PNEUMONIA: MICROBIAL

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma, associated with alveolar edema and congestion that impair gas
exchange. Primary pneumonia is caused by the patient’s inhaling or aspirating a pathogen. Secondary pneumonia
ensues from lung damage caused by the spread of bacteria from an infection elsewhere in the body. Likely causes
include various infectious agents, chemical irritants (including gastric reflux/aspiration, smoke inhalation), and
radiation therapy. This plan of care deals with bacterial and viral pneumonias, e.g., pneumococcal pneumonia,
Pneumocystis carinii, Haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma, and Gram-negative microbes.

CARE SETTING
Most patients are treated as outpatients; however, persons at higher risk (e.g., with ongoing/chronic health problems)
are treated in the hospital, as are those already hospitalized for other reasons.

RELATED CONCERNS
AIDS
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma
Psychosocial aspects of care
Sepsis/septicemia
Surgical intervention

Patient Assessment Database

ACTIVITY/REST
May report: Fatigue, weakness
Insomnia
May exhibit: Lethargy
Decreased tolerance to activity

CIRCULATION
May report: History of recent/chronic heart failure (HF)
May exhibit: Tachycardia
Flushed appearance or pallor

EGO INTEGRITY
May report: Multiple stressors, financial concerns

FOOD/FLUID
May report: Loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting
May exhibit: Distended abdomen
Hyperactive bowel sounds
Dry skin with poor turgor
Cachectic appearance (malnutrition)

NEUROSENSORY
May report: Frontal headache (influenza)
May exhibit: Changes in mentation (confusion, somnolence)

PAIN/DISCOMFORT
May report: Headache
Chest pain (pleuritic), aggravated by cough; substernal chest pain (influenza)
Myalgia, arthralgia
May exhibit: Splinting/guarding over affected area (patient commonly lies on affected side to restrict
movement)
RESPIRATION
May report: History of recurrent/chronic URIs, tuberculosis or COPD, cigarette smoking
Progressive dyspnea
Cough: Dry hacking (initially) progressing to productive cough
May exhibit: Tachypnea; shallow grunting respirations, use of accessory muscles, nasal flaring
Sputum: Scanty or copious; pink, rusty, or purulent (green, yellow, or white)
Percussion: Dull over consolidated areas
Fremitus: Tactile and vocal, gradually increases with consolidation
Pleural friction rub
Breath sounds: Diminished or absent over involved area, or bronchial breath sounds over
area(s) of consolidation; coarse inspiratory crackles
Color: Pallor or cyanosis of lips/nailbeds

SAFETY
May report: Recurrent chills
History of altered immune system: i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), AIDS, steroid
or chemotherapy use, institutionalization, general debilitation
Fever (e.g., 1028F–1048F/398C–408C)
May exhibit: Diaphoresis
Shaking
Rash may be noted in cases of rubeola or varicella

TEACHING/LEARNING
May report: History of recent surgery; chronic alcohol use; intravenous (IV) drug therapy or abuse;
immunosuppressive therapy
Discharge plan DRG projected mean length of inpatient stay: 4.3–8.3 days
considerations: Assistance with self-care, homemaker tasks.
Oxygen may be needed, especially if recovery is prolonged or other predisposing condition
exists.
Refer to section at end of plan for postdischarge considerations.

