Reaffirmed 2002

(Reaffirmed 2002)
Supplied by Book Supply Bureau to CSIR E JOURNALS Consortium for internal use by subscribing member only.
Irl-
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
1s : 2825-1969
INDIAN STANDARD
UNFIRED
PRESSURE VESSELS SECTIONAL
COMMITTEE,
EDC 48
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI
FIRST IUBI,ISHEI)
MARCH 1971
Fifth Reprint MARCH 1992 Sixth Rcpint JANUARY 1994 1996
Seventh Reprint NOVEMBER Eighth Reprint AUGUST 199s
0 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
UDC
66.023: 621.642
Price Rs. 550.00
PRINED IN 1NDIA Al I(I\Y fC_AYPRINTERS, DELfII, INDIA AND IUBLISIIED l3Y BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, 9 BAIIADUR SIiAH ZAFAR MARG, NEW DELHI 110 002
Unfired Pressure Vessels Sectional Committee, EDC 48

Chairman
SHRI V. MAHAD~VAN
Representing The Fertilizers Udyogamandal and Chemicals Travancore Ltd,
SHRI N . c. BAOCIfI SHRI S.-,G. BANRBJEE SHRI J. BASU SHRI N. THANDAVAN ( Alternate) SHRI A. K. BHATTACHARYA SHRI T. BHARDWAJ (Alternate ) SHRI S. R. BHISE DEPUTY DIRECTOR R~ISEARCH( MET-I ) AWT DIRECTOR STANDARDS ( LOCO ) ( Alfernate ) SHRI D. S. DESAI SHRI AMRI~H N. FOZDAR SHRI S. GHOSH SHRI B. HILL SHRI G. Coon ( Alornati ) SHRI M. N. LOKUR SHRI B. S. KANO~TKAR ( AI&mats ) SHRI H. K. MOHANTY SARI M. R. NAOARWALLA SHRI S. L. ARANHA ( Alknate) SHRI K. G. K. RAO SHRI S. S. RAO SHRI V. M. RAO SHRI K. SATYANARAYANA (Alternate) SHRI S. L. ROY SHRI S. C. JAIN ( Alternatr ) SHRI K. S. SARMA SHRI S. N. SENOUPTA SHRI N. P. SINOH SHRI N. S. SESHADRI ( Alhwnate ) SHRI M. M. SuRI TECHNICALADVISER( BOILERS ) SHRI 1). G. TURNBULL SHRI M. K. VADOAMA SHRI S. BALAKRISHNAN Al&no&.) ( SHRI K. S. WHITEHO~SE SRRI I<. A. I. WILLIAMSON SHRI B. S. KRWHNAMACHAR, 7 Director ( Strut & Met ) SHRI M. V. PATANKAR,
National Test House, Calcutta Directorate General of Technical Development, The A.P.V. Engineering Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta Kuljian Corporation (I) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
New
Delhi
Directorate General of Factory Advice Institutes, Bombay Railwav Board ( Ministry of Railways)
Service & i&our
M.N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta Foadar Products, Ahmedabad The Alkali & Chemical Corporation of India Lloyds Register of Shipping, Calcutta Kirloskar Pneumatic Co Ltd, PWM
Ltd, Calcutta
Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Bombay Tata Engineering & Locomotive Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Bombay The K.C.P. Ltd, Madras The Industrial
Co of India
Ltd,
Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
Gases Ltd, Calcutta
Department of Heavy Engineering ( Ministry of Industry & Supply ), New Delhi John Thompson India ( Pvt ) Ltd, Calcutta Heavy Electricals ( India ) Ltd, Bhopal Mechanical Engineering Central ( CSIR ), Durgapur Central Boilers Board, New Delhi ACC-Vickers-Babcock Ltd, Calcutta Tata Chemicals Ltd, Mithapur Research Institute
Indian Engineering Assocation, Calcutta Binnys Engineering Wor E; Ltd, Madras s

Director General,
IS1 ( Ex-oj7cio Mem6er )
Director
( Mech Engg )
SHRI M. G. KRISHNA RAO
Deputy Director
( Mech Engg ), ISI
Materials
Subcommittee,
COWUW
EDC 48
: 1
SmI S. C. LAHIRI
Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
Members
SHRI s. L. ARANHA L>EPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH(MET - I )
SlIRI 1%. HILL
Burmah Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Ltd, Bombay Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways ) Ll<lydF R(@ster of Sllipping, Calcutta Heavy Eleciricals ( India
Co of* India
Srrm G. CODD ( Alternate)

SHRI N. P. SINoH SHRI N. S. SESHADRI Alternate ) (
) Ltd, Bhopal
Design
and
Fabrication
Subcommittee,
EDC 48 : 2
The A.P.V. Engineering Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta M.N. Ddstur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
The Alk.\li & Chrmical Corporation of India Ltd, (ialcutta Lloyds Register of Sllipping, Calcutta
SARI J. BASIJ SHRI D. S. DESAI SHRI S. GIIOSH SHRI 13. HILL SHRI G. CODD ( Akernale )
Members SHRI J. P. MIJKHERJBE DR R. S. DUBEY ( Altemah ) SHRI M. H. PHERWANI Walchandnagar
Representing Industries Ltd, Walchandnagar
SkQI V. M. RaO SHRI K. SATYANARAYANA ( Alf~n&) REPRILSENTATIVE S&iRtS. N. SENGUPTA SENIOR INSPECTING ENGINEER SHRI N. P. SIKGII SHQI N. S. SESHADRI ( Altemale TECHNICAL ADVISER ( BOILERS)
Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Bombay The K.C.P. Ltd, Madras Central Mechanical Engineering Research ( CSIR ), Durgapur John Thompson ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways j Heavy Electricals ( India ) Ltd, Bhopal Central Boilers Board, New Delhi Institute
Testing
and
Inspection
Subcommittee,
EDC 48 : 3
Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes, Bombay
Concenrr
SHRI S. R. BHISE
Members
SHRI S. L. ARANHA SHRI M. R. NAGARWAL ( Alterno& ) SHRI S. Gnose SHRI C. J. HENT~ ( Altematd ) SHRI B. HILI: SHRI G. CODD ( Alkma& ) SHRI V. M. RAO SHRI K. SA~ANARAYANA ( Alternate) SHRI S. N. SENGUPTA SENIOR INSPECTING ENGINXER TECHNICAL ADVISER ( BOILERS)
Burmah Shell Oil Storage Ltd, Bombay Imperial Chemical Industries
and Distributing ( India ) Pvt Calcutta
Co of India Ltd, Calcutta
Lloyds Reglstrr The K.C.P.
of Shipping,
Ltd, Madras
John Thompson ( India) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways ) Central Boilers Board, New Delhi
Code of Practice
for Welding Pressure Vessels Subcommittee,

John Thompson
SMDC
14 : 4
SHRI S. N. SENGUPTA
( India j
Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
Members
.% SHRI N. C. BAGCHI SHRI A. K. Bose SHRI J. C. KAPUR ( Altnnate ) DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH (MET-I SHRI A. JEAVON~ SHRI V. ~~AHADEVAN SHRI V. R. RAMA PRA&D SHRI H. L. PRABHAKAR ( Al&a& SHRI K. G. K. RAO SHRI S. C. ROY
National Test House, Calcutta ACC-Vickers-Babcock Ltd, Durgapur Research, Designs Railways ) The Indian Sugar Yamunanagar The ~art~~lers & Heavy Electricals & Standards & General Chemicals Organization Engineering Travancore ( Ministry Corporation, Ltd, Udyogaof
( India ) Ltd, Tiruvcrumbur
) Tata Engioecring & Locomotive Co Ltd, Jamshcdpur Central Boilers Board, New Delhi
Editing
Panel
Conrener The Fertilizers Udyogamandal and Chemicals Travancorc Lto,
SHRI V. MAHADEVAN
Mem bns
SHRI S. P. BATRA SHQI S. C. JAIN (Alternate) SHQI S. C. DEY SHRIJ. N. GOSWAMY SHQI H. S. RAO ( Alternate ) SHRI H. H. JETHANANDANI SIIRI $-I. R. S. RAO &RI S. c. ROY
Department of Industrial Industrial Development, Affairs )
Development Internal Trade
( Ministry of & Gumpany
Chief Inspector of Boilers, Assam Lloyds Register ofShipping, Bombay The Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd, Sindri Bbrat Hravy Electricals Ltd, Tiruchirapalli ChiePInspcctor of Boilers, WCSI Bengal
vi
CONTENTS
0. FOREWORD SECTION
1.
I MATERIALS AND DESIGN . .. . ..

9..
GENERAL,
2. 3. 4. 5.
GENERAL MATERIALSOF CONSTRUCTION AND ALLOWABLESTRESS VALUES DESIGN FLANGE CALCULATIONS NON-STANDARD FOR FLAWOES PRESSURE RELIEVING DEVICES II FABRICATION AND WELDING
5 9 11 43 56
. .
SECTION
.6. MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP 7. WELDINGQUALIFICATIONS SECTION 8. 9. Ill INSPECTION, TESTS, MARKING AND RECORDS
... .*.
65 79
INSPECTION ANDTESTS MARJUNO AND RECORDS
.*. ...
95 110
APPENDICES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B 115 ALLOWABLE STREET VALUESFOR FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS MATERIAL . . . ELEVATED TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR CARBON AND Low ALLOY STEELS . .. WITHUNCERTIFIED HIOHTEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 124 APPENDIX C STRESSES FROM LOCAL LOADS ON, AND THERMALGRADIENTS PRESSURE IN, 126 .. . VESSEts APPENDIX D TENTATIVE RECOMMENDED PRACTICEFOR VESSELS REQUIRED TO OPERATE AT Low TEMPERATURES ... 175 178 . .. APPENDX E TENTATIVE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE AVOIDFATIGUECRACKINO TO APPENDIX F ALTERNATEMETHODFORDETERMINING SHELLTHICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL OF 180 ... ANDSPHERICAL VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE USE OF CHARTS BY 195 .. . APPENDIX G TYPICALDESIGN WELDEDCONNECTIONS OF APPENDIX H PRO FORMA FOR THE RECORD OF WELDING PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION/ 224 WELDER PERFORMANCE QLJALIFICATION TEST .. . APPENDIXJ WELDINO OF CLAD STEEL AND' APPLICATIONOF CORROSION-RESISTANT 226 ..* LININGS 231 .*. APPENDIX K METHODOF PREPARINQ ETCHED SPECIMEN 232 . .. APPENDIX L PRO FO~A FORREPORTOF RADIOORAPHIC EXAMINATION APPENDIX M PRO FOMA FOR MAKERSCERTIFICATE MANUFACTURE OF AND PRODUCTION 233 .I. TEST APPENDIX N INSPECTION, REPAIR AND ALLOWABLEWORKING
SERVICE PRESSURE FOR VESSELS IN *..
235 vii
IS a2025 1969 -
0.
FOREWORD
publications: ISO/R 831-1968 Rules for construction of stationary boilers. International Organization for Standardization. INSTA 20/Sekr. 37-1957 Recommendation regarding welded pressure vessels. Part I : Rules for construction. Dansk Standardiseringsraad ( Denmark ). AD Merkblatt H, SchweiBen von Druckbehaltern aus Stahl, 1960 ( Welding of steel pressure vessels ). Vereinigung der Technishen Uberwachungs-Vereine. Swedish Pressure vessel code i959. The pressure vessel commission, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, Stockholm. Swedish Code for welding of pressure vessels ( boiler welding code ). The Royal Swedish Academy Sciences, of Engineering Stockholm. B.S. 1500 :- Fusion welded pressure vessels for use in the chemical, petroleum and allied industries. Part 1 : 1958 Carbon and low alloy steels. British Standards
0.1 This
Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 19 March 1969, after the draft finalized by the Unfired Pressure Vessels Sectional Committee had been approved by the Mechanical Engineering Division Council. 0.2 Pressure vessels are widely used in chemical and petroleum industries, for generation of steam and for storage and conveyance of compressed and liquefied gases.
0.3 Boilers and similar steam raising equipment and gas cylinders meant for storage and conveyance of compressed and liquefied gases are covered by statutory regulations in this country. Pressure vessels not coming under the purview of these regulations are not covered comprehensively under any other regulations, though the Indian Factories Act, 1948 and the Rules made thereunder touch It was felt, therefore, that a upon certain aspects. code of practice covering unfired pressure vessels should be prepared. 0.4 Safety of pressure vessels is important and, therefore, it is recommended that pressure vessels are obtained from reliable manufacturers and are manufactured under the survey of a competent engineering inspection authority or organization. The intent of this requirement may be regarded as satisfied when inspection is carried out by a competent personnel of a separate engineering inspection department maintained by the purchaser of the vessel. An inspection department maintained by the manufacturer does not satisfy the requirements except in the case of vessels for the manufacturers own use and not for resale provided the requirements of statutory regulations are met with, 0.5 Proper inspection of pressure vessels in operation is as important as proper design and manufacture. For the information of the user of the vessel, details of inspection during service are included in Appendix N. 0.6 All pressures in the code, unless specified, are gauge pressures. otherwise
Part 3 : 1965 Aluminium. Institution.
B.S. 15 15 : Part I : 1965 Fusion welded pressure vessels ( advanced design and construction ) for use in the chemical, petroleum and allied and ferritic industries. Part I : Carbon alloy steels. British Standards Institution. B.S. 1515 : Part II : 1968 Austenitic steel fusion welded pressure vessels .-( advanced design and construction ) for use in the chemical, British pr:roleum and allied industr-ies. Standards Institution. ASME Boiler and pressure veshcl code 1963. The American Society of XJechanical Engineers, New York. Account has also been taken of the work to date done by ISO/TC 11 Boilers and Pressure Lessels.
0.7 In the preparation of this code, considerable assistance has been derived from the following
SECTION
1. GENERAL
GENERAL,
MATERIALS
AND
DESIGN
..
... ... ...
5 5 5 6 9 9 10 11 11
2.
~~ATERIALS
01. CONSTRL~CIION
AXW
ALLCWAELE STRESSVALUES
. ..
... . .. ... ...
2.1 Ma~elkls SlWhS 2.2 AlloIv.?llle 2.3 Materials for I,oM. lempcraturc
2.4 3. h,iatrrials fix. \Velding
Service
DESIGN 3.1
3.2 3.3
Gcllcl-al
.. .
... . .. ... ... ... *.. ... ... ... ... a.. ..D ... ...
11 11 12 12 17 21 24 28 30 35 36 36 39 41 41 43 43 43 43 43 45 53 56 56 56 56 56 61 61 61 62 62 62
3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14
Corrosion, llrwjon ant1 Protection i=ylinrlricnl and Spherical Shcils Domcci llnds Coni,al I<ncls Unstiqd Elnt 1 Icacls and Cwcrs Stayed and l%racdPlatcs Openings, Branches ad Compensation Access and lnspcction Openings Bolted Flange Connections Ligamer.t Efficiency Jacketed Vessels sIIpporl
intrrnal Sllnclllrcs
foR 4. FLANGE CAM:UI.ATIOSS KON-PTANDAHD FLANGES

4. r 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5. General Fasteners Classification of l+inges Flanges Subject to internal Bolt Loads Flange Monw~lts Flallge S~WSSCS Allowable Fl.?ngc Strrsscs Flanges Snbiwt lo I;xtcrnal
nEVlcES
...
. .. ...
Pressure
... ... ... ... ... ... 1..
Pressure
PRESSUREk3LJEVING
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7
...
... ... .*. ..* ... ... ..
General Design Marking Capacity of Relief Valves Pressure Setting of a Pressure Relieving Device Installation of Press~.xc Relieving Devices Discharge Lines
fs:2825.1!69 1. GENERAL 1.1 Scope 1.1.1 This code covers minimum construction requirements for the design, fabrication, inspection, testing and certification of fusion welded unfired pressure vessels in ferrous as well as in non-ferrous metals. 1.1.1.1 This following: code does for not pressure include the 1.2.1 Pressure Vessels - All vessels, pipe lines and the like for carrying, storing or receiving steam, gases or liquids at pressures above the atmospheric pressure. The external branches and pipe lines covered by this code shall terminate at the first point of connection by bolting, screwing or welding to the connecting piping. 1.2.2 Maximum Working Pressure - The maximum gauge pressure, at the co-incident metal temperature, that is permitted for the vessel in operation. It is determined by the technical requirements of the process. 1.2.3 Design Pressure - The pressure ( internal or external ) including the static head used in the design calculations of a vessel for purpose of determining the minimum thickness of the various component parts of the vessel. 1.2.3.1 It is obtained by adding a minimum of five percent or as may be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer, to the maximum working pressure. In the case of vessels subject to inside vacuum and external pressure on the outside, the maximum difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the vessel shall be taken into account. 1.2.4 Design Temperature - The temperature used in design shall not be less than the mean metal temperature ( through the thickness ) expected under the operating conditions for the parts considered except that for parts subject to direct radiations and/or the products of combustion when it shall not be less than the maximum surface temperature expected under operating conditions. In no case shall the temperature at the surface of the metal exceed the maximum temperature listed in the stress tables for materials nor exceed the temperature limitations specified elsewhere in the code. 1.2.4.1 1lrhen the occurrence of different metal temperatures during operation can be definitely predicted for different zones of a vessel, the design of the different zones may be based on their predicted temperatures. When sudden cyclic changes in temperature are apt to occur in normal operation suit;. only minor pressure fluctuations, the design sh\ !i be governed by the highest probable operating metal temperature ( or the lowest, for temperatures !)elow -20C ) and the corresponding pressure. 1.2.4.2 For vessels where direct internal hc&iig is employed or severe exothermic reactions take place, the design temperature shall be at least 25 deg or more than the maximum temperature expected. 1.2.4.3 In case of lined vessels where the wall temperature is expected to be substantially lower than the temperature of contents of the vessel, the design temperature is a matter for agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 5
4 b) c)
Vessels designed 200 kgf/cm2;
exceeding dia
When the ratio of outside to inside ( D,/Q ) of the shell exceeds 1.5;
Hot water supply storage tanks heated by steam or any other indirect means when none of the following limitations is exceeded: 1) a heat input 3) a nominal of 50 000 kcal/h, of 1 lOC, of 500 litres; 2) water temperature
water capacity
Vessels having an internal operating pressure not exceeding 1 kgf/cm2 with no limitations on size; having an internal diameter exceeding 150 mm with no limitations pressure; not on
e) Vessels f)
Steam boilers, steam and feed pipes and their fittings coming under the purview of Indian Boilers Act, 1923, or any revision thereon; in whi.ch internal pressure solely to the static head of liquid; is due
S) Vessels h)
Vessels with a nominal water capacity of 500 litres or less for ccntaining water under pressure including those containing air, the compression of which serves only as a cushion; energy application; tanks covered and by
3 Vessels for nuclear k) Vessels, receivers

other Indian
and Standards.
1.X.1.2 Nothing in this standard is intended to contravene any provision of the Indian Factories AC:. 1948; Indian Boilers Act, 1923; Gas Cylinder Rules, 1940 or any regulations made thereunder. 1.1.2 Fabrication by any fusion welding process is acceptable provided that the requirements of the procedure qualification tests ( ste 7.1 ) are met and are acceptable to the inspecting authority. 1.2 Terminology 1.2.0 For the purpose of this code, the following definitions shall apply.
IS:2825-1969 1.2.5 Minimum Thickness - The thickness obtained by calculation according to formulae in the code. This is only a minimum value and requires to be increased to allow for other factors affecting the use of the vessel as noted below. 1.2.5.1 Vessels or parts of vessels subject to corrosion and erosion ( mechanical abrasion ) shall have provision made to cover the total amount of the deterioration anticipated over the desired life of the equipment. The actual allowance is a mat:er for careful consideration and agreement hetwccn the purchaser and the manufacturer ( .ree also 3.2 ) . 1.2.5.2 Provision for additional allowances should be made to take care of additional stresses due to: 4 impact loads, including rapidly fluctuating pressure; b) weight of the vessel and contents under operating and test conditions; cl superimposed loads, such as other vessels, platforms and ladders, piping, insulation, and corrosion or erosion resistant lining; 13 Classification 1.3.1 The welded pressure vessels covered by this code shall conform to one of the classes shown in Table 1.1. Each class of construction provides for the use in design, of a joint efficiency factor associated with the material, quality control inspection and tests prescribed for that class. 1.3.1.1 Class
a)
1 z~ssels
Vessels that are to contain lethal or toxic substances, b) Vessels designed for operation below -2OC, and c) Vessels intended for any other operation not stipulated her :n but as agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer. All welded joints of categories A and B of Class 1 vessels shall meet the requirements stipulated in co1 3 of Table 1.1. All butt joints shall be fully radiographed. Circumferential butt joints in nozzles, branches and sumps not exceeding 250 mm inside diameter and 28 mm wall thickness need not be radiographed. The term category as used above specifies the location of the joint in a vessel but not the type of joint. These categories are intended for specifying the special requirements regarding the .joint type and degree of insuection for certain locations. The joiits includedin each category are designated as joints of categories A, B, C and D as shown in Fig. 1.1 and described below: 4 Category A - Longitudinal welded joints within the main shell, communicating transitions in diameter and chambers?, nozzles; any welded joint within a formed or flat head. b) Category B - Circumferential welded: joints within the main shell, communicating chambers+, nozzles and transitions in diameter including joints between the transition and a cylinder at either the large or small end; circumferential welded joints connecting formed heads to main shells, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles, and to communicating chambers.
*By Lethal substances are meant poisonous gases or liquids of such a nature that a very small amount of the gas or of the vapour of the liquid mixed or unmixed with air is dangerous to life when inhaled. For purposes of the code this class includes substances of this nature which arr stored under pressure or generate a pressure if stored in a closed vessel. Some such substances arc hytlrocyanic acid, carbonyl chloridr, cyanogen, mustard gas, and xylyl bromide. For the purposes of this code any liquefied pctrolcum gas (such as propane, butane, butadiene ), natural gas and vapours of any other petrolrum products arc not classified as lethal subrtances. Ser also Apprcdix III of Intrrnational Labour Oflicea Modrl Code of Saf-ty Regulation for Industrial Establishments, for the Guidance of Govcrnmcntr and Industry ( 1954). tCommunicating chambers arc defined as appurtenances
wind loads and earthquake loads where required; e) thermal stresses; and f ) reactions of supporting lugs, ring, saddles or other types of supports.
1.2.6 Lteld Joint Eficienv Factor ( J) - The ratio of an arbitrary strength of the welded joint to the strength of the plates welded expressed as a decimal.
1.2.7 Li.gamrnt E@ciency - The ratio of the strength of a ligament to that of the unpierced plate: expressed as a decimal. 1.2.8 Posi-IZeld Heat Treatment - Heat treatment of a vessel or portion of it at a predetermined temperature, to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses. 1.2.9 Allowable Stress Value - The maximum stress permissible at the design temperature for any specified material. authorized 1.2.10 Zmpecting Authority - Duly representative of the purchaser or any other competent authority recognized by the statutory regulations to inspect the vessel and determine its acceptability or otherwise on the basis of this specification. 1.2.11 Fusion Welding* - Fusion welding shall mean any welding process in which the weld is made between metals in a state of fusion without It includes arc welding, hammering or prcssurc. thermit welding, electron-beam gas wcldiug;, welding and electro-slag welding.
*For other terms relating to welding and cuttinz, see to the vessel which intersect the shell or brads of a vc.\sel and dclinirirrns gilen in IS : 812.1957 Gloasrry of terms relating form an integral part of the pressure containing enclosures, to wclcling and cutting of metals . for example, rumps. 6
l8:2825-1969
Co&gory C-Welded joints connecting flanges, van stone laps, tube sheets, and flat heads to main shells, to formed heads, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles or to communicating chambers*, and any welded joint connecting one side plate? to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.
d) Category D - Welded joints connecting communicating chambers* or nozzles to main shells, to spheres, to transitions in diameter, to heads and to flat sided vessels, and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers* ( for nozzles at the small end of a transition in diameter, see Category B ).
FIG. 1.1
WELDED JOINT LOCATION

TAELE
TYPICAL OF CATEGORIES B, C AND D A,
1.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF PRESSURE VESSELS
REQUIRRMENT
CLAll 1 (3) 1.00 Fully radiographcd ( Radiography A ) sea 8.7.1 (4) 0.85 (51 0.70 0.60 No radiography 050 No radiography
ii:.
(1)
1.
(2) Weld joint efllcincy factor (J) Radiography
2.
Spot radiographNo radiography ed (Radi aphy B ) set 8.7. T
3.
Limitations a) Permissible plate material
Any material al- Any material allowed under 2.1 lowed under 2.1 except steels to except ate& to IS : 2X-1962 IS : 226.1962. IS: 961-1962t IS : 961.1962t IS : 2062-1962: IS : 2062-1962: IS : 3039-19651) IS : 3039-196511
Carbon and low Carbon and low Carbon and low alloy steels to alloy steels to alloy steels to IS : 226-1962. IS : 226-1962. IS : 226-1962 IS : 961-1962t IS : 961-19627 IS: 961-1962t IS : 2062-1962: IS : 2062-19622 IS : 2062-1962: IS : 2041-19621 IS : 2041-19620 IS : 2041-19620 Is : 1570-196111 IS : 1570-1961q IS : 1570-19618 IS : 2002-1965** IS : 2002-1965++ IS : 2002-1965+* IS : 3039-196511 IS : 3039-196511 IS : 3039-19651
*Specification for structural steel (standard quality) ( third reuision ). tSp&citication for structural steel ( high tensile ) ( rmkd). $Spccification for structural steel ( fusion welding quality ). ~Spccilkation for steel plates for pressure vessels. \\Specification for structural steel ( shipbuilding quality ). TlSchedulcr for wrought steels for general engineering purposes. **Specification for steel plates for boilers.
( Continued )
-.
*Communicating chambers are defined as appurtmanca to the vessel which i-ct the shell or heads of a ves~cl and form an integral part of the pressure containing enclosures, for example, surqpl; tSide plates of a tlat sided vessel are defined as any of the flat plates forming an integral part of the pressure containing enclosura.
IS : 2825 - 1969
TABLE
REQUIREMENT it. (1) (2)
1.1
CLASSIFICATION
CLASS
OF PRESSURE
VESSELS -
Conki CLwr 3
CLASS 1 (3) No limitation thickness on
(4) Maximum thickness 38 mm after adding corrosion allowance i) Double weld. ed butt joints, with full penetration exeluding butt with joints metal backing strips which in remain place ii) Single weided butt joints with backing strip J=O*80 ( see 6.3.6.1)
(5)
Maximum thickness 16 mm before corrosion allowance is added i) Double welded butt joints with full penetration excluding butt joints with metal backing strips which remain in place ii) Sir.gle welded butt joints with backing strip 5=0*65 (see 6.3.6.1)
(5)
hfaximum thickness 16 mm before corrosion allowance is added i) Single welded butt joints with backing strip not over 16 mm thickness or over fFie 2; Out-
(7) Maximum thickness 16 mm before corrosion allowance is added i) Single full fillet lap joints for circumferential seams only (see 6.3.1)
b) Shell or end plate thickness
4.
Type
of joints
i) Double welded butt joipts with full penetration eluding bzt joints with metal backing strips which remain in place ii) Single welded butt joints with backing strip J= 0.9 ( see 6.3.6.1)
ii) Single welded butt joints without backing strip J0.55 ( s&s 6.3.6.1) i) Inspection and tests at steel makers works ii) Identification and marking of plate and other components iii) Inspection of material and plate edges i) Visual inspection of surface fdr objectionabje defects ii) Assembly and alignment of vessel sections prior to ielding iii) Inspection during welding gress, %cI):doing second side welding grooves after preparation by chipping, gouging, grinding or machining iv) Calibration dimenand sional check on completion
5.
Quality
control i) Inspection and tests at steel makers works ii) Identification and marking of plate and other components iii) Inspection of material and plate edges i) Inspection and tests at steel makers work9 ii) Identification and marking of plate and other components iii) Inspection of material and plate edges i) Visual inspection of surface for ohjcctionable defects ii) Assembly and alignment of vessel sections prior to welding iii) Identification and stamping of weld test plates i) Inspection and tests at steel makers works ii) Identification and marking of plate and other components iii) Inspection ot material and plate edges i) Visual inspection of surface for objectionable defects ii) Assembly and alignment of vessel sections prior to welding iii) Identification and stamping of weld test plates i) Inspection and tests at steel makers works ii) Inspection of material and plate edges
a) Material
b) During cation
fabri-
i) Visual inspcction of surface for objectionable defects ii) Assembly and alignment of vessel sections prior to welding iii) Identification and stamping of weld test plates
i) Visual inspection ofsurface for objectionable defects -
iv) Inspection during wclding in progrcss, including second side welding grooves after preparation by chipping, gouging, grinding or machining
iv) Inspection during welding in progress, including second side welding grooves after preparation by chipping, gouging, grinding or machining
iv) Inspection during welding in progress, including second side welding grooves aFter preparation by chipping, gouging, grinding or machining
( Continued )
'IS.: 2825-iwb
TABLE 1.1
SL
CLASSIFICATION
CLASS
OF PRESSURE VESSELS ~-_..----------*---__--_-_~ (5) v) Calibration and dimcnsional check on completion -
Contd
CLASS
RBQUIREM~NT
CLASS I
No. (1) (2) v) Inspection of main seams after dressing vi) Calibration dimenand sional check on completion 6. Mechanical test Mechanical test on longitudinal seams (see 85.1) i) All weld metal tensile teat ii) One reduced section tensile test iii) Three notched bar impact test test iv) Bend outer surface in tension* test v) Bend inner surface in tension+ vi) Macro micro nation 7. Welding procedure and operator qualification and examiiv) One nick break
test
(4)
v) Inspection of seams main after dressing vi) Calibration and dimensional check on completion Mechanical tests on longitudinal seams ( see 8.5.2 ) i) One reduced section tensile test ii) Bend test outer surface in tension* iii) Bend test inner surface in tension*
(6) -
(7) -
i) A check bend and tensile test on each plate for material whose s ci6. cations Je0 not envisage de. tailed testing ii) Bend tests of welded test pieces may be called for at purchasers option
i) A check bend and tensile teat on each plate for material whcac specifications do not envisage detailed testing Nil
i) A check bend and tensile tat on each plate
for material whose II cations 80 not cnvisz-,e da tailed testing

Nil
Check on welding procedure and operator qualification ( see 7.1)
Check on welding procedure and operator qualification (see 7.1)
Check on welding procedure and operator qualification (see 7.1). Number and type of test pieces as agreed to between purchaser and manufacturer See 6.12 Hydraulic pressure test (see 8.4)
Check on welding procedure and operator qualification ( 5~ 7.1). Number and test type of pieces as agreed to between purchaser and manufacturer See 6.12 Hydraulic pressure test (see a4)
(c)
Check on welding procedure and operator qua& 6cic~b;;~,t 7.1). and type of teat pieces as agreed to between purchaser and manufacturer Sse 6.12 Hydraulic pralure teat (~cd 8.4) (b) ].
8. 9.
Post-weld treatment Pressure aside test
heat
See 6.12 Hydraulic pressure test (see 8.4) as alternate
See6.12 Hydraulic pressure test (see 8.4)
bend tests are acceptable
to the face and root bend tests [ see 8.5.1.3
and 8.5.2.2
1.3.1.2 Class 2 vessels - These are vessels that do not fall within the scope of 1.3.1.1 and 1.3.1.3.
All welded joints of categories A and B ( Fig. 1.1 ) of medium duty vessels shall meet the requirements stipulated in co1 4, of Table 1.1. All butt joints of categories A and B shall be spot radiographed ( Radiography B 8.7.2 ). 1.3.1.3 Class 3 vessels- These are vessels for relatively light duties, having plate thicknesses not in excess of 16 mm, built for working pressures not exceeding 3-5 kgf/cms vapour pressure or 17-5 kgf/cm* hydrostatic design pressure, at tem-
peratures not exceeding 250C and unfired. Class 3 vessels are not recommended for service at temperatures below 0C. 2. MATERIALS
ALLOWABLE
OF CONSTRUCTION STRESS VALUES
AND
2.1 Materials 2.1.1 The materials
used in the manufacture of pressure parts of the vessel constructed according to this code shall be in accordance with this standard and shall, except as provided below, be in accordance with appropriate specifications listed in Appendix A. 9
IS:
2825-1969
2.1.4 All material shall be suppiied to IS: 1387-1967 and all threaded according to IS : 1367-1967t. 2.2 Allowable Stress according fasteners
2.1.2 Nothing in the foregoing shall preclude the use of otherwise suitable materia! M-here so agreed by the purchaser, the manufacturer and It is recon mended the inspecting authority. that, in such .cases, pal tir:llar attention be given to the weldability and ductility of the material proposed to IX uacd.
No such material shall have an elongation

