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Hardness

Hardness is a measure of how resistant a material is to various external influences such as scratching, indentation or cutting. There are different methods used to measure hardness, including scratch hardness using the Mohs scale, indentation hardness scales like Rockwell and Vickers, and rebound hardness. Indentation hardness measures the size of a permanent indentation made by applying a load via a sharp indenter, with Rockwell and Vickers being common scales that use different indenters and loads.

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70 views3 pages

Hardness

Hardness is a measure of how resistant a material is to various external influences such as scratching, indentation or cutting. There are different methods used to measure hardness, including scratch hardness using the Mohs scale, indentation hardness scales like Rockwell and Vickers, and rebound hardness. Indentation hardness measures the size of a permanent indentation made by applying a load via a sharp indenter, with Rockwell and Vickers being common scales that use different indenters and loads.

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Haider Fiaz
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Hardness Hardness is the measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a force

is applied. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness. Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. Common examples of hard matter are ceramics, concrete, certain metals, and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter. Measuring hardness There are three main types of hardness measurements: scratch, indentation, and rebound. Within each of these classes of measurement there are individual measurement scales. For practical reasons conversion tables are used to convert between one scale and another. Scratch hardness Scratch hardness is the measure of how resistant a sample is to fracture or permanent plastic deformation due to friction from a sharp object. The principle is that an object made of a harder material will scratch an object made of a softer material. The most common test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. One tool to make this measurement is the sclerometer. Indentation hardness Main article: Indentation hardness Indentation hardness measures the resistance of a sample to permanent plastic deformation due to a constant compression load from a sharp object; they are primarily used in engineering and metallurgy fields. The tests work on the basic premise of measuring the critical dimensions of an indentation left by a specifically dimensioned and loaded indenter. Common indentation hardness scales are Rockwell, Vickers, Shore, and Brinell. Rebound hardness Rebound hardness, also known as dynamic hardness, measures the height of the "bounce" of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped from a fixed height onto a material. This type of hardness is related to elasticity. The device used to take this measurement is known as a scleroscope.[1] Two scales that measures rebound hardness are the Leeb rebound hardness test and Bennett hardness scale.ref (Wikipedia.com)

Hardness: Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation, usually by penetration. However, the term hardness may also refer to resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion or cutting. Measurement of hardness: Hardness is not an intrinsic material property dictated by precise definitions in terms of fundamental units of mass, length and time. A hardness property value is the result of a defined measurement procedure. Hardness of materials has probably long been assessed by resistance to scratching or cutting. An example would be material B scratches material C, but not material A. Alternatively, material A scratches material B slightly and scratches material C heavily. Relative hardness of minerals can be assessed by reference to the Mohs Scale that ranks the ability of materials to resist scratching by another material. Similar methods of relative hardness assessment are still commonly used today. An example is the file test where a file tempered to a desired hardness is rubbed on the test material surface. If the file slides without biting or marking the surface, the test material would be considered harder than the file. If the file bites or marks the surface, the test material would be considered softer than the file. The above relative hardness tests are limited in practical use and do not provide accurate numeric data or scales particularly for modern day metals and materials. The usual method to achieve a hardness value is to measure the depth or area of an indentation left by an indenter of a specific shape, with a specific force applied for a specific time. There are three principal standard test methods for expressing the relationship between hardness and the size of the impression, these being Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell. For practical and calibration reasons, each of these methods is divided into a range of scales, defined by a combination of applied load and indenter geometry.

Hardness Testing Methods: Rockwell Hardness Test Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test Brinell Hardness Test Vickers Hardness Test Microhardness Test

Mohs Hardness Test Scleroscope and other hardness testing methods


Ref (http://www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/) Hardness tests Rockwell: Types of the Rockwell Test There are two types of Rockwell tests: Rockwell: the minor load is 10 kgf, the major load is 60, 100, or 150 kgf. Superficial Rockwell: the minor load is 3 kgf and major loads are 15, 30, or 45 kgf. In both tests, the indenter may be either a diamond cone or steel ball, depending upon the characteristics of the material being tested.

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