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Chest x-ray: Identifies structural distribution (e.g., lobar, bronchial); may also reveal multiple abscesses/infiltrates,
empyema (staphylococcus); scattered or localized infiltration (bacterial); or diffuse/extensive nodular infiltrates
(more often viral). In mycoplasmal pneumonia, chest x-ray may be clear.
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy: May be both diagnostic (qualitative cultures) and therapeutic (re-expansion of lung
segment).
ABGs/pulse oximetry: Abnormalities may be present, depending on extent of lung involvement and underlying lung
disease.
Gram stain/cultures: Sputum collection; needle aspiration of empyema, pleural, and transtracheal or transthoracic
fluids; lung biopsies and blood cultures may be done to recover causative organism. More than one type of
organism may be present; common bacteria include Diplococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, a-
hemolytic streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae; cytomegalovirus (CMV). Note: Sputum cultures may not
identify all offending organisms. Blood cultures may show transient bacteremia.
CBC: Leukocytosis usually present, although a low white blood cell (WBC) count may be present in viral infection,
immunosuppressed conditions such as AIDS, and overwhelming bacterial pneumonia. Erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR) is elevated.
Serologic studies, e.g., viral or Legionella titers, cold agglutinins: Assist in differential diagnosis of specific
organism.
Pulmonary function studies: Volumes may be decreased (congestion and alveolar collapse); airway pressure may be
increased and compliance decreased. Shunting is present (hypoxemia).
Electrolytes: Sodium and chloride levels may be low.
Bilirubin: May be increased.
Percutaneous aspiration/open biopsy of lung tissues: May reveal typical intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions
(CMV), characteristic giant cells (rubeola).

NURSING PRIORITIES
1. Maintain/improve respiratory function.
2. Prevent complications.
3. Support recuperative process.
4. Provide information about disease process/prognosis and treatment.

DISCHARGE GOALS
1. Ventilation and oxygenation adequate for individual needs.
2. Complications prevented/minimized.
3. Disease process/prognosis and therapeutic regimen understood.
4. Lifestyle changes identified/initiated to prevent recurrence.
5. Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Airway Clearance, ineffective

May be related to
Tracheal bronchial inflammation, edema formation, increased sputum production
Pleuritic pain
Decreased energy, fatigue
Possibly evidenced by
Changes in rate, depth of respirations
Abnormal breath sounds, use of accessory muscles
Dyspnea, cyanosis
Cough, effective or ineffective; with/without sputum production
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Respiratory Status: Airway Patency (NOC)
Identify/demonstrate behaviors to achieve airway clearance.
Display patent airway with breath sounds clearing; absence of dyspnea, cyanosis.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Airway Management (NIC)

Independent
Assess rate/depth of respirations and chest movement. Tachypnea, shallow respirations, and asymmetric chest
movement are frequently present because of discomfort
of moving chest wall and/or fluid in lung.

Auscultate lung fields, noting areas of decreased/absent Decreased airflow occurs in areas consolidated with fluid.
airflow and adventitious breath sounds, e.g., crackles, Bronchial breath sounds (normal over bronchus) can also
wheezes. occur in consolidated areas. Crackles, rhonchi, and
wheezes are heard on inspiration and/or expiration in
response to fluid accumulation, thick secretions, and
airway spasm/obstruction.

Elevate head of bed, change position frequently. Lowers diaphragm, promoting chest expansion, aeration
of lung segments, mobilization and expectoration of
secretions.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Airway Management (NIC)

Independent
Assist patient with frequent deep-breathing exercises. Deep breathing facilitates maximum expansion of the
Demonstrate/help patient learn to perform activity, e.g., lungs/smaller airways. Coughing is a natural self-cleaning
splinting chest and effective coughing while in upright mechanism, assisting the cilia to maintain patent airways.
position. Splinting reduces chest discomfort, and an upright
position favors deeper, more forceful cough effort.

Suction as indicated (e.g., frequent or sustained cough, Stimulates cough or mechanically clears airway in patient
adventitious breath sounds, desaturation related to airway who is unable to do so because of ineffective cough or
secretions). decreased level of consciousness.

Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day (unless Fluids (especially warm liquids) aid in mobilization and
contraindicated, as in heart failure). Offer warm, rather expectoration of secretions.
than cold, fluids.

Collaborative

Assist with/monitor effects of nebulizer treatments and Facilitates liquefaction and removal of secretions.
other respiratory physiotherapy, e.g., incentive Postural drainage may not be effective in interstitial
spirometer, IPPB, percussion, postural drainage. Perform pneumonias or those causing alveolar
treatments between meals and limit fluids when exudate/destruction. Coordination of treatments/schedules
appropriate. and oral intake reduces likelihood of vomiting with
coughing, expectorations.

Administer medications as indicated: mucolytics, Aids in reduction of bronchospasm and mobilization of

expectorants, bronchodilators, analgesics. secretions. Analgesics are given to improve cough effort
by reducing discomfort, but should be used cautiously
because they can decrease cough effort/depress
respirations.