L..
on
gauge
length
of 5~65dx,
less than
100 -R, 2.2
where So is the ori@% area of cross section and R, the actual tensile streygth in kgf/mm at room temperature subject to a minimum of 16 percent for carbon and carbon manganese steels, 14 percent for alloy steels other than austenitic steels and 25 percent for nusteni!tc steels, for test pieces obtained, prepared and tcstcd in accordance with appropriate Ipdinn Standards.
is
2.2.1 The allowable stress values for ferrous and non-ferrous material at the design temperature shall be delermined from Table 2.1 by dividing the appropriate properties of the material by the factors given in the table and taking the lowest value. 2.2.1.1 The nllowable stress values for carbon and low alloy steels, high alloy steels, copper and copper alloys, aluminium and aluminium alloys, bolting alloys and casting alloys, based on the above criteria, are given in Appendix A. The values for carbon and low alloy steels have been calculated on the basis of the elevated temperature values given in Appendix B and are to be used only for material with no certified or guaranteed elevated temperature properties.
2.1.3 Materials used frz supporting lugs, skirts, baffles and simi!ar non-pressure parts, we!dcd to vessels shall_ be cf weldable, quality and suitable in other respects for the intended service.
1
TABLE
2.1
DESIGN
STRESS
FACTORS
FOR
VARIOUS
MATERIALS
( Claurr 2.2.1 )
PROPERTY
CARBON AND CARBON MANGANESE STEELS
Low ALLOY STEEL,9
NON-FERROUII MATERIAL OTHERTHAN BOLTINQ MATERIAL l-5
HIon ALLOY STI~EU
Certified or specified minimum yield

(or 0.2 percent proof) design temperature Specified miuimum room teniperature tensile stress* at
1.5
rtrcss at
3.0
1.5
4 1
2.5 1.5
Average stress to produce rnpture in 100 000 hours at design temperature Average stress to produce a total creep strain of one pcrccut in IO0 000 hours at design tempcrature Certiflpd 10 percent design temperature proof stress at -
1.50
In the case of casting, the above factors bhall bc divided by a quality N~TB factor of O-9 shall be used when the following rcqtliremLnts have been met with:
a)
factor
of 0.75.
However,
a quality
Each casting has been radiographically examined at all critical locations and found free from harmful defecta, or the castings h&v&cm fully machined IO such an extent that all critical sections arc exposed for the full thickncss as in the case of tube plates with holes spaced not further apart than the thickness of the casting. All castings have been examined at all critical locations using magnetic- particle, or p-netrant (see IS : 36581966t and IS : 3703-19663 ) 0,. by grinding or machining and etching. fluid procedure
b) c)
If Castings found to be defective have been rcrjected or repaired to thr satisfaction of the inspecting authority. repairs by welding are carried out, the castings should be subscqucntly stress-rclicved or heat-treated as agreed Repaired areas of castings should be re-examined in between the steel-maker and the inspecting authority. In all other cases a frctor accordance with (a! above and shqvld be shown to be free from harmful defects. of O-75 shall bcused instead of C.90. specified yield stress ( at room tempt raturc ) may be taken to apply for all temperatures up to 50C.
*The minimum tCodc
of practice for liquid pcnctrant flaw detection.
$Codc of practice for magnetic particle llaw dctcctioh.
*Ccncral tTtchnica1
rcquircmcnts
for the supply of metallurgical
materials
(&$I rcui.rion).
supply conditiolis
for threaded fasteners (jirsl r&ion ).
10
Iy : 2825 - 1969 2.2.2 Where safe stress values for material in compression are required, for example, in the case of the design of vessels subject to loadings ( see 1.2.5.2 and 3.3.2.4) that product longitudinal compressive stresses, it shah bc calculated as given in Appendix C. 2.2.3 Sh~nr Stresses .- The maximum permissible shear stress ( where present alone ) shall not exceed 50 percent of the allowable stress value. 2.2.4 Beming Stressrs - The maximum permissible bearing stress shall not exceed 50 percent of the allowable stress value. 2.3 Materials for Low Temperature ServiceSpecial consideration shall be given to the choice of materials for vessels designed for operation below 0C. Aluminium and its alloys not being subject to brittle fracture are particularly suitable for operation at temperatures below 0C. Austenitic stainless steels ( wrought ) are quite suitable For use below this tempefot use up to -200C. rature or where cast materials are used special consideration shall be given to the choice of material A recommended practice for carbon and design. and low alloy steel vessels required to operate at low temperatures is given in Appendix D. 2.4 Materials for Welding - The electrodes, filler rods and flux shall satisfy the requirements of appropriate Indian Standards and shall correspond to those used in the procedure qualification tests and welders performance tests. The following Indian Standards are available or under preparation: IS : 814-1970 Specification for covered electrodes for metal arc welding of struclural steel ( third revision ) Specification for filler rods and wires for gas welding (Jirst
revision )
IS :
Specification for filler rods and wires for inert gas lvelding ( under preparation )
3. DESIGN 3.1 General - Vessels covered by this code shall be designed for the most severe combinations of operating conditions which may be experienced in the normal operations. Special consideration shall be given to vessels designed to operate at temperatures below 0C. A tentative recommended practice for vessels required to operate at low temperatures is given in Appendix D. Where vessels are subject to alternate heating and cooling, provision shall he made in the design to permit expansion or contraction to avoid excessive thermal stresses ( see Appendix E ). This code does not contain rules to cover all details of design and construction. Where complete details are not given, it is the intention that the manufacturer, subject to the approval of the purchaser and/or the inspecting authority, shall follow such details ofdesign and construction lvhich will be as safe as those provided by this code. 3.1.1 Design iXckness - In the clauses follow, methods are given for calculating thicknesses required for the various parts pressure vessel. that the of a
3.1.2 Weld Joint Esciency Factors ( J) The weld joint efficiency factors to be used in the design calculations shall be those specified in Table 1.1. 3.1.3 loadings
Loadings
IS : 12781967
3.1.3.1
IS : 1395-1964
Specification for molybdenum and chromium molybdenum low alloy steel electrodes for metal arc welding ( revised)
In the design of a vessel the following shall be included where relevant: static head;
Design pressure including
b)
IS : 2680-I 964 Specification for filler rods and wires for inert gas tungsten arc welding IS : 3613-1966 Specification for acceptance tests for wire flux combinations for submerged arc welding Specification for resistance welding electrodes spot
The weight of vessel and normal contents, or weight of the vessel and maximum content of water specified for the pressure test; and Wind loading loadings. in combination with other
c)
IS : 4972-1969 IS : 5206I?69
3.1.3.2 Special consideration may be required to be given to the effect of the following: a) Local stresses due to supporting lugs, ring girders, saddles, internal structures or connecting piping; b) Shock loads due to water hammer ing of vessel contents; or surg-
Specification for corrosion resisting chromium and chromium nickel steel covered electrodes for metal arc welding Specification for filler wires for metal inert gas lvelding ( under ,4refarutim )
IS :
c) Bending moments caused by eccentricity of the centre of working pressure relative to the neutral axis of the vessel; 11
LS : 2825 - 1969 d) Forces due to temperature differences, including the effects of differential expansion; e) Forces caused by the method of supporting the vessel during transit or erection; and f) Fluctuating pressure and temperature Appendix E ) . ( see established by reason of accurate knowledge of the chemical characteristics of whatever substances they are to contain.
b)
in Corrosion rate unpredictable - Vessels which corrosion rates are either variable throughout the vessel or indeterminate \ in magnitude. Corrosion rate negligible - Vessels in which corrosion rates are known to be negligible.
Formal analysis of the effect of the above influences is only required in cases where it is not possible to dembnstrate the adequacy of the proposed design, for example, by comparison with the behaviour of comparable vessels. 3.2 Corrosion, Erosion and Protection
3.2.2 Additional Thickness to Allow for CorrosionThe allowances adopted shall be adequate to cover the total amount of corrosion expected on either or both surfaces of the vessel. In cases where corrosion may occur, additional metal thickness over and above that required for the design conditions should be provided, at least equal to the expected corrosion loss during the desired life of the vessel. It is recommended that in all such cases a minimum corrosion allowance of 1.5 mm should be provided unless a protective lining is employed. Where the corrosion effects are negligible, excess thickness need be provided. no
3.2.1 General 3.2.1.1 Whenever the word corrosion is used in this code it shall be taken to mean corrosion, oxidation, scaling, abrasion, erosion and all other forms of wastage. Stress corrosion cracking may occur under certain conditions of temperature and environment and cannot be catered for by increasing thickilesses. Under conditions, where stress corrosion may occur, consideration shall be given to the materials used and the residual stress in fabricated vessels. It is impossible to laydown definite precautionary rules to safeguard against the effects of corrosion owing to the complex nature of corrosion itself, which rniy exist in many forms, for example: a) Chemical attack, where the metal is dissolved by the reagents, it may be general over the whole surface, or localized ( causing pitting ), or a combination of the two; b) Rusting, moisture caused by the combined and air; action of
3.2.3 Linings - Vessels may be fully or partially lined with corrosion-resistant material. Such linings may be loose, intermittently attached to the vessel base material or integrally bonded to the vessel base material ( for example, as clad steel). This code does not cover vitreous enamel linings. Provided linings are designed so as to exclude contact between the corrosive agent and the vessel base material, no corrosion allowance need. be provided against internal wastage of the base material. Corrosion-resistant linings shall not be included in the computation of the required wall thickness, except in the case of clad steels as may be agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer. The design of linings should take into account the effects of differential thermal expansion. 3.2.4 Wear Plates - Where severe conditions of erosion and abrasion arise. local protective or wear plates of an easily renewable type should be fitted directly in the path of the impinging material. 3.3 Cylindrical and Spherical Shells
c) Erosion, where a reagent, otherwise innocuous, flows over the surface at a velocity greater than some critical value; and d) High temperature oxidation ( scaling ). Designers should give careful consideration to the effect which corrosion may have upon the useful life of the vessel. When in doubt, corrosion tests should be undertaken; these should be carried out on the actual metal ( including welds ) or combination of metals under exposure to the actual chemicals used in service. It is very dangerous to assume that the major constituent of a mixture of chemicals is the active agent as, in many cases, small traces of impurities exert an accelerating or inhibiting effect out of all proportion to the amount of impurity present. Fluid temperatures and velocities should be equivalent to those met Corrosion tests should be conwith in operation. tinued for a sufficiently long period to determine the trend of any change in the rate of corrosion with respect to time; the result may be considered Corrosion may occur on both as given below. sides of the wall of the vessel, particularly with vessels heated by hot gases of combustion: rate a) Corrosion which corrosion 12 predictable - Vessels in rates may be definitely
3.3.1 General 3.3.1.1 The thickness shall be not less than that calculated by the following formulae and shall be increased, if necessary, to meet the requirements of 3.1 and 3.2. 3.3.2 Shells Subject to internal Pressure
notations 3.3.2.1 Notation - The following are used in the design of spherical and cylindrica vessels subject to internal pressure:
t = minimum
thickness of shell plates exclusive of corrosion allowance in mm,
P = design pressure in kgf/cms, Dt = inside diameter of the shell in mm, D, = outside diameter of the shell in mm, f = allowable stress value in kgf/mm* ( see Appendix A ), J = joint factor ( see Table 1.1 ), and E = modulus of elasticity of the material at the operating temperature in kgf/mm* ( see Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 ).
3.3.2.2 Cylindrical shells - The following formulae shall apply in the case of cylindrical shells:
PDO PDi t = POOfJ--p = 2OOfJ+p

or --=- PoOfJt -
. . ..(3.1) . . . (3.2)
Dl+t
200fJt Do-t
M = longitudinal bending moment in kgf.mm; T = torque about vessel axis in kgfmm; W = weight ( vertical vessel only ) in kg : 4 for points above plane of support weight of vessel, fittings, attaehments and fluid supported above the point considered, the sum to be given a negative sign in equation ( 3.5 ); b) for points below plane of support weight of vessel, fittings and attachments below the point considered, plus weight of fluid contents, the sum to be given a positive sign in equation ( 3.5 );
Ue
following formulae shall apply in the case of spherical shells: t= or
3.3.2.3 Spherical shells - The
4OOfJ-p 4OOfJ+P 400fJt 400fJt P = -._-.--_=__ Di+t Do-t
_Pg!_ =
PDO
. . . (3.3) . . . (3.4)
= equivalent stress ( shear strain energy basis ) in kgf/mms; stress in kgf/mm*; Qz = longitudinal = hoop stress in kgf/mms; and oe t = shearing stress in kgf/mms.
Then
3.3.2.4 Cylindrical vessels under combined laadings -
4GPD? uz =
ug =
+ W&4$. ..(3.5) . . . (3.6) . . . (3.7)
Under no circumstances shall the shell thickness ( before adding corrosion allowance ) be less than that given in equation ( 3.1 ). Where the shell is subjected to loadings additional to those due to internal pressure, the basis of design shall be that the stress equivalent to the membrane stresses shall nowhere exceed the allowable stress.
xt (Di+t)
2001 2T T=XtDl(D,+t)
PC a-+-t 1
The equations given below apply to the case where the cylinder is subjected to loads producing a direct longitudinal stress ( for example, from its own weight in the case of a vertical vessel ), a longitudinal bending moment ( for example, from wind or piping loads or, in the case of a horrzontai vessel, the weight of the vessel and contents ) and a torque about the longitudinal axis ( for example, from offset piping and wind loads ). The following notation is adopted: = allowable stress in kgf/mms; J B = allowable stress at ambient temperature in kgf/mms; # = internal pressure ( design or test as appropriate ) in kgf/cm*; t = shell thickness ( before adding corrosion allowance ) in mm; t a = actual shell thickness at time of teat (including corrosion allowance) in mm; internal, external diameters of shell young modulus at design temperature and at ambient temperature respectively in kgf/mms ( see Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 );
The stress equivalent to the membrane stress on the shear strain energy criterion is given by the Huber-Hencky equation: CQ. = [ aso - ag bz + uz2 $ 3ra 4 I . ..(3.8)
The requirements ee Gf uz ( tensile ) <f uz ( compressive
are that at design conditions: . ..(3.9a) . ..(3.9b) ) < 0.125 E
k
0
>
. . . (3.9c)
. ..(3.9d)
and at test conditions ee G 1.3fa uz ( tensile ) < 1*3fa
( see 8.4 ) . ..(3.9e)

. ..(3*9f)
4M/Di in equation
In all cases each of the signs before the term ( 3.5 ) should be considered.
Values of u,,, ue and t should be determined for each combination of loading during operation and test. The equations cannot be reduced to a convenient explicit expression for the calculation of t and solution by trial and error is necessary. 13
IS : 2825- 1969
TABLE 3.1 VALUES OF E FOR FERROUS MATERIALS IN 103 kgf/mm2
(Clauses 3.3.2.1 MATERNAL

r__----__---___ 0
ar:d 3.3.2.4)
DESIGN TEMPERATCRE C oh_____-_._-__ ~-_.-_-._---~
20
100 19.5 20.7 20.7
200 19.0 19.9 20.1
300 18.1 19.0 19.4
lo0 17.0 17.3 1:I. 1
500 17.1
Carbon stec1s
c<o,so c>o.30
o/o %
19.6 21.1 21.1
19.6 21.0 21.0
Carbon-molybdenum steels and chrome-molybdenum steels ( up to 3 y0 Cr ) Intermediate chrome molybdenum steels and austenitic stainless htecls
NOTE -
19.3
19.3
19.0
18.6
!8,0
17 3
16
Intermediate
values may be obtained
by interpolation.
TABLE
3.2
VALUES
OF E FOR ALUMINIUM (Ckmes 3.3.?.1
AND ITS ALLOYS
IN 103 kgfimm?
aad 3.3.2.4)
-_ ________ ----my
MATERIAL
GRADE r---200
__-~-~------_--h____---.__
DESIGN TEMPERATUREC
-100 7.4 7.1 7.9 8.5 values
0 7.1 6.8 7.5 8.2 may be obtained
50 7.0 6.6 7.4 8.1
15 7.0 6.6 7.4 8.0
100 6.9 6.5 7.3 7.9
125 6.8 ii.5 7.2 7.8
150 6.7 6.3 7.1 7.7
200 6.4 6.0 6.8 7.4
lB, N3, N4 H9 H15 A6 NOTE 1 -
7.8 7.4 8.3 8.9 Intermediate
by interpolation. a well-defined yield point, the abo\e \-alucs of E are to be
NATE 2 - Since aluminium used with caution.
and its alloys
do not have
TABLE
3.3
VALUES
OF E FOR NICKEL ( &uses 3.3.2.1
AND NICKEL and 3.3.2.4 )
ALLOYS
IN 103 kgf/mmz
MATERIAL
DESIGN TEMPERATURE C ~~_____~_~~__~_~~_~~~_~~~_~_~~_~~~_~_~ 20 300 490 500 600 21.1 30 % 15% 10 % 18.8 21.8 20.4 18.0 20.7 18.8 17.6 20.0 16.5 169 17.6 14.0 16.2 16.0
700 11.7 15.5 13.0
750 IO.9 15.0 11.9
Nickel 70 0% Nickel and copper alloy Nickel, 75 % chromium and ferrous alloy
TABLE
3.4
VALUES
OF E FOR COPPER ( Clamrs 3.3.2.1
AND
ITS ALLOYS
IN 10s kgf/mma
and 3.3.2.4)
DEDGN TEMPLRAT:IREC h___--_-150 200 250 __.. _________~
MATERIAL
COMPOSITION
~-_---_---~~-~ 20 50
100
300 10.1 8.6 8.0 8.5 118
350 9.7 8.5 7.7 6.7 11.5
400 14.2
Copper Commercial Leaded Phosphor Muntz Cupro nickels brass tin bronze bronze
99.98 % Cu 66 % Cu, 34 % Zn 88 /b Cu, 6 % Sn, 1.5 % Pb, 4.5 % Zn 85.5 % Cu, 12.5 % Sn, 10 % Zn 59 % cu, 39 % Zn 80 % Cu, 20 % Ni 70 % C:& 30 % Ni
11.2 9.8 9.1 10.5 10.7 13.3
11.1 9.7 9.0 10.3 10.2 131
11.0 9.6 8,9 10.2 9.8 12.9
10.8 9.5 8.7 9.8 9.1 12.6
10 6 9.1 8.4 9.5 8.3 12.4
10.4 8.9 8.2 9.1 7.7 12.1
NOTE
Intermediate
by interpolation.
14
IS : 2825- 1969 3.3.3 ShellsSubjected to External Pressure - The thickness of thin-walled shells subjected to external pressure may be calculated either by the formulae below or by the method given in given Appendix F.
Notation - The following notation has been used in the formulae in this section: t = minimum thickness of the shell material in mm, D ,, = outer diameter L = effectiv of the shell in mm, and length in mm. 3.3.3.1
t = 1.03 x go x (pK)i
but not less than 3*5pDo _ 200a ... than ... (3.11a) (3.11)
orp = -
0.91 K
but not greater 200to m
c) In all other cases
t = -f&
13.3 or p =
In the case of cylindrical shells, it is the maximum of the following values and is measured parallel to the axis of the shell:
0.075p.
$- . K
0
...
(3.12)
4 b) 4 ,
The distance
between head bend lines plus one-third the depth of each head, when no stiffening rings are present; the maximum centre distance between two adjacent stiffening rings; and the distance from the centre of the nearest stiffening to the head bend line plus onethird the depth of the head.
1OOt 8 ( D, ) LX.--.A DO
...
(3.12a)
3.3.3.3 Thickness of spherical shells under external thickness of spherical shells under pressure -The external pressure is given by equation 3.13: t5PD0 800 orp=D 3.3.3.4 80ut
0
...
(3.13) (3,13a)
length is equal to the inside radius of the spherical shell: p = design pressure in o = O-2 percent and proof kgf/cm; stress in kgf/mms;
In the case of spherical
shells,
the effective
StzjTem?zg rings
rings are generally used General -Stiffening a> cylindrical shells subjected to external with pressure. They exte&ld around the circumference of the shell and may be Iocated on the inside or the outside of the shell. The following notation the formulae given: has been used
X = the ratio of the elastic modulus E of the material at the design metal temperature to the room temperature elastic modulus ( see Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 for values of E at different temperatures ). 3.3.3.2 Thickness of cylindrical shells under external pressure - The thickness of the cylindrical shells under external pressure is given by equations 3.10, 3.11, or 3.12 as is applicable:
0.58
in
16
a) for
it (lop >
38
loot #
L-0
Do ) or < -.-- ( E$ ( K& (

DO
-PF=-.
= moment of inertia in cm4 of the ring section around an axis extending through the centre of gravity and parallel to the For a stiffening ring, axis of the shell. welded to the shell all around, a part of the shell, equal to 4t may be included in the moment of inertia when calculating the stiffening ring;
=-iz- I:
C r-
DO
L!$L+
0.053 0.053
or+=-&F
loot
0
L 14.4 b) for Do7.-or> W) 6
)I )I
4 g or
. ..(3.10) . ..(3.10a)
P = design pressure in kgf/cm*; L6 = length between the centres of two adjacent stiffening rings in mm; d = diameter through of the section of stiffening ring or the shell in the located stiffening the centre of gravity an externally 1ocaJed the inner diameter of case of an internally ring in mm; and
1E. iGO?- ___ Do
= the ratio of the elastic modultis of the material at the design metal temperature to the room temperature elastic modulus (see Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 a_nd 3.4 for values of E at different temperatures ).
b) The moment of inertia of the stiffening ring Ze shall not be less than that calculated by the formula. 1, = 7 x lo-PLBd3K .:. (3.14) 15
IS:2825- 1969
c) Stiffening rings shall extend completely around the circumference of the shell. Joint between the ends or sections in the same ring or between adjacent portions shall be made so that the required moment
+JNStlFFENED CYLINDER
of inertia of the ring is maintained Fig. 3.1 ). _ ,
( SCI
When gaps and recesses are provided in the stiffening ring as in Fig. 3.1 it shall be
NER AND SUPPORT SECURELY WELDED ETED TO SHELL
Lx
L SUPPORT CRADLE
THIS TYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONWHEN THE GAP IS GREATER THAN lEN07H OF ARC TOFIOS.2. MQMENT OF INERTIA Al x NOTTO BE LESS THAN IS (B)
(A) MOMENT OF INERTIA I CALCULATED THIS REDUCED SECTION IF RING IS CUT AWAYFOR ANY REASON
/-IF VESSEL IS HUNG THE SUSPENSION LUGS MUST GE ABOVE STIFFENERS
+TlFFENER
CHANNEL FIXED WlfH FITTING BOLTS (OR RIVETS) AND FILLET WELDED TO STIFFENER RING
-l_
/
DRAIN SLOT
SPACE TO REMOVE SCALE AND DEPOSIT
PACKINGPLATE FILLET WELDED TO STIFFENER ON BOTH SIDES
/ UNSUPPORTED LENGTH NOT 10 EXCEED VALUES OF FIG. 02
ALTERNATIVE RING CROSS SECTION
(El Effrctlvr Length of the Vessel Section
(Fl
Fro. 3.1 16
STIPPENINO RINQSFOR
CYLINDRICAL VESSELSSUBJECT TO EXTERNAL
PRIWIRI
lS:2825=1S!J suitably moment reinforced so that the of inertia is maintained. required e) Rings for supporting trays, plates, etc, in fractionating columns or similar construetions may be used as stiffening rings provided they are adequate for the duty. 3.3.3.5 Thickness of tubes, and P;pes wh used as tubes under ex&rnalpressure - This shall be determined from the chart on page 18. The thickness as determined from the graph shall be increased when necessary to meet the following requirements : 4 Additional wall thickness should be provided when corrosion, erosion or wear due to cleaning operations is expected. b) Where tube ends are threaded_, additional wall thickness is to be provrded in the amount of 0.8 p ( where p is the pitch in mm ).
NOTE -The requirements for rolling, expanding, or other&e eating tuba in tube plates may require additional wall thickncu and careful choice of materiala because of possible relaxation due to ditkrential expansion atreuer.
However, if the gap in the stiffening ring does not exceed the value calculated from Fig. 3.2, reinforcement for the stiffener ring need not be provided. Reinforcement for the stiffener ring also need not be provided if in case of gaps in adjacent stiffening rings, the length of the unsupported shell arc does not exceed 60 and the gaps in adjacent rings are , staggered 180.
Stiffening rings may be attached to the shell by welding or brazing or by any other method of attachment suitable for the material of construction. Brazing may be used when the vessel is not to be stressrelieved later. The welding may be continuous or intermittent. In the case of intermittent welds: 1) the welds on either side of the ring shall overlap at least by 10 mm for stiffening rings situated on the outisde, and 2) the welds on either side of the ring shall be at least equal to one-third the circumference of the vessel in length, for stiffening rings situated on the inside.
3.4 Domed Ends 3.4.1 General -Domed ends of hemispherical, semi-ellipsoidal or dished shape shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of3.49 and 3.4.6. The calculated thickness shall be increasec& if necessary, to meet the requirements of 3.1 and 3.2.
I / ,I /
I/
,I
I YI
I IA!J VIlll/ I/ I A I II/II
I/I
/
A /I
30 25 0.10 A 045 0*2 Oa3 @& 0*50*6 0*8 l*O 1.5 2 I 3 IIII 4 5 I IIII 15 +f 20 6789x)
25
LENGTH BETWEEN HEADS OR STIFFENING RINGS f OUTSIDE DIAMETER
FIO. 3.2 17
IS : 2825- 19fi9
600
E
$100 .z . z 2 g a. 60
60 50 40 30
5
$
0
20
I I
2 3 4 5 10 20
ALLOWABLE
STRESS,
kgf/mm2
CHART FOR DETERMINING WALL
THICKNESS OF TUBES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
3.4.2 Limitations of Shabe Ends shall conform to one of the following shapes ( see IS : 4049-1968* ): a) Hemispherical (-see Fig. 3.3A ), b) Semi-ellipsoidal ( see Fig. 3.3B ). The ratio of major axis to minor axis should not be greater than 2.6 : 1.
*Specification vessels. for formed ends for tanks and pressure
c\ Dished 1) The not Do,
and flanged ( see Fig. 3.3C ): inside radius of dishing Rt shall be greater than the outside diameter and
2) The inside corner radius rr shall preferably be not less than 10 percent of the inside diameter and in no case less than 6 percent nor less than 3t.
18
Do FIG. 3.4
----A
(A)
tfcmispherical
Ends
j-------------A
FIQ. 3.5
(B)
Semi-Ellipsoidal
Ends
(C)
Dished
and Flanged
Ends
FIG. 3.3
3.4.3
DOMED ENDS
Openings in Ena!s FIO. 3.6 Fro. 3.4-3.6
3.4.3.1 Holes cut in domed ends shall be circular, elliptical or obround. Openings having a diameter exceeding O-5 DO shall be subject to special consideration. The radius of flanging I of flanged-in openings ( see Fig. 3.4 ) shall be not less than 25 mm.
NOTE- An obround opening is one which is formed by two parallel sides and semi-circular ends.
WHICH EVER SMALLER
IS
TYPICALUNICBINFORCED OPENINGS following notation has
3.4.4 t
Xotation -The = minimum
been employed: calcdated end in mm; thickness of the
3.4.3.2 Uncompensated openings - Flanged-in and other openings shall be arranged so that the distance from the edge of the end is not less than that shown in Fig. 3.5. In all cases the projected width of the ligament between any two adjacent openings shall be at least equal to the diameter of the smaller opening as shown in Fig. 3.6. 3.4.3.3 Compensated 0pCnings- Openings, where compensation is provided otherwise than by general thickening of the end ( over and above that required for an unpierced end ), shall comply with the requirements of 3.8. Ends containing only openings. compensated in accordance with 3.8 shall be regarded as plain ends for the purposes of applying Fig. 3.7.
P
&Do=
= design pressure in kgf/cm*;

inner and outer diameters in mm; of the end
hE
= effective outside height of the end in mm; where hE = h,, or whichever in mm; is the least -of the end ( corner ) 19
hi, k. = inside and outside height

r1, ro = inside and outside radius in mm; knuckle
ls : 28!&.- 1969
&,Ko = = f
J
inner and outer crown radius in mm; allowable stress value in kgf/mms; d
flange; = diameter of the largest uncomnensated opening in the head. In the case of an elliptical opening the major axis of the ellipse in mm; = a shape factor obtained from Fig. 3.7; and = length.of the straight flange.
= weld joint factor for any welded seam in the end including circumferential end-to-shell seam in the case o,f ends having no straight flange; = I.0 for ends made from one plate and attached to shell with a straight
2.5
5-o
3.0
1.0
O-01
045
0*20 hE Do
0*25
Fro. 3.7 20
SHAPR
FACTOR
FOR
DOMXD ENDS
x3,2925-1%9
3.4.5 Thickness of Ends Concave to Pressure - The thickness of the ends shall be determined by theequation:
p f J
=-design
pressure in kgf/cms; with 2.2;
= allowable ,stress in kgf/mm* determined

in accordance
. Or!)-200fJt DC 0 ... ...
(3.15) (3.16)
= weld joint factor;

at the position under consideration Fig. 3.8 ) in mm; ( see or
Dk = inside diameter of conical section or end
NOTE - The external height of dishing h,, may be determined from e uation 3.17 in the case of ends of partially spherical 9orm: 6 ho=%d(R. q) X (R.++--2 rj ._ (3.17)
DI E: outside di?meter
I1 =
of conical end ( see Fig. 3.8 ) in mm;
section
NOTE 1 _In the case of ends containing no uncompen;;t;~Dopcnmgs,. read C from full curves 1/&=@002 0 I 0.04 mtcrpolatmg as necessary. In the case of ends containing uncompcnread C from broken lines curves sated openin@, 5.0 to dd/t.L&=O.fi interpolating as necesdd/t.l)osary. In no case shall C be taken as smaller than the value for similar unpierced end.
NOTE 2 -
inside radius of transition knuckle which shall be taken as 0.01 & in the case of conical sections without knuckle transition in mm;
a,a+s
= angles of slope of conical section ( at the point under consideration ) to the vessel axis ( see Fig. 3.8 ) ;
= difference
3.4.6
Thickness of En& Convex to Pressure @he&ally dished ena3 -
between angle of slope of two adjoining conical sections ( see Fig. 3.8 ) ;
The thickness of the ends dished to partially spherical form shall be greater of the following thicknesses: a) The thickness of an equivalent sphere, having a radius R. equal to the outside crown radius of the end, determined in accordance with 333.3.
c L
= a factor taking into account the stress in

the knuckle ( see Table 3.6 ); and
3.4.6.1
= distance, from knuckle or junction within

which meridional stresses determine the required thickness ( see Fig. 3.8 ) in mm.
b) The thickness of the end under an internal

pressure equal pressure. to 1.2 times the external of be The stresses in the knuckle or in the circumferential seam at the wide end of the cone acting in a meridional direction are predominantly bending stresses and the stresses acting in a circumferential direction are predominantly membrane stresses. Both these factors are taken into account in turn in equations 3.18 and 3.19. The greater of the two wall thicknesses calculated is chosen. For shallow cones, the thickness may be determined by the method given in (c) of this clause below, even though the resulting wall thickness may be less than those determined by the equations 3.18 and 3.19:
3.5.3 Conical En& Subject to Internal Pressure -
thickness ends of a true semi-ellipsoidal shape shall greater of the following thicknesses:
3.4.6.2
Ellipsoidal en& -*The
a) The thickness of an equivalent sphere, having a radius & calculated from the % values of in Table 3.5, determined in Do accordance with 3.3.3.3. b) The thickness of the end under an internal pressure equal to 1.2 times the external pressure. 3.4.7 Constructiotuzl Details - Typical permitted connections between ends and shells are shown in Table6.2. 3.5
Thickness of knuckle or conical section in junction-The thickness of cylinder and conical section within distance L from the
junction shall be determined by:
Conical
Ends
3.5.1 General - Conical ends and conical reducing sections ( set Fig. 3.8 and Fig. 3.9 ) shall be designed in accordance with the following formulae. The calculated thickness shall be increased, if necessary, to meet the requirements ~43.1 and 3.2.
Conical ends may be constructed of several ring sections of decreasing thickness as determined by the corresponding decreasing diameter. following notations 35.2 .Notation -The been used in the formulae: have
t=,PD,C,
200fJ
...
This thickness of the knuckle or junction shall however be not less than those given by equations 3.19 and 3.20. If the distance of a circumferential seam from the knuckle or junction is not less than L then J shall be taken as 1.0, otherwise J shall be the weld joint factor appropriate to the circumferential seam.
3 minimum calculated thicknas

section or end in mm;
of co&al
The
l%ickness of conical section awayfiemjutution thickness of those parts of. conical sections not less than a distance L away 21
IS:!2855-1969
TABLE 3.5 VALUES OF + AS A FUNCTION OF 2
0 0.357 0.65 0.417 0.57 o.50 0.50
( Claue 3.04.6.2 ) la F0 & li;, = NOTE PI67 1.36 o-178 1.27 0.192 l-182 0.208 1.08 0.227 0.99 o.25 O-90 o-278 0.81 o.313 o.73
The inkrmediate
by interpolation.
(A)
Cone/Cylinder
with Knuckle
(6)
Conc,/Cylinder
without
Knuckle
(C)
Cone/Cone
with Knuckle
(D)
Cone/Cone
without
Knucklr
FIG. 3.8
TYPICAL C~SNE SHELL CONNECTIONS
from the junction with a cylinder or other conical section shall be determined by:
t = 1 20&T~_p -Cosa ..* x
provisions of 3.5.1 to 3.5.3 are applicable, except that the thickness shall be not less than as prescribed below:
a)
(3a*g)
Shallow
conical sections - The thickness of conical sections having an angle of inclination to the vessel axis of more than 70 shall be determined by: tea-5(De--1)
xGo
$..,
(3.20)
The lower of the values given by equations 3.19 and 3.20 shall be taken. 3.5.4 Conical Ends Subject to External Pressure For a conical end or conical section ( frustum ) under external pressure, whether the end is of seamless or butt welded construction, the general
The thickness of a conical end or conical section under external pressure, when the angle of inclination .of the conical section ( at the point under consideration ) to the vessel axis is not more than 70, shah be made equal to the required thickness of cylindrical shell, in which the diameter is D&osa and the effective length is equal to the slant height of the cone or conical section, or slant height between the effective stiffening rings, whichever is less.
b) The thickness of conical ends having an angle of inclination to the vessel axis of more than 70 shall be determined as for a flat cover ( see 3.6 ).
TABLE
3.6
VALUE6
OF C AS FUNCTION
OF * AND rl/Da
chUS6
3.5.2 )
rip
\-- 0
10. 20 3o 450 6!Y 75.
O-01
0.02
O-03
0.04
0.06
O-08
O-10
015
0.20
O-30
O-40
O-50
o-70 1.00 195 2.05 3-2 6.8
0.65 0.90 I.2 l-85 2.85 5-85
0.60 O-85 1-l l-65 2.55 5.35
0.60 0.80 1-O l-5 2.35 4-75
o-55 0.70 0.90 l-3 2.0 3.85
o-55 O-65 0.85 l-2 175 3.5
o-55 0.60 O-80 1-l I.6 3.15
O-55 O-55 0.70 o-95 1.4 2.7
O-55 O-55 o-55 0.90 l-25 2.4
0.55 055 0.55 o-70 100 155
O-55 055 055 055 0.70 la0
O-55 O-55 O-55 0.5: 0.55 o-55
-I
Di
I-l
(A) Fxo. 3.9
Cone Section
(6)
Cone Section with Trrnsition Knuckles
(C)
Reversed Curvr
Se&on
ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF OPENINGS IN DOMED ENDS FOR CASES WHEN
EXCEEDS D/2 23
ss12825-1969
3.5.5 Constructional Details - Connections between cylindrical shells and conical sections and ends shall preferably he by means of a knuckle Typical permitted details are transition radius. shown in Fig. 3.8. Alternatively conical sections and ends may be butt welded to cylinders without a knuckle radius when the change in angle of slope P between the two sections under consideration does not exceed 30.
l-60
1*60 N 2 1.60
3.6 Unstayed
3.6.1
Flat Heads
and Covers
Flat covers and end plates shall be designed in accordance with the following formulae and the thickness shall be increased, if necessary, to meet the requirements of 3.1 and 3.2.
3.6.1.1
General -
w u &A &y 1*30 00 1'20
been
a b
used
= =
c
D
=
=
ho
= = = =
: t
tr, te =
FB
The following notation has in the following formulae: short span of non-circular heads in mm; long span of non-circular heads or covers measured perpendicular to short span in mm; a factor depending upon the method of attachment to shell ( see Table 3.7 ); diameter or short span measured as in Table 3.7; gasket moment arm equal to the radial distance from the centre line of the bolts to the line of gasket reaction in mm; perimeter of non-circular bolted heads measured along the centres of the bolt holes in mm; length of the flange of flanged heads in mm; design pressure in kgf/cms; allowable stress value in kgf/mms; minimum thickness of flat head or cover, exclusive of corrosion allowance in mm; required and actual thickness of the shell under design conditions, exclusive of corrosion allowance in mm; total bolt load in kgf; and a factor for non-circular heads depending upon the ratio of short span to long span a/b (*see Fig. 3.10 ).
flotation -
1.10 0
O-2
04
0-6
RATIO
f
Fro. 3.10 VALUE OF COEFFICIENT2 FOR NON-CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS 3.6.2.2 The thickness of non-circular heads and covers shall be calculated by the following formula :
P .. 2/ 7 When the head or cover is attached by .bolts causing an edge moment, the thickness t shall be calculated for both initial tightening and design conditions and the greater of the two values selected.
f_
CZt2
10
3.6.3 Spherically Dished Covers and Quick Opening

