 m2 ) , (x1 2 x2 ) 1 E
s 12
s 22
1
where E 5 za>2
n1
n2

Ch. 10: Multinomial and Contingency Tables

(Indep.)

x2 5 g
x2 5 g

(s1, s2 known or n1 . 30 and n2 . 30)

(O 2 E) 2

Multinomial
(df  k  1)

E
(O 2 E) 2

Contingency table
[df  (r  1)(c  1)]

where E 5

(row total) (column total)

(grand total)

d 2 E , md , d 1 E (Matched Pairs)
sd
where E 5 ta>2
(df  n  1)
!n

Ch. 10: One-Way Analysis of a Variance

(p 1 2 p 2 ) 2 E , (p1 2 p2 ) , (p 1 2 p 2 ) 1 E

F5

p 2q 2
p 1q 1
where E 5 za>2
1
n1
n2

F5

Ch. 9: Linear Correlation/Regression

Correlation r 5

b1 5

se 5

"n(Sx ) 2 (Sx) "n(Sy ) 2 (Sy)

2

n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2
(Sy) (Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) (Sxy)

n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2
Estimated eq. of regression line

explained variation
total variation

S(y 2 y ) 2
n22

or

y  E  y  y  E
where E  t2se
rs 5 1 2

k samples each of size n

(num. df  k  1; den. df  k(n  1))

MS(treatment)
MS(error)

nSxy 2 (Sx) (Sy)

b0 5 y 2 b1x or b0 5

r2 5

sp2

MS(treatment) 5

nSxy 2 (Sx) (Sy)

y 5 b0 1 b1x

ns 2x2

6Sd2
n(n2 2 1)

Sy 2 2 b0Sy 2 b1Sxy

n22

1

1
n(x 0  x)2

n
n(x 2)  (x)2

Rank correlation

acritical value for n . 30:

6z
b
!n 2 1

MS(error) 5

df  k  1
df  N  k

SS(treatment)
k21

SS(error)
N2k

MS(total) 5

SS(total)
N21

SS(treatment) 5 n1 (x1 2 x) 2 1 . . . 1 nk (xk 2 x) 2

SS(error) 5 (n1 2 1)s21 1 . . . 1 (nk 2 1)s2k
SS(total) 5 S(x 2 x) 2
SS(total) 5 SS(treatment) 1 SS(error)

Triola Pullout Card Right Mid 4/25/01 11:13 AM Page 1

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. Identify the specific claim or hypothesis to be tested and put it in symbolic form.
2. Give the symbolic form that must be true when the original claim is false.
3. Of the two symbolic expressions obtained so far, let the null hypothesis H0 be the one that
contains the condition of equality; H1 is the other statement.
4. Select the significance level a based on the seriousness of a type I error. Make a small if
the consequences of rejecting a true H0 are severe. The values of 0.05 and 0.01 are very
common.
5. Identify the statistic that is relevant to this test, and identify its sampling distribution.
6. Determine the test statistic and either the P-value or the critical values, and the critical
region. Draw a graph.
7. Reject H0: Test statistic is in the critical region or P-value # a. Fail to reject H0: Test statistic is not in the critical region or P-value . a.
8. Restate this previous conclusion in simple, nontechnical terms.

FINDING P-VALUES
Start

What
type of test
?
Two-tailed

Left-tailed

Left

P-value  area
to the left of the
test statistic
P-value

Test statistic

Is
the test statistic
to the right or left of
center
?

P-value  twice
the area to the
left of the test
statistic
P-value is
twice this area.

Right-tailed

Right

P-value  twice
the area to the
right of the test
statistic
P-value is
twice this area.
m

Test statistic

Test statistic

P-value  area
to the right of the
test statistic
P-value

Test statistic

Triola Pullout Card Left 4/25/01 11:10 AM Page 2

TABLE A-2

Standard Normal (z) Distribution

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

.0000
.0398
.0793
.1179
.1554

.0040
.0438
.0832
.1217
.1591

.0080
.0478
.0871
.1255
.1628

.0120
.0517
.0910
.1293
.1664

.0160
.0557
.0948
.1331
.1700

.0199
.0596
.0987
.1368
.1736

.0239
.0636
.1026
.1406
.1772

.0279
.0675
.1064
.1443
.1808

.0319
.0714
.1103
.1480
.1844

.0359
.0753
.1141
.1517
.1879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