Provide supplemental fluids, e.g., IV, humidified oxygen, Fluids are required to replace losses (including insensible)
and room humidification. and aid in mobilization of secretions. Note: Some studies
indicate that room humidification has been found to
provide minimal benefit and is thought to increase the
risk of transmitting infection.

Monitor serial chest x-rays, ABGs, pulse oximetry Follows progress and effects of disease
readings. (Refer to ND: Gas Exchange, impaired, process/therapeutic regimen, and facilitates necessary
following.) alterations in therapy.

Assist with bronchoscopy/thoracentesis, if indicated. Occasionally needed to remove mucous plugs, drain
purulent secretions, and/or prevent atelectasis.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Gas Exchange, impaired
May be related to
Alveolar-capillary membrane changes (inflammatory effects)
Altered oxygen-carrying capacity of blood/release at cellular level (fever, shifting oxyhemoglobin curve)
Altered delivery of oxygen (hypoventilation)
Possibly evidenced by
Dyspnea, cyanosis
Tachycardia
Restlessness/changes in mentation
Hypoxia
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Respiratory Status: Gas Exchange (NOC)
Demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by ABGs within patient’s acceptable range and
absence of symptoms of respiratory distress.
Participate in actions to maximize oxygenation.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Respiratory Monitoring (NIC)

Independent
Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease. Manifestations of respiratory distress are dependent
on/and indicative of the degree of lung involvement and
underlying general health status.

Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nailbeds, Cyanosis of nailbeds may represent vasoconstriction or
noting presence of peripheral cyanosis (nailbeds) or the body’s response to fever/chills; however, cyanosis of
central cyanosis (circumoral). earlobes, mucous membranes, and skin around the mouth
(“warm membranes”) is indicative of systemic
hypoxemia.

Assess mental status. Restlessness, irritation, confusion, and somnolence may

reflect hypoxemia/ decreased cerebral oxygenation.

Monitor heart rate/rhythm. Tachycardia is usually present as a result of

fever/dehydration but may represent a response to
hypoxemia.

Monitor body temperature, as indicated. Assist with High fever (common in bacterial pneumonia and
comfort measures to reduce fever and chills, e.g., influenza) greatly increases metabolic demands and
addition/removal of bedcovers, comfortable room oxygen consumption and alters cellular oxygenation.
temperature, tepid or cool water sponge bath.

Maintain bedrest. Encourage use of relaxation techniques Prevents overexhaustion and reduces oxygen
and diversional activities. consumption/demands to facilitate resolution of infection.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Respiratory Monitoring (NIC)

Independent
Elevate head and encourage frequent position changes, These measures promote maximal inspiration, enhance
deep breathing, and effective coughing. expectoration of secretions to improve ventilation. (Refer
to ND: Airway Clearance, ineffective.)

Assess level of anxiety. Encourage verbalization of Anxiety is a manifestation of psychological concerns and
concerns/feelings. Answer questions honestly. Visit physiological responses to hypoxia. Providing
frequently, arrange for SO/visitors to stay with patient as reassurance and enhancing sense of security can reduce
indicated. the psychological component, thereby decreasing oxygen
demand and adverse physiological responses.

Observe for deterioration in condition, noting Shock and pulmonary edema are the most common
hypotension, copious amounts of pink/bloody sputum, causes of death in pneumonia and require immediate
pallor, cyanosis, change in level of consciousness, severe medical intervention.
dyspnea, restlessness.

Collaborative

Monitor ABGs, pulse oximetry. Follows progress of disease process and facilitates
alterations in pulmonary therapy.

Oxygen Therapy (NIC)

Administer oxygen therapy by appropriate means, e.g., The purpose of oxygen therapy is to maintain PaO2 above
nasal prongs, mask, Venturi mask. 60 mm Hg. Oxygen is administered by the method that
provides appropriate delivery within the patient’s
tolerance.

Prepare for/transfer to critical care setting if indicated. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be required in
the event of severe respiratory insufficiency. (Refer to
CP: Mechanical Ventilation.)