Closures
3.6.3.1 Spherically dished covers - The thickness of spherically dished ends secured to the shell through a flange connection by means of bolts shall be calculated by: 3@h ... (3.23)
t=BOqfJ
provided that the inside crown radius R of the dished cover does not exceed 1.3 times the shell inside diameter Di and the value of 100 t/R is not greater than 10. 3.6.3.2 Quick opening closures -- These shall be so designed that failure of anyone holding element cannot result in release or failure of all of the other holding elements. Closures of this type shall be so arranged that it may be determined at all times by usual examination that the holding devices are in good mechanical condition and that their locking elements when closed are in full engagement. They shall be so designed that when the vessel is installed: a) the closure and its holding elements are fully engaged in their intended operating position before pressure can be built up in the vessel, and
3.6.2
Thickness of Flat Headr and Covers
3.6.2.1 The thickness of flat unstayed circular heads and covers shall be calculated by the following formula :
.. .
(3.21)
When the head or cover is attached by bolts causing an edge moment, the thickness t shall be calculated for both initial tightening and design conditions and the greater of the two values selected.
24
IS : 2825- 1969
OF D AND C FOR
TABLE _ SL No. DESCRIPTION
3.7
VALUES __
TYPICAL
UNSTAYED
FLAT
HEADS
( Cl~trsez 3.6.1 and 3.6.2 ) _ --.__...
TYPICAL EXAMPLE --___
REMARKS
1. Forged heads
c-o*5
--rib-r-o-25 (a) t HIN
c10.5
ri,.,l,MIN
(b)
2, Flanged flat heads butt welded to the vessel
b--
CENTRE
OF WELO LINE MIN
C = 0.35 when
C = 0.45 when
C = 0.5 when
TANGENT r-31
D = r>2t D= Di-rand taper is 3. Heads lap welded or brazed to the shell 132; D = D, - I and taper is 1 : 4
Di and
0.25f(r<21
1: 4
I--CENTRI
OF
LAP LINL MIN
TANGENT r 231
C=
0.45 when
I>
I.1 - 0.8 %)
d/or
and
C = 0.55 in other care:
( Continued )
25
IS : 2825- 1969
TABLE DESCRIPTION 3.7 VALUES OF D AND c FOR TYPICAL UNSTAYED FLAT HEADS Con!d
SL
TYPICAL EXA~LE
REM.AHEI
No.
4. Plates welded to the inside of the.

VCSSCI
c=
0.7
--
if Lut not less than Wri5
--It
I--
(b)
5. Plates welded to the end of the rhell
c=
Q-7
6.
Plates welded to the end of the shell with an additional fillet the weld on inside C = 0.7 4 T but nut less than 0.55
( Cohwd
26
IS t 2825- 1969
TABLE 3.7 VALUES OF D AND c FOR TYPICAL _. ______.. _.-.-.._-.- .-. ..~--- --..----J)ESCRIPTIOS T\.PiC.\l. EX.1&IPLr,
~_~_.
SL X0.
UNSTAYED FLAT HEADS .~________ _~.. _.~

12OMARKS
Contd
8.
Covers
with a n a r r o \Y face b o I t e d ilange joint
---
t +--
-_it
i--
where 4
is
the bolt load
(a)
(b)
9.
Autoclave manhole covers D ,> 610 mm
_10. Plates inserted into the end of vessel aud hacld in place by a positive me. chanical locking arrangement All means of failures shall be resisted with a factor of safety of at least 4. Seal welds may be used if desired.
---It!-(a)
THREADED RING
c = 0.55
( Contbwd )
27
IS : 2825 - 1!369
TABLE 3.7 VALUES OF D AND C FOR TYPICAL UNSTAYED FLAT HEADS Contd
REMARKS
_- .._ ________..___~ _..______ _____. ___~~

;nsrrted 11. Plates into the vessel as shown and rhe end of the vessel crimped over Crimping shall be done cold only when the operation will not injure the metal. In other cases crimping shall be done when the entire circumfcrencc of the cylinder is uniformly heated to the proper forging temperature for the material. Crimping angle shall not he less than 30 but need not exceed 45. c = 0.7
MIN tl= WHICH t OR ts .IS EVER
D >GO ~,ni
4SV MAX )OPYIN
(a)
AS* MAX 30HIN 1
/SEAL WELD,
Di&
@I
or 4ZO.05
and p>ZOf
b) pressure tending to force the closure clear of the vessel will be released before the closure can be fully opened for access. In case the requirements (a) and (b) are not satisfied in the design of the closure, provision shall be made so that devices to accomplish this can be added when the vessel is installed. Vessels with quick-opening _closures shall be installed with a pressure gauge or warning device and, in addition, with means which will prevent pressure being applied unless the cover and holding elements are in proper operating condition and prevent disengagement of the holding elements while there is pressure loading on the cover. 3.7 Stayed
3.7.2.3 When the stays are of such long span that there is a possibility of undue sagging, consideration should be given to the support of the stays. 3.7.2.4 Stays shall not bear against the shell of the vessel except through the medium of a substantially continuous ring. 3.7.3 Thickne.rs
of
the Stqzd
and Braced Plates
3.7.3.1 The thickness of the stayed and braced plates shall be calculated by the following formula : (3.24) where t = minimum thickness of the plate in mm; p = design pressure in kgf/cm*; D = diameter of the largest circle in mm which may be inscribed between the supporting points of the plate ( see Fig. 3.11 ) ; 5 allowable stress value in kgf/mmz; f and C = a factor depending on the mode of support and is given by Fig. 3.12A to 3.12F. When the plate is supported in different ways on the circumference of the inscribed circle of diameter D, a mean value is to be adopted for C.
and Braced Plates
3.7.1 General-Plates which are braced by being connected to each other by means of stays, tubes, blocks, etc, shall be designed in accordance Though the method with the following formulae. of calculation used is primarily applicable to flat parallel plates., it may, when suitable, be applied to slightly inclmed plates or surfaces which because of their smaller thickness than required under the clauses of this code are to be stayed as flat plates. 3.1.2 Design 3.7.2.1 Stays may be attached to the plate stayed by screwing, welding, expanding, bolting or by a combination of any of these methods. 3.7.2.2 Stays made up of more than one bar welded into the body, that is composite bars, shall not be used. 28
Fra. 3.:!
STAYS FLAT PLATE

(A) FLANGE
OF A FLANGE0 c= 0*45
HEAD
(8)
WELDED BRACE c = o-45
/ yy .p
.4
-
___-_a-___--__--
-_--_--
___---_-_
(C)
WELDED TUBE c= 0*55
STAY
(0)
EXPANDED
AND BEADED c= o-55
TUBULAR
STAY
(E)
FIAd STAV WITH WASHER OF DIA NOT LESS THAN Z-5 TIMES THE STAY DIA c- 0*45 EIG.
( F) BAR STAY W!TH WASHER AND REINFORCING PLATE OF DIP. NOT LESS THAN O-30 c= 0.40
3.12 VALUES OF CO-EFFICIENT DEYESDIWG THP.'I'ypp, STAY C: ON OF

29
IS : 2825 - 1969 3.8 Openings, 3.8.1 General 3.8.1.1 Openings in the shell or end plates of a vessel shall be circular, elliptical or obround with a ratio of major to minor inside diameter not exceeding 2. Branches and Compensation
where between centres of any two, adjacent openings in mm; d = diameter of largest opening, in the case of an elliptical or obround opening the mean value of the two axes in mm; t, = actual thickness of vessel before corrosiou allowance is added in mm; t, = required thickness of vessel putting J = 1*Obefore corrosion allowance is added in mm; and X = a factor equal to
L = distance
3.8.1.2 It is preferable clear of welded seams. 3.8.2

Limitation of Formulae
to locate all openings
3.8.2.1 The formulae and rules given here for the design of compensation around openings are intended to apply directly to openings and branch connections not exceeding: 4 one-third the inside diameter of the shell for cylindrical and spherical shells; one-third the inside diameter of the conical b) section measured where the nozzle axis pierces the inner surface of the conical section, and for conical sections; and one-half the outside diameter of the end for ends.
PDO -18%
( see
Fig. 3.14A & B.)
When X has a value of unity or greater, the maximum size of an unreinforced opening shall be 50 mm.
Compensation of larger openings should be the subject of special consideration and, if necessary, the adequacy of the proposed design should be demonstrated by means of model tests or hydraulic proof test in accordance with 8.4. In the case cf large openings of a conical or reversed curve ( see Fig. 3.9 ) is recommended. in ends, the use reduction piece
3.8.4 Location of Compensated Openings in Ends Compensated openings in domed ends of semiellipsoidal or dished shape should preferably be so lo&ted that the outside of any attachment or the edge of any additional compensation will not be a greater distance from the centre of the end than 40 percent of the outside diameter of the end. In cases where this is not practicable the vessels shall be subjected to a hydraulic proof test ( see 8.4 ) except where similar vessels have proved the adequacy of the design by satisfactory operation under comparable conditions over a substantial period ( see 3.4.3.2 for uncompensated openings ). 3.8.5
Compensated Openings in Shells and ends 3.8.5.1 Genwl - At all planes through the axis of the opening normal to the vessel surface the cross-sectional area requirements for compensation as calculated below shall be satisfied: Material in added compensation, or in a branch, should have similar mechanical and physical properties to that in the vessel shell or end. Where material having a lower allowable stress than that of the vessel shell or end is taken as compensation its effective area shall be assumed to be reduced in the ratio of the allowable design stresses at the design temperature. No credit shall be taken for the additronal strength of material having a higher stress value than that in the shell or end of the vessel.
Details shown in Fig. 3.13k ti 3.13E offer progressive reductions in stress concentration. This consideration is of particular significance in the case of services involving severe fluctuations in pressure or temperature ( see Appendix E ) or low temperature duties ( see Appendix D ). 3.8.2.2 The formulae and rules given here are not directly applicable to: a) oblique nozzles when the angle between the axis of the nozzle and a line normal to the shell surface exceeds 15, and branches b) multiple openings or rnultiple where the axial distance is less than 1.5 times average diameter. 3.8.3 Uncompensated Openings - Isolated openor conical shells or spheres ings in cylindrical having a diameter not exceeding that given by Fig. 3.14 subject IU a maximum of 200 mm, do not For the limitations require added compensation. governing uncompensated openings in the ends, see 3.4.3. Openings spaced apart a distance not less than:
3.8.5.2 Calculation of compensation required a) Area required to be compensated-The total cross-sectional area of compensation, A, required in any given plane for a vessel under internal pressure shall be not less than:
A=d.t, ... .a. (3.26)
L = ( t,/t,
4 ta 1 It,
-
0.95 )
***
where
d=
but in no case less than twice the diameter of the larger opening may be regarded as isolated openings. 30
nominal internal diameter of the branch plus twice the corrosion allowance in mm ( sde Fig. 3.15 and 3.16 ),
IS : 2825 - 1969
(Cl
FIG. 3.13
(D) TYPICAL COMPENSATEDOPENINGS where

hi
(E)
t, = thickness, in mm, of an unpierced shell or end calculated from equations 3.1 and 3.3 and if the opening is located clear of any welded seam J= 1.0 except that: 1) For dished and JIanged and hemispherical en& - When the opening and its compensation are located entirely within the spherical portion of a dished end, tr js the thickness required for a sphere having a radius equal to the spherical portion of the end. 2) For semi-ellipSoida ends - When the opening and its compensation are in an ellipsoidal end and are located entirely within a circle having a radius, measured from the centre of the end, of 040 of the shell diameter, tr is the thickness required for a sphere having a radius R, derived from the following:
of dishing of end plate measured internally ( see Fig. 3.3 ) in mm, of end plate in D, = inside diameter mm, and RI = inside radius of equivalent sphere in mm. 3) When the opening is in a cone, t is the thickness required for a cone of diameter DK where the centre line of the opening pierces the inside surface of the cone.
= depth
b)
available for compensation - Only material located within the rectangle wxyt ( see Fig. 3.15 ) shall be deemed effective compensation. Material
1) The
portion of the shell or end available for compensation shall be taken as:
A S=d(t-tr-c) . . . (3.27)
2) The
portion of the branch external to the vessel available for compensation shall be taken as:
A, = 2H, ( t t, c) (3.28)
3) The portion of the branch inside the vessel available for compensation shall be taken as: Ai=2Zf,(t-2C) ..* (3.29)
31
where
A, = area c-4 portion
of shell or end whit-11 is clB~ti\-e as wmpensation mm2; of branch pipe
external to vessel which is effective as compensation in mm2; t = actual thickness of part, that is, shell! end or branch, under consideration, in mm;
A,, = area of portion
30 lOO@xJ i fnm2
*Oo 3.14A
50000
DRUM DIAMETER x THICKNESS (Dxt) FIG.
MAXIMUM
DIAMETER OF NON-REINFORCEDOPENINGS
32
IS : 2825 - 1969
tr
= minimum required thickness of part under consideration putting c = 0, in mm;
Hz
Zfr = height of effective compensation in branch wall external to vessel, measured from outside surface of compensation ring or vessel wall, in mm, the lesser of s/ d( t - c) and the actual
height of the fitting; and == height of any portion of ljranch pipe prqjecting insiclc \:csel and effective as cornpmsdtii)il, mmsured from the inside surf&e of vessel or compensation rii1.g. in mm, the lcsscr of ~~;i'(m'ie~~Ili:, and the actual height of the fitting;
I90
K=*20 K=*30 K--.&O
K**99 AN0 OVER
D&i Fm.3.14B
DlAMETERx THICKNESS (DXt) OF NON-REINFORCED OPENINGS
MAXIMUM DIAMETER
IS : 2825,-
1969 Ai = area of portion of brahch pipe inside vessel which is effective compensation: c d F corrosion allowance in mm; and = inside diameter of branch roded condition, in mm. in corwhere A, d and tr are as defined above. 2) Flat plates having an opening with a diameter exceeding one-half of the end diameter shall be designed as a flange ( see 3.10 ).
--KJT TC LXCEED 2a .----T I
Where the calculated value of A is greater than ( A,+ A,+ Ai ), additional compensation equal to I- ( A,+A, tAi ) shall be p rovided.
Compensation of jlanged-in openings - ( see 3.4.3 ) . Compensation for openings of this type, as shown in Fig. 3.17, shall be calculated as above except that: 1) The depth of flanging which may be counted as compensation shall be in accordance with equation 3.30: Hs = 2/ W( t-c)
. . . (3.30)
AREA OF COMPENSATION m 70 BE NOT LESS THAN AREA=
where H, = depth of flanging, in mm, allowed as compensation and as shown in Fig. 3.17.
NOTE -- Ha for a cylindrical shell is measured at the side of the minor axis, and for a domed end at the side of the major axis.
Thickness exaggerated for clarity and weld profllar shown diagrammatically only.
Fm. 3.15 SIMPLE THROUGH BRANCH CONNECTION, SHOWING EFFECTIVE AREA FOR COMPENSATION
W is the maximum width of opening in mm as shown in Fig. 3.17. Whrre the opening is cut in a cylindrical shell, W shall be the minor axis and shall be placed parallel to the axis of !he vessel. Where the opening is cut in a domed or flat end, W shall be the major axis. 2)
r-- ---
-NOT TO EXCEED
2d
ne ssary The area of compensation shall be determined by equation zr .31: A = &,.t . . . (3.31) required,
where A = area of compensation in mms;
L-J.-.-._._
AREA OF COMPENSATION m
INSIDE OF VESSEL -l-
W, = mean width of opening as shown in Fig. 3.17 measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vessel in the case of openings in shells, or, in the case of openings in end plates, measured along the major axis of the opening, in mm; and t, = calculated thickness in mm, and, if the opening is located clear of a welded joint, ,I= 1-O. 3) The full thickness of the flanging, less corrosion allowance may be counted as compensation ( see Fig. 3.17 1.
Y AREA H
TO BE NOT LESS THAN
Thickness exaggeratedfor clarity and weld profllrs shown diagrammatically only.
FIG. 3.16 COMPENSATED BRANCH CONNECTION, SHOWING EFFECTIVEAREA FOR COMPENSATION

NOT TO EXCEEO 1W
d) Compensation of openingi in jlat end plate3
1)
Flat plates that have an opening with a diameter that does not exceed one-half of the end plate diameter shall have a total cross-sectional area of compensation not less than that required by equation 3.32: A = d.t. ... (3.32)
AREA OF COMPENSATION
i0
BE NOT LESS THAN AREA m
Additlonal
compensation
provided.
If necessary.
Fro.
3.17
FLANOED-IN OPENING, SHOWINO EFFECTIVE COMPENSATION
34
ISr2825-1!969
3.8.5.3 [email protected]
for
0pCnings
subject
31.9
Branch Pipes
to external pressure-This
cent of that required the required minimum pressure.
need be only 50 perin 3.8.5.2 where tr is thickness under external
3.8.9.1 The thickness of the branch pipe shall be adequate to meet the design requirement and shall in addition take into consideration the following factors:
a) Corrosion, erosion and wear; to the pipe from connectmay happen b) Loads transmitted ing piping; and
rings 3.8.6 Tell-Tab Holes -- Compensating and similar constructions which may have chambers sealed in by the welding construction shall have at least one tell-tale hole tapped to P ) size ( see IS : 554-1964* ). 36.7 Screwed Connections
c) Accidental loadings that during transit and erection.
3.8.7.1 Screw threadr - Threads shall be in accordance with IS : 554-1964*, IS : 2643-19641; IS : 3333 ( Part I )-1967:; and IS : 4218-19688. The following constructions are permitted ( see Fig. G.l to G.5 ) :
But in no case it shall be less than that given by the following table: Branch Nominal Size, mm Minimum Thickness*, mm
r-
Threads may be tapered or parallel, but if parallel threads are used, a collar on the pipe and a facing around the hole shall be arranged to provide a joint-face; and Screwed connections should not exceed P li size ( see IS : 554-1964* ) or equivalent.
Carbon & Ferritic Alloy Steels 5 6 8 10 11 13 16
Austenitic Stainless Steels 3 5 6 8 10 10 13
51 & smaller 65, 80, 90 100, 150 203, 254 305 356 406,457 3.9 Access and Inspcctlon $9.0 General
b)
Tapped holes in plates - The maximum 3.8.7.2 diameter shall not exceed the thickness of the plate before adding corrosion allowance. 3.8.7.3 Welded sockets - These may be used for construction as shown in Fig. G.3 to G.5. 3.8.8 Studded Connections
Opedngs
3.8.8.1 Whenever possible, it is recommended The vessel that studded connections be avoided. shall have a surface machined flat on a built up pad or on a properly attached plate for making the connection ( see Fig. G.6 to G. 12 ). 3.8.8.2 Where tapped holes are provided for studs,, the threads shall be full and clean and shall engage the stud for a length notless than the larger of d, or allowable stress for the stud material at design temperature 0*75d, x allowable stress for the tapped material at design temperature where d, is the stud diameter.
3.9.0.1 vessels subject to internal corrosion All or having parts subject to erosion shall be provided with suitable inspection and/or access openings so located as to permit a complete visual examination of the interior of the vessels. In the case of vessels, in which vapours and/or fumes are likely to be present in such concentration as to be dangerous to persons entering the vessel for inspection and/or maintenance, manholes of adequate dimensions shall be provided?.
3.9.0.2 Manholes, where provided, shall be at least 450 mm in diameter if circular and if elliptical its dimensions shall not be less than 450 x 400 mm.
3.9.1 Requirements for

Manhole
Insrpection Ojenings
and
3.8.8.3 Stud holes should not penetrate to within 0.25 times the wall thickness from the inside vessel surface, after deducting corrosion allowance; but when stud holes penetrate to within 0.25 times the wall thickness from the inner surface of the vessel, additional metal. shall be provided on the inside.
*Dimensions for pipe threads for screwed fittings. gas list tubes and
3.9.1.0 All vessels required by 3.9.0.1 to have inspection and/or access openings shall be provided with handholes, mudholes and manholes in number and sizes as follows; to facilitate cleaning and inspection: Inside Vessel Diameter a) Up to 230 mm Requirement Two openings each not than 30 mm clear bore
condition.
less
tDimensions for pipe threads for fastening purposes. SDimcnsions for petroleum industry -pipe thriads: Line pipe thiez?da. #ISO.metric scrrw threads. Part I
*The thickness is in corn&d
t&c Section 36, Chapter IV of the Indian Factor& Act, 1948. See CLJO : 3133-1965 Mauhole and inspection IS openings for chemical equipment.
35
IS : 2825 - 1969 Inside Vessel Diameter b) 230 mm to 400 mm c) 400 mm to 600 mm Requirement Two openings each of not less than 45 mm clear bore openings of Two circular minimum 90 mm diameter or two elliptical openings of minimum dimensions 90 x 76 mm One manhole or two elliptiinspection openings of cal minimum dimensions 125 x 75 mm and if circular, of equivalent area. against a flat gasket shall have a minimum gasket bearing width of 17.5 mm. The total clearance between the manhole frame and the spigot or recess of such doors shall not exceed 3 mm, that is 1.5 mm all round. 3.9.4 Threaded Openings - When a threaded opening is to be used for inspection or cleaning purposes, the closing plug or cap shall be of a material suitable for the pressure and temperature conditions. Threads may be tapered or parallel, but if parallel threads are used, a collar on the pipe and a facing around the hole shall be arranged to provide a joint face. Threads shall be in accordance with IS : 554-1964* or IS : 3333 ( Part I )1967?. Screwed connections should not exceed size Plf of IS : 554-1964* or equivalent. 3.10 Bolted Flange Connections
d) 600 mm to 900 mm
e)
At least one manhole except 900 mm where the shape or use of and above vessel makes this impracticable in which case they shall be provided with sufficient elliptical handholes of minimum dimensions 150 x 100 mm, and if circular, of equivalent area.
NOTE - For any vessel for which manholes have to be provided to permit inspection or other purposes, the user should inform the manufacturer if dangerous fumes are liable to be present, after the vessel has been in operation, to such an extent as IO involve the risk of persons being owrcome thereby. In such a case, it is recommended
that. the v~ss.4 be provided with to facilitate rescue operations. at least two manholes
3.10.1 Types- Bolted flanges may be divided into two broad types as follo&: 4 Wide-face flanges in which the joint ring or gasket extends over the full width of the flange face. These are suitable only when used with comparatively soft gaskets. It is recommended that full-face joint flanges should not be used for pressures exceedmg or temperatures exceeding %io zf/cm2 0
b)
3.9.1.1 Openings for pipe connections, removable ends or cover plates may be used in place of inspection openings provided they are equal at least to the size of the openings permitted and can be conveniently removed for inspection. A single removable end or cover plate can be used in place of all other inspection openings if it is of such a size and location that a general view of the interior is given at least equal to that obtained with inspection openings otherwise required. 3.9.1.2 Handling gear - Lifting gear shall be provided to facilitate the handling of manhole covers which are in the vertical plane and which weigh more than 60 kg. A manhole cover located in the horizontal plane shall be fitted with lifting handles provided its weight does not exceed 100 kg. When the cover weight exceeds 100 kg, supporting gear shall be provided. 3.9.2 Location
Jarrow -face joint flanges in which the joint ring or gasket does not extend beyond the inside of the bolt holes ( see 4.3 ).
3.10.2 Flanges to IS : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ or equivalent shall be used for connections to external piping. Flanges not covered by IS : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ like shell fl?IIges, which are not subject to appreciable loads due to external bending moments, shall conform to IS : 4864 to 4870-1968q. Non-standard flanges not covered by these or other Indian Standard specifications may be designed in accordance with the requirements of 4. 3.10.3 Attachment of Flanges - Bolted flanges may be attached to the vessel or branch pipe by any of the methods given in Fig. G.39 to G.44. 3.11 Ligament HEciency
3.9.2.1 Manholes shall be so located as to permit ready ingress and egress of a person. 3.9.2.2 Manholes or handholes in cylindrical shells shall, where practicable, be placed away from any welded seam. 3.9.2.3 Non-circular manhole or handhole openings shall, wherever possible, be arranged with their minor axes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. 3.9.3 Minimnrn Gaske! Bearing Width and Clearance -for Manhole Corer PiatPs -- Manholes of the type in which the internal pressure forces the cover plate 36
3.11.1 General-Where a shell is drilled with multiple holes, for example, in tube plates, its strength is reduced in proportion to the metal removed and according to the relative arrangement of the holes. In such cases it is necessary to calculate the strength of the ligaments between the holes. In the clauses that follow, methods for calculatinq the ligament efficiency are given. The shell thickness and the working pressure shall be based on the ligament having the lowest efficiency. __-__-_ *Dimensions for pipe threads for gas list tubes and
screwed fittings. tDimcnsions for pelroleum industry pipe threads : Part I Lint pipe threads. $Sprcilicalic,n for stwl pipe flanges ( under@$arn!io?t). YDimcnsions for shell flanges for wssrls and equipment.
IS : 282!5 ,- 1969 3.11.2 Drilling Parallel to the Axis - When the tube holes are drilled in a cylindrical shell parallel to its axis, the efficiency J of ligaments shall be determined as follows.
3.11.2.1 Regular drilling - When the holes are regularly spaced along the line in question, the following equation shall apply: (3.93) where p = pitch of tube holes, of tube and d = diameter holes. arranged along a diagonal line with respect to the longitudinal axis, the efficiency J of corresponding ligaments is given in Fig. 3.19 with the ratio b/n 2a - d or 4 used on the abscissa and the ratio 2a as a parameter where a and b are to be measured as shown in Fig. 3.2OA and 3.20B, d is equal to diameter of the tube holes, and a is the angle of centre line of cylinder to centre line of diagonal holes.
NOTE - The dimension b shall be measured the flat plate before rolling or on the median rolling. either on line after
3.11.2.2 Irregular drilling - When the pitch of holes along the line in question is unequal, the following equation shall apply ( Fig. 3.18 ): .. where P = totai length between centres corresponding to n consecutive ligaments. This length should conform to conditions specified in 3.11.5; n = number p; and d = diameter of tube holes in length (3.34)
The data on Fig. 3.19 are based on the following formula: J= where
2 A+B+2/(A-B))2+4C2
A=
cos2a + 1
( sinea + 1 )
of tube holes.
C=
2 (
3.11.3 Circumferential Drilling - When bending stresses due to weight are negligible, the efficiency of ligaments between holes in the case of a circumferential drilling shall not be used in the calculation of thickness of a cylindrical shell, provided that the efficiency of circumferential ligaments calculated according to 3.11.2.1 or 3.11.2.2 is at least one-half of the efficiency of longitudinal ligaments. If this condition is not complied with, equation 3.1 shall be used with J equal to twice the efficiency of circumferential ligaments calculated according to 3.11.2.1 or 3.11.2.2. For applying in 3.11.2.1 or 3.11.2.2 the pitch of tubes shall be measured either on the flat plate before rolling or along the median line after rolling.
sina cosa d cosa l-a >
cosa = d 1++
sina = ___ 2/l++
3.11.4.2 The same rule shall apply case of drilling holes to a regular saw-tooth as shown in Fig. 3.2OC. 3.11.4.3 In spacing of tube efficiency J of circumferential, Fig. 3.21 by the
for the pattern
3.11.4 Drilling Along a Diagonal Line 3.11.4.1

weight are When bending stresses due to negligible and the tube holes are
the case of a regular staggered holes, the smallest value of the all the ligaments ( longitudinal, and diagonal ), is given in ratio p,/p~ on the abscissa: PL or - d a
and the ratio PL
T CENTRE
LINE OF CYLINDER
/d
t_
PtP1+p,~~3+p4~
Fra. 3.18
IRREGULAR DRILLING
37
l-00
0.95
0.90
O-65
O-80
0.75
o-95
o-90
I-00
O-60
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.45
0.40
0.60
0.50
0.35
IS:2825-l%Y
TCENTRE LINE Of CVLbNW?
inside radius ( maximum 750 mm ) taken at the least favourable part. A lower efficiency calculated length need not be considered. over a shorter
FIG. 3.2OA REGULAR STAGGERINGOF HOLES
If the unequally spaced holes form a symmetrical pattern over a length greater than the inside diameter of the shell with a maximum of 1 500 mm to give a greater efficiency over such length than is obtained above: then this greater efficiency may be used. When holes spaced longitudinally along a drum are not in a straight line, the equivalent longitudinal pitch for each spacing may be used in the application of the above rules. This equivalent pitch is obtained by multiplying the actual longitudinal pitch by the equivalent efficiency obtained from Fig. 3.19 for each spacing. 3.11.6 Tube plates in heat exchangers and pressure vessels shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of IS : 4503-1967*.
,-CENTRE
LINE OF CVLINDER
r d
Aatalc
3.12 Jacketed
Vessels
3.12.1 General - In addition to the requireFIG. 3.20B SPACINGO;E~~OLICS A DIAGONAL ments stated elsewhere in this code, the design of ON jacketed vessels shall take into consideration the following factors: 4 The inner vessel shall be designed to resist ,-CENTRE LINE OF CYLINDER the full differential pressure that may exist k-a-l under any operating conditions, including accidental vacuum in the inner vessel due to condensation of vapour contents. b) The local stresses that may be caused by differential expansion between the jacket and the jacketed vessel. 4 Where the inner vessel is to operate under FIG. 3.2OC REGULAR SAW TOOTH PATTSRN vacuum and the hydraulic test pressure for OF HOLES the jacket is correspondingly increased to test the inner vessel externally, care shall be taken that the jacket shell is designed where to withstand this extra presstut. d = diameter of the tube holes, 3.12.2 Attachment - The jackets may be secured PC = 2b = twice the distance between to the shell or ends or both by means of any circumferential rows of holes, suitable bolted or welded connections that is appropriate under the conditions of service ( set PL = 2a = twice the distance between axial rows of holes, and Fig. G.45 to G.59 and G.66 ). a = angle of centre line of cylinder to 3.12.3 Stqs - Stays may be used to secure the centre line of diagonal holes. jacket to the jacketed vessel OF end. Wherever they are provided, the surfaces shall be calculated dimension PO shall be measured either on NOTE -The as flat stayed surfaces ( see 3.7 ). Stays which the Bat plate before rolling or on tbe median line after rolling. The data on Fig. 3.21 are based on the same require perforation of the walls of the inner formulae as Fig. 3.19. vessel shall not be used. 3.11.5 Length Which Can be T&n into Con& akration for Drilling of Unequally Spaced Holes Where holes are unequally spaced, the average ligament efficiency J ( used in the equation 3.1 ) shall be not more than what can be calculated using the equation ( 3.34 ) ] at any part over a E ength equal to the inside diameter of the shell ( maximum 1 500 mm ), or not more than l-25 times that obtained over a length equal to the 3.12.4 Outlets - Outlets which pass through the jacket space -or through recesses in jackets are common practice in the case of jacketed vessds. ( see Fig. G.60 to G.65 ). 3.12.5 Cot$ensation - Where reinforcement is required it shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.8.
+Sncrifir*tinn for A-.11 and tube type heat exchangers.
39
IS : 2825- 1969
3.13
supports
(,Seealso Appendix C ).
3.13.1 Gmeral Design - The details of supports and internal structures shall conform to good practice. Care shall be taken that the tcmperature gradients in external structures immediateiy adjacent to the shell do not produce stresses m excess of those laid down as permissible. If necessary, lagginq should be applied to limit the temperature gradlent to a value producing acceptable stresses. Loads arising from differential thermal expansion of the shell and the stipportitg structure in general shall not produce stresses m excess of those permitted by the respective specification. External stays or internal framing that may be used for supporting internal parts may be used to provide a stiffening effect on the shell where exterior supporting structures, which do not form part of the vessel, should comply with the requirements of IS : 8OO-1962*. When such supports are to be constructed in reinforced concrete they should comply with the requirements qf IS : 456-1964t. In case of load carrying attachments welded directly to pressure parts, the material and the deposited weld metal shall be compatible with that of the pressure part. 3.13.2 Vertical Vessels
Where the value of the product is less than 16 x 106 ( mm2 deg ) the nominal compressive stress in the skirt should not exceed one-half of the yield stress of the skirt material at the temperature concerned or the value expressed by:
f max =
where
0.125 E.t cos o! D
. . . ( 3.35)
E = elastic Tables
modulus in 3.1 to 3.4 ),
kgf/mm*
( see
t = skirt thickness in mm,

