I.D. No. Student Name Batch No.

Day & Date

Signature of the Instructor with Date

Experiment 1

Characterization of Op-amp
Objective:
To study 1. The input offset voltage 2. The input bias and offset current 3. Open loop gain 4. Slew rate Components required: IC 741, 10 k Potentiometer, Resistors 10,100,1k,1.5K,5.6k,10k,100k,and 1M

Experiment:
1. Input offset voltage 1.1 Assemble the circuit as shown in Figure 1, with R1= 100 and R2= 1k . Observe the dc output voltage. Calculate the input offset voltage which is given by Vos=Vo R1/(R1+R2)

Draw the circuit of Fig6.3 of TB2 Page No. 43

R2 in 1k 10k 100k

Vo in V

Vos=Vo R1/(R1+R2) in V

1.2 From the data sheet of 741 op-amp, find the maximum value of input bias current, IBmax. Calculate the input offset voltage, which is given by IBmax R1. IBmax=.. Input offset voltage

1.3 Compare the results of step (i) and (ii). Parameter Vos From step 1.1 From step 1.2

1.4 Connect the fixed terminals of a 10 k potentiometer (nulling potentiometer) between pins 1 and 5 of the op-amp and the variable terminal to the negative power supply voltage, -15 V. Change the knob of the potentiometer to make the output zero. This nulls the effect of input offset voltage. 1

2. Input Bias current and input offset currents: 2.1 Assemble the voltage follower circuit as shown in Figure 2. Connect the noninverting input to ground. Using a nulling potentiometer, make the output zero for zero input as per procedure 1.4.

Draw the circuit of Fig6.4 of TB2 Page No. 44

2.2 Connect a resistor R1 of value 1 M between the non-inverting input and ground. Measure the output voltage V o2. Calculate the current IB2, given by IB2=Vo2/R1. Vo2 =.. IB2=Vo2/R1=.. 2.3 Remove the resistor R1 and ground the non-inverting input. Now connect resistor R1 of value 1M between the inverting input and output. Measure the output voltage Vo1. Calculate the current IB1, given by IB1=Vo1/R1. Vo1 =.. IB1=Vo1/R1=..

2.4 Calculate the input bias current and the input offset current from these two values.

2.5 Compare the results with the data sheet values. Parameter Input bias current Input offset current From step 2.4 From Data Sheet

3. Open-loop gain 3.1 Assemble the circuit as shown in Figure 3. Given R1=1.5 k , R2= 5.6 k , 10 k and R4= 10 .

R3=

Draw the circuit of Fig6.6 of TB2 Page No. 45

3.2 Connect a dc source at the input V s, and adjust its value so that the output is equal to -10V. Measure V1. V1 =V

3.3 Calculate the differential input voltage Vdiff=VII VNII= V1/1000

3.4 Calculate the open-loop gain, A=V0/Vdiff.

4. Slew Rate 4.1 Assemble the voltage follower circuit. 4.2 Apply 10Vp-p, 10 kHz square wave input, Vs. 4.3 Measure the rise time of the output waveform and calculate the slew rate. 4.4 Assemble a inverting amplifier circuit with a gain of 1, by selecting R 1=RF=10 k . Repeat steps 4.2 and 4.3. 4.5 Compare the two values.

Draw the circuit of voltage follower and inverting amplifier

Circuit Voltage follower Inverting Amplifier 5

Rise time

V0p-p in Volts

Slew Rate=V0p-p/rise time

PSPICE Simulations: Use the macro model A 741 and connect a load resistor of 10 k and power supply voltages of 15 V. 5.1 Simulate the circuit as used in experiment 1.1 using PSPICE. Do the dc analysis to print the values of the output voltage. Calculate the input offset voltage. Compare the results with the experimental results. 5.2 Simulate the circuit, as used in experiment steps 2.1 through 2.3, using PSPICE. Do the dc analysis to print the values of the output voltage. Calculate the input bias and offset currents. Compare the results with the experimental results. 5.3 Simulate the circuit, as used in experiment steps 3.1 through 3.2, using PSPICE. Compare the results with the experimental results.

I.D. No. Student Name Batch No. Day & Date

Signature of the Instructor with Date

Experiment 2

Inverting Amplifier, Integrator, Non-inverting Amplifier, Adder and Subtractor

Components required:
Dual tracking power supply or 15 V split power supply, function generator, resistors and capacitors.

Experiment:
1. Inverting amplifier: 1.1 Design an inverting amplifier for the gain of 15. Let R1= 1k . Assemble the circuit on breadboard and feed sinusoidal input signal of amplitude 100 mV and frequency 1 kHz. Observe the input and output voltages on a CRO. Determine the gain of the amplifier and phase difference between the input and output voltages. 1.2 Now vary the input signal frequency keeping the amplitude fixed and find the bandwidth. The bandwidth is equal to the higher cutoff frequency which is the frequency at which the gain reduces to 0.707 of the mid-band frequency gain. 1.3 Calculate the gain-bandwidth product. 1.4 Compare the results with the theoretical values.