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Infection, risk for [spread]

Risk factors may include
Inadequate primary defenses (decreased ciliary action, stasis of respiratory secretions)
Inadequate secondary defenses (presence of existing infection, immunosuppression), chronic disease,
malnutrition
Possibly evidenced by
[Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis.]
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Infection Status (NOC)
Achieve timely resolution of current infection without complications.
Knowledge: Infection Control (NOC)
Identify interventions to prevent/reduce risk/spread of/secondary infection.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Infection Control (NIC)

Independent
Monitor vital signs closely, especially during initiation of During this period of time, potentially fatal complications
therapy. (hypotension/shock) may develop.

Instruct patient concerning the disposition of secretions Although patient may find expectoration offensive and
(e.g., raising and expectorating versus swallowing) and attempt to limit or avoid it, it is essential that sputum be
reporting changes in color, amount, odor of secretions. disposed of in a safe manner. Changes in characteristics
of sputum reflect resolution of pneumonia or
development of secondary infection.

Demonstrate/encourage good handwashing technique. Effective means of reducing spread or acquisition of

infection.

Change position frequently and provide good pulmonary Promotes expectoration, clearing of infection.
toilet.

Limit visitors as indicated. Reduces likelihood of exposure to other infectious

pathogens.

Institute isolation precautions as individually appropriate. Dependent on type of infection, response to antibiotics,
patient’s general health, and development of
complications, isolation techniques may be desired to
prevent spread/protect patient from other infectious
processes.

Encourage adequate rest balanced with moderate activity. Facilitates healing process and enhances natural
Promote adequate nutritional intake. resistance.

Monitor effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. Signs of improvement in condition should occur within
24–48 hr.

Investigate sudden changes/deterioration in condition, Delayed recovery or increase in severity of symptoms

such as increasing chest pain, extra heart sounds, altered suggests resistance to antibiotics or secondary infection.
sensorium, recurring fever, changes in sputum Complications affecting any/all organ systems include
characteristics. lung abscess/empyema, bacteremia,
pericarditis/endocarditis, meningitis/encephalitis, and
superinfections.

Collaborative

Administer antimicrobials as indicated by results of These drugs are used to combat most of the microbial
sputum/blood cultures: e.g., penicillins: erythromycin (E- pneumonias. Combinations of antiviral and antifungal
Mycin), tetracycline (Achromycin), doxycycline hyclate agents may be used when the pneumonia is a result of
(Vibramycin), amikacin (Amikin); cephalosporins: mixed organisms. Note: Vancomycin and third-generation
ceftriaxone (Rocephin); amantadine (Symmetrel); cephalosporins are the treatment of choice for penicillin-
sparfloxacin (Zagam); macrolide derivatives, e.g, resistant streptococcal pneumonia.
azithromycin (Zithromax).
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Infection Control (NIC)

Collaborative
Prepare for/assist with diagnostic studies as indicated. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) may be done in patients
who do not respond rapidly (within 1–3 days) to
antimicrobial therapy to clarify diagnosis and therapy
needs.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Activity intolerance

May be related to
Imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
General weakness
Exhaustion associated with interruption in usual sleep pattern because of discomfort, excessive coughing, and
dyspnea
Possibly evidenced by
Verbal reports of weakness, fatigue, exhaustion
Exertional dyspnea, tachypnea
Tachycardia in response to activity
Development/worsening of pallor/cyanosis
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Activity Tolerance (NOC)
Report/demonstrate a measurable increase in tolerance to activity with absence of dyspnea and excessive
fatigue, and vital signs within patient’s acceptable range.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Energy Management (NIC)

Independent
Evaluate patient’s response to activity. Note reports of Establishes patient’s capabilities/needs and facilitates
dyspnea, increased weakness/fatigue, and changes in vital choice of interventions.
signs during and after activities.

Provide a quiet environment and limit visitors during Reduces stress and excess stimulation, promoting rest.
acute phase as indicated. Encourage use of stress
management and diversional activities as appropriate.