D = skirt diameter in mm, and
a = half the top angle of the conical skirt ( for cylindrical skirts c0S a=1 ). 3.13.3 Horizontal Vessels
3.13.3.1 Horizontal vessels may be supported by means of saddles, equivalent leg supports or ring supports as shown in Fig. 3.22D and Fig. 3.223. The welds attaching ring supports to the vessel should have a minimum leg length equal to the thickness of the thinner of the two parts being jslned together. 3.13.3.2 Saddles may be used for vessels of which the wall is not too thin. Saddles should preferably extend over at least 120 degrees of the circumference of the vessel. For thin vessels it may be desirable to place the saddles at points near the ends of the vessel. 3.13.3.3 For thin-walled vessel whtre excessive distortion due to the weight of the vessel may be expected, ring supports as shown in Fig. 3.223, are recommended. Where practicable, two ring supports only are preferable, 3.14 Internal Structures
3.13.2.1 Bracket support - Where vertical vessels are supported on lugs or brackets attached to the shell (, Fig. 3.22A ), the supporting members under the. hearing attachments ihall preferably be as close to the shell as clearance for insulation will permit. The choice between a number of brackets and a ring girder will depend upon the conditions for each individual vessel. 3.13.2.2 Column support -- \ertical vessels supported on a number of posts or columns may require bracing or stiffening by means of a ring girder, internal partition or similar device in order to resist the force tending to buckle the vessel wall. 3.13.2.3 Skirt sup,bort - This type of support as indicated in Fig. 3.22B and 3.22C should be not less than 7 mm thick in corroded condition. ( mm ), \\here the product of skirt diameter thickness ( mm ), and temperature at the top of the skirt above ambient ( deg ) exceeds 16 x 106 ( mm% deg ) account should be taken of the discontinuity stresses in both skirt and vessel induced by the temperature gradient in the upper section of the skirt. It is recommended that these stresses should be assessed by the criteria of 3.3.2.4 and Appendix C. *Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building construction ( under revision ). tCode of practice for plain and reinforc&dconcrete for general building construction (second revision ).
3.14.1 Internal structures and fittings shall be designed in accordance with good engineering practice and shall be arranged as far as practicable to avoid imposing local concentrated loads on the vessel. 3.14..2 Local loads from internal structures or from vessel contents shall be carried, where possible, by means of suitable stiffeners and or spacers directly to the vessel Supports and thus to the foundations without stressing the vessel walls or ends. 3.14.3 Horizontal cylindrical vessels, which are provided with vertical external tower like extensions, should, where necessary, have the exten. sions supported independently of the vessel. 41
ANCHOR SUPPORT
(A) BRACKET
SUPPORT
(B) SKIRT
SUPPORT
(C) SKIRT SUPPORT
W
(0) SADDLE SUPPORT
T STIFFENING RING
NEUTRAL AXIS OF
(E) RING SUPPORT FIG. 3.22 SUPPORT"
42
Is:!uWi-1969 4. FLANGE CALCULATIONS NON-STANDARD FLANGES 4.1 General FOR 4.1.5 The derations of consideration from leakage
following rules are based upon consistrength. In unusual circumstances may be required to ensure freedom
*.
The rules in this clause apply specifically to the design of bolted flanged connections and are to be used in conjunction with the applicable requirements of this standard.
4.1.1
These rules provide only for hydrostatic end loads and gasket seating. Where suitable, flanges complying with the appropriate Indian Standards ( see 3.10.2 ) shall be used and in such cases the calculations required by this -section need not be carried out. 4.1.2 The design of a flange involves the selection of the gasket ( material, type and dimensions ), flange facing, bolting, hub proportions, flange Flange dimensions shall width, flange thickness. be such that the stresses in the flange, calculated in accordance with 4.7 do not exceed the values specified in 4.8. 4.1.3 Hub flanges shall not be made by machining the hub directly from plate materials except subject to special approval by the purchaser. 4.1.4 The thickneii of flanges shall be determined aa the greater required either by the o erating or by the bolting-up conditions and in a P cases, both conditions shall be calculated in 1 accordance with the following: 4 Operating conditions - The operating conditions are the conditions required to resist the hydrostatic end force of the design pressure tending to part the joint, and to maintain on the gasket or joint-contact surface sufficient compression to assure a tight joint, all at the design temperature. The minimum load is a fimction of the design pressure, the gasket material, and the effective gasket or contact area to be kept tight under pressure ( equation 4.1 ), and determines one of the two requirements for the amount of the bolting, Aml. This load is also used for the design of the flange ( equation 4.3 ). conditions - The Bolting-up bolting-up b) conditions are the conditions existing when the gasket or joint-contact surface is seated by applying ai initial load with the bolts when assembling the joint, at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The minimum initial load considered to be adequate for proper seating is a function of the gasket material, and the effective gasket or contact area to be seated ( equation 4.1 ) and determines the other of the two requirements for the amount of bolting, A,. For the design of the flange, this load is modified ( equation 4.4 ), to take account of the operating conditions, when these govern the amount of bolting required, Am as well as the amount of bolting actually provided, Ab.
4.2 Fasteners-It is recommended that bolts and studs have a nominal diHmeter of not less than 12 mm. If bolts or studs smaller than 12 mm are used, bolting material shall be of alloy steel. Precautions shall be taken to avoid over stressing smaller diameter bolts. Bolts and studs shall not have a thread of coarser pitch than 3 mm pitch except by special approval by the purchaser. 4.3 Classification of Flanges-For design purposes, flanged facings shall come .mder one of the fdllowiig categoGes:
a)
b)
jvawow-Faced Flanges - These are flanges where all the face contact area lies inside the circle enclosed by the bolt holes. They may be of the gasketed type or have faceto-face joints or a combination of both with or without a seal weld. The design rules for such flanges are given below. Wide-Faced Flanges - These are flanges with face contact area outside the circle enclosed by the bolt holes. The design rules for these flanges are not included ( see 4.1 ).
4.4 Flanges
Subject to Internal Pressure ( Narrow-Faced Flanges ) - Ttle,ufnge desigrl,
methods outlined in this together with 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 are apblicable to circular flanges under internal pressure.
The notation described below is used in the formulae for the design of flanges ( see aLro Fig. 4.1 ). A = outside. diameter of flange or, where slotted holes extend to the outside of the flange, the diameter to the bottom of the slots, mm*. Ab = actual total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of thread or section of least diameter under stress, mm2. Am= total required cross-sectional a>ea of bolts, taken as the greater of Am1 and A m2, mm2. A IIll = total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of thread or sectiog of least diameter under stress, required for the operating conditions, mm = w&/&. A mr = total cross-sectional area of bolts at root of thread or section of least diameter under stress, required for gasket seating, mms = WmJ&. B = inside diameter of flange, mm. G = bolt pitch correction factor 2/ bolt spacing 2 ( bolt diameter ) + t
*Rcfcrmce. Murray N,.W. and Stuart D.G. Bchaviour in large taper hub flange . Symposium on premrc vascl research towards better design. Inst. Mech. E. 1961.
43
IS:2s25-1969
b = effective gasket or joint-contact-surface seating width, mm ( see Note in 4.5.2 ). 26 = effective gasket pressure width, or joint-contact-surface mm ( see 4.5 ). mm ( from hD = radial distance from the bolt circle, to the circle on which HD acts, as prescribed in 4.6, mm. hG = radial distance from gasket load reaction to the bolt circle, mm = C-G -. 2 * ho = dBgo, mm hT = radial distance from the bolt circle to the circle on which HT acts as prescribed in 4.6, mm. X = ratio of outside diameter of flange inside diameter of flange = A/B. flanges j to
b,, = basic gasket seating width, Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.2 ). C = bolt-circle diameter, mm d = factor, for integral-type d= for loose-type flanges +-
flanges
hogo
c = factor,
for integral-type
A = factor = 1
j
e=--for loose-type flanges
F ho
FI
te+
1 T +d
t3 nf*t,
MJ = The greater of MOD or

A&,
x SF,
SFA
b=ho F = factor for integral-type Fig. 4.4 ). for FL = factor Fig. 4.6 ). = loose-type
= total moment acting upon the flange for gasket seating conditions, kgf*mm.
flanges flanges
1 ( from ( from
A&, = total moment acting on the flange for operating conditions, kgcmm. m = gasket factor, obtained ( see Note in 5.4.2 ). from Table 4.1
hub stress-correction factor for integral flanges from Fig. 4.8 ( when greater than 1 this is the ratio of the stress in the small end of hub to the stress in the large end ) ; ( for values below limit of figure use f = 1 ). diameter at location of gasket load reaction. Except as noted in sketch-A of Fig. 4.1, C is defined as follows ( see Fig. 4.2 ). when b. < 6.3 mm, C = mean diameter of gasket contact face, mm: when b > 6.3 mm, G = outside meter of gasket contact face 26, mm. dialess
,V = width, mm, used to determine the basic gasket seating width bo, based upon the possible contact width of the gasket ( see Table 4.2 ). p = design pressure, kgf/cm3. For flanges subject to external pressure, see 4.9. R = radial distance from bolt circle to point of connection of hub and back of flange, mm ( integral and hub flanges ), C-B -Sl. 2 S, = nominal bolt stress at ambient temperature, kgf/mm* ( see Table 4.5 ). Sil = nominal bolt stress,at design temperature, kgf/mm3 ( see Table 4.5 ). SFA = nominal design stress for flange material at ambient temperature ( gasket seating conditions ), kgf/mm2 from Table 2 1*. SFo = nominal material design stresses for flange temperature design at condition ), kgf/mm* from
G=
so = thickness of hub at small end, mm. Sl = thickness of htib at back of flange, mm. H = total hydrostatic end force, kgf =
-&-
G2p.
inside
Hn = hydrostatic end force on area of flange kgf = x/400 B2P.
. & = calculated
kgf/mm2. = calculated mm2. Sr = calculated kgf/mm3. s, 7 = factor
pagp;;5
.
longitudinal radial stress in hub, kgfl
HG = gasket load ( difference
between flange design bolt load and total hydrostatic end force ), kgf HG = Wm, - H = HP for operating condition, HG = W for gasket seating condition.
stress in flange, stress ( from
tangential X
in flange, Fig. 4.3 ).
compression HP = total joint-contact-surface PxbGmp load, kgf = 100 between total hydrostatic HT = difference end force and the.hvdrostatic end force on area inside of flakge, kgf = HHD, h = hub length, mm. 44
involving
t = flange thickness, mm
*The above definitions are based on the assumption that the materials for the flange ring and neck are not signiiicandy different in their appropriate mechanical properties. If they are different, either the lower values should be used or special consideration given to the design.
IS:m25-1%9 U - factor involving X ( from Fig. 4.3 ). Y = factor for integral-type flanges ( from Fig. 4.5 ). V, = factor for Fig. 4.7 ) loose-type flanges ( from 4.5 Bolt4.5.1 The minimum cross section of the bolting provided shall be adequate: a) to prevent leakage under the operating conditions, and b) to seat the gasket under the bolting-up condition. 4.5.1 .l Opcrcrting condition To retain a leaktight joint under pressure the minimum bolting required W,,,, shall be given by equation 4.1: Klr H+H, 2 x bGmj ... (4.1) where H = x/400 Cp for gasket flanges
W = flange design bolt load, for th opera-
ting conditions or gasket -seating, as may apply, kgf ( see 4.5.3 and 4.9 ).
W,, = minimum required bolt load for the operating conditions, kgf ( see 4.5 ). W& - minimum required bolt load for gasket seating, kgf ( see 4.5 ). a, = width, in mm, used to determine the basic gasket seating width bo, based upon the contact width between the flange facing and the gasket ( see Table 4.2 ). Y = factor involving X ( from Fig. 4.3 ). y c gasket or joint-contact-surface unit seating load, kgf/mm ( see 4.5 ). 3 = factor involving X ( from Fig. 4.3 ). 4.4.1 Loose-Type Flanges- This type covers those designs where the method of attachment is not considered to give the mechanical strength equivalent of integral attachment, see Fig. 4.1 A, B, C and D for typical-loose-type flanges and the location of the loads and moments. Welds and other details of construction shall satisfl the dhnensional requirements given in Fig. 4.1 B, C and D. 4.4.2 Integral-Type Flanges-This type covers designs of such a nature that the flange and nozzle neck, vessel, or pipe wall is considered to be the equivalent of an integral structure, In welded construction, the nozzle neck, vessel, or pipe wall is considered to act as a hub. See Fig. 4.1 E, F, Fl, F2 and G for typical integral-type flanges and the location of the loads and moments. Welds and other details of construction shall satisfy the dimensional requirements given in Fig. 4.1 E, F, Fl, F2 and G. 4.43 Optional-T&e Flanges-This type covers designs where the attachment of the flange to the nozzle neck, vessel, or pipe wall is such that the assembly is considered to act as a unit, which shall lx calculated as an integral flange, except that for simplicity the designer may calculate the construction as a loose-type flange provided none of the following values is exceeded: go =16mm,; j: 300, p= 21 kgf/cm, op-
HP-
1oo
4.5.1.2 Bolting-u&cona%ion For gasket seating the minimum bolt load required W,, shall be: W,=,bGy 4.5.2 The minimum required adequate to provide the greater determined by equations 4.1 This area shall be calculated by at the temperatures appropriate tions:
where Am1 = Wml/&, and Am8= Wmz/& The actual bolt area provided ( Ab ) shall be not less than Am, and, to prevent damage to the gasket during bolting-up, shall not exceed the value given by: A _2xyGfl b---x-... (4.4)
...
(4.2)
bolt area shall be of the bolt loads and 4.2 above. using bolt stresses to the two condi...
that is, A, is the greater of Am1or A,
(4.3)
If it is not-practicable to adjust the actual bolt area to meet the latter requirement the whole procedure shall be repeated with a suitably modified gasket.
NOTE - See Table 4.1, Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.2 for mggecd valuu dm, b andy.
The method used to tighten the bolts shall ensure that the design bolt stresses are attained.
4.5.3 ends ) Design bolt load W (flanges and bolted
Loads used in the design of the flange shall be : For operating condition,
erating temperature = 365%. ( see Fig. 4.1 H, HI, H2 and J ) for typical o tional-type flanges. Welds and other details I! construction shall satisfy the dimensional &uirements given in Fig. 4.1 H, Hl, H2 and J.
W = Wmt Ani+Ab 2 x S
l
For bolting-up condition, W =

NOTEFor w mbjcct
sea 4.9.
to cxUrnal
preuure
45
LOOSE-TYPE
FLANGES
Loading and dimensions not shown arc same BI shown in Sketch (B)
BE TAKEN AT MID POINT OF CONTACT BETWEEN FLANOE AND LAP INDEPENDENT OF OASKET-LOCATION
RIVETED OR SCREWED FLANQE WITH OR WITHOUT HUB
GASKET
GASKET
tn+6*3mtn. MAX
+,t +x4
0*7tn
FOR HUB TAPIRS LESS USE go-g,
MIN
6 OR
w GASKET I Al
(0)
-I w p
f hD c
C HD
WHERE HUB SLOPE ADJACENT EXCEEDS I:3 USE DElAILS(F$
To FLANO~ OR (FZ)
(El
(F) GASKET7 p-t-1
Ih
O= 1)
91 J B0 UNIFORM THICKNESS
F2)
MAX
42s~g BUT NOT LESS THAN 64mmn
b- OF WELD C
FIG. 4.1
CLM~$FIOATION OF
THE MINIMUM FOR EITHER LEO. THIS WELD MAY BE MACHINED TO A CORNER RADIUS AS PERMITTED I?4 DETAIL(E) IN WHICH CASE g,mgD
.-
(G) FLMOU ROR

C~CULATION hpOSRS (CIIJlmud)
46
OPTIbNAL-TYPE
FLANGES
These may be calculated aa either locac- or integral-type ( SCI 4.4.1 4.4.2 ). Loading and dimcnsiom and not showii are the same PI (B) for looetype 6angu or (G) for integral-type
6*3mn LESS THAN.603mm
(HII
(HI
tn
(H2)
(J)
NOTE-Fillet radiur I to be at l&t @25 gl, but not laa than ( +5 mm ). Raked, tongue-6rcovq male and fanale, and ring joint facinga shall be in cxccn of the required minimum Range thkknas :.
FIG. 4.1
CLASSIFICATION FLANCUU OF FOR CALCULATION PURPOSES
J?.tTectivegasket
seating width = bo,when bo * 63 mm b
and-2*5~b,,,whenb.>6-Smm NW -The gasket factora liaed only apply to #at@ attWy within itma edgea the afthe boltholes. Fm. 4.2 jointain whichthe gasket contained t
bCATION OF GASKST LOAD
Ra~cmon
T =
K*(l+8*55246 log,K)-1 W04720+1~9U6K2)(~-l) K2(1+6*5524610g,,K)-1 1*36136(K'-l)(K-1)
u=
Y =
&
(066845+5*71690*
Kc;
6.0
2.5
I
13
I _^ I I I I .._ I I I I ..^ I I lIllll~IIllIlIIIJ ^_ .wJ

LU L3 JU
4-o
._
4.5
.-
__ 5-u
K=A B
Fro. 4.3 VALUSSOF 1; LJ,Y A tND 5 FOR
K+
K=$
GRRATRR THAN 1.5
IS : 2825- 1969
**lo O*?O 0*25 0*30 0*35 o-40

o-45 0*50
0*60 o*70 0*60

O-90
PO0
r 0.6
1.25 1.50
Fm. 4.4
VALW
OF F ( INTWRAL FLANGE FACTORS)
0.6
v o-3
E 0120 O-25 o-30 0.35 0.40 0.45 O-50 ^ ^
FIG. 4.5
VALIJSS OP Y (
INTE~EAL FLANIX FACTORS)
49
r15:2825-1969
'90 8 7 6
--5 ~__...~._.. I--, r 4 3 2
_-L---c?T I
, ~_._ _-.i----- ._ 0.16 -_. o,,8 I ..__ I c--- z i 0.20 0.25 0*30 0.35 0.40 0945 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 . ?%
FL
@4<
I.0
1.5
2.0 %Igo
3.0
4*0
5*0
FIG. 4.6
VALUES OF FL (LOOSE HUB FLANGE FACTORS)
100 8 ioo 20
0.10 O=l? 0.14 O-16 0*18 0920 0*25 0*30 0*35 0*40
'! 6 i VL 2 1 8:;
8:'; o-2
01 0.i: 8 KG gls: l*O 1*5 30 %/eo 3*0 4*0
o-45 0*50 O-60 o-70 O-60

KE . 1950 2*00 5'0
FIG. 4.7 VALUES QF V, (LOOSE HUB FLANGE FACTORS j
IS:28!I5-l%!I
25 20 z.05 O*lO o-15 0*20
I
15
0.25 0*30 o-35 o-40 o-45 o-50 O-60 o-70
10 9 6 7
5 4 O-60 0.90 3 2.5 1.10 2 l-20 1.5 1'30 l-00
1*5
91
Fxc.
/go
AND
4.8
VA&U
OF f
( HUB
STRESS CORRECTION
FACTOR )
TABLE [ Gasket factors
4.1
GASKET
MATEKIALS conditions
CONTACT design
FACINGS seating stress (y ) ]
(m) for operating
and minimum
Nora - This table gives a list of many commonly used gasket materials and contact facings with suggested design values of m and y that have generally proved satisfactory in actual service when using effective gasket seating width j thus table are suggested only and are not given in Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.2. The design values and other detads gtven 111 mandatory.
~..
DI~~~NSI~N N (Z) GASKET MATERIAL GASKET FACIQR m
d MINIMW
_.__REFER TO TABLE 4.2
~Use Column
SKETCHES
AND
DESION SEATING ST==%
NOTES
I
i Use Facing / Sketch
kgf/mm
*Y
__ -Y
Rubber without fabric or a high percentage of asbestos fibre: Below 70 IRHD* 70 IRHD* or higher 10 Asbestos with a] 3.2 mm thick suitable binder 1 1% mm thick for the operating )0*8 mm thick conditions J
-6.50 l-00 0 0.14
_-
.- -2.00 275 3.50 1.12 260 457
--
: l(a,4b,jc,d),
II
&zd
rubbers. * Part II Hardness; and IS
*&t IS : 3488 ( Part II 1-1965 Methods rubber jointing and rubber insertion jointing. of test for vulcanized
: 638-1965
( Sheet
continh~) 51
Is: 2825-1969
AND CONTACT FACINGS Contd
TABLE
4.1
GASKET
MATERIALS
[Gasket factors (m) for operating conditions and minimum design seating stress (y) ]
NOTE - This table gives a list of many commonly used gasket materials and contact facings with suggested design values of m andy that have generally proved satisfactory in actual service when using effective gasket seating width 6 given in Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.2. The design values and other details given in this table are suggested only and are not mandatory.
DIMENSION Jv (Mill)
GMICETMATERIN.
GASKET
FACXOR m
MINIMUM DESIGN SJZATINQ &Zl~
REFER TO TABLE 4.2 ps;kzcg
mm.
Use Column
Rubber with insertion
cotton
fabric
1.25
0.28
asbestos [B-ply Rubber with fabric insertion, with ,or 2-ply without wire reinforce- l-Ply ment
225 250 275
1.55 204 268
1( a,4b,5c, ), d ,
Vegetable fibre
175
877 204 3.16
tal, asbestos filled 10 Corrugated metal, asbestos inserted

Corrug~ed
Soft aluminium S;F;opper or Iron or soft steel Monel metal or percent 46 chrome steel Stainless steels
;:%i
3-00 325 350
;:it
316 387 457 268 316 387 457 534 387 457 534 5.62
1 (a, b)
II
metal, jacketed asbestos filled
-Soft aluminium S;r=zopper or Corrugated metal Iron or soft steel Monel metal or percent 4-6 chrome steel Stainless steel
-275 388 325 3.50 375 3.25 3.50 3.75 350 3.75
1 ( a, b, c, d 1
-_
Soft aluminium Soft copper or brass Iron or soft steel Monel metal or 46 percent chrome steel Stainless steels
Flat met a 1 jacketed asbestos filled
la, lb, 119, Id+, 2f
I -
633
*The surface of a gasket having a lap should not be against the nubbin.
52
IS : 2825 - 1969
TABLE 4.1 [Gasket
GASKET
MATERIALS
AND CONTACT
FACINGS -
Confd
factors (m) for operating conditions and minimum design seating stress (y) ]
NOTE - This table gives a list of many commonly used gasket materials and contact facings with suggested design values of tn andy that have generally proved satisfactory in actual service when using effective gasket seating with b given in Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.2. The de&n values and other details given in this table are suggested only and are not mandatory.
--_
DnreNs10~ N (Mitt) GASKET ~~ATERLAL GASKET FMTOR m
I MINIMUH
SEATING ST=%J , kgf/mm I
DESIGN
SKETCHES
REFER M Use Facing Sketch
TABLE 4.2
N%~s
Use Column
-r
_Soft aluminium S;Fa;pper or 10 3.25 3.50 3.75 3.75 4.25 3.87 4.57 5.34 6.33 7.10
-_ !
Grooved meta!
Iron or soft steel Monel metal or 4-6 percent chrome steel Stainless steels Soft aluminium Sdft copper or brass or soft Iron steel Monel metal or 4-6 percent chrome steel Stainless steels Iron or soft steel Monel metal or percent 4-6 chrome steel Stainless steels
1 ( a, b, c, d 1,
2, 3
II
_..
400 475 5.50 6.00 6.50 5.50 6.00 6.50
6.19 9.14 12.66 15.33 l&28

__
Solid flat metal
l(a,b,c,d),
2, 334, 5
1266 15.33 l&28

__-
Ring joint
Rubber O-rings : Below 75 ItiD* Between 75 and 85 IRHD*
0.07 @I5
_Rubber square section rings : Below 75. IRHD Between 75 and 85*IRHD 0.10 0.28
_-
__
Rubber T-section ring.* : Below 75 IRHD Between 75 and 855 IRHD @IO 0.211
--
Q +: .. 67
:::J ..
7 only
8 only
II
S:.<.\.
9 only
@
li..
*See IS : 3400 ( Part II ) - 1965 Methods of test for vulcanized rubber rubber jointing and rubber insertion jointing. fThese values have been calculated.
: Part II Hardness; and IS: 638-1965 Sheet
4.6 Flange Moments - Flange moments shall be calculated fir both the operating condition and the bolting-up condition. Operating Condition - The total flange moment is given by equation 4.5, ... (4.5) MOP = HD~~D + HT~T + H&c
where HD = =$$$f
HT=H-HD HG z-H,and hD, hx and hc are obtained from Table 4.3. 53
4.6.1
TABLE
4.2 EFFEGTIVE
GASKET
WIDTH
BASIC
GASKET &%~INOWIDTH be
FACINO SKETCH
( ExaooERATED )
la
lb+
N 2
lc
Id*
w+25T 2
w+N 4
Mary ,
w+25T 2
w+N
4
W-4-3N
b--d-N
3
+;
(+
Min)
w+N
4
;
(
-y
Min
NUB&N
4. 3N .v 6
7N -ii-
*Where wrationa do not exceed @4 mm depth and O-8mm &dth #pacing,&et&u
lb &d Id shall be wed. (-1
54
1s : 2825- 1969
TABLE 4.2
EFFECT
GASKET
WIDTH -
Chid
Bmc GASKKTSEATINQ WIDTH b.

FACING SRBTCH ( EXAOQERATED )
5+
N
4
-3N
8
6 -+iWi--
IT///////*/,, 8 ,,,x,,, -
N
2
N 2
*Where serrationr do not exceed @4 mm depth nu
Ml mm width spacing, aketchea ;b and Id &all be used.
TABLE 4.3
MOMENT ARMS FOR FLANGE LOADS UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS
Type of Flange hD 6-r h, C-G 2
Integral type flanges ( ~8 Fig. 4.1 E, F, Fl, F2, G, H, HI, H2 and J)
R + 0.5 81
R+gl+h,
Loose type except lap joint flanges ( SC@ Fig. 4.1B,_C, D and optional type Ranges (see Fig. 4.1H, Hl, H2and J)
C-B 2
+ hc 2 iP
C-G 2
Lap joint langes
( JM Fig. 4.1A )
C-B
C-G
C-G I
2 ---
55
IS : 2825 - 1969 4.6.2 Bolting-Up Conditian -The moment is given by equation 4.6: Matm = where total flange tively. The shearing srress shall the basis of HP or W,, as defined is greater. Similar cases where subjected to shearing stress shall the same requirements. be calculated on in 4.4 whichever flange parts are be governed by
Whc
. . . (4.6)
W -
(Am ; Ab ) s,, ( see 4.5.3 )

C-G
and hc = --
4.7 Flange Stresses - Flange stresses shall be determined for the more severe of the operating or the bolting-up condition so that Mn = Mm -.
or MO = 4.7.1 flanges: For
SF0 SFA
4.9 Flanges Subject to External Pressure The design of flanges for external pressure only shall be based on the equations given in 4.7 for internal pressure except that for operating conditions:
7
Matm
A&o, = HD(hD-hhc)+HT(hT-hc)...(4.11) for gasket seating Matm = WhG

in the above equations
. ..(4.12)
Ab x s
whichever and
is larger. hub-type . . . (4.7)
W =
&,
+ 2
integral-type
flanges
HD = x/400 B2pe HT=H-HD H = x/400 G2pB pe = external design pressure, kgf/cm2.