R1 = and Input voltage,

RF = .

Draw the circuit of inverting amplifier

vs=

Output voltage, v0= . Voltage gain Av

vO vs

....... .......... . ........

Phase difference between input and output voltages=.

Frequency (Hz)
500 1k 10k 50k 60k 70k 100k

Input voltage vs (V)

Output voltage Voltage gain, Av vo(V)

vO vs

Voltage gain (dB)

Higher cutoff frequency fH = 0.707 Av(max)=. Gain bandwidth product GBW= Av(max) Parameter Gain Cut-off frequency Gain-bandwidth Phase difference 2. Integrator: fH =.. Theoretical

Experimental

Draw the circuit of integrator

2.1 Assemble an integrator with R= 1k and C = 0.1 F. Connect a resistor RF of value 1 M across the capacitor. Feed 1V(peak-peak), 500 Hz square wave input and observe input and output voltages on a CRO. Determine the gain of the amplifier. Plot the input and output voltages on the same scale. 2.2 Now change the value of RF to 1 k and repeat the observations. Explain the changes in the output. 2.3 Now change the input signal to sinusoidal input of amplitude 1V and frequency 500 Hz and observe the output. Gain of the amplifier = .

3. Non-Inverting amplifier:

Draw the circuit of op-amp non-inverting amplifier

1.1 Design a non-inverting amplifier for the gain of 16. Let R1= 1k . Assemble the circuit on breadboard and feed sinusoidal input signal of amplitude 100 mV and frequency 1 kHz. Observe the input and output voltages on a CRO. Determine the gain of the amplifier and phase difference between the input and output voltages. 1.2 Now vary the input signal frequency keeping the amplitude fixed and find the bandwidth. 1.3 Calculate the gain-bandwidth product. 1.4 Compare the results with the theoretical values. R1 = Input voltage, and RF = . .

Vi =

Output voltage, Vo = . Voltage gain Av

vO vs

....... .......... . ........

Phase difference between input and output voltages=. Frequency (Hz)

Input voltage vs (V)

Output voltage Voltage gain, Av vo(V)

vO vs

Voltage gain (dB)

Higher cutoff frequency fH = 0.707 Av(max)=. Gain bandwidth product GBW= Av(max) Parameter Gain Cut-off frequency Gain-bandwidth Phase difference fH =.. Theoretical

Experimental

4. Adder: 2.1 Assemble an analog adder circuit with RF= R1 = 8.2 k ., R2 = 3.9 k and R3 = 2 k . Feed sinusoidal input of amplitude 1 V and frequency 1 kHz to each input. Measure the amplitude of the output voltage and compare with the theoretical values. 6

2.2 Compare the experimental results with the theoretical values.

Draw the circuit of op-amp adder

Output voltage, vO

RF v1 R1

RF v2 R2

RF v3 R3

=..

RF=R1 = 8.2 k , R2 = 3.9 k and R3 = 2 k v1=v2=v3= 1 V and frequency =1 kHz Thus vo= .. Experimental value of vo= 5. Subtractor:

Draw the circuit of op-amp subtractor

3.1 Assemble a subtractor circuit with RF = R1 = 8.2 k . Feed V1= 2 V and V2 = 0.5 V sinusoidal signal of frequency 1 kHz. Observe the input and output voltages on a CRO. To get two signals from the same source, use a high resistance potentiometer. 3.2 Plot v1, v2 and vo on the same scale. Compare the amplitudes with the theoretical values. RF = R1 = 8.2 k . v1 = 2 V and v2 = 0.5 V sinusoidal signal of frequency 1 kHz. Theoretical value of output voltage =

RF (v 2 R1

v1 ) =.

Measured output voltage

vo= ....V

6. PSPICE Simulation: Use the macro model A 741 and connect a load resistor of 10 k voltages of 15 V.

and power supply

6.1 Simulate the Differentiator circuit with R- 10k and C=0.05 F as used in experiment 4.1 using PSPICE. Plot the input and output voltages on the same scale. Determine the positive and negative peak voltages of the output. Also determine the rise and fall times of the output voltage. Assume 0.1V, 5 kHz triangular wave input. 6.2 Simulate the non-inverting amplifier circuit (for the gain of 16), as used in experiment step 5.1 using PSPICE. Assume sinusoidal input of amplitude 100mV and frequency 1 kHz. Find the gain of the circuit and phase difference between the input and output voltages. Plot the frequency response curve of the amplifier and find the bandwidth. Compare the results with the experimental results. 6.3 Simulate the voltage follower circuit, as used in experiment step 6.1 using PSPICE. Assume sinusoidal input of amplitude 100mV and frequency 1 kHz. Find the gain of the circuit and phase difference between the input and output voltages. Plot the frequency response curve of the amplifier and find the bandwidth. Compare the results with the non-inverting amplifier.