Explain importance of rest in treatment plan and necessity Bedrest is maintained during acute phase to decrease
for balancing activities with rest. metabolic demands, thus conserving energy for healing.
Activity restrictions thereafter are determined by
individual patient response to activity and resolution of
respiratory insufficiency.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Energy Management (NIC)

Independent
Assist patient to assume comfortable position for Patient may be comfortable with head of bed elevated,
rest/sleep. sleeping in a chair, or leaning forward on overbed table
with pillow support.

Assist with self-care activities as necessary. Provide for Minimizes exhaustion and helps balance oxygen supply
progressive increase in activities during recovery phase. and demand.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Pain, acute

May be related to
Inflammation of lung parenchyma
Cellular reactions to circulating toxins
Persistent coughing
Possibly evidenced by
Reports of pleuritic chest pain, headache, muscle/joint pain
Guarding of affected area
Distraction behaviors, restlessness
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Pain: Disruptive Effects (NOC)
Verbalize relief/control of pain.
Demonstrate relaxed manner, resting/sleeping and engaging in activity appropriately.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Pain Management (NIC)

Independent
Determine pain characteristics, e.g., sharp, constant, Chest pain, usually present to some degree with
stabbing. Investigate changes in pneumonia, may also herald the onset of complications of
character/location/intensity of pain. pneumonia, such as pericarditis and endocarditis.

Monitor vital signs. Changes in heart rate or BP may indicate that patient is
experiencing pain, especially when other reasons for
changes in vital signs have been ruled out.

Provide comfort measures, e.g., back rubs, change of Nonanalgesic measures administered with a gentle touch
position, quiet music or conversation. Encourage use of can lessen discomfort and augment therapeutic effects of
relaxation/breathing exercises. analgesics. Patient involvement in pain control measures
promotes independence and enhances sense of well-
being.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Pain Management (NIC)

Independent
Offer frequent oral hygiene. Mouth breathing and oxygen therapy can irritate and dry
out mucous membranes, potentiating general discomfort.

Instruct and assist patient in chest splinting techniques Aids in control of chest discomfort while enhancing
during coughing episodes. (Refer to ND: Airway effectiveness of cough effort.
Clearance, ineffective.)

Collaborative

Administer analgesics and antitussives as indicated. These medications may be used to suppress
nonproductive/paroxysmal cough or reduce excess
mucus, thereby enhancing general comfort/rest.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Nutrition: imbalanced, risk for less than body requirements
Risk factors may include
Increased metabolic needs secondary to fever and infectious process
Anorexia associated with bacterial toxins, the odor and taste of sputum, and certain aerosol treatments
Abdominal distension/gas associated with swallowing air during dyspneic episodes
Possibly evidenced by
[Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis.]
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Nutritional Status (NOC)
Demonstrate increased appetite.
Maintain/regain desired body weight.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Nutrition Therapy (NIC)

Independent
Identify factors that are contributing to nausea/vomiting, Choice of interventions depends on the underlying cause
e.g., copious sputum, aerosol treatments, severe dyspnea, of the problem.
pain.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Nutrition Therapy (NIC)

Independent
Provide covered container for sputum and remove at Eliminates noxious sights, tastes, smells from the patient
frequent intervals. Assist with/encourage oral hygiene environment and can reduce nausea.
after emesis, after aerosol and postural drainage
treatments, and before meals.

Schedule respiratory treatments at least 1 hr before meals. Reduces effects of nausea associated with these
treatments.

Auscultate for bowel sounds. Observe/palpate for Bowel sounds may be diminished/absent if the infectious
abdominal distension. process is severe/prolonged. Abdominal distension may
occur as a result of air swallowing or reflect the influence
of bacterial toxins on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Provide small, frequent meals, including dry foods (toast, These measures may enhance intake even though appetite
crackers) and/or foods that are appealing to patient. may be slow to return.