NOTE - The combined force of external pressure and bolt loading may plastically deform certain gaskets to result in loss of gasket contact pressure when the connection is depressurized. To maintain a tight joint when the unit is repressurized, consideration should be given to gasket and facing details, so that excessive deformation of the gasket will not occur. Joints subject to pressure reversals, such as in heat exchanger floating heads, are in this type of service.
Longitudinal Radial
hub stress Su = ,h9i2 stress
flange
( 1*333te _1- 1 Sa = __
)M
At2
. . . (4.8) Tangential flange stress Sr = Ff-/SSa . . . (4.9) where M = A*
5.
For loose-type ring flanges ( including optional type calculated as loose ring type ) having a rectangular cross section:
PRESSURE
RELIEVING
DEVICES
4.7.2
5.1 General 5.1.1 Every pressure vessel covered by this code shall be provided with, a pressure relieving device in accordance with the provisions of this section, except where otherwise provided for as in 5.1.1.1. 5.1.1.1 When the source of the pressure. is external to the vessel and under such positive control that the pressure in the vessel cannot exceed the maximum working pressure for the vessel at the operating temperature, a pressure relief device need not be directly provided on the vessel. 5.1.2 Vessels that are to operate completely filled with the liquid shall be equipped with a liquid reliefvalve unless otherwise protected against over-pressure. 5.1.3 When a vessel is fitted with a heating coil or element whose failure might increase the normal pressure in the vessel, the designed relieving capacity of the protective device shall be adequate to prevent this increase. 5.1.4 Vessels intended to operate under vacuum conditions, unless designed for full vacuum, shall be provided with a vacuum break relief device. 5.1.5 Vessels intended for internal pressure, but which are likely to be subjected to partial vacuum, say, due to the cooling ofcontents, shall be provided with a combined pressure-vacuum relief device unless the vessel is designed for full vacuum.
S T =yM
ta 0
..*
s, = s, =
B
MO CF where M = --_4.8 Allowable

4.9.1 above, Flange Stresses
The flange design stresses as calculated shall not exceed the following values: SH = 1 J5 s,,
SR =
ST = l/2 (SH t SR)
SF0
SF,
=sFO =sFO
l/2(sH+sT)
In the case of loosetype flanges with laps, as shown in Fig. 4.1A where the gasket is so located that the lap is subjected to shear, the shearing stress shall not exceed O-8 times SF0 or &A for gasket seating and operating condition respectively for the material of the lap, as defined in 4.4. In the case of welded flanges, shown in Fig. 4.1 C, D, G, H, Hl and H2 where the nozzle neck, vessel or pipe wall extends near to the flange face and may form the gasket contact face, the shearing stress carried by the welds shall not exceed 0.8 times Sro or SF, for gasket seating and operating condition respec-
4.8.2
Weld Shear Stress -
56
TABLEI.
VALUES OF r,Z,
K l-061 1.062 I.063 l-064 l-065 l-066 l-067 l-068 GE ,.n,, 1 IS 1.072 l-073 l-074 1.075 l-076 l-077 1.078 1.079 la80 1.081 1.082 1.083 1.084 l-085 I 1.89 l-89 1.89 l-89 1<89 1.89 l-89 1.89 ::z !*89 1.89 1.89 l-88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.86 l-88 l-88 l-88 l-88 1.88 1.88
YAND U(TJUUW6INVOLVINGK) Z
R la01 ::Ez ::z ::z l-008 ::E! -.-.* I1 1

l
ll-91 1.91 :tf l-91 :I. l-91 1.91 i-9: l-91 l-91 ::z ::g f-2 _*__ 1.90 ;:g :z l-90 * la90 ::g ::g 190 1.90 :z 190 * 1.90 1.90 1.90 l-90 !*90 1.90 :z * 1.90 1.90 l-90 190 1.90 1.90 l-89 1.89 l-89 1.89 l-89 1.89 1.89 l-89 l-89 1.89 1.89
z
1000.50 g:: 250% 200-50 16717 143% 125-50 111.61 100-50 9:-e: t% 71.93 67.17 6500 59.33 56% 53-14 50.51 48.12 4596
Y
32.55 32.04 31.55 31.08 30-61 30-17 29-74 2932 28.91 28.51 27.76 27-39 27.04 26-69 26-03 25.72 25.40 25.10
u
35.78 3521 34.68 34-17 33.65 33.17 32.69 32.22 31.79 31.34
Iil-121 l-122 I.123 1.124 1.125 I.126 I.127 I.128 l-129 l-130
I.111 a I.#.
I
1.87 1.87 I.87 l-87 1.87
z
8-79 8.72 8% 8.59 853 8.47 8.40 8-34 8-28 8.22 &!6 8-11 805 7-99 7.94 7.88 7.83 7.78 7-73 7.68 7.62 7-57 7.53 748 7.43 7.38 7.34 7-29 7-25 7-20 7.16 7.11 7,07 7.03 6.99 6.95 6-91 6.87 6.83 6.79 6.75 6-71 6.67 6-64 6.60 6.56 6.53 6.49 6.46 6.42 6.39 6.35 6.32 6-29 6.25 622 6.19 6-16 6-13 6.10
Y
1790 16.87 16-74 1662 16.49 16.37 l&25 16-14 16.02 15.91 1~.-I(1 1d ,.a 15.68 15-57 15.36 154.6 15.26 1515 15.05 14.95 14.86 14-66 1476 1448 1457 14-39 1429 1420 1412 1403 13.95 13.86 13-77 13.69 13.61 13-54 13.45 13.37 13.30 13.22 ;3.;5 13.07 13al 12.92 12.85 12.78 12.71 !2*64 12.58 12.51 12.43 12.38 12.31 12.25 12.18 12.10 12.06 12.00 11.93 Il.87 1 l-79
u
1868 16.54 ,&40 18.26 l&11 * ::*z 17-73 17-60 17.48 !7-35 17.24 17-11 :t: . 1677 16.65 16.54 16-43 16-35 * :t:: :t::* 1583 l!Y71 15-61 15-51 15.4s 15.34 152? 15-14 15.05 KE * 14-78 14-70 1461 1453 14.43 14-36 14-28 14-20 14-12 14-04 13.97 ! 3.69 13.82 13.74 13.66 13.60 13.53 1346 13.39 13.30 13.25 13.18 13.11 13.05 12.96
1899.43 207885 951.81 1052.80 637.56 700-80 478-04 525.45 383.67 42 l-72 319-71 174.11 239-95 213.40 192.19 -160.38 148% 137-69 128-61 120.56 111.98 107.36 101.72 96-73 351.42 301.30 263-75 23442 211.19 176.25 162.81 151.30 141.33 13249 12481 118.00 111-78 106.30
16.91 16-64 1640 16.15 1590 15.67 15-45 :P;; 14.80 !+6! 14-41 14-22 14tM 13-85 13-68 13.56 13-35 13-18 13.02 12.87 12.72 12.57 12.43 12.29
l-117
l-87 1.87 l-87 1.87
174.83
!92!3
28.13
3@11 2972 2934 28.98 28.69 __ __ 28-27 27.92 27.59 27.27 26.95 26.65 2634 2605, 2557 2948 25.20 24-93 2466 2441 2416 23.91 23-67 2344 23.20 EZ 22.39 22*!8 22.12 21.92 21.72 21.52 21.30 21.14 2096 20.77 20.59 20.38 2025 2008 19-91 19-75 1955 1943 1927 19.12 18.98 18.80
::8y ::x % fflcl~ a*. l-020 I-021 1.022 1-o23 :%f :% l-028 tzt 1.031 1.032 1*o33 FE l-036 I.037 l-038 l-039 :_Ogj la1 lTM2 1.043 l-044 l-045 f:E _ __. 1.048 :1a49 I.050 1.051 :::z 1.054 i-055 l-056 1.057 l-058 1.059 la60
l-132 l-133 I.134 l-135 1.136 1.137 l-138 1.139 1.140 l-141 1.142 1.143 1.144 i.145 1.146 1.147 1.148 1.149 1.150 l-151 1:152 l-153 1.154 1.155 1.156 1.157 1.158 1.159 !.I60 1.161 l-162 1.163 1.164 1.165 1.166 1.167 1.168 1.169 1.170 1.171 1.172 1.173 1.174 1.175 1.176 1.177 1.178 1.179 1.180
!*8? 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.86 l-86 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.86 l-86 1.86 l-86 1.86 1.86 l-86 1.86 1.86 1.86 1:86 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.86 l-86 l-86 l-86 l-86 1.86 I.66 1.85 l-85 l-85 1.85 1.85 l-85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 l-85 1.85 1.85 1.85 l-85 1.85
26.36 -. _.
:E 40.51
3897 37.54 36-22 3499 33-84 32.76 31.76 30-81 2992 29-08 74-70 71.97 69-43 67.11 64.91 62.85 60-92 59-11 57.41 55-80 5429 52-85 51.50 50-21 43.97 2490 24-32 23.77 2323 22-74 2205 21.79 21.35 20.92 20.51 20.12 19-74 1938 1903 18.69 18.38 18.06 17.76 17-47 17-18 47.81 2:;: M64 4369 42.75 41.67 41.02 40-21 39.43 38.68 37.96 37.27 36.60 3596 35.34 3474 34-17 x KEz . 76-30 7375 71.33 69-06 6694 63-95 63.08 61.32 5966 58.08 56.59 55.17 53.82 55% 5015 49.05 4802 46.99 46.03 45.09 44.21 43.34 42.51 41.73 40.96 4023 3964 38.84 38.19 37.56 3634 36-95
24-81 24-52 24.24 24m 2369
:%I; 2344 23.18 11-89 22.93

11.76 1 l-63 22.68 2244 22.22 21-99 21.76 21.54 21.32 21.11 2091 20.71 20-51 20.31 20.15 1994 1976 19.58 1938 19.33 1907 18.90 18.74 18.55 18.42 18.27 18.13 17.97 17.81 17.68 17.54 17.40 17.27 17.13
::i;:
1.093 l-094 1.095 yl9; 1.098 1.099 !*!OO l-101 1.102 1.103 1.104 1.105 l-106 1.107 y; I.110 1.111 l-112 l-113 1.114 1.115 l-116 1. s 7 1.11 l-119 l-120
:%I Il.52 1140 l-88

1.88 1.88 yg 1.88 pfl I. 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 l-88 1.88 1.87 yE$ l-87 1.87 l-87 1.87 1.87 l-87 1.87 4.87 1.87 I.87 l-87
::%
11.05 10.94 1083 10-73 1062 !@52 10.43 10.33 10-23 10.14 1005 996 987 9.78 970 9-62 9.54 9-46 938 9.30 9.22 9-15 9.07 900 8.94 8.86
( Continued 57
IS : 2825- 1969
TABLE
c
4.4
VALUES
OF Z, Z, Y AND
V ( TERMS INVOLVING
K ) -
Confd
K
1.181 1.182 1,183 1.184 1.185 f:E I.188 1.189 1.190 I.191 l-192 1.193 1.194 I.195 l-196 t:fz 1.199 l-200 l-201 1.202 I.203 :%i 1.206 l-207 I.208 1.209 1.210 1.211 1.212 1.213 1.214 1.215 1.216 1.217 1.218 l-219 1.220 1.221 1.222 1.223 1.224 1.225 1.226 1.227 1 1.228 1.229 l-230 1.231 I.232 1.233 I.234 1,235 1.236 1.237 1.238
I
1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 l-85 l-85 1.85 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 l-84 1.84 l-84 1.84 1.84 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 l-83 1.83 1.83 l-83 l-83 l-83 1.83 1.83 1.83 K * 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 l-83 % . 1.83 1.82 1.82 I.82 Ii
z
6-07 6.04 @Ol 5.98 5.95 5.92 589 % 581 5.78 5-75 573 5.70 5.67
Y 1 l-76 11.70 11.64 11.58 11.50 11.47 11.42 11.36 11.31 11.26 11.20 11.15 11.10 11.05 ll+O I@95 10-90 IO-85 1080 1075
V
12.92 12.86 12.79 12.73 12.64 12.61 :zi . 12.43 12.37 12.31 12.25 KS * 12.08 12.03 11.97 11.92 11.87 11.81 K * : t*it 11.56 *
K 1.241 1.242 l-243 1.244 1.245 I.246 1.247 1.248 y;; l-251 1.252 1.253 l-254 l-255 f;;; 1.258 l-259 l-260 l-261 ;a; l-264 l-265 1.266 1.267 1.268 I.269 l-270 1.271 y; 1*2i4 1.275 1.276 1.277 1.278 l-279 1.280 1.281 1.282 z:: 1.285 1.286 l-287 1.288 l-289 l-290 l-291 1.292 1.293 1.294 l-295 1.296 l-297 1.298 1.299 1,300
l1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 ;;3 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 p3t3 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 p; 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 l-81 1.81 yg 1.81 1.81 1.81. 1.81 1.81 l-81 1.81 1.81 1.81 zi l-80 l-80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 l-80 1.80 1.80
z
470 4.69 4-67 465 4-64 4-62 460 459 4.57 456 4-54 452 4.51 449 448 4.46 4-45 443 442 440 4.39 4-37 4-36 4-35 433 432 430 4.29 4.28 4.26 425 424 422 4-21 4.20 418 4.17 416 4.15 4-13 E 4.10 408 4.07
Y 912 908 905 9.02 8.99 895 8.92 8.89 8.86 8.83 8.80 8.77 8.74 8.71 8.68 8.65 8.62 8.59 8.56 8.53 8-51 8.49 8.45 8.42 8.39 8.37 8-34 8-31 8-29 8.26 823 8.21 8.18 8-15 a.13 8.11 8.08 8.05 803 8-01 7.98 7.96 7-93 7.91 7.89 7.86 7.84 7-81 7-79 7-77
u
1002 9-98 995 991 987 984 9.81 9.77 974 970 9.67 9.64 960 9.57 9-54 951 947 tz 938 935 932 9-28 9.25 923 919 9-16 914 9-11 9.08
K 1.301 l-302 l-303 1.304 1.305 1.306 1.307 1.308 1.309 l-310 1.311 1.312 l-313 1.314 1.3r5 1.316 1.317 1.318 l-319 1.320 ;*;a; I.323 p; I.326 1.327 1.328 p; 1.331 1.332 1.333 1.334 1.335
7 1.80 1.80 l-80 l-80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.79 l-79 1.79 1.79 l-79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 l-79 f;; l-79 y; l-79 1.79 l-78 ;;; 1.78 1.78 I-78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 I.78 l-78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 l-78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.77 l-77 l-77 1.77 1.77 1.77
z
3.89 fi 3.84 3.83 3-82 3.81 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.77 3-76 3.75 3-74 E 3.71 3.70 3.69 3-68 3.67 3-67 3.66 3.65 3.64 3.63 3.62 3.61 3.60 3.59 3.58 3-57 3-57 3.56 3.55 3.54 353 3-52 3.51 9.51 3.50 3.49 s:: E
Y
753 7-50 ;:2 7.44 7.42 7-40 :z 7.34 7.32 7-30 7-28 7.26 7.24 7-22 7.20 7-18 7.16 7.14 7-12 7.10 ::t 7.05
8-05 8-02 &a0 ::g 2 7.87 7.85 3:: 7.79 7.77 7-75 7.73 7-71 7.69 :::3 7-63 7-61 7.59 7.57 7-55
5.52 550 547 %
1070 EE: :E t 10.38 t::::
X:2:11.51 11.46 Il.41

E 11.22 11.27 :t::: 11.09 10-99 11.03 1094 10.90 10-87 1081 IO-77 Ki. 10-65 lo-60 1056 1052 1048 1044 1040 10-36 10.32 10.24 10.28 1020 10.17 10.13 1009 10-05
529 5.27 5-24 522 5.20 518 5.16 . c: 5;; 5.10 5.07 505 5.03 5.01 5m t :;i 4-94 4.92 4-90 4-88 4-86 4-84 4.83 4.81 479 477 4-76 4.74 4-72
:z: I?s lo-09 tX:E 9::: 989 9.84 z 9.72 9-69 t::: 957 9-53 950 9-46 9-43 9.39 %; 929 9-25 9.22 9-18 915
6-89 6-87
8.91 8.88 8.85 882 8.79 8.77 8.74 8.71 8.69 8.66 8.64 8.61 8.59 8.56 8.53 8.51 ;:; 8.43 8.41 8.39 836 8.33 8.31 8-29
1.336 1.337 1.338 l-339 l-340 l-341 1.342 1.343 1.344 1.345 1.346 l-347 1.348 1.349 1.350 1.351 l-352 l-353 1.354 l-355 l-356 1.357 l-358 l-359 1.360
6.77 6-76 6.74 6.72 6.71
77:z 7.41 7.39 7.37 7.35 7-53 7.32 7.30 7.28
4.00 3.99 3.98 397 3.95 3-94 3.93 3.92 3.91 3-90
7.75 7.72 7.70 7.68 7.66 7.63 7.61 7-59 7.57 7-55
3-42 3-42 3.41 ;z 3.38 3.38 3.37 3.36 3.35
6.61 6-60 t:zi 6-55 6-53 6.52 6-50 6-49 6-47
58
IS:2%25-1969
TABLE 4.4 VALUES OF T, Z, Y AND U ( TERMS INVOLVING Z K) Confd
x
1.361 1.362 1.363 1.364 1.365 ::E l-3@ f% 1.371 1.372 1.373 1.334 1.375 I.376 1.377 1.378 1.379 1.380 1.381 1.382 1.383 1.384 1.385 1.386 1.387 1.388 1.389 1.390 l-391 1.392 l-393 1.394 1.395 1.396 1.397 1.398 l-399 1400 1401 1402 l-403 1.404 1405 1.406 1.407 1408 E 1.411 l-412 1.413 1.414 1.415 ;a; 1.418 l-419 l-420
7
1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 ,1*77 1.77 lt77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 l-76 1.76 l-76 1.76 1.75 1.75 l-75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1-75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1*75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 y: 1.75 l-75 l-75
Z
3.35 334 3-33 3-32 3-32 3.31 330 330 3-29 3.28 3.27 3.27 3.26 ;::i: 3.24 3.23 3.22 3.22 3.21 E 3.19 3.18 3.18 3.17 3-16 3.16 3.15 3-15
Y
6-45 :z 6.41 639 6.38 637 6-35 6.34 632 6.31 6-30 6.28 6.27 6.25 6.24 6.22 621 6.19 6.18 6-15 6.16 6.14 6.13 612 6.11 6.10 6-08 6.07 6.06 605 6.04 602 6.01 6-00 5-99 5-98 5.96 5-95 5.94
u
7.09 7.08 7.06 7.04 7.03 7.01 7.00 6.98 6.97 S.95 6.93 6.91 6.90 6.89 6.87 6.86 6.84 6.82 6.81 6.80 6.79 6.77 6-75 674 6.73 6.72 6.70 6.68 6.67 6.66 664 663 6.61 6.60 659 6.58 656 635 6.53 6.52 6.50 6-49 6.47 6.46 6.45
K 1.421 1.422 lr423 1.424 l-425 1.426 1.427 1.428 1.429 1.430 1,431 1.432 1.433 1.434 1.435 1.436 1.437 ;*:a; 1440 1.441 1.442 1443 1444 1.445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1.450 1.451 1.452 1.453 1.454 l-455 f;;; 1.458 1.459 1.460 1.461 1462 t-g; 1465 t:z 1.468 1.469 1.470 l-471 l-472 1.473 1.474 l-475 1.476 i.477 1.478 1.479 1480
T 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.74 1.74 l-74 l-74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 l-74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 ;;: 1,74 1.74 l-74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.73 l-73 1.73 1.73 l-73 l-73 1.73 1.73 1.73 y; l-73 l-73 l-73 1.73 1.73 f;: 1.73 :::: 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 l-72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 l-72 1.72 1.72
Y
5.69 5.68 5.67 5.66 5.65 5.64
u
&26 625 6-23 6.22 621 6-20 6.19 6.17 6.16 6.15 6.14 6.13 6.11 6.10 6.09 6.08 6.07 6.05 6-04 6.03 6.02 6.01 6.00 5.99 5.98 5.97 5.96 5.95 594 5.93 5-92 5.91 z:g 588 5.87 5.86 585 $84 5-83 5.82 5.80 5.79 5.78 5-77 576 5.74 5.73 5.72 5.71 5.70 969 5.68 567 5.66 565 ::: 5-62 5-61
K 1.481 1.482 1-483 1.484 l-485 1486 1487 1.488 1489 1.490 1.491 1.492 1.493 1.494 1.495 1.496 1.497 1.498 1.499 1.500 1.501 1.502 1.503 1.504 1.505 1.506 l-507 1.508 1.509 1.510 i.511 1.512 l-513 1.514 1.515 1.516 1.517 1.518 1.519 1.520 1.521 1.522 1.523 1.524 1.525 1.526 1.527 1.528 1.529 1.530 1.531 1.532 1.533 1.534 1.535 1.536 l-537 1.538 1.539 l-540
l1.72 1.7% 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 l-72 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 l-71 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 l-70 1.70 1.70 1.70 l-70 1.70 1.69 1.69 1.69
2 2.68 2.67 2.67 2.66 2.66 2.66 2.65 2.65 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.63 2.63 2.62 2~62 2.62 2.61 2.61 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.59 2.59 2.58 2.58 2.58 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.55 2.55 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.51 2.51 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.48 248 2.48 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.46 z
Y
5.11 5.10 5.10 5.09 5.08 5.07 5.06 5.06 5.05 5.04 5.03 5.02 5a 5.01 5w 4.99 4.98 4.98 4.97 4.96 4.95 494 4.94 4.93 4.92 4.91 4.90 490 4.89 488 487 486 4.86 485 4.84 4.83 4.82 4.82 4.81 480 4.79 479 4.78 478 477 477 4.76 476 4.75 4.74 473 472 4.72 4-71 4-70 469 468 4-68 467 4.66
u
5.60 5.59 5.59 5.58 5.57 5.56 5.55 5.55 5.54 5.53 5.52 5.51 5.51 5.50 5.49 5.48 5.47 5.47 5.46 5.45 5.44 5.43 5.43 5.42 5.41 5.40 5.39 5.39 5.38 5.37 5.36 5.35 5.35 5.34 5.33 5.32 5.31 5.31 5.30 5.29 5.28 5.27 5.27 5.26 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.23 5.22 5.21 5.20 5-19 5.19 517 5-17 5.16 5.15 5.15 5.14 5.13 )
2.96 2.96 2.95 2.95 2.94
2.92 2.92 2.91 2.91 2.90 2.90 2.89 2.89
;:iz
;7; 5.60 5.59 5.58 5.57 5.56 5.55 5.54 5.53 552 5.51 5.50 5.49 5.48 5.47 5.46 5.45 %z 5.42 541 5.40 5.39 538 5-37 5.36 5.35 Z:E 532 5-31 5.30 5.29 5.28 5.27 5.26 5.25 5.24 5-23 5.22 5.21 5.20 5-19 518 5.18 5.17 5-16 915 914 5-14 213 5.12
2.88 2.88 2.87 2.87 2.86 2.86 2.85 2.85 2.84 2.84 2.83 2.83 2.82 2.82 2.81 2.81 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.79 2.79 2.78 2.78 2.77 2.77 2.76 2.76 2.75 2.75 2.74 2.74 2.74 2-73 2.73 2.72 2.72 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.70 2.70 2.69 269 2.68 2.68
3-05 ::Ez 303 3.02
5.87 586 5.84 583 582 581 5-80 5-78 5-77 576 5.75 5-74 5.72 5E
f:G 6.41 640 6.39 638 637 6.35 6.34 6.33 6-32 6.31 629 6-28 6.27
( Confind
IS : 2825- 1969
TABLE 4.4 K 1.541 1.542 1.543 1.544 1.545 1.546 1.547 1.548 I.549 1.550 1.551 1.552 1.553 1.554 1.555 T VALUES (I 512 511 5.11 5.10 5.09 5.08 507 507 5.06 505 505 584 503 5.03 5.02 OF
T,Z, I AND U (TERMS

I
y; 1:69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 ;;tx$ 1.68 ;*6$ 1.68 1.68 1.68
INVOLVING
K) _ anid
Z
2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 244 2.44 244 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.42 242 2.42 2.41 2.41
K
ym& l.558 1.559 1.560 1.561 1.562 ;;%i 1.565 i-z%; 1.568 1.569 1.570
Z
2.41 z ;:; 2.39 2.39 2.38 2.39 2.38 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37
Y
457 ::z 455 454 454 4.53 452 4.51 451 450 450 449 448 448
u
5.02 501 5.00 499. 499 498 497 497 4.96 495 495 494 493 492 492
R
1.571 1.572 1.573 1.574 1.575 1.576 1.577 1.578 1.579 1.580
9
1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68
z
2.36 236 2.36 2.35 235 2.35 2.35 2.34 2.34 2.34
Y 447 447 446 446 445 $2 443 442 442
u
491 491 490 489 489 ::z 487 486 486
169 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69
1.69
464 4.63
2::: 464
463 462 4.62 461 460 460 459 :::: 457
TABLE 4.5
MATERIAL
ALLOWABLE
STRESSES
FOR FLANGE S~GCIFIED .TENSILE
BOLTING
MATERIAL
__--
kgf/ansy$
DIAMETER (mm)
ALLOWABLESTRESS kgf/mm* FORDESIGN METAL TEMPERATURE NOT EXCEEDING OC ) ( 300 --350 408 -
Hot rolled carbon steel 1:/o Cr MO steel
up to 150 Up to 63.5 Over 635 to 102 Up to 63.5 over 63.5 up to 102
44-52 86 Min 79 Min 71 Min 66 Min
1 5.87 1968 _--17.79
1 5.62 15.45 ( 485

18.5 16.66 17.1 15.47 162 1476
---
5% Cr MO steel 1% Cr Mo V steel
11406/ 1406) 14.061 14.06 11968 11905 11849 j 17.9? 117.79 117.23 11666 11624
117.93~1645(1434~13*64
1 Up to 63.5
1 Over 63.5 up to 102
I 1
86 Min 82 Min 71 Min
13% Cr Ni steel 18/8 Cr Ni steel 1818 Cr Ni Ti stabilized steel 18/9 Cr Ni Nb stabilized ateel 17/10/2f Cr Ni MO steel 18 Cr 2 Ni steel
up to 102
I I
I All (1) (2)

All (1) (2) All (1) (2)
113.181 11.07 1 865 1 8.01

55Miain softened conditionorupto88 Min if cold drawn 13.18 --13.18 11.53 11.53 1819 -1819 9.561 9.4s 88ti 12.94 9.4s
All (1) (2)
I I
86Min
j 1318) ll*IsI
up to 102
121.581 19801 17.301 16.4f
15.541 14.69j
Austenitic steel bolts for use in pressure joints shall not be less than 10 mm diameter. Nuns2 - For bolts up to 38 mm diameter torque spanners or other means of preventing the application of excessive stress during tightening are necessary. NATE - High strengths are obtainable in bolting materials by heat treatment of the ferritic and martensitic steels and 3 by cold working of amtenitic steels. These should not, however, be usedfor bolting with tensile strengths greater than 110 kgf/mm* fm~~~a;mr~ martensitic ) or 100 kgf/ mm* ( austenitic ) unless special agreement is reached between the purchaser and the Nom 4 Other suitable materials may be used for bolting by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
NOTE1 -
60
IS I 2825 - 1969 5.2 Design 5.2.1 The protective device used shall be suitand shall be able for the conditions of service adequate for duty. 5.2.1.1 In general, relief valves are preferred for vessel protection but bursting discs or a combination of relief valves and bursting discs may be preferable in certain circumstances ( see 5.2.3.1 ). 5.2.2 Relief Valves 5.2.2.1.,Spring loaded relief valves are preferred but other types like valves fitted with a weight or with lever and weight loading are acceptable, provided that they are equally safe. 5.2.2.2 Pilot valve control or other indirect operation of relief valves is not permitted unless the design is such that the main valve will open automatically at the set pressure and discharge to the full capacity, should the pilot or auxiliary device fail. 5.2.2.3 The relief valves shall be so designed that they cannot be inadvertently loaded beyond the set pressure. 5.2.2.4 The design of valves shall be such that breakage of any part will not obstruct the free and full discharge of the fluid under pressure. 5.2.3 Bursting Discs 5.213.1 The use of a bursting disc as a pressure relieving device is preferred: a) where pressure rise may be so rapid as to be analogous to combustion or explosion, so that the inertia of a relief valve would be a disadvantage; b) where service conditions may involve heavy deposits or gumming up, such as would render a re!ief valve inoperative; and c) where even minute be tolerated. leakage of fluid cannot turer to burst within &5 percent of its certified bursting pressure at the specified temperature. 5.3 Marking 5.3.1 Relief Valves incorporate permanent a) b) c) d) Every relief valve shall marking as follows:
Manufacturers identification, Nominal inlet and outlet sizes, Design pressure and temperature, and Certified capacity in kilograms of saturated steam per hour or in the case of liquid relief certified capacity in litres of water per minute.
5.3.2 Bursting Discs 5.3.2.1 The bursting discs shall be stamped with the following information: 4 Manufacturers identification
b) Size cl Bursting pressure 4 Coincident disc temperature, e) Capacity at discharge

Unless the size case the disc envelope prior shall be clearly
and
of the disc is insufficient in which shall be contained in a sealed to the installation and the envelope marked with the above information.
5.3.2.2 A register of bursting disc data shal1 he kept by the user for each vessel protected by a bursting disc. The register shall relate the service conditions at which the vessel operates to the serial letters and numbers stamped on the disc or marked on the envelope in which the disc was contained. 5.4 Capacity of Relief Valves 5.4.1 The relief valve shall be of sufficient capacity to discharge the maximum quantity of the fluid contained in the vessel without permitting a rise in the vessel pressure of more than 10 percent above the set pressure when they are discharging. 5.4.2 Vapour Relief-The capacity of a relief valve in terms of a gas or vapour other than steam, which is the manufacturers usual rating basis, may be determined by the following equatian:
WCKAp $(
5.2.3.2 Bursting discs mav be mounted in series with a relief valve provided that: pressure of the range for a) the maximum which the disc is designed to burst does not exceed the maximum working pressure of the vessel; disc b) the opening provided through the after breakage is sufficient to prevent interference with the proper functioning of the relief valve; and c) in case of a bursting disc fitted on the discharge side of a valve, back pressure cannot be built up and so influence the lifting pressure of the valve. 5.233 Every bursting disc shall have a specified and certified bursting pressure at a specified tem erature and shall be marked in accordance with 5 B .2. It shall be certified by the man&c:
where capacity in kg/h, = a constant for gas or vapour which is a function of the ratio of specific heats, y ( see Table 5.1 ), heat at constant pressure, CP = specific C, = specific heat at constant volume, A I= actual discharge arti in nuns, fi = accumulation pressure ( l-10 x set pressure ) kgf/cm* abs, c 61
W = rated
112825-1969 hf = molecular weight, I r= inlet temperature in degree Kelvin, and which K = coefficient of discharge depends on the shape of the inlet and of the disc and lift characteristics of the valve and is specific to any particular relief valve.
TABLE 5.1 CONSTANT RELATED TO RATIO C FOR GAS OR VAFOUR OF SPECIFIC HEATS Y
maximum working pressure of the vessel at t& operating temperature. The pressure at whr<h a relief valve is set to operate shall include the effect of static head and constant back pressure 5.5.1.1 However, when more than one praotective device is provided, only one of the valvafl need bc set. to operate at the maximum workin& pressure, the additional device or devices being set to discharge at a pressure not more than 5 percent in excess of the maximum working pressure provided that the total capacity is adequate. 5.6 Installation of Pressure Relieving Devicea
c
(2)
234 2.37 2-38 2.40 2.42 2.44 245 2-46 2.48 2.50 251 2.52 2-54
c
(2)
2.55 2.57 2.58 2.60 2.61 2.63 2.64 2-65 2.66 2.67 2.68 270 2.71
(1)
190 1.02 l-04 l-06 l-08 l-10 1.12 l-14 l-16 1.18 l-20 1.22 l-24
(1)
1.26 1.28 l-30 1.32 1.3: I.36 1.38 1.40 l-42 I.44 1.46 1.48 l-50
(1)
1.52 l-54 1% 1.58 l-60 1.62 l-64 I.66 l-68 I-. J 2.00 2.20
(2)
2.72 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 278 2-80 2.81 2.82 2.83 298 3.07
5.6.1 Vapour relief valves and bursting discs shall be connected to the vessel in the vapour space above any entrained liquid or to piping connected to the vapour space. Liquid relief valves shall be connected below the liquid level. 5.6.2 They shall be so located that they are readily accessible for inspection and maintenance and so that they cannot readily be rendered inoperative. 5.63 Where for purposes of inspection and maintenance, a pressure relief device needs to be isolated from the vessel which it protects, additional valves shall be provided. Such valves shall be of approved type fitted with an approved form of locking gear. Such valve should normally be locked in the open position. 5.7 Discharge Lines
5.43 Liquid Relkf- Assumingthat no vaporization occurs and that the flow through the relief valve is dependent only on the pressure drcip and the theoretical area, the general equation for liquid flow may be written as: Q=8N4xlO-KA where Q = flow in cubic metre per minute, W x flow in kg per hour, p = pressure drop in kgf/cms, P = ape&c gravity at inlet temperature, A = actual discharge area in mm*, and K = overall coefficient of discharge specific to any particular relief valve. 5~PreMsresetdngofaPresmureRelitving Device ;orW=50.42KAfiP
5.7.1 Where practicable, a pressure relieving device should discharge to atmosphere through a vertical pipe clear of adjacent equipment and space normally accessible to personnel. The discharge pipe shall have at least the same bore as the relieving device outlet. 5.7.2 Where discharge lines are long, or a single discharge line caters to more than one pressure relieving device, the effect of back pressure that may develop therein shall be cbnsidered for each protective device. The use of relief devices specially designed for use on high or variable back pressure is recommended. 5.7.3 Proper attention shall be paid to the drainage of discharge lines, which shall be of such a size that any pressure that may exist or develop therein will not reduce the relieving captiity of the relieving devices below that required to properly protect the vessel. 5.7.4 Discharge lines shall be securely anchored, particularly at their open ends, so that the reaction ductA by the fluid being discharged on the En CS,docJ not displace the lines from their nod
2/-
55.1 The pressure relieving device shall be set to operate at a pressure not exceeding t.l~e p3itiOIlS.
62
SECTION 6.
II
FABRICATION
ANb
WELDING
MANUFACTUREAND 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12
WORKMANSHIP
...
. .. .. ... ... ...
65 65 65 65 67 71 71 72 74 74 75 75 75 79 79 85
Approval of Design Welded Joints, General Considerations
Design of Welded Joints Preparation of Parent Metal
Assembly of Plates ntid Fit-Up Alignment and Tolerances
. .
... .. ... ... *.. ... ... ... .*.
Welding Procedure Welding of Non-ferrous Rectification of Welds Metals
Repair of Drilled Holes Repair of Cracks Post Weld Heat Treatment
7.
WELDINO QUALIFICATIONS 7.1 7.2 Welding Procedure Qualifications Qualifications
Welders Performance
IS : 2825 - 1969 6. MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP The manufacturer shall conduct the tests required in this code ( see 7.1 anJ 7.2 ) to qualify the welding procedure employed and to judge performance of the welders who apply this procedure. 6.2.4 The manufacturer shall maintain a record of the results obtained in welding procedure qualilocation tests ( see Appendix H ). These records giving an acctuate description of all the particulars of the materials and procedure concerned shall be certified by him and shall be accessible to the inspecting authority who should be permitted to witness the tests if he so desires. 6.2.5 Any person who wishes to qualify for a welders performance test under this code shall not be below the age of 18 years and shall have been employed as a welder in a workshop or firm for a period of not less than two years. A record shall be kept to show that the welder has been employed on work of the kind covered by his performance tests, during the previous six months. These records shall contain the results of the welders performance tests and the identification mark assigned to each welder. T!rey shall be certified by the manufacturer and be accessible to the inspecting authority ( see Appendix H ). The welds made by each welder shall he marked with a stamp showing the welders identity at intervals of one metre or less, Care shall be taken to avoid notching or stress concentration due to Deep stampdeep stamping of welders identity. ing as a means of identifying welded seam is not recommended on carbon steel plates less than 7 mm thick or vessels subject to low temperatures or on austenitic and alloy steels. When deep stamping is not permitted, a record shall be kept by the manufacturers of welders and welding operators employed on each joint which shall be available to the inspecting authority; suitable stencil or other surface markings may be used additionally. 6.2.6 The inspecting authority shall have the right to disqualify a welder any time during the fabrication of a vessel, when there is a specific reason to question his ahility to make welds that meet this code requirements. Such a disqualified welder at the option of the manufacturer may be put up for retests, under the conditions specified in 7.2.8.1. 6.3 Design of Welded Joints 6.3.1 Single fillet welded lap joints should not be used without previous consent of the inspecting authority. 6.3.2 In the design of all details the aim shall to avoid disturbances in the flow of the lines force, in particular in constructions subjected fatigue stresses. Holes and openings shall not positioned on or. in the heat affected zones be of to be of 65
6.1 Approval of Design - Refore commencing the manufacturer, if so required, manufacture, shall submit for approval by the purchaser a fully dimensioned drawing showing the pressure portions of the vessel and carrying the following information:
4 b)
A statement that the vessel is to he constructed to this standard. Specification(s) conform. to which materials shall for all the and the and the and and
C! Welding 4
process(es) parts of the vessel.
to be adopted
Large-scale dimensional details of weld preparation for the longitudinal circumferential seams and details of joints for branch pipes, seatings, etc, the position of these joints relative to longitudinal and circumferential seams other openings. Design pressure(s) and temperature(s) major structural loadings. Test ,pressure(s) .
4 f) g)
Amount and location of corrosion allowance. No modification shall be made to the approved design except with prior agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Additional requirements, by the purchaser. Joints, General if any, specified
h)
i.2 Welded
Considerations of pressure vessels general conditions.
6.2.1 Welded construction 1s subjected to the following
6.2.1.1 All details of design and construction shall generally conform to the provisions of this code. ( Examples of typical designs of welded connections are given in Appendix G. ) 6.2.1.2 The materials shall conform to the requirements of the appropriate Indian Standards or shall be any other approved material. 6.2.1.3 The welders shall be qualified for the type of welding concerned in conformity with the welders performance qualification ( see 7.2 ). 6.2.2 Nozzles, pads; branches, pipes, tubes, etc, and non-pressure parts may be welded to pressure parts provided that the strength and the characteristics of the material of the pressure parts are not affected adversely. If heat treatment is mandatory under the requirements of this code, the attachment of parts mentioned above by welding shall take place before the final heat treatment. 6.2.3 The manufacturer of a pressure vessel built according to this code, shall be responsible for all the welding work done under this code.
IS:2825-1969
Where such openings are unwelded joints. avoidable? such holes can be located on circumferential Joints provided the weld is radiographitally solmd for a length of three times the diameter of the hole on either side. 6.3.2.1 Further, welded joints should be positioned in such a manner that they are subjected to lowest possible bending stresses. *Joints between cylindrical shells and domed end plates shall not be located in the curved part of the domed end ( gee Table 6.2 ). When dished end plates are assembled from a number of plates, the welded joints bettveen these plates shall preferahly cross the corner curvature for the shortest possible length. 6.3.2.2 Attachment of parts by welding which cross or which are in the immediate vicinity of existing main welds in pressure parts should, as far as possible, be avoided. If such welds cannot he avoided, they should cross the main weld completely rather than stop abruptly near the main weld so that stress concentrations in these areas are avoided. Further, such a part should be subjected to local radiographic examination or other approved non-destructive tests and stress relief, where necessary. 6.3.3 The entire assembly as well as the individual welded joints shall be designed after giving not possible to comply with this requirement, the intersection of the welds should be radiographed, 100 mm on each side of intersection ( SM8.7.1 and 8.7.2 ). This involves among other things that the longitudinal joints should be, wherever possible, staggered when assembling a cylindrical shell from two parts by means of a circumferential joint. The distance shall he at least five times the thickness of thicker plate. 6.3.5 Where a butt joint is required between plates which differ in thickness by more than onefourth the thickness of thinner plate or more than 3 mm, the thicker plate shall have a tapered transition section as shown in Fig. 6.1 ( see also Table 6.2 ). The transition section shall have a minimum length of four times the offset between the abutting plate edges, The transition section may be fnrmcd by any process that will provide a uniform taper. The weld may be partly or entirely in the tapered section or adjacent to it. It is recommended that width of the parallel portion may not be less than 32 mm when the butt weld is to be radiographically examined. 6.3.6 The types of butt joints recommended for fusion welding processes ( arc and gas welding 1, their shapes and dimensions are given in Table 6.1. The dimensions and shape of the edges shall 4C
P
t2 i
I---+--4c
(A) PREFERRED
6
c
f--(0)
1cd
t1
L TAPER MN CC)
BE INSlOE OR OUTSILX
LTAPER MAr
BE
IWM
OR
oulsloE
PREFERRED
PERMISSIBLE
Fro. 6.1
BUTT WELDING PLATES OF UNEQUAL THICKNESS
due consideration to the method of welding and the specific character of the joints. The aim shall be to avoid welding in dificult positions. Further, welded joints shall be so positioned that they permit visual and other methods of inspection and re-welding of the root side of the welds wherever posslblb. Welded joints should be free from undue restraint. 6.3.4 Concentration of welded joints should be avoided and the design should he made in such a way that no two main seams come together under an acute angle or cross each other. Where it ir
Qualifipermit complete fusion and penetration. cation of welding procedure as required under 7.1 is acceptable aq proof that the welding groove is satisfactory. 6.3.6.1 Where butt joints welded from one side only are credited with a joint factor equal to that permitted for butt joints with backing strips, the procedure of welding should be such as to obtain the same quality of deposited weld metal The joint shall have on the inside and outside. complete joint penetration and complete fusion for the full length of the weld and shall be free
IS : 2825 - 1969 from undercuts, valleys. overlaps or abrupt ridges or 6.4.1.2 Cutting the plates - Plate shall be cut to size and shape by machining and/or flamecutting ( see 6.4.2.2 ). Where the plate thickness does not exceed 25 mm, cold shearing may be used provided that the sheared edge is cut back by machining or chipping for a distance of onequarter of the plate thickness but in no case less than 3 mm. 6.4.2 Preparation of Plate Edges and Openings
6.3.6.2 Typical end connections to shells are given in Tabie 6.2.. Types of connections shown in Fig. 6.2 are not permissible.
6.4.2.1 Welding preparations and openings of the required shapes may be formed by the following methods:
(A)
a) Machining, chipping or grinding; chipped rurfaces which are not covered with weld metal shall be ground smooth after chipping. b) Flame-cutting ( see 6.4.2.2 ) which includes plasma arc, oxy-gas with or without flux fusion cutting injection or equivalent processes. 6.4.2.2 Carbon steel may be cut by any of the methods described in 6.4.2.1 but alloy steels and non-ferrous metals shall not be flame-cut unless otherwise agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Attention is drawn to the necessity of providing special inspection for cracks on the cut surfaces and heat affected zones in flame-cut alloy or high carbon steels; preheating may be required in order to ensure satisfactory results. Any material damaged in the process of cutting plates to size or forming welding grooves shall be removed by machining, grinding or chipping back to sound metal. Surfaces which have been flamecut shall be cut back by machining or grinding so as to remove all burnt metal, notches, slag and scale, but slight discolouration of machine flamecut edges on mild steel shall not be regarded as detrimental. If alloy steels are prepared by flamecutting, the surface shall be dressed back by grinding or machining for a distance of at least I.5 mm unless it has been shown that the material has not been damaged by the cutting process.
CONNECTIONS
(B)
(0) FIG. 6.2 6.4