.1915
.2257
.2580
.2881
.3159

.1950
.2291
.2611
.2910
.3186

.1985
.2324
.2642
.2939
.3212

.2019
.2357
.2673
.2967
.3238

.2054
.2389
.2704
.2995
.3264

.2088
.2422
.2734
.3023
.3289

.2123
.2454
.2764
.3051
.3315

.2157
.2486
.2794
.3078
.3340

.2190
.2517
.2823
.3106
.3365

.2224
.2549
.2852
.3133
.3389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

.3413
.3643
.3849
.4032
.4192

.3438
.3665
.3869
.4049
.4207

.3461
.3686
.3888
.4066
.4222

.3485
.3708
.3907
.4082
.4236

.3508
.3729
.3925
.4099
.4251

.3531
.3749
.3944
.4115
.4265

.3554
.3770
.3962
.4131
.4279

.3577
.3790
.3980
.4147
.4292

.3599
.3810
.3997
.4162
.4306

.3621
.3830
.4015
.4177
.4319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.4332
.4452
.4554
.4641
.4713

.4345
.4463
.4564
.4649
.4719

.4357
.4474
.4573
.4656
.4726

.4370
.4484
.4582
.4664
.4732

.4382
.4495
.4591
.4671
.4738

.4394
.4505
.4599
.4678
.4744

.4406
.4515
.4608
.4686
.4750

.4418
.4525
.4616
.4693
.4756

.4429
.4535
.4625
.4699
.4761

.4441
.4545
.4633
.4706
.4767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.4772
.4821
.4861
.4893
.4918

.4778
.4826
.4864
.4896
.4920

.4783
.4830
.4868
.4898
.4922

.4788
.4834
.4871
.4901
.4925

.4793
.4838
.4875
.4904
.4927

.4798
.4842
.4878
.4906
.4929

.4803
.4846
.4881
.4909
.4931

.4808
.4850
.4884
.4911
.4932

.4812
.4854
.4887
.4913
.4934

.4817
.4857
.4890
.4916
.4936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.4938
.4953
.4965
.4974
.4981

.4940
.4955
.4966
.4975
.4982

.4941
.4956
.4967
.4976
.4982

.4943
.4957
.4968
.4977
.4983

.4945
.4959
.4969
.4977
.4984

.4946
.4960
.4970
.4978
.4984

.4948
.4961
.4971
.4979
.4985

.4949
.4962
.4972
.4979
.4985

.4951
.4963
.4973
.4980
.4986

.4952
.4964
.4974
.4981
.4986

3.0
3.10
and
higher

.4987

.4987

.4987

.4988

.4988

.4989

.4989

.4989

.4990

.4990

.4999

NOTE: For values of z above 3.09, use 0.4999 for the area.
*Use these common values that result from interpolation:
z score

Area

1.645

0.4500

2.575

0.4950

From Frederick C. Mosteller and Robert E. K. Rourke, Sturdy Statistics, 1973, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. Reprinted
with permission of Frederick Mosteller.

Triola Pullout Card Left Mid 4/25/01 11:12 AM Page 2

Student t distribution
Right tail

Left tail

Critical t score
(negative)

TABLE A-3

Two tails

a/2

a/2

Critical t scoreCritical t scoreCritical t score

(positive)
(negative)
(positive)

t Distribution
a

Degrees
of
Freedom

.005
(one tail)
.01
(two tails)

.01
(one tail)
.02
(two tails)

.025
(one tail)
.05
(two tails)

.05
(one tail)
.10
(two tails)

.10
(one tail)
.20
(two tails)

.25
(one tail)
.50
(two tails)

1
2
3
4
5

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

1.000
.816
.765
.741
.727

6
7
8
9
10

3.707
3.500
3.355
3.250
3.169

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

.718
.711
.706
.703
.700

11
12
13
14
15

3.106
3.054
3.012
2.977
2.947

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.625
2.602

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.132

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

.697
.696
.694
.692
.691

16
17
18
19
20

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

2.584
2.567
2.552
2.540
2.528

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

.690
.689
.688
.688
.687

21
22
23
24
25

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

1.323
1.321
1.320
1.318
1.316

.686
.686
.685
.685
.684

26
27
28
29
Large (z)

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.575

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.326

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
1.960

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.645

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.282

.684
.684
.683
.683
.675

Triola Pullout Card Right Mid 4/25/01 11:13 AM Page 2

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
2002 by Addison-Wesley.
TABLE A-4