Evaluate general nutritional state, obtain baseline weight. Presence of chronic conditions (e.g., COPD or
alcoholism) or financial limitations can contribute to
malnutrition, lowered resistance to infection, and/or
delayed response to therapy.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Fluid Volume, risk for deficient

Risk factors may include
Excessive fluid loss (fever, profuse diaphoresis, mouth breathing/hyperventilation, vomiting)
Decreased oral intake
Possibly evidenced by
[Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis.]
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Fluid Balance (NOC)
Demonstrate fluid balance evidenced by individually appropriate parameters, e.g., moist mucous membranes,
good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, stable vital signs.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Fluid Management (NIC)

Independent
Assess vital sign changes, e.g., increased Elevated temperature/prolonged fever increases metabolic
temperature/prolonged fever, tachycardia, orthostatic rate and fluid loss through evaporation. Orthostatic BP
hypotension. changes and increasing tachycardia may indicate systemic
fluid deficit.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Fluid Management (NIC)

Independent
Assess skin turgor, moisture of mucous membranes (lips, Indirect indicators of adequacy of fluid volume, although
tongue). oral mucous membranes may be dry because of mouth
breathing and supplemental oxygen.

Note reports of nausea/vomiting. Presence of these symptoms reduces oral intake.

Monitor intake and output (I&O), noting color, character Provides information about adequacy of fluid volume and
of urine. Calculate fluid balance. Be aware of insensible replacement needs.
losses. Weigh as indicated.

Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day or as individually Meets basic fluid needs, reducing risk of dehydration.
appropriate.

Collaborative

Administer medications as indicated, e.g., antipyretics, Useful in reducing fluid losses.

antiemetics.

Provide supplemental IV fluids as necessary. In presence of reduced intake/excessive loss, use of

parenteral route may correct/prevent deficiency.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need] regarding condition, treatment,

self-care, and discharge needs
May be related to
Lack of exposure
Misinterpretation of information
Altered recall
Possibly evidenced by
Requests for information; statement of misconception
Failure to improve/recurrence
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Knowledge: Illness Care (NOC)
Verbalize understanding of condition, disease process, and prognosis.
Verbalize understanding of therapeutic regimen.
Initiate necessary lifestyle changes.
Participate in treatment program.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)

Independent
Review normal lung function, pathology of condition. Promotes understanding of current situation and
importance of cooperating with treatment regimen.

Discuss debilitating aspects of disease, length of Information can enhance coping and help reduce anxiety
convalescence, and recovery expectations. Identify self- and excessive concern. Respiratory symptoms may be
care and homemaker needs/resources. slow to resolve, and fatigue and weakness can persist for
an extended period. These factors may be associated with
depression and the need for various forms of support and
assistance.

Provide information in written and verbal form. Fatigue and depression can affect ability to assimilate
information/follow medical regimen.

Stress importance of continuing effective coughing/deep- During initial 6–8 wk after discharge, patient is at greatest
breathing exercises. risk for recurrence of pneumonia.

Emphasize necessity for continuing antibiotic therapy for Early discontinuation of antibiotics may result in failure
prescribed period. to completely resolve infectious process.

Review importance of cessation of smoking. Smoking destroys tracheobronchial ciliary action, irritates
bronchial mucosa, and inhibits alveolar macrophages,
compromising body’s natural defense against infection.

Outline steps to enhance general health and well-being, Increases natural defenses/immunity, limits exposure to
e.g., balanced rest and activity, well-rounded diet, pathogens.
avoidance of crowds during cold/flu season and persons
with URIs.

Stress importance of continuing medical follow-up and May prevent recurrence of pneumonia and/or related
obtaining vaccinations/immunizations as appropriate. complications.

Identify signs/symptoms requiring notification of Prompt evaluation and timely intervention may
healthcare provider, e.g., increasing dyspnea, chest pain, prevent/minimize complications.
prolonged fatigue, weight loss, fever/chills, persistence of
productive cough, changes in mentation.

POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS following acute hospitalization (dependent on patient’s

age, physical condition/presence of complications, personal resources, and life
responsibilities)
Fatigue—increased energy requirements to perform ADLs, discomfort, effects of antimicrobial therapy.
Infection, risk for—inadequate secondary response (e.g., leukopenia, suppressed inflammatory response), chronic
disease, malnutrition, current use of antibiotics.
Therapeutic Regimen: ineffective management—complexity of therapeutic regimen, economic difficulties, perceived
seriousness/susceptibility.