PROHIBITED END
Preparation
of Parent
Metal
6.4.1
Lulling out and Cutting the Plate
6.4.2.3 After the edges of the plates have been prepared for welding they shall be given a thorough visual examination for flaws, cracks, laminations, When plates slag inclusions or other defects. are flame-cut, the edges should be examined after this operation. 6.4.2.4 Care weld preparations shall be taken to see that are correctly profiled. the
6.4.1.1 Plate identification- In laying out and cutting the plates, the manufacturers brand shall be so located as to be clearly visible when the vessel is completed. Where the cast number: quality of plate, tensile strength and manufacturers name or trade-mark are unavoidably cut out, they shall be transferred by the vessel manufacturers. The form of transferred markings shall be readily distinguishable from the plate manufacturers stamping. The arrangement for the transferred markings should be agreed with the inspecting authority
6.4.2.5 Edges which have been flame-cut by hand shall be cut back by machining or chipping for a distance of one-quarter of the plate thickness, but in no case less than 3 mm. 6.4.3 Edge surface discolouration which may remain on'flame-cut edges shall not be reggrded as detrimental, but burnt metal, slag and scale shall be removed. Brushing of stainless steel edges shall be done with stainless steel brushes only. 67
IS t !2s!&1969
TABLE
6.1
SOME ACCEPTABLE
TYPES
OF
BLTT
WELDED
JOINTS
AND THEIR
LIMITATIONS+
( Claures 6.3.6 and 8.7.3.2 )
If:. -i]I
JOINT DETAIL
FIGURES
APPLICATION
I >oubIe-welded butt join t with single

*V
(a)
(b)
.ongitudinal and circumferential butt welds in plates not less than 5 mm thick and not more than 20 mm thick. The V should be on the inside of small diameter vessel, a shown in (b) opposite.
Lii$?a.
-ii),
(C)
I )oublc-welded butt
joint with double V
4810do
,$
Angitudinal and circumferential butt welds where the thickness is greater than 20 mm. !ach side welded in reveral layers.
(a)
(b)
(0)
_ iii)
(d)
-)oublc-welded butt 1 joint with single U ,ongitudinal and circumfercntial butt welds in plates where the thicknrss is greater than 20 mm.
sm
MN
010
1.5mm-lC Ls TO SJnm
(b)
Melded in several layers.
(a) -iv:) 3oubIe-welded butt 1 joint with double U
Longitudinal and circumferential butt welds where the thickness is greater than 20 mm.
Each side welded in sever-
w
20
(b)
al layers.
ts 7mmR
4*mm
--IId
V)mm arm
(d)
( Confind
68
IS : 2825 - 1969
TABLE 6.1 SOME ACCEPTABLE TYPBS OF BUTT WELDED JOINTS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS* Conrd
2.
4
JOINT DETAIL
APPLICATION
.Single-welded butt joint with backing strip Welded with backing bar in several layers. Device essential to prevent slag or running powder through welding.
$0) 8 mm UP
de
(b)
TO 8 mm THiCKNESS ( ts ) mm ABOVE 8 mm THICKNESS ( fs I Butt welds exceeding ness. in plates not 10 mm thick-
Single-welded butt joint with V without groove, backing strip
-I-
Vii)
Single-welded .butt joint with V without GGZg strip
Butt welds in plates having a thickness not more than 16 mm.
1.5 mm UP TO IO mm THICKNESS 3.0 mm ABOVE IO mm THICKNESS of this code are acceptable.
*the use of other types of joints that meet the requirements
6.4.4 Rust, scale, painting, oil, slag, etc, from the flame-cutting or other contaminations of the fusion faces shall be removed before welding is commenced. In case of stainless steels this is usually achieved by degreasing or pickling or both ( for details, see 8 of IS : 281 l-1964* ).
6.4.5 The surfaces to be welded shall be free from foreign material, such as grease, oil, or marking paints for a distance of at least 25 mm from the Irregularities in fusion faces which welding edges. are likely to affect the quality of welding shall be removed before welding is commenced. 6.4.6 Cast surfaces to be welded shall be machined, chipped or ground to remove foundry scale and to expose sound metal. 6.4.7 In the preparation of the fusion faces care shall be taken that surface irregularities are kept within such limits that they have no detrimental influence on the quality of the welded joint and that the profile prescribed is kept within the tolerances according to the best manufacturing practices. 6.4.8 All plate edges, after cutting and before carrying out further work upon them, shall be *Recommendations for manual tungsten inert-pas arcw&ling of stainless ateel.
examined for laminations and also to make certain that cracks have not been caused by shearing. 6.4.9 Plates for shell sections and end plates shall be formed to the required shape by any process that does not impair the quality of the material. Carbon and low alloy steel plates may be formed by blows at a forging temperature provided the blows do not objectionably deform the plate and it is subsequently normalized or suitably heat-treated as may be agreed to between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority. 6.4.10 Cold-formed plate material shall not be subject to a deformation of more than 5 percent, unless suitable heat treatment is carried out after such forming. Heat treatment shall, however, be carried out even when the deformation is less than 5 percent, if there is a pronounced risk of brittleness through ageing. The deformation expressed as a percentage is obtained from the formula: Deformation where tx = T 100
t= D-
thickness of the plate, and internal diameter to which the piate is bent or formed.
IS : 2825 - 1969
TABLE 6.2 TYPICAL ( Uauw END CONNECTIONS TO SIiBLLS* )
3.4.7, 6.3.2.1, 6.3.5 und6.3.6.2
-SL No.
FIGURES
-- -RBMAX~KS
_-
-ii)
L-STRAIGHT FL -NGi
Offset may be internal Taper may include
or external.
weld, if desired.
t
_.._
iii)
I _:_
t
z; STRAIGHT FLANGE
Internal and external offsets need not be symmetrically disposed. Tapers may include weld, if dellred.
_Suitable ior hemispherical shell. See Table 6.1 preparation. the connection of. a and thinner than the for recommended weld
-)i
PARALLEL LENGTH IF DESIRED T3 FACILITATE ADlOGRAPHlC EXAMINATION OF SHELL/END SEAM
Suitable for the connection ends and shells.
between
l
&tA,NTAlN INTERNAL PROFILE OF END OVER THIS AREA
*Dished ends of fall hemispherical integral G&r, but where one kprovidcd, same Amietrr.
shape concave the thlckncss
10 pressure, intended forbutt welded attachment, need not have.an if the skirt shall be at least that required for a seamlev shell of thr
70
Is:282501968 Cold-forming shall not .be undertaken when the temperature of the metal is less than 0C. If the forming or bending operation takes place in hot condition, no subsequent heat treatment is required, if the final shaping process terminates within the correct temperature limits for the particular material. 6.4.11 Plates Welded Prior to Forming - Seams in plates may be welded prior to forming provided they meet the specified mechanical test requirements and that they are examined radiographically throughout the entire length after forming. After forming, the surfaces of such seams; in alloy steel parts, also in carbon steel parts over 25 mm in thickness, shall be ground smooth and inspected for cracks by magnetic crack detection, dye penetrants or other agreed means. 6.4.12 Cold-rolling of a welded shell to rectify a small departure from circularity is permitted, subject to the concurrence of the inspecting authority provided that the radiography ( see 8.7 ) takes place after such cold-rolling, where radiography is called for. 6.4.13 Butt Welds Between Plates of Unequal Thickness- Where two plates at a welded joint differ in thickness by more than 3 mm the thicker plate shall be trimmed to a smooth taper as stipulated in 6.3.5. 6.5 Assembly of Plates and Fit-Up welding. Domed ends which are inserted shell shall be a good fit. in the
6.5.6 The edges of butt joints shall be properly aligned so that the tolerances given in 6.6 are not exceeded in the completed joint. Where fitted girth joints have deviations exceeding the permissible tolerances, the head or shell ring whichever is not true shall be re-formed until the errors are within the limits specified. 6.6 Alignment and Tolerances of completed limits defined shall be made and not to a
6.6.1 General - The shell sections vessels shall be circular within the in 6.6.4 and 6.6.5. Measurements to the surface of the parent metal weld, fitting or other raised part.
6.6.1.1 Shell sections may be measured for out-of-roundness either when laid flat on their sides or when set up on end. Whkn the shell sections are checked whilst lying on their side, each measurement for diameter shall be repeated after turning the shell through 90 about its Ion+tudinal axis. The two measurements for each diameter shall be averaged and the amount of out-of-roundness calculated from the average values SO determined. 6.6.1.2 There shall be no flats or peaks at welded seams and any local departurefrom circularity shall be gradual. 6.6.2 Before any welding is commenced, it shall be ascertained that the chamfered edges are in alignment and that the defects in alignment at the surface of the plates are less than:
6.5.1 Bars, jacks, clamps, tack welds or other appropriate means may be used to hold the edges to be welded in line. All tack welding shall be properly carried out in such a manner that no crack arises in tack welds or in parent metal. Tack welds shall be of sufficient length and size to Tack welds in plates avoid subsequent cracking. shall subsequently be removed so that they do not become part of the joint.
NOTE-Tack welds in plates below 7.mm thick need not be removed, if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the inspecting authority, that they are of sufficient length and have proper penetration to form part of the subsequent weld.
For plates of thickness5 mm or less - t/6 for a longiiudinal seam and t/4 for a circumferential seam subject to a maximum of 1 mm. For plates over 5 mm in thickness - Before any welding is commenced it shall be ascertained that the prepared edges are in alignment to meet the requirements of the welding process and that the defects in alignment at the surface of the plates are not more than: 1) 10 percent of the nominal plate thickness with a maximum of 3 mm for longitudinal joirit. However, for plates up to and including, 10 mm thick a misalignment of 1 mm is permitted. 2) 10 percent of the maximum nominal plate thickness plus 1 mm with a m$ximum of 4 mm for circumferential joints.
b)
6.5.2 When the plates are kept iti position by tacking bars welded to the plates, such bars shall be properly removed, after the welding, in such a manner that no grooves or notches are left in the plate surface. 6.5.3 Where a root gap is specified, the edges of butt joint shall be held so that the correct gap is maintained during welding. The increase or decrease in root gap at any point in a seam, after tacking, shall not vary by more than 1.0 mm. 6.5.4 FYhile making fillet welds, the mating surfaces should fit properly everywhere, so that the effective throat thickness of the weld shall be not less than those specified in the drawing. 6.5.5 Where fillet welds are used, the lapped plates shall fit closely and be kept together during
NOTE Welds made with backing strips require better alignment than specified above.
6.6.3 Circwnference - Unless otherwise agreed upon, the extgnal circumference of the completeki shell shall not depart from the calctilated circumference based upon nominal inside diameter and 71
IS:!26!25-1969 the actual plate thickness following amounts: Outside Diameter ( Nominal Inside Diameter Plus Twice Actual Plate Thickness ) 300 mm up to and including 600 mm Over 600 mm by more than the 6.6.1 Tolerance on Formed Heaa!s - The inner surface of a head shall not deviate from the specified shape by more than 1.25 percent of the inside Such deviations shall diameter of the head skirt. not be abrupt, shall be outside of the theoretical shape, and shall be measured perpendicular to the specified shape. 6.6.7.1 The skirts. of heads shall be sufficiently true to round so that the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters shall be within the limits specified in 6.6.4. 6.6.7.2 When the skirt of any unstayed formed head is machined to make a close and accurate fit into or over a shell, the thickness shall not be reduced to less than 90 percent of that required for blank head. When so machined, the transition from the machined thickness to the original thickness of the head shall not be abrupt but shall be tapered for a distance of at least four times the ,difference between the thicknesses. 6.6.7.3 Vesseli fabricated from pipe - The permissible variation in outside diameter .of vessels fabricated from pipe shall be in accordance with the requirements of the specification governing the manufacture of pipe. 6.6.8 Attachments and Fittings - All lugs, brackets, saddle-type nozzles, manhole frames, reinforcement around openings, and other attachments shall conform reasonably to the curvature of the shell or surface to which they are attached. 6.7 Welding Procedare 6.7.1 All welding shall be carried out using a suitable welding sequence and in such a manner that harmful secondary effects are avoided. Wherever possible welding should be carried out in downhand position. 6.7.2 During the execution of welding the working side shall be suitably sheltered against the influence of weather ( wind, rain and snow ). No welding of any kind shall be done when the temperature of the base metal is lower than 0C in the vicinity of the welds. When the base metal temperature is below OC, the surfaces of all areas within 200 mm of the joint, where a weld is to be deposited, should be heated to a temperature at least warm to the hand ( 15-20C ). The arc shall not be struck on those parts of the parent metal where weld metal is not to -be deposited ( see also IS : 4914 - 1968* ). 6.7.3 If preheating is required, it shall be carried out properly keeping strictly the temperature needed over a sufficient width of the base material on both sides of the welded joint. 6.7.4 Fusion faces should be as even as possible throughout and the weld grooves be of uniform In the preparation and execution of width. tcmpeiMure%
*code of procedure for welding at low
Circumfcential Toleratue f5 f0.25 mm percent
Notwithstanding the requirements of this clause, the misalignment tolerances for two mating parts given in 6.6.2 shall be the governing factor. 6.6.4 Out of Roundness of Vessels -- The difference between the maximum and minimum diameter at any cross section of a drum or shell welded longitudinally shall not exceed 1 percent of the nominal internal diameter with a maximum of Di+ 1 250 200
6.6.4.1 At nozzle positions a greater out of roundness may be permitted if it can be justified by calculation and is agreed between the purchaser, manufacturer and the inspecting authority. 6.6.4.2 To determine the difference in diameters, measurements may be made on the inside If the drum or the outside of the drum or shell. or shell is made of plates of,an unequal thickness, the measurements shall be corrected for the plate thicknesses as they may apply to determine the #iameter at the middle line of the ,plates. The &irts of heads shall be sufficiently round, so that the difference between the maximum and the minimum diameters shall not exceed 1 percent of the nominal diameter. 6.6.4.3 For vessels with longitudinal lap joints, the permissible difference in inside diameters may be increased by the nominal plate thickness. 6.6.5 Irregularities in profile ( checked by a 20 gauge ) shall not exceed 3 mm plus 5 percent of the minimum plate thickness. The maximum value may be increased by 25 percent if the length of the irregularity does not exceed onequarter of the length of the shell ring with a maximum of 1000 mm. 6.6.5.1 There shall be no flats at welded seams and any local departure from circular forms shall be gradual. Cold rolling of a welded shell to rectify a small departure from circularity is permitted, but if this occurs it must be done before the non-destructive examination of the seams as specified in 6.7. 6.6.6 The individual cylindrical shells shall be Unless otherwise reasonably square and straight. specified the out of straightness of the shell shall not exceed 0.3 percent both of the total cylindri( This tolerance may cal length any 5 m length. be omitted where the individual shell length does not exceed 2 m. ) 72
ambient
IS : 2825 - 1969 work, complete fusion without lack of penetration at the root of the joint shall be ensured. 6.7.5 Each run of weld metal shall be thoroughly cleaned and all slag removed before the next run is deposited. 6.7.6 The use of a filler material that will deposit weld metal with a composition and structure as near as that of the material being welded is recommended. 6.7.7 In making fillet welds, the weld metal shall be deposited in such a way that adequate penetration into the base metal at the root of the weld is ensured, 6.7.8 In fillet welding the la ped plates shall frt closely and melting of the sRarp edges shall be avoided ( see Fig. 6.3 ).
071
WAX
be subjected to cIose inspection, whereby a distinction is made between the irregularities and defects as shown in Fig. 6.4.
(A) CWCAVIlV
IN ROOT
(8) EXCESSIV$..ETRATiON
(C) EXCESSIVE
PENETRATION
(D)
INCOt4PLEtE
ROOT FUSION
(E) LACK
OF SIDE FUSION
FIG. 6.4 WELD DEFECTS

PENETRATION BEV@ND ROOT IS LESS THAN 2*5mm
(A)
NORMAL
FILLET WELD
6.7.13.1 Irregularities of the types (A), (B) and (C) shown in Fig. 6.4 may be accepted subject to approval of the inspecting authority. Defects of the types (D) and (E) ( unfused corners in the root ) are not permitted. 6.7.14 Plug or slot welds shall be formed by depositing a fillet around the inside edge of the hole and leaving the centre open for inspection. The hole or slot shall not be filled flush with weld metal except where this is required to complete a corrosion-resistant surface. 6.7.15 The surface of the welds shall be smooth and have gentle transition to the plate surface. The weld metal shall fill the groove completely forming a smooth connection with the parent metal on both sides and shall be free from pronounced surface irregularities, such as undercuts, cracks, overlaps, abrupt ridges or valleys, or irregular beads. 6.7.16 Additional weld metal may be deposited as reinforcement on each side of the plate so as to ensure that the weld grooves are completely filled and the surface of the weld metal at any point does not fall below the surface of the adjoining plate. The thickness of the reinforcement on each side of the plate shall not exceed the following thickness in case of severe and medium duty vessels: Plate Thickness mm up to 12 Over 12 up to and including 25 Over 25 up to and including 52 Over 52 Thickness of Reinforcement, Max mm 1.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 73
--I
BEYOND +PENETAATW)N ROOT IS 2*Smm OR MOW
(B)
DEEP
PENEfRATlOFi
FILLET
OF
WELD
Ao.
6.3
TYPES
FILLET WELDS
6.7.9 Double butt welded joints shall be welded from both sides of the plate. Before. the second side of the plate is welded, the metal at the bottom of the first side shall be removed to sound metal by grinding, chipping, machining or other approved methods. 6.7.10 The requirements of 6.7.9 are not necessary if the welding process employed ensures complete fusion otherwise and the base of the weld remains free from impurities. 6.7.11 After welding has been stopped for any reason, care shall be taken in restarting to ensure proper fusion and penetration between the plates, the weld metal and the previously deposited weld metal, which shall be thoroughly cleaned and freed from slag. 6.7.12 When butt joints are to be welded from one side only, care shall be taken in aligning and separating the edges to be joined, in order to ensure proper fusion and penetration at the bottom of the joint. 6.7.13 When butt joints are to be welded from one side only, the root side of the joints shall
IS : 2825 - 1969 In case of light duty vessels, the reinforcement shail he not more than 5 mm. 6.7.17 The reinforcement need not be removed except when it exceeds permissible thickness or when required under 8.7, 6.7.18 Cracks, lack of fusion, undercutting, incomplete root fusion, porosity or slag inclusions, which affect the strength of welded joints shall not he permitted beyond the limits permitted in 8.7.5.3 and 8.7.5.4. 6.7.19 Tf backing strip is used, it shall be of such weld material that it dues not influence the adversely. Wherever possible the backiqg strip shall be removed after \\.elding but @ior to carrying out the required non-destructive tests ( see 8.7 1. 6.7.28 If backing rings or cocsumable insert backing rings are used for pipes and tubes, these shall be of such material and design and be so fitted that their use does not cause defect in the If non-consumable Sacking rings are left weld. in place these shall be properly secured and when necessary they shall have a contour OII the inside to minimize the restriction to flow and permit the passage of a tube cleaner. If the pipe or tube wall is recessed for a ring, the depth of such recess shall be so limited that the remaining net section of the wall shall be at least equal to that required for the pipe A diminution of thickness of not more or tube. than 0.8 mm is allowable if compensation is made for it by an equivalent increase in the reinforcement of the weld.
backing
6.7.26 Arc flashes should be ground out and welds used for the attachment of erection cleats should be ground flush with the plate surface. 6.7.27 In case of vessels required to low temperatures the ends of branch other openings in the vessels shall be a smooth radius after all welding is 6.7.28 The method of welding the corrosion-resistant linings Appendix J for information. 6.8 Welding of Non-ferrous operate at pipes and ground to complete.
steel clad with is given in
Metals
6.7.21
6.8.1 Gas CVrlding - The commonly used gas processes for welding aluminium-base materials employ oxy-hydrogen or oxy-acetylene flames whereas only the latter produces suficient heat for welding the copper-base and nickel-base ailoys. For the aluminium-nickel and cupronickel alloys a neutral to slightly reducing flame should be used, whereas for copper-base materials the flame should be neutral to slightly oxidizing. A suitable flux, applied to the welding rod and the work, shall be used except that no flux is required for nickel. Boron-free and phosphorus-free fluxes are required for nickel-copper alloys and for nickelchromium-iron alloys. Residual deposits of flux shall be removed. 6.8.2 Metal-Arc Welding - Metal-arc welds may be made with standard dc equipment using reversed polarity ( electrode-positive ) and covered electrodes. A slightly greater included angle in butt welds for adequate manipulation of the electrode is required. 6.8.3 Inert-Gas M&al-Arc Welding - Both the consumable and non-consumable electrode processes are particularly advantageous for use with the non-ferrous materials. Best results are obtained through the LIX of special filler metals ( see also IS : 2812-1964* and IS: 2680-1964t ). 6.8.4 Resistance Welding - Electric resistance welding, which inciudes spot, line or seam, and butt or flash welding, may be used with the nonferrous materials. Proper equipment and technique are reyuired for making satisfactory welds. 6.9 Rectification of Welds
6.7.22 Not less than two runs of weld metal shall be deposited at each xvrld affixing branch pipes, flanges and seatings. 6.7.23 It is recommended that whilt. finishing or dressing welds it shall be ansured that unavoidable scratches arising in the finishing or dressing process run parallel with the dircction of greatest tensile stress in the weld due to tlie internal or external pressure or form an angle not exceeding 45. While chipping and qrindinc care is to be taken that cracks, local indcntaiions or hardening effects do not arise. 6.7.24 Circumferential joints of headers, pipes and tubes of small diameters aye permitted to be welded from one side only, with or without backing strips. The design of the joint and the method of Melding shall provide full penetration and it shall be demonstrated by a qualification test and/or radiography that the welding method produced a weld that is free from significant defects. 6.7.25 All persons engaged in welding of pressure vessels shall ,be gdequately protected and the safety r:quiremcnts stipuiated in IS : 81%1957* and IS : X16-1965t shall be complied with.
Codr c;f prncticc~ for safety and health rrquiremcnts in rlcctlic and gas welding and cutting operations. tCcjde of ;xxtice for fire precautions in \vclding and cutting operations.
6.9.1 Visible defects, such as cracks, pinholes and incomplete fusion and defects detected by the pressure test or by the examinations prescribed in 8.7.1, 8.7.2 and 8.7.11, shall be repaired by removing the defective material by grinding, chipping, machining, flame gouging or other approved methods to sound metal, and re-welding, care being taken to ensure proper penetration and complete fusion of the fresh weld deposit with the plates and previously deposited weld metal.
NOTE - The era ks ruggcsted
wrlding proccdurc here is non-mandatory
for repairing the. and is subjected inert-gas arc-
*Kwxmnendations welding of aluminium
for manual tungsten and aluminium alloys. for inert gas tungsten
+Fillrr rods and wres
arc welding.
IS : 2825 - 1969 to the approval of the inspecting authurity. A hole of about 10 mm diameter, depending on the plate thickness is drilled and countersunk at each end. The edge of the hole shall be about 50 mm away from either end of the crack. The distancr between the h&s &all be opened out by a V- or U-groove to the required depth and rr~eldrd. The holes shall be fil!ed last. It shall be rnsurctl by radiographic examination that no further stress-relieved by one in 6.12.3 when: of the procedures toxic given
intended for conta:_sing mable material; intended for operation
or inflarn-
crack ha5 drveluped and the I;ortion thus repaired meets the requiremer.t of this code.
6.9.l.i
Repairs
b) cl
4
below 0C;
intended for use with media liable to cause stress corrosion cracking; subjected to excessive local stress concentration which may give rise to cracking or subjected to changmg loads and subsequent risk of fatigue failures; risk of brittle fracture due to the combined influence of material, transition temperature, notch effect, etc; it is necessary to maintain dimensional accuracy and shape in service; and the plate thickness including corrosion allowance, at any welded joint in the vessel shell or head, exceeds the values given in Table 6.3 for various groups of materials.
to welded joint cracks and to minor plate defects may be made after chipping out a I.;- or \-groove to full depth and length of the crack and tillmg this groove with weld metal deposited in accordance with 6.7. 6.9.2 When repeated repairs are to be carried out on the same part of a welded joint, adequate precautions shall be takeu to avoid a detrimental accumulation of residtral stresses. 6.9.3 If tlrc defects form a continuous line, the extrnt of repair shall be agreed upon between the marruf.rc.turc.r ar:d the inspecting authority. 6.9.4 All repairs carried out by the man&cttner OII a finished vessel shall be reported to the On completion of welded inspeiting authority. repairs, the manufacturer sha!l, ifrequested, supply fi,r rec;)~-d purpc,sr report of all repairs. No repair shalt 1~ carried out without prior approval of tire itlsl)ceting authority. When repairs are carried out because of defects found by a radiographic examination, all the radiographs causing the demand for repair shall be kept on record and placed before the inspectirrg authority upon recluest.
6.9.4.1
e) f) 4
6.12.2.1 When the welded joint connects plates that are of different rhickness the plate thickness to be used in applying the requirements of stress-relieving in 6.12.2 (gj shall be the following:
a) The thinner of two adjacent butt welded plates including head to shell connections; b) The thicker of the shell or head plate, connections to intermediate heads; in
c) The thickness of the shell in connections to tube sheets or similar constructions; and d) The thickness of the shell or head plate in nozzle attachment welds. 6.12.2.2 All welding of connections and attachments shall be stress-relieved when the vessel or par! thereof is required to be stress-relieved ( see Table 6.3 j. 6.12.2.3 Heat treatment should be carried out after all welded connections have been attached to the vessel. When welding repairs have been done to a vessel which has been earlier heattreated, the vessel shall be heat-treated again, unless such rectifications are of very minor nature. 6.12.2.4 Stress-relieving, when required, shall be done before the hydrostatic test and after any A preliminary hydrostatic repairs to welding. test at a pressure not exceeding 0.5 times the design pressure to reveal leaks prior to the stressrelieving operation is permissible. 6.12.2.5 Normalizing is desirable when a structural improvement is necessary as with pressure vessels that are subjected to blows and knocks. When weldinLg pressure vessels that are to be normalized, the hl!er metal used shail be of the type, that the weld deposit will, after normalizing, meet the same requi,rements regarding the yield point as the parent metal. Considerations should be given to the deformations or stresses 75
6.10 Repair of Drilled Holes -- Hoier drilled throttgtl the vessel wall for measuring thickness should be closed by welding w-ith penetration for Alternatively, these the full depth of the hole. holes may bc treated as unreinforced openings and closed by any method permitted under the rules specified in this code. 6.11 Repair of Cracks - Cracks or grooving in plates on which forming operations have been carried out may be removed to sound metal and welded subject to prior agreement between the purchaser and the inspecting authority.
6.12 Post Weld Heat Treatment
6.12.1 Post weld heat treatment shall be carried out as the last operation prior to the prcssurr test in the case af carbon and low alloy ferritic steels either by normalizing or by stressSpecial heat treatment in the case of relieving. high alloy steels and in the case of non-ferrous shall be subject to nrcessary metals lvhere agreement between the manufacturer and the in\pc~cting authority.
6.12.2 Vessels or parts of vessels fabricated from carbon and low alloy steels shall be thermally
IS : 2825- 1969
TABLE 6.3 M_QXIMUM PLATE THICKNESS ABOVE WHICH IS REQIJIRED : Clatiscs6.12.2 (g) ad 6.12.2.21 POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT
MATERIAL GROUP (1) 0
PARENTAGE C~~EMKXL C~VPOSIT~~N AND MECHANICALPROPERTIE* (2)