Chi-Square (x2 ) Distribution

Area to the Right of the Critical Value

Degrees
of
Freedom

0.995

0.99

0.975

0.95

0.90

0.10

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

1
2
3
4
5

0.010
0.072
0.207
0.412

0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554

0.001
0.051
0.216
0.484
0.831

0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145

0.016
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.071

5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.833

6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086

7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750

6
7
8
9
10

0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156

0.872
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558

1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247

1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940

2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865

10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987

12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307

14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483

16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209

18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188

11
12
13
14
15

2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601

3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229

3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262

4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261

5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547

17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307

19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996

21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488

24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578

26.757
28.299
29.819
31.319
32.801

16
17
18
19
20

5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434

5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260

6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591

7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851

9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443

23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412

26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410

28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170

32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566

34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997

21
22
23
24
25

8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.520

8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524

10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120

11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611

13.240
14.042
14.848
15.659
16.473

29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382

32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652

35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646

38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314

41.401
42.796
44.181
45.559
46.928

26
27
28
29
30

11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787

12.198
12.879
13.565
14.257
14.954

13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791

15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493

17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599

35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256

38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773

41.923
43.194
44.461
45.722
46.979

45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892

48.290
49.645
50.993
52.336
53.672

40
50
60
70
80
90
100

20.707
27.991
35.534
43.275
51.172
59.196
67.328

22.164
29.707
37.485
45.442
53.540
61.754
70.065

24.433
32.357
40.482
48.758
57.153
65.647
74.222

26.509
34.764
43.188
51.739
60.391
69.126
77.929

29.051
37.689
46.459
55.329
64.278
73.291
82.358

51.805
63.167
74.397
85.527
96.578
107.565
118.498

55.758
67.505
79.082
90.531
101.879
113.145
124.342

59.342
71.420
83.298
95.023
106.629
118.136
129.561

63.691
76.154
88.379
100.425
112.329
124.116
135.807

66.766
79.490
91.952
104.215
116.321
128.299
140.169

From Donald B. Owen, Handbook of Statistical Tables, 1962 Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.

Triola Pullout Card Right 4/25/01 11:14 AM Page 2

Formulas and Tables

for Essentials of Statistics, by Mario F. Triola
2002 by Addison-Wesley.

Linear Correlation (Section 9-2)

Rank Correlation (Section 9-5)

TABLE A-5

TABLE A-6

Critical Values of the Pearson

Correlation Coefficient r

Critical Values of Spearmans

Rank Correlation Coefficient rs

a  .05

a  .01

a  0.05

a  0.01

4
5
6
7

.950
.878
.811
.754

.999
.959
.917
.875

8
9
10
11

.707
.666
.632
.602

.834
.798
.765
.735

5
6
7
8
9
10

.886
.786
.738
.683
.648

.881
.833
.794

12
13
14
15

.576
.553
.532
.514

.708
.684
.661
.641

11
12
13
14
15

.623
.591
.566
.545
.525

.818
.780
.745
.716
.689

16
17
18
19

.497
.482
.468
.456

.623
.606
.590
.575

16
17
18
19
20

.507
.490
.476
.462
.450

.666
.645
.625
.608
.591

20
25
30
35

.444
.396
.361
.335

.561
.505
.463
.430

40
45
50
60

.312
.294
.279
.254

.402
.378
.361
.330

21
22
23
24
25

.438
.428
.418
.409
.400

.576
.562
.549
.537
.526

70
80
90
100

.236
.220
.207
.196

.305
.286
.269
.256

26
27
28
29
30

.392
.385
.377
.370
.364

.515
.505
.496
.487
.478

NOTE: To test H0: r  0 against H1: r  0,

reject H0 if the absolute value of r is greater
than the critical value in the table.

Triola Pullout Card Right 4/25/01 11:14 AM Page 1

HYPOTHESIS TEST: WORDING

OF FINAL CONCLUSION
Start
Wording of
final conclusion
Does the
original claim contain
the condition of
equality?

Yes
(Original claim
contains equality
and becomes H 0 )

No
(Original claim
does not contain
equality and
becomes H 1)

Do
you reject
H 0?

Yes
(Reject H 0 )

No
(Fail to
reject H 0 )

Do
you reject
H 0?

Yes
(Reject H 0 )

No
(Fail to
reject H 0 )

There is sufficient
evidence to warrant
rejection of the claim
that . . . (original claim).

(This is the
only case in
which the
original claim
is rejected.)

There is not sufficient

evidence to warrant
rejection of the claim
that . . . (original claim).
(This is the
The sample data
only case in
support the claim 
which the
that . . . (original claim). original claim
is supported.)
There is not sufficient
sample evidence to 
support the claim
that . . . (original claim).