Carbon 0.2\) Max Manganese I%0 Max Residual elements 0.80 Max Specified minimum yield strer@l &fax
PLATE THICXWESS
(3)
26 kgf/mms 31) mm ( JW Notes 2 and 3 : Howe.!er for fine grained ste.1. lsce Note 1 ) this may be incrrascd to 38 mm when agrred to betwee:) purcl,aser, manufacturer and inrpecting authority subject to preheating for :hicknesses over 30 mm
la
Carbon 0.25 Max Manganese 1+i(1 Mu K&dual elenxnts C.80 MUX Specified mirLn\:m yield strength 38 kgf/mmz MCI.-4 Carbon 0.3!1 Mu Maoganesr i.20 A&x Residual element 0.10 MQX Spe;lfied minimum yield strength
Ib
38 kgf/mm2
2a
Carbon 2.25 Max Mxganesc 1% Mu Ch!omium 0.63 MUX Molybdenum 0.60 Max Vanadium 0.12 MUX Residual or other elements 0.80 Mcx Specified minimum yield strength 44 kgf/m& Ml2.X Carbon 0.35 Mar Manganese 1.20 Max Residual or other elements 0.40 Max Szzfied minimum yield strength 44 kgf/mms Carbon O-25 Mar Manganese i%_l Max Chromium 1.10 MGX Molybdenum 1.50 MUX Vanadium 0.16 Max Residual or other clerrlent O%O Specified minimum yirld streilgth Al!
20 mm ( SM Notes 2 and 3 )
2b
All thicknesses 44 kgf/mms All thicknt-rsrs ( ;ec Note 4 ) test value* ofY.5 kgfm/cms or
other ferritic steels
Nom 1 - Fine grained steels are here considered to be those having C!larpy V impact 28 kgfm at -20C ( longitudinal direction ) which have been proved by impact testi.
ROTE 2 - For vessels cf thickness over 15 mm and of steel which is not fine grained and whrre post-weld heat treatment is not carried ol!t, the steels shall be Charpy V impsct tested at 0C and have an impact value* of 3.5 kgfm/cma or 2.8 kgPm (longitudina! direction).
NOTE 3-treated.
A!1 vessels with a wall thickness over 5 mm, designed for service below --20C
shall be post-weld heatthicknesses not
NOTE 4 - For circumrelential butt weld in pipes or tubes and for fillet welds attached with throat exceeding 8 mm, post-weld heat treatment is not mandatory under the following conditions:
a) Maximum specified chromium >, ,t carbon b) Maximum outside dii:mcter c! Maximllm thickness d) Minimum preheat tcmperatur,. e) Service temperature *See IS. 1757-1961
content of 3 percent >I 0.15 percent 102 mm P mm 150C 450C
Method for beam impact test ( V-notch ) for steel .
76
IS : 2825 - 1969 arising with the heating and with the normalizing process. cooling associated in two or more parts as provided, any circumferential joint not previously stressrelieved may be thereafter locally stressrelieved after welding the closing joints, by heating such joints by any appropriate means that will assure the required uniformity. The width of the heated band shall be not less than 2*5d%. The portion outside the heating device sha!l be protected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful. This procedure may also be used to stress-relieve portions of new vessels after repairs.
6.12.2.6 A normalizing heat treatment before or after \*;elding is required for hot-formed parts unless the process of hot-fbrming was carried out within a temperature range corresponding to normalizing. 6.12.3 Procedure for Thermal Stress Relief - The operation of thermal stress-relieving shall be performed in accordance with the requirements given in 6.12.2 using one of the following procedures. 6.12.3.1 The vessel shall be stress-relieved by heating as a whole in an enclosed furnace Where it is not practicable wherever practicable. to stress-relieve the entire vessel in one operation, the following procedures may be adopted. It may, however, be noted that these procedures may not ensure the same degree of immunity from susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking: The in sections in a> vessel is heatedminimum overlap an enclosed furnace, the of the heated sections being 1.5 m. Where this method is adopted, the vessel portion projecting outside the furnace shall be suitably shielded so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
b)
Circumferential seams in shells, piping and other tubular products may be locally stress-relieved by heating uniformly a shielded circumferential band around the entire circumference. The w,idth of the heated band shall be not less than 5 &?, where r and t are the radius and the thickness of the part stress-relieved, the weld being in the centre of the band. Sufficient insulation shall be provided to ensure that the temperature of the weld and heat affected zone is not less than that specified and the temperature at the edge of the heated band is not less than half the peak temperature. In addition the adjacent portion of the material outside the heated zone shall be protected by means of thermal insulation so that the temperature gradient is not harmful. A minimum width of insulation of 10 d/;t is recommended for the purpose of meeting these requirements. The vessel may also be heated internally for heat treatment, in which case the vessel shall be fully encased with insulating maThe internal pressure should be terial. kept as low as possible and should not be such as to cause appreciable deformation at the highest metal temperature expected during heat treatment. Shell sections or any other portion of a vessel may be heated to stress-relieve Iongitudinal joints or complicated welded details before being joined to make the completed vessel. When it is not practicable to stresrrelieve thd completed vessel as a whole ox
Branches, nozzles or other welded attachments may be locally stress-relieved by heating a shielded circumferential band. The band shall be heated up uniformly to the required temperature and held for the specified time. The circumferential band shall extend around the entire vessel, shall include the nozzle or welded attachment, and shall extend at least 2_52/rtbeyond the welding which connects the nozzle or other attachment to the vessel. The portion of the vessel outside of the circumferential band shall be protected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful. A minimum width of insulation of 2.51/r-?on either side of the heated band is recommended.
6.12.3.2 Where a welded production test plate is required, it shall be placed inside the drum during heat treatment, or where this is impracticable, the test plate may be placed alongside the drum in the furnace in such a position that it will receive similar heat treatment. The test plate may be heat-treated separately from the drum provided that means are adopted to ensure that the conditions are the same for the test plate as for the drum, namely, rate of heating, maximum temperature, soaking temperature, soaking time, and rate of cooling. 6.12.4 Stress-relieving of welded pressure parts shall be effected by any of the following methods. 6.12.4.1 The temperature to which the material shall be heated for stress-relieving purposes shall be within 580 to 620C with the following requirements: a) The temperature of the furnace at the time the vessel is placed in it shall not exceed 300C. b) The rate of heating above 300C shall not exceed 220 deg per hour up to and including 25 mm shell or end plate thickness. For shell or end plate thickness over 25 mm the rate of heating above 300C shall be or 55 deg per hour, whichever
5 506 deg per hour Max shell or end plate thickness in mm
is greater.
c) During the heating period there shall not be a greater variation in temperature throughout the portion of the vessel being
IS : 2825 - 1969
heated than 150 deg within any 4.5 m interval of length, and when at the holding temperature, the temperature not more than 50 deg throughout the portion of the vessel being heated shall be within the range 580 to 620C. temperature of the plate material of the shell or head of any vessel. Where more than one pressure vessel or pressure vessel part is stress-relieved in one furnace charge, thermocouples shall be placed on vessels at the bottom, centre, and top of the charge, or in other zones of possible temperature variation so that the temperature indicated shall be the true temperature for all vessels or parts in those zones*. 6.12.5 Alloy Steels - The most suitable postweld heat treatment temperature and thermal cycle depends upon the compositm of the alloy and any special properties which may be required. When such materials are to be heat-treated, these details shall be given special consideration and shall be agreed to between the purchaser ( or inspecting authority ) and the manufacturer. Table 6.4 is given as a guide for heat treatment and the effect of the heat treatment proposed should be considered in regard to any special requirements.
TABLE 6.4 HEAT TREATMENT STEELS FOB ALLOY
When it is impracticable to stress-relieve at a temperature of 580 to 62OC, it is permissible to carry out the stress-relieving operation at lower temperatures for longer periods of time in accordance with the following: Metal Temperature C 575 550 525 Time of Minutes/mm Heating, of thickness 3.5 6.0 9.0
For intermediate temperatures, the time of heating shall be determined by straight line interpolation.
6.12.4.2 When the vessel has attained a uniform temperature as specified above, the temperature shall be held constant for a period of 2.5 minutes or longer as may be necessary per millimetre of the maximum thickness of the shell or end plate subject to a minimum of one hour. 6.12.4.3 During the heating and holding period the furnace atmosphere shall be so controlled as to avoid excessive oxidation of the surface of There shall be no direct impingement the vessel. of the flame on the vessel. 6.12.4.4 The vessel shall be cooled furnace to 400C at a rate not exceeding: Up
to and including 25 mm Max thickness of shell or end plate 275 deg per hour
TYPE OF STEEL
RANGE OF TEMPERATURE 620~6tiWC
TIME IN MINUTES PER mm OF THICKNESS 2.3 ( I hour
4 Cr-zJ MO
1 Cr-4 Mo I& Cr-+ hlo 2f Cr-1 Mo*
C-4 MO
Min)
Min)
_ 620-660C 600-750% 700-740C 580-62OC 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
(1
hour
( 2 hours Min)
( 2 hours Min ) ( 1 hour Minj
5 Cr-4 MO 34 Ni
in the
*This wide range for the Iost-weld heat treatment temperature is necessary because of the marked dependence of the mechanical properties of this strel on the tempering temperature. In production a definite temperature with a tolerance of *20C would be selected to ensure that the mechanical properties upon which the design WDS based are in fact achieved.
Over 25 mm Max thickness of shell or end plate
7 000
Max shell or end plate

thickness in mm
OI
deg per hour
6.12.6
Other Heat Treatments
55 deg per hour whicheverisgreater Below 400C the vessel may be cooled in still air.
6.12.4.5 The temperatures specified shall be the actual temperatures of any part of the vessel and shall be determined by thermocouples in contacts with the vessel. All temperatures shall ously and automatically. be recorded continu-
6.12.6.1 If a normalizing heat treatment has to be carried out, the part to be normalized shall be brought up to the required temperature slowly and held at that temperature for a period sufficient to soak the part thoroughly. If the geometry of the part causes insufficiently homogeneous cooling, a stress-relieving heat treatment shall be applied after the normalizing heat treatment. 6.12.6.2 Other heat treatments ( tempering, quenching and tempering, etc ) have to be carried out in conformity with the procedure agreed by the manufacturer, purchaser and inspecting authority, according to the type, grade and thickness of the steel.
considered
6.12.4.6 A temperature-time diagram of the stress-relieving operation shall be provided with all the vessels requiring stress relief according to this code. 6.12.4.7 The atress relief given 78 minimum above shall temperature for be the minimum
*Furnace gas temperature measurement alone

sufficiently accurate.
is
not
IS:2825-1969 7. WELDING QUALIFICATIONS

7.1 positions falling within the limits of any fundaQental welding position given in IS : 815-1966*. 7.1.2.1 Test positions for butt wcldr - Butt welds for making tests for procedure qualification and welders performance qua!ification shall be made in the f6llowing basic-positions: and pipe in a a) Downhand position-Plate horizontal plane with the weld metal deposited from above ( see Fig. 7.1 A-l and 7.1 A-2). position - Plate and pipe in b) Horizontal a vertical plane with the axis of the weld horizontal. Welding shall be done without rotating the pipe 7 see Fig. 7.1 B-l and 7.1 B-2 ) c) Vertical position - Plate in a vertical plane with the axis of the weld vertical ( se# Fig. 7.lC) d) Overhead position - Plate in a horizontal plane with the weld metal deposited from underneath ( see Fig. 7.1 D ) e) Horizontaljixed position - Pipe with its axis horizontal and with the welding groove in a vertical plane. Welding shall be done without rotating the pipe so that weld metal is deposited from the flat, vertical, and overhead positions ( see Fig. 7.1 E ) ____*Classification and coding of covered electrodes for metal arc welding of mild steel and low alloy high tensile steels ( ~CU~JC~).
Plate Vertical, Axis of Weld Horizontal
Welding Procedure Qualifications

7.1.1
When a manufacturing firm furnishes satisfactory to the customer in conjunction with his inspectibg authority, that it has previously made successful procedure qualification tests or successfully undertaken the manufacture of boiler components, in respect of method, base and filler metal or thickness within a period of 3 years, in accordance with the requirements of an approved standard, such a firm shall be deemed exempt from the necessity of requalifying under the requirements of this code within the range covered by the previous tests. When the manufacturer commences any welding not previously qualified and succkssfully undertaken by him as regards methods, parent metal, filler material, thickness and equipment, he shall prove to the inspecting authority that his organization is capable of welding the materials to be used. For this purpose, test welds shall be made in accordance with the limitations stated in the following clauses.
proof,
7.1.2 All test welds for welding procedure qualifications shall be, carried out as butt welds, If the production welding is to be done in the downhand position, the procedure test plate shall also be welded in the downhand position. If the production welding is done in any orher position, the procedure test weld shall be welded in a similar Similar positions are regarded as position. Plate Horizontal
Axis of Pipe Horizontal, Pipe Shall be Rolled While Welding
Axis of Pipe Vertical

Fixed
&
00>
7.1 A-l
Test Position
( Flat )
7.1 A-2 Test Position
( Flat )
7.1 B-I Test Position ( Horizontal )
7.1 B-2 Test Position ( Horizontal )
Dlate Vertical, Axis of Weld Vertical
Plate Horizontal
Axis of Pipe Horizontal, Pipe Shall not be Turned or Rolled While Welding
7.1 C Test Position ( Vertical )
7.1 D Test Posltlon ( Overhead )
7.1 E Test Position
( Horizontal-fixed
7.1 F Inclined at 45 to Horizontal
FIG. 7.1
POSITIONS TEST PLATESOR PIPES FOR WELDER QUALIFICATION OF AND PERFORMANCE BUTT WELDS OF
79
..
IS : 2825 - 1969 An additional test position in case of butt welded pipes is the pipe inclined at 45C to the horizontal ( see Fig. 7.1 F ). 7.1.2.2 Qualification in the horizontal, vertical, or overhead position shall qualify also for the downhand position. Qualification in the horizontal fixed position, shall qualify for the dawnhand, For pipes qualivertical, and overhead positions. fication in the horizontal, vertical and overhead positions shall qualify for all positions. 7.1.3 Apart from what is specified in 7.1.X and 7.1.2, procedure qualification test welds for all preSsure parts of pressure vessels shall be made in such a manner that the welds are considered representative of those made in production, taking into account the following essential variables. 7.1.3.1 T_@c of parent metal pressure containing parts suitable for high temperature service ( fusion welding quality ) for carbon 9. IS : 1914-1961 Specification steel boiler tubes and superheater tubes Specification for boiler 10. IS : 2416-1963 and superheater tubes for marine and naval purposes 11. IS : 2004-1962 Specification steel forgings for general purposes for carbon engineering
Specification for struc12. IS : 3039-1965 tural steel ( shipbuilding quality ) Specification for steel for 13. IS : 3503-1966 marine boilers marine pressure vessels and welded machinery structures 14. IS : 3945-1966 Specification naval purposes for steel fir
a) S/~el-The procedure qualification test plates or test pipes shall be made from steel with a tensile stren,gth in the same range as that of the steel to be used in the construction and a chemical composition approximately corresponding to the most unfavourable analysis from the standpoint of weldability and within the limits of the material specification of the steel concerned. A procedure qualification made on steel with a certain tensile strength and a certain chemical analysis shall also cover the use of steels having a lower strength and a more favourable chemical analysis. In the case of plain carbon or carbon-manganese or alloy steels, these requirements are considered to be met, as long as the steel used for production and for the procedure qualification, both fall within the limits of one of the follo\vin,g groups: i) Low alloy and carbon steels 1. Grade St 42 IS : 226-1962 Specification for structural steel ( standard quality ) ( third. revision ) IS : 961-1962 Speci2. Grade St 55-HTW fication for structural steel ( high tensile ) (Jirst revision ) 3. Grade St 42 W IS : 2062-1962 Specification for structural steel ( fusion welding quality ) Cl5Mn75 IS : 1570-1961 Sche4. Grade dules for wrought steels for general engineering purposes Specification 5. IS : 2041-1962 plates for pressure vessels for steel
and carbon-manganese steels 15. Carbon conforming to material group 0 and 1 of Table 6.3 except those used for low temperature operation.
NOTE - Carbon over 0.23 percent is rubject to agreement between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority. In these caseS preheating is recommended.
ii) Alloy steels ( other than high alloy heat resisting and stainless steels ) Alloy steels conforming to material group 2, 3 and 4 of Table 6.3 and group 0 and group 1 steels to be used at low temperatures IS : 3609 - 1966 Specification for chrome molybdenum steel, seamless boiler and superheater tubes IS : 2611 - 1964 Specification for carbon chromium molybdenum steel forgings for high temperature service. iii) High alloy corrosk~ and heat resistant steels 1. Grade 07Crl3 IS : 1570-1961* IS : 1570-1961* IS : l570-196l* IS : 1570-196li* IS : 1570IS : 1570-1961* IS : 15762. Grade 04Crl9Ni9 4. Grade 04Crl9Ni9N@ 5. p9r;Fl 07Crl9Ni9Mo2T@ lMo3
3. Grade 04GrlSNiSTi?&!
6. Grade 05Crl8Nil 7. Grade 1961* 8. Grade
05Crl8NillMo3Tiz lOCr25Nil8
IS : 1570-1961*
6. Grade 20Mo5,5 IS : 1570-I 961 Schedules for wrought steels for general engineering purposes_ 7. IS : 2002-1962 Specification plates for boilers for steel
Qualification in material of a higher alloy roup also qualifies for material of a lower alloy gr $ up. b) Non-ferrous metals - Whenever I welding of the non-ferrous metals is undertaken, manufacturer shall prove to the inspecting authority that the weldwg is successfully *Schedules for wrought steels for general engineering
1 and 2 of IS : 3038-1965 8. Grades Specification for alloy steel castings for
P"rp-.
IS : 2825- 1969
undertaken by him as regards methods, filler metals, thickness of parent metal and equipment. For this purpose test welds shall be made in accordance with the limitations as agreed to between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority. c) Type and number of test specimens-The type and number of test specimens that shall be tested to qualify a procedure qualification are. given in Table 7.1 together with the range of thickness that is qualified for use in construction by a given thickness of test plate or pipe used in making the qualification. Qualification on pipe shall qualify for plate but not vice versa. The test specimens shall be removed in the order shown in Fig. 7.2 to 7.6. Welds between different base metals-When joints are made between two different types of base metal, a tielding procedure qualification shall be made for the applicable combination of materials even though procedure qualification tests have been made for each of the two types of base metals welded to itself. containing less than one percent manganese or vice versa ( the presence of 0.5 percent molybdenum in the filler metal analysis shall not require requalification ); g) if in submerged arc-welding, a change is made in the tiommal composition or type of flux used or a change is made in filler metal analysis ( requalification is not required for the change in f JX particle size );
NOTE- In submerged arc-welding, where the alloy content of the we!d metal is largely dependent upon the composition ofthe flux used, any change in any part of the welding procedure which would result in the important alloying elements in the tieId metal being outside the specification range of chemistry given in the welding procedure specification. If there is evidence that production welds are not being made in accordance with the procedure specifications, the inspector may require that a check be made on the chemical composition of the weld metal, Such a check shall preferably be made on a production weld.
d)
h) if in inert gas metal arc welding a change is made in the composition of the gas and a change in the electrode from one type to another or from non-consumable electrode to consumable electrode and vice versa. 7.1.3.5 Welding process - The welding process and, in the case of manual semi-automatic or automatic welding, the type of welding device shall be the same for the procedure qualification When the root test and for the production welds. pass of combination welds is made by one process and the remaining portion of the groove by another process, a new procedure qualification test is required. 7.1.3.6 Preheating and delayed cooling - The temperature of preheating, and heat treatment immediately following welding and any control of cooling rate, shall be the same for the procedure qualification test and for the production welds. However, if the preheat temperature in production work is increased by less than 100C this change will not necessitate a new procedure qualification test. 7.1.3.7 Subsequent heat treatment - The subsequent heat treatment shall be the same for the welding procedure test and the production welds. 7.1.4 For metal arc welding, a procedure qualification shall be valid for thickness from 0.75 to I.5 times the thickness of the procedure qualification test piece in plate or pipe. For oxyacetylene welding the test piece thickness shall be the maximum thickness for which the procedure qualifications are valid. 7.1.5 The test pieces for procedure qualification for butt welds in plates shall be of sufficient size to provide for the following tests: a) One reduced-section tensile test specimen cut transversely to the weld or as many specimens as are necessary to investigate the tensile strength over the whole thickness of the joint for all plate thicknesses ( see 8.5.7 ).
7.1.3.2 Electrodes, Jiller ro&, JIux and shielding gas - The specification and if there is no suitable specification, the type and mark of electrode and the composition of the filler rods, flux and shielding gas, shall be the same for the procedure qualification and production welds. 7.1.3.3 Type of joint preparation - For manual metal arc welding process, the type of joint preparation, for example, single V, double V, single U, double U or square edge, may be changed in production welds without the necessity of making a new procedure qualification test, provided that the form of the preparation is in agreement with good practice. For semi-automatic or automatic welding process, any important change in edge preparation requires a new procedure qualification. 7.1.3.4 qualification Welding technique - A new procedure test shall be required:
if in metal arc welding with covered electrodes a change in the type of electrode or a change in the composition of the weld metal, and in gas welding, a change in filler metal type or a change in weld metal composition is made; if in arc welding a change is made from dc source to ac or vice versa; in joints arc welding of single welded butt a backing strip is added or omitted;
b)
Cl if 4
if in oxy-acetylene welding of single welded butt joints a backing strip is added; in machine welding a change is made from multiple pass welding per side to single pass welding per side; if in submerged arc welding, a change is made from a filler metal containing l-75 to 2.25 percent manganese to filler metal
e) if
f)
81
IS : 2825 - 1969
THIS --__-___---____ PIECE -_-_--___-____. I REDUCED
====1==5====
DISCARD - -___ --_-_____ -----___--_-__ LONGITUDINAL SPECIMEN
___.,___ ___..__
THIS PIECE -__-___--- ____ ____--
SECTION
1
==
1
:
TENSILE ----------_-__ __-_--_---__-_
SPECIMEN FACE -____ _____ -__-----_-___. -_--__-_-_-__ TENSILE -_______--SPECIMEN _______ BEN3
I= I
============: -_= : 11
ROOT BEND I I SPECIMEN ----_-__---_-----____-----FACE BEN6 SPECIMEN REDUCED ___I ____ -----___--__-_----. ROOT BEND SPECIMEN -----------_-_ ---------_-LONGITUDINAL SPECIMEN -- -____ -----------FACE BEND SPECIMEN __--_ REDUCED SECTION I
1 1
SECTION
------------____-__-__~~-----~~~ ------------_
ROOT
BEND
I tzi======
1
I I ----_ --======q=q --_--z=-_-__ F====--
____ ----_
_ -___--____--__ _____ ==.._____-
___
====A==4
I
DISCARD
TENSILE SPECIMEN --------_-_-----_;---__ ---_ THIS PIECE I_ I
LONGITUDINAL SPECIMEN ____--__--__-_ __--- -- __ REDUCED -_ __ --_-_ -_== -
FACE
BEND
= =========z TENSILE SPECIMEN
SECTION
I
FIG. 7.2
DISCARD -------- ----_--__-__----..=~ _________ _-SIDE BEND
I
THIS PIECE =======r==== SPECIMEN
----------_-__ __---_-_---___--_._-~~-~~~-~~~~LONGITUDINAL SPECIMEN ______-_---____ _ ---__.__ ___---__ DISCARD
-______---__-__
ORDER OF REMOVAL TEST SPECIMENS OF FROM WELDEDTEST PLATE
ROOT
BEND
___. ______-_______ _______ -______-_ THIS PIECE
-_-_ ==L=======---_=_----___===========_--_--_ REDUCED SECTION .. TENSILE - -----SPECIMEN ___.. BEND ----_-..------._---==--_============ SPECIMEN ------- ---____ TENSILE _____ -_ SPECIMEN ___-_ _____
._----_--_-__ ._-_ --~_-_~-~._I-_--~--~~ SIDE BEND -_-------__--~. _----__--_ SIDE __---___---REDUCED ----._--
I
specimens shall be those shown in Fig. 7.7. The diameter d,, shall be the maximum possible consistent with the cross section of the weld ( see IS : 1608-1960* ). The gauge length shall be equal to five times the diameter ( set 8.5.6 ).
FIG. 7.4 ORDER OFREMOVALOF TESTSPECIMENS FROM WELDEDTEST PLATE
- --_--_-
SECTION --__---_==
SPECIMEN
----- _--SIDE BEND
..____ __-___ .--_--_-_=______= SPECIMEN
Cl Two
.--__-__-___--____-______ DISCARD
- __..
_ -- ---==_------------THIS
-__-c__ PIECE
I
b)
Fro. 7.3 ORDER OF REMOVAL TESTSPECIMENS OF FROMWELDEDTEST PLATE

One all-weld metal tensile test specimen when the plate thickness is between 10 and 70 mm inclusive; two test specimens, one above the other, in case where the plate thickness is more than 70 mm. The dimensions of the all-weld metai tensile test
bend test specimens, one for direct and one for reverse bending to be taken transversely to the weld, and where the thickness of the plate permits, one shall be above the other: 1) When the thickness of the plate exceeds 30 mm face bend and root bend tests may be substituted by side bend tests. When welds are made from one side only, one bend test may be a side bend test but at least one shall be a normal bend test with the root of the weld in tension ( see 8.5.9 ). 2) If desired by the purchaser, the guided bend test specimens for face, root and
other than
*Method for tensile testing of steel pmductr Sheet, atrip, wire and tube.
82.
IS:282501999
REDUCED SECTION
HORIZONTAL PLANE (WHEN PIPE IS WELDED wl HORIZONTAL FIXED
side bend test for plates may be used for austenitic chromium nickel vessels ( see 8.5.9.6 ). The test plates for austenitic steel vessels should be welded by the procedure used in the longitudi~ nal joints of the vessels and should be heat-treated using the same temperature cycles as used for the vessels. The operations on the test plate should be such as to duplicate as closely as possible, the physicat conditions of the material in the vessel. d) Three notched bar impact test specimens to be taken transversely to the weld ( see83.8 ) . e) One macro-test specimen ( see 8.5.11 ). The macro-test specimens prescribed shall also be used to make Vickers hardness tests along the cross section of the weld and the heat affected zone. The hardness shall be assessed by a HV indenter of not more than 30 kgf load ( see 7.1.5.5 ). 7.1.5.1 All-weld metal tensile tests - The tensile strength R obtained shall be at least equal to the specified minimum tensile strength of the base material. The elongation A in percent obtained shall be at least equal to that given by the equation in the case of carbon and carbon manganese steels: 100 - R A = ---m-R being measured in kgf/mm*. In addition, this elongation shall not be less than 80 percent of the equivalent elongation given for the base material. 7.1.5.2 The type and number of test specimens that shall be tested to qualify a procedure qualification are given in Table 7.1 together with
LRED&ED
Fm 7.5 ORDER
FROM WELDED
SECTION TENSILE PIPE REDUCE0 SECTIOR
OF REMOVAL TEST SPECIUBNS OF
HORIZONTAL PLANE (WHEN PlPE IS WELDED IN HORIZONTAL FIXEO
SECTION TENSILE
Fro. 7.6
ORDER OF REMOVAL TEXT SPS~~ OF FROMWELDED PIPE
ADDED
WELD
METAL
FIG.
7.7
ALL-WELD METAL TENSILE TEST PIECE 83
l8:2825-1969
TABLE 7.1 TYPE
FOR
AND NUMBER OF TEST WELDING PROCEDURE [Clauses
SPECIMEN 8 AND RANGE OF T?DCRNESS QUALIFICATION FERROUS MATERIALS 7.1.3.1 (c) a* 7.1.X?]
QUALIFIED
RANGE
op
BY
m ,mm
THICKNESS
QUALIFIED
Reduced
r-------
TEST PLATE IN mm c_--7
Mill
%l*;IY$
Max 2t 2I 2t
: SEC 8.5.7 ) 1
1
Section TeXlde Test
All-Weld Metal TrJt
Tensile
PUUNBER TF.ST SPECIMENS OF --* ------_--~--_-___ Face Ber.d Rout Bend Side Bend (MC 8.5.9) ( JCI8.5.9 ) ( JCC 8.5.9 )
I *cc 8.5.8 )
impact Test
__Macro and Test ( WC 8.5.11 )

Hardness
( s#e 8.5.6 j 1
1 1 -
ing 10 C.&r*;;
_ &I(
0*75r 0.75 t 0.75 t
1
1
1
1 -
20
3t+, 3$
3:
1 1
1
10 and over
tFw
*For tat plate1 10 mm and above [see 7.1.5 (b) 1. test plata less than 10 mm ( III 8.5.8.1 ). $Out of three test specimens, two rpccimens to contain the face side of the joint and one specimen to contain the root
side of the j&t.
#Either the face and root bend or the side bend tests may be used for thicknessfrom 10 to 20 min.
the range of thickness that is qualified. Th_e order of removirig test pieces from test plates 1s shown in Fig. 7.8. 1
MSCARD ~-___-~--,,--~----EDUCED SECTIDN .-__ ____ ^_______ (50: ZiY _______ ____ :Ag zEW,D __ __-__ --_ THIS PIECE -----TENSILE SPECIMEN mm_- _-_-.. SPECIMEN* a ----SPECtMEN* ------
7.1.5.3 Pipes and tubes-The test pieces Lr procedure qualification for butt welds in pipes and tubes shall consist of two pieces of the pipe or tube joined by a circumferential butt weld and shall provide for the number of test specimens given in Table 7.2.
TABLE
Prr~
7.2
NUMBER OF TEST SPECIMENS OF TUBES OR PIPES TENSILE TEST

CRoss
-___--_ ---..-----
( OUTSIDE)
DIAMETER
FACE BEND TEST 8!&?)
ROOT BEND TEST ( *cc k5.9 ) 2
SIACRO ETCI (III 8.5.11) 1
IJp to 50 mm Over 50 mm
I* 2
1 *The cross trnsik test pirce for small welded pipe as a wholr.
3 I tubes shall be the
A separate piece-of welded pipe or tube shall be required to provide the root bend and macro-etch test specimens in the case qf small pipes or tubes. If a backing ring is used, it shall be left in position in the macro-etch specimen and in the tensile test made on a welded pipe as a whole; from all other test specimens the backing ring shall be removed. The tensile test specimens shall be made in accordance with 7.1.3 (b) except that the minimum width shall be 20 mm.. The bend test specimens specified in Table 7.3.
TABLE 7.3
_-L-F
_---_--_
~---------.
NOTCH BAR _____ -____~-~-..----NOTCH BAR ______ -_-_NOTCH BAR ______ _____--_, MACRO TEST __-__-_ ,- ----_ DISCARD
4 IMPACT SPECIMEF m-c-IMPACT SPECIMEI I
------------. IMPACT SPECIME!N b_-------. SPECIMEN -_______THIS PIECE
shall have the width

SPECIMENS
WIDTH olr BKND
,_ 1
WIDTH OF BEND TEST 1N TUBES OR PIPES
PlPE$WTE3R
THKXNESS 1 OP PIPE
TEST P~sca
Up to 50 mm
Over 50 mm
*See Table 7.1,

Fro. ORDER OF REMOVAL OF TEST SPECIMBN FROM WELDBD Tess PLATE ( PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION )
I+
D
1%
7.8
with a maximum of 40 mm
_~
84
IS : 2825 - 1969 The bend test pieces shall be out with the edges parallel as in Fig. 7.9 and shall have the corners rounded or dressed to a radius of approximately 2 mm. 150 units for steels of material 200 units and 4 for steels of group 2 group 3
material
Fr&. 7.9
db
3
7.1.6 The test pieces for procedure qualification are subject to radiography of the weld, if the production weld is subjected to radiography nr if the inspecting authority considers this ncccssary ( see 8.7 ). 7.1.7 The results of the test3 and examination of welding proccdurE qualification test piece shall satisfy the requirements Tar welded production test plates ( see 8.6 ). 7.1.8 If the results of procedure qualification test are in any way unsatisfactory, the welding shall be complctc1y qualification procedure repeated. 7.1.8.1 Retesting of specimens, taken out of the same procedure test coupon, is not allowed. illC causes of unsatisfactory results However, should be investi:;ated. 7.1.9 h completely new \vclding qualificirion shall be necessary in is a change in essential variables under 7.1.3. procedure case there described
CUTTING OP BEND TEST PIECES
The bend test pieces shall be bent \+thout being straightened, but after removal of the weld reinforcements down to the level of, but not below, the surface, round a former of diameter 3t and through an axigle of 90 degree in the case of carbon steels. In case of alloy steels the bend angle shall be as agreed to between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority. The mannei in which the test specimen shall be taken from test pieces is indicated in Fig, 7.10.
3
M 1 2 3 MACRO ETCH
TENSILE FACE BEND ROOT BEND
FIG. 7.10
MANNER OF TAKING TEST
SPECIMENS
FROM TUBES
AND
PIPES
7.1.5.4 The macro-etch test specimen shall be taken from that part of the periphery of the weld that corresponds to what is regarded as the in the case most difficult welding position concerned. The inspecting authority at his discretion may call for an additional test position in case of butt welded pipes, that is, pipe inclined at 45 to the horizontal . Welding shall be done without rotating the pipe ( see Fig. 7.1 F ) . 7.1.5.5 The maximum Vickers hardness value of the weld metal and heat affected zone shall not exceed that of the parent metal by more than the following values: 120 units for steels of material ( SeeTable 6.3 ) group 0 and 1
7.1.10 Records of all tests shall be kept by the manufacturer for a period of at least 0 years after the inspection of precsure vessels and shall be available for the inslJec&lg authority for examination, when required. Suggested form i%r records is given in .\ppentlix H. 7.2 Welders Performance Qualifications
7.2.1 Where a nianufacturing firm flu nishes proof, satisfactory to the customer and the all welders assigninspecting authorit\;, that ed to manual or machine welding on pressure vessels and prcssurc parts have previously made performance qualification test for the type- of work and procedure conccrncd, or have also bern successfully cngagccl in the mamtf:acluTe of tn pressure vessel for a period of six mohths 35
XS: 2825- 1969

accordance with the requirements of this code then all such welders shall be exempt from the necessity of requalifying under these rules so long as the welders remain in the employment of the same manufacturer provided that all welders tests shall have been carried out on testing machines having a valid calibration certificate and the welding of test pieces has been carried out in the presence of inspecting authority. Where such proof is not forthcoming, welders assigned to manual or machine welding on pressure vessels and pressure parts shall have successfully passed the welders performance test for the type of work and procedure concerned. 7.2.2 The required tests shall be repeated if in the course of the previous six months the records of the welder show unsatisfactory production work, or if the welder has not been employed by the same manufacturer on the same type of work for a period of six months or more. 7.2.3 The welders qualification only as long as the welder remains ment of the same manufacturer. at 7.2.1 holds in the employb) 213 t where t is the thickness of the thinner plate welded. If several imperfections within the above limitations exist in line, the welds shall be judged acceptable if the sum of the longest dimensions of all such imperfections is not more than t in a length of 6t ( proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6t ) and if the longest imperfections considered are separated. by at least 3L of acceptable weld metal, where L is the length of the longest imperfection. The maximum length of acceptable imperfection shall be 20 mm, Any such imperfections shorter than 6 mm shall be acceptable for any plate thickness. 3) Porosity shall meet the requirements laid down under 8.7.5.3 and 8.7.5.4. Requirements fw sectioning 1) When the welded joint is to be examined by sectioning, the specimens removed shall be such as to provide a full cross section of the welded joint and may be removed by trepanning a round hole or by any equivalent method.
7.2.4 Test welds for welders performance qualification shall be carried out in exactly the same way and under the same conditions as laid down for the welding procedure qualification, except for the type of joint in the case of fillet welds and branch welds ( see 7.2.6 and 7.2.10 ). 7.2.4.1 Welding operators - Each welding operator who welds on vessels constructed under the rules of this code shall be examined as follows for each welding procedure under which he does welding with machine-welding equipment in which both the rate of travel and the position of the welding head with respect to the work are controlled mechanically, except for minor adjustments for such factors as plate-uneveness, out-of-roundness, and lead-angle: A) A 900 mm length of weld made by the operator shall be examined by radiography or bv sectioning. The length of weld ti examined may be that of a test plate or of production welding. B) In order to ensure that the operator carries out the provisions of the welding procedure, the radiographs of the joint shall be made in accordance with the technique prescribed under 8.7 and shall meet the requirements for spot radiographic examination given in (a) or two transverse sections, taken at approximately the third point of the weld, shall meet the requirement? for sectioning given in (b): a) Requirements for spot radiographic examination 1) Welding in which the radiographs show any type of crack or zone of incomplete penetration shall be unacceptable. 2) Welds in which the radiographs show slag inclusions or cavities shall be unacceptable if the length of any such imperfection is greater than
2) The
specimens shall be ground or otherwise smoothened and then etched by any method or solution which will reveal the defects without unduly exaggerating or enlarging them ( see Appendix K ). 3) If the skction;&e oxygenicut from the vessel wall, the opening in the vessel wall shall not exceed 40 mm on any diameter or the width of the.weld, whichever is greater, as measured after removal of all loose scale and accumulation. Oxygen-cut slag specimens shall be sawn across the weld to obtain a plane surface which will expose the full width of the weld on the cut surface. 4) Sections removed from the welded joint shall not show any types of cracks or zones of incomplete fusion or inadequate joint penetration. Gas pockets and slag inclusions shall be permissible onlv: i) when the width of any single slag inclusion between layers of weld metal substantially parallel to the plate surface is not greater than one-half of the width of the sound weld metal where the slag inclusion is located; ii) when the total thickness of all of the slag inclusion in any plane at approximately right angles to the plate surface is not greater than 10 percent of the thicknds of the thinner plate; and
86
IS t 2825 - 1969
iii) when there are gas pockets that do not exceed 2 mm in greatest dimension and when there are not more than six gas pockets of this maximum size per 650 mm2 of the weld metal or when the combined areas of a greater number of pockets do not exceed 13 mm2 per 650 mm? of weld metal. 5) The segments or plugs after removal shall be properly stamped or tagged for identification and, after etching, kept in proper containers, with a record of their place of removal as well as of the welding operator who performed the welding. C) If the weld does not meet the reauirements &t forth in 7.2.4.1 (B) second and subsequent joints, welded by the operator using the machine welding procedure, shall be examined by the same method until the operator demonstrates that he is capable of producing acceptable welds. ( Production welds so examined shall be unacceptable if they do not meet the minimum requirements of this code. ) cimens shall conform of welded production to those required for testing test plates ( see 8.5.9 ):
Test welds of the butt welded type for welders performance qualification on pipes or tubes, shall be tested by means of bend test pieces of the number, width and conditions of bending, exactly in accordance with 7.1.5.3. The range of thickness qualified by test butt welds on pipes or tubes shall be as given below: Range of Thickness QualiJied, in mm r----h--_~ Min Max* 1.5 2t 5 5 2t 1.5 t
b)
Thickness of Pipe, t, as Welded, in mm up to 10 Over 10 but less than 20 20 and over
7.2.6 Test welds for welders performance qualification in fillet welds shall be carried out to check the size, contour and degree of soundness of the fillet welds. The test welds shall be broken and the appearance of the rupture, as well as a macro-etching of a cross section of the weld, examined. 7.2.6.1 The test fillet welds shall be made in The limits of angular the following basic position. variation of the planes during welding shall be as given in IS : 815-1966t.
D> The
results of the radiographic or sectioning examination shall be recorded and the radiographs or sectioned specimens may be retained or be discarded by the manufacturer.
Welds requiring a combination of processes may be, performed by one or more welders or welding o@erators. Each, however, may do only that portion of the weld for which he has been qualified. 7.2.5 For welders performance qualification, test welds of the butt welded types in plates shall have length of at least 300 mm and not less than five times the plate thickness to provide necessary test pieces. These test welds shall be submitted radiographic examination for visual and ( see 8.7 ) and to macro-etching of a cross section of the weld. 7.2.5.1 mens that performance The types and number of test specishall be tested to qualify welders qualification are given in Table 7.4. case of oxy-acetylene welds and from. one side only, as many root be made in addition as the size of The root bend test spec permits.
7.4 TYPES
4 b)
Flat position - Plates so placed that the weld is deposited with its axis horizontal and its thro& vertical (see Fig. 7.11A). Horizontal position - Plates so placed that the weld is deposited with its axis horizontal on the upper side of the horizontal surface and against the vertical surface ( see Fig. 7.1 IB ). Vertical bosition - Plates so nlaced that the weld is, deposited with its a&s vertical ( see Fig. 7.11C ).
1
4 4
Overhead position - Plates so placed that the weld is deposited with its axis horizontal on the underside of the horizontal surface and against the vertical surface ( set Fig. 7.llD ).
7.2.5.2 In welds deposited bend tests shall the test coupon

TABLE
*For gas welding the maximum range of thickness qualified shall be limited to 1.25 times the test plate thickness. tClassification and codit?g of covered electrodes for metal arc welding of mild steel and low alloy high tensile steel ( reuised) .
AND NUMBER OF TEST SPECIMENS AND RANGE QUALIFIED (WELDER'S PERF~RM.~NCE QU~~CATION)
RANCW, OF THICKN~ILS QUALWIED BY TBIT PLATE r
OF' THICKNESS
SPECIMENS
TYPZOP
JOINT
THICKNESS OF TEST PLATE 1, mm
NUMBER OF TB~T
^--__A_--_,
--T Min Butt weld

t up to 10 t over 10 but LESS than 20 t 20 and over
Root Bend (see 8.5.9 )
Face Bend ( see 8.5.9 )
Nick Break (see 8.5.10)
3 5 5 All tbicknus
2: I.5 t
1 1 1 1
Fillet weld
IS:2825-1969 7.2.6.2 Qualification

cal or overhead flat position. in the horizontal, verlipositions shall qualify also for the of the weld shall show complete fusim at the root and freedom from cracks; ii) the weld shall not have a concavity or convexity greater than l-5 mm; and iii) there shall be not more than difference in the lengths of of the fillet. 7.2.6.4 qualification to conform
HORIZONTAL
l-5 mm
the lee
The test for welders performance in branch welds shall be carried out to one of the following methods:
4
Position Fillet
7.1IA Flat Position

Test Tee for Fillet Weld
of
7.1 IB Horizontal of Test Tee Weld

I VELO ,r
c--,iXIS OF
AXS OF WELD HORlZONTA!_
The weld shall be made on an assembly conforming to one of the types adopted by the manufacturer in his construction. The test specimen shall be approximately 200 mm in diameter and 20 mm thick for the branch and approximately 20 mm thick for the plate. This test would qualify the welder for branches of this same general design of connection. A weld shall be made on a test plate of the dimensions shown in Fig. 7.13 and shall be accepted for qualifying a welder to make set-in branch welds.
shown
b)
A weld on a test piece of the dimensions in Fig. 7.13B will qualify a welder for welding set-on branches. A \\reldshall be made between two branch pipes as shown in Fig. 7.13C. The size of main pipe shall not be less than 127 mm outside diameter and 10 mm thick and the outside diameter of branch pipe shall not be less than 89 mm I on outside diameter and 6 mm thick. The test joint shall be welded usirg the type of welding groove the welding specified m procedure specification.
7.1 IC Vertical Position of Test Tee for Fillet Weld
7.1 ID
Overhead Position of Test Tee for Fillet Weld
cl
FIG. 7.11 POSITUONS OF TEST PLATES FOR WELDER PERFORMANCE Q~JALIFICATION OF FILLET WELDS
7.2.6.3 The welds shall satisfy the following test. The dimensions and preparation of fillet weld test specimen shall be as shown in Fig. 7.12. The test specimen shall not contain any visible Thr test piece shall be cut transversely cracks. to provide a centrc section of 25 cm length:
Fructure test a> section shall The stem of the 25-cm centre be loaded laterally in such a way that the root of the weld is in tension. The load shall be steadily increased until the specimen fractures or bends flat upon itself. In order to pass the test: i) the specimen shall not fracture; or ii) if it fractures, the fractured surfaces shall show no evidence of cracks or incomplete root fusion, and the sum of the lengths of inclusions and gas pockets visible on the .fractured surface shall not exceed 50 mm in length. b) Xucro-exnminntion - The cut end of one of the end sections shall be smoothened and etched with a suitable etching agents* to give a clear definition of the structure of In order to pass the test: :he weld. i) visual examination of the cross section
For welds made in accordance with (a) the test pieces shall be submitted to a visual examination and a macrographic examination on transverse section, and for welds made in accordance with (b) a radiographic examination ( scc 8.7 ). The macrographic examination shall include, for welds made in accordance with (a), four macrographs on sections taken at right angles; and for welds made in accordance with (b) two macroglaphs from each test piece taken as shown in Fig. 7.13A and 7.13B and for welds made in accordance with (c) fourmacrographs as shown in Fig. 7.13C. 7.2.7 All test welds for welders performance qualification shall be carried out with equivalent electrodes, filler rods, flux and shielding gas, ,a used for the procedure qualification and the production welding concerned. 7.2.8 The appearance of the test welds, the macrographs, and the radiographs of these test welds where required, shall conform to the requirements for, acceptance of the production welds,
*Suitable etching agents are given in Appendix K. 88
-. /
MACRO All dimensions 7.I2A Fillot Weld Soundness Test in millimctreh
TI
for Performance
Qualification
of Welders
SURFACE
?C YERT!CAL
KEMEEF! THEORETICAL
CONVEX
FILLET
WELD
SURFACE
OF
HCRltONiAL
MEMBER
THEORETICAL
THROAT
SIZE
OF WELD
EQUAL
LEG
FILLET
WELD
SURFACE
OF VERTICAL
MEMBER
CONVEX
FILLET
WELD
SURFACE OF HORIZONTAL MEMBER
I THEORETICAL THROAT
UNEQUAL
7.126
LEG
FILLET
Leg Flllct
WELD
Weld Sizes
Equal and Unequal
FIO. 7.12
FILLET WELDS 89
13r!B!i?!i-1969
I----2OP~--l
7.I3A
\ _-+_ +cll
\SAW CUT
7.136
/-TEE TO BE CUT INTO 4 PIECES ALL CUTS s~ouL0 BE SAWN
O2 OUTSIDE OIA OF BRANCH
LONGITUDINAL CUT IN MAIN MAY BE FLAME CUT IF DESIRED
ro,
OUTSIDE .OIA
OF MAIN
7.13c
All dimensions
in millimetres.
FIG. 7.13 WELDERS PERFORMANCE TEST SPECIMEN 90
r!3:282!i-l!w9
7.2.8.1 Retests - A welder who fails to .meet the requirements for one or more of the test speci* mens prescribed in Table 7.4 may be tested under the following conditions:
a) When an immediate retest is made, the welder shall make two test welds of each type for each position on which he has failed, all of which shall pass the test requirements. b) When the welder has had further training or practice, a complete retest shall be made for each position on which he failed to meet the requirements. 7.2.9 Requalification of welders performance will have to take place in case of requalification of the welding procedure due to a substantial change in essential variables as listed in 7.1.3. 7.2.9.1 Essential variables - A welder shall be requalified whenever one or more of the changes listed below are made in the performance specification:
welder or welding the root pass shall of a minimum of of the face bends Table 7.4.
operator who is to make be tested only by means two root bends instead and side bends listed in
h) 3
In any welding process, the omission or addition of consumable backing rings or strip. The omission of inert gas backing.
7.2.10 welder having carried out a welding A procedure qualification with good results will also be qualified for welders competence in the procedure concerned, except in the case of branch welds.
7.2.10.1 Welder who passes the tests for butt welds shall also be qualified to make fillet welds in all thicknesses. Welder who passes the tests for fillet welds shall be qualified to make filiet welds only. 7.2.10.2 Renewal of qualijication - Renewal of qualification of a performance qualification is required (a) when a welder or welding operator has not used the specific process, that is, metal arc, gas, submerged arc, etc, to weld either ferrous or non-ferrous materials for a period of six months or more, or (b) when there is a specific reason to question his ability to make welds that meet the specification. Renewal of qualification under (a) need be made in only a single test-plate thickness. 7.2.11 Records of all tests shall be kept by the manufacturer and shall be available for the inspecting authority for examination whenever required. Suggested form for the records is given in Appendix H. 7.2.11.1 Each qualified welder and welding operator shall be assigned one identifying number, letter or symbol by the manufacturer which shall be used to identify the work of that welder or welding operator.
4 b) 4 4 4
The addition of other welding positions than those already qualified under 7.2.6.1. The omission of backing strip in metal-arc welding single welded butt joints. The addition welding. of backing strip in gas
A change from one welding process to any other welding process or a combination of welding processes. Where a combination of welding processes is required to make a weldment, each welder or welding operator shall be qualified for the particular welding process he is required to perform in production welding. change from any non-consumable process to any consumable-electrode process or rice versa. Where combination welds are used, the
f1 A
8)
91
SECTION
III
INSPECTION,
TESTS, MARKiNG
AND RECORDS
8.
INSPECTION
AND
TESTS
. ..
...
95 95 95 95 95
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7

9.
General Inspection Inspection During Manufacture Pressure Vessels
. .. ... ... Production Test Plates

I...
of Completed
Pressure Tests Mechanical Requirements Non-destructive

AND
Tests of Fusion Welded Seams -
96
. .
for Test Results of Welded Production Examination and Repairs of Welded
Test Plates Seams
102 103 110 110 111
... ... ...
MARKING
RECORDS
9.1 9.2
Marking Certificate of Manufacture and Test
...
ISr2823-1969 8. INSPECTION AND TESTS matching edges. Special attention shall be paid to assembly of branches and to their reinforcement. 8.2.3.5 When conditions permit entry into the vessel, as complete an examination as possible shall be made before the final closure. 8.2.4 Heat Treatment Check-The inspector shall satisfy himself that stress-relieving prpcedure or other heat treatment, as may be necessary, has been correctly carried out. 8.3 Inspection Vessels of Completed Pressure
8.1 General - Inspection shall be made at the various stages of construction depending on the classification of the vessel ( see Table 1.1 ). The manufacturer shall keep the purchaser and/or the inspecting authority informed of the progress of the work and shall notify the inspector reasonably in advance when the vessel has reached the required stage for inspection. 8.2 Inspection During Manufacture - All materials to be used for pressure parts of vessels shall be inspected before fabrication for the purpose of detecting defects which may affect the safety of the vessel. 8.2.1 Special attention shall be paid to the cut edges and other parts of rolled material which may disclose the existence of serious laminations, shearing cracks and other objectionable defects. 8.2.1.1 Defects shall not be repaired unless inspected and approved by the inspecting authority. Material which, in the inspecting authoritys . . cannot be satisfactorily repaired shall be zFg?not to comply with the requirements of this code. 8.2.2 JdentiJication of Materials - The inspector shall ensure that all material before use is properly identified as complying with the code requirements. Mill certificates or other test certificates to the satisfaction of the inspecting authority shall be produced to identify the material, The manufacturers identification marks should not be obliterated during manufacture. Where necessary the marks shall be transferred in the presence of the inspector. Steel plate less than 7 mm thick or non-ferrous plate less than 12 mm thick shall not be deep die stamped and the depth of stamping shall not exceed 0.5 mm. 8.2.2.1 The inspector shall witness the marking of, and place his own stamp on portions of the parent plate intended to be used as test plates for seams. The mark should be so located that it will not be cut out or obliterated during fabrication. 8.2.3
8.3.1 Visual Znsfiection During the final inspection of the whole vessel the surfaces of the welds are to be inspected visually and judged as stated under 6.7.15. If irregularities are found, rectification carried out ( see 6.9 ). shall be
8.3.1.1 Records of manufacturing details, inspection and tests shall be kept by the manufacturer and shall be available for the inspecting authority for examination, whenever required. Manufacturer shall furnish a certificate of manufacture and production tests when requested in the form given in Appendix M. 8.3.2 Radiographic Examination - Radiographic examination of welded joints shall be carried out in the instances where required following the rules specified under 8.7. Where so required by the inspecting authority the results of the radiographic examinahon shall be made available to him at the manufacturers works. 8.3.2.1 All austenitic chromium nickel alloy steel welds in vessels whose shell thickness exceeds 20 mm, shall be examined for cracks by a suitable fluid penetration method. 8.4 Pressure Tests
8.4.1 The finished vessel shall, in the presence of the inspecting authority, pass satisfactorily such of the following pressure tests as may apply:
4 W
Standard hydrostatic test where thickness be calculated.
for simple vessels of all pressure parts can
Inspection During Fabrication
The inspector shall make inspections of each vessel at such stages of fabrication as he deems necessary to assure himself that the fabrication is according to code requirements.
8.2.3.1
6.2.3.2 The edges of plates, openings and fittings exposed during manufacture shall be examined for defects. 8.2.3.3 Before assembly, all. shell sections, ends, rings, etc, shall be examined for conformity to prescribed shape and checked for thickness and dimensions. 8.2.3.4 The component parts of the vessel shall be assembled and checked for alignment of
for complex vessels the thickness of which cannot be computed with a satisfactory assurance of accuracy and for which the maximum working pressure has to be based upon the distortion pressure.
Proof hydrostatic tests -
Pneutiatic tests - for vessels so designed and/ or_ supported that they cannot be safsly filled with the testing liquid or for- ves$s that are to be used in services where even small traces of the testing liquid cannot be tolerated.
8.4.2 Pressure vessels inmild or low-alloy steels designed for internal pressure, shall be subjected to a hydraulic test pressure, which at every point
95
Is:
2825
-1969 even small tolerated. traces of water cannot be
in the vessel is at least equal to l-3 times the design pressure to be marked on the vessel multiplied by the lowest ratio of the allowable stress valuef, of the material of construction at the test temperature to the allowable stress value fa at the design temperature. Test pressure in kgf/cms = l-3 x design f, at test temperature fi at design temperature
Such pneumatic pressure test shall be carried out under close supervision by the inspecting authority. Adequate precautions, such as blast walls or pits and means for remote observation are essential. 8.4.3.2 The pneumatic test pressure shall not be less than the design pressure but need not exceed test pressure in a hydraulic test. 8.4.3.3 Procedure -The pressure shall graduincreased to not more than 50 percent of the test pressure. Thereafter the pressure shall be increased in steps ofapproximately 10 percent of the test pressure till the required test pressure Then the pressure shall be reduced is reached. to the value of the equivalent design pressure and held at the pressure for a sufficient time to permit inspection of the vessel.
ally be
pressure
8.4.2.1 The test pressure specified in 8.4.2 includes the amount of any static head acting at the If the weakest part of point under consideration. the vessel is not located at the lowest point of the vessel, it may be necessary to give special consideration to the effect of such additional static head due to the test liquid. 8.4.2.2 Vessels consisting of more than one independent pregsure chamber operating at the same or different pressures and temperatures shall be so rested that each pressure chamber ( vessel ) receives the required hydraulic test with pressure in the others.
It is important in the interest of safety that NOTE the vessel be properly vented so as to prevent formation of air pockets before the test pressure is applied. It is recommended that during the test the temperature of the water should not be below 15C.
8.4.4
Combined
Hydrostatic
Pneumatic
Test
A hydraulic test based on a calculated pressure may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. The vessel shall be maintained at the specified test pressure for a sufficient length of time to -it a thorough examination to be made of allsearns and joints but in no case less than 10 minutes. Whilst under pressure, the vessel to be well hammered on both sides of and close to the welded seams.. Hammer test is not required for vessels fabricated from materials which will be deleteriously affected by hammering and where the longitudinal and circumferential seams have been radiographed. Single wall vessels and chambers of multichamber vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only shall be subject to an internal hydraulic test pressure not less than l-3 times the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design internal absolute pressure, but in no case less than l-5 kgf/cmr. In case of jacketed vessels when the inner vessel is designed to operate at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum conditions, the test pressure need only be applied to the jacket space [ see also 3.12.1(c) 1. 8.4.3 Pneumatic Tests
8.4.4.1 In some cases it may be desirable to pneumatically test a vessel partially filled with liquid. In such cases a pneumatic test may be applied to the space above the liquid level, the pneumatic test pressure being as required in 8.4.3.2 less the pressure due to the static head of the liquid contained. 8.4.4.2 When pressure testing small, massproduced pressure vessels, the length of time for which the test pressure is to be maintained may be reduced upon agreement with th{ inspecting authority in each individual case. 8.5 Mechanical Tests of Fusion Seams - Production Test Plates 8.5.0 Fusion welded seams following mechanical tests. shall Welded satisfy the
8.&l Vessels subjected to severe duty or with a weld joint efficiency factor J = 0.9 to 1.0 shall be provided with two test plates to represent the welding of all the longitudinal seams of the first six shells or part thereof. Vessels with more than six shells shall have a test plate for every third additional shell or part thereof. No test plate need be provided for circumferential seams except in cases where a pressure vessel has circuml ferential seams only or if the welding process, procedure and technique is different in which case two test plates are to be provided, each having a joint as far as possible a duplication of the circumferential seam. 8.5.1.1 Test plates shall be attached at one end of the longitudinal seam in such a manner that the edges to be welded are a continuation and duplication of the corresponding edges of the seam. Welding shall be effected in one reasonably continuous operation by the same process and the operator or operators. Location of test plates shall be as agreed to between the inspecting authority and the manufacturer.
8.4.3.1 Pressure testing with air or gas may be carried out in lieu of the standard hydraulic test in the following cases: a) Vessels that are so designed, constructed or supported that they cannot safely be filled with water or liquid; b) Vessels that are to be used in services where 96
. IS:2825-1969 8.5.1.2 Test plates shall be of a size sufficient for the preparation of all the production test specimens indicated in 8.5.1.3 and should include provision for retests, if any tests fail. Recommended layout of test pieces is shown in Fig. 8.1.
welding of entire longitudinal seams of the vessel. No test plate need be provided for circumferential seams in the same vessel provided the welding procedure is the same for longitudinal and circumferential seams.
+-4-50mm 4 6 70
________ _-1
FOR RETESTS NECESSARV
r
1. 2. 3. 4. la and 1b Impact ( Outer Surface ) Specimen 2a and 26 Impact ( Inn& Surface Micro and Macro Specimen Reduced Section Tensile Test
*
5. *6. 7. 8. All-Weld Metal Tensile Test Specimen Bend Test Specimen -
) Specimen
Face
Bend Test Specimen -Root Micro and Macro Specimen
*See Table 7.1 and clause 7.1.5 (c).
FIG. 8.1
LAYOUT OF TEST PLATES FOR SEVERE DUTY VESSELSOR Vessms WITH .f = 0.9 TO 1*oo
8.5.1.3 Weld test plates shall make provision for the following:
One a>
all-weld metal tensile test ( see 8.5.6 ),
8.5.2.1 Test plates shall be prepared as in 8.5.1.2. The layout of test specimens is suggested in Fig. 8.2.
8.5.2.2 Test plates shall make provision ihe following: %r
b)
One reduced section tensile test specimen cut transversely to the weld, or as many specimens as are necessary to investigate the tensile strength over the whole thickness of the joint ( see 8.5.7 ). Two bend test specimens, one for direct and one for reverse bending, to be taken transversely to the weld, and where the thickness of the plate permits, one shall be above the other.
One reduced section tensile test specimen cut transversely to the weld, or as many specimens as are necessary to investigate the tensile strength over the whole thickness of the joint ( see 8.5.7 ). Two bend test specimens, one for direct and one for reverse bending to be taken transversely to the weld, and where the thickness of the plate permits, one shall be above the other. Where the plate thickness exceeds 30 mm, face bend and root bend tests may be substituted by side bend tests. When welds are made from one side only, one bend test may be a side bend test but at least one shall be a normal bend test with the root of the weld in tension ( see &!I.9 ).
b)
When the thickness of the plate exceeds 30 mm, face bend and root bend tests may be substituted by side bend tests. When welds are made from one side only, one bend test may be a side bend test but at least one shall be a normal bend test with the root of the weld in tension ( see 8.5.9 ).
Three notched bar impact test specimens, to be taken transversely to the weld as near as possible to the face side of the last pass of the weld on outer and inner plate surface ( see 8.5.8 ). One macro test specimen ( see 8.5.11 ).
One test specimen be c> nick breakthe welded seam.&all shall cut transversely to It be the full thickness of the plate ( see 85.10 ).
8S.2 Vessels subjected to medium duty or with a weld joint efffciency factor J = @8 to @85 shall be provided with two test plates to represent all the
8.5.3 All conditions for the actual work piece and test plate shall be similar. 8.5.3.1 The material of the welded production test plate shall be of the same specScation and the 97
IS:2825-1969
same
nominal thickness as that of the work piece, and may be taken from any part of one or more plates of the same lot of material that is used in the fabrication of the welded vessel. 8.5.4 The test plates shall be supported or reinforced during welding in order to prevent undue welding ( see warping and distortion during Fig. 8.3 ).
8.5.4.1 If it is desired to straighten test plates which have warped during welding, they may be straightened at a temperature below the temperature of heat treatment of the shell to which they belong. Straightening shall take place before The test plates shall be fina1 heat treatment* subjected to the same heat treatment as required for the work piece they belong to. . --50
mm
FOR RETESTS
1.
Transverse Tensile Test Piece ( Welded Joint )

Bend Test Specimen Face *Set Table 7.1 and
l3,
4.
Bend Test Specimen Nick Bleak Specimen
Root
l 2.
Clause 7.1.5(c).
FIG. 8.2
LAYOUT OF TEST PLATES F~~~IX;IJ; WITHJ= *
DUTY VG~SELS O.R VESSELS
REY3:w w@ol?ARv SuPPofmNG

STRUTS
I&e tat plater are to be suitably rupported and reinforced to prevent dirtortion during
welding. The test plates are to be tack-welded to the shell.
FIG. 8.3
METHOD OF SUPPORTING TEST PLATES
98
8.5.5 The welds in production test plates may be subjected to radiography ( see 8.7 ).
8.5.5.1 If any defects in the welds of a test plate are revealed by the radiographic examination, their position shall be clearly marked on the plate and test specimens shall be selected from such other parts of the test plate as may be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority.
8.5.6 One all-weld metal tensile test specimen when the plate thickness is between 10 and 70 mm inclusive; two test specimens, one above the other, in case where the plate thickness is more than 70 mm. The dimensions of the all-weld metal tensile test specimens shall be those shown in Fig. 7.7. The diameter d,-, shall be the maximum possible consistent with the cross section of the weld ( see IS : 160%1960* ). The gauge length shall be equal to five times the diameter. 8.5.6.1 The result of the test shall meet requirements given in 8.6.6. the
types and dimensions shown in Fig. 8.5 and Fig. 8.6. The notch is to be contained in the weld metal at approximately the axis of the weld and the axis of the notch is to be perpendicular to the surface of the plate (see IS : 1757-1961* ). The notches should be located according to orientation A and B of Fig. 8.6A and 8.6B, as agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Orientation A shown in Fig. 8.6A is suitable for use with. 10 mm square and sub-standard size specimens. Orientation B is suitable for use with 10 mm square specimens only. In the case of vessels for low temperature operation, impact test specimen shall also be taken from the heat affected zone. 8.5.8.1 In case of plate thickness less than 10 mm, a test specimen similar to that shown in Fig. 8.6A shall be used except that the
8.5.7 The dimensions of the reduced-section tensile test specimen shall be those shown in Fig. 8.4A . The width of the reduced section shall be equal to thickness of the plate or 25 mm minimum. The thickness of the specimen shall be equal to the plate thickness and the plate surfaces of the specimen shall be machined to take away the surface irregularities of the plate and the weld. The shape and dimensions of the specimen shall be in accordance with Fig. 8.4 and Table 8.1. If the plate thickness exceeds 30 mm, the tensile test may be effected on several reduced-section specimens, each having a thickness of at least 30 mm and a width at the effective cross section These specimens shall be taken of at least 25 mm. out of the test piece in such a way that the tensile test covers the whole thickness of the welded joint, as shown in Fig. 8.4 ( see also IS : 16081960* ).
TABLE 8.1 DIMENSIONS OF REDUCED TENSILE TEST SPECIMEN Gauoe' LENT mm MZNIMUM PARALLEL LENGTH P mm 60 125 250 12 mm. MINIMUM RADIUS AT SHOULDER R SECTION
\I.99P-----cl
rT=30mm MAX
WV
I--L
(A)
-I
THICKNESS OF WELDED JOINT AN0 PLATE
--i!-6mm
(B)
FIG. 8.4
REDUCED-SECTION TENSILE TEST

%EClMEN
WIDTH bhO.25 mm
APPROXIMATE
mm
TOTAL LENGTH
L mm 200 300 375
IF]%]
Plate thickness with minimum 25 mm 200
58 50
(A)
Standard U-Notch Test Piece
+G, Min = W+
8.5.7.1 The result of every test specimen concerned shall meet the requirements mentioned under 8.6.1.
8.5.8 impact Impact Test Secimens - he notched bar test specimens are to be one of the two
l------55_1
(B) V-Notch Test Piece
I404
All dimensions in millimetres. FIG. 8.5

IMPACT
TEST SPECIMENS
*Method for tensile testing of steel products other than sheet, atrip, wfre and tube.
*Method for beam impact-test ( V-notch ) on steel. 99 -._
IS:292!i-1969
V OR U NOTCH --. I \YI l-- ROOT SlCJ~L MACHINING OF THESE SURFACES TO BE A MINIMUM VORUNOTCHY / /I 2 SPECIMENS THUS
ROOT SIDE
FIG. 8.6A V- OR U-NOTCH CHARPY TEST SPECIMEN SHOWING POSITION OF NOTCH, ORIENTATIONA
/--, I \/ fl
2 SPECiMENS THUS
LMACHINING OF THESE SURFACES TO BE A
+++I
SPECIMEN THUS
FIG. 8.6B
V- OR U-NOTCH CHARPY TEST SPECIMENSHOWING POSITION NOTCH, ORIENTATIONB OF
dimensions along the axis of the notch shall be reduced to the largest possible of 7.5 mm, 5 mm or 2.5 mm. 8.5.8.2 The tests shall be carried out at a temperature within -J=2C of the lowest design metal temperature with a maximum of 50C. In the case of the V-notch specimens, the machining of the bottom of the notch shall be done very carefully. The choice between U:notch and V-notch specimens shall be agreed to between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority. Once the choice is made, it is not allowed to change the type of specimens, even when the test results prove to be unsatisfactory. 8.5.8.8 The result of every test shall meet the requirements mentioned under 8.6.2. 8.5.9 Bend Tesi Sptcimcnr
specimen. The length of the specimen shall be such that it satisfies the test requirements. 8.5.9.2 Where the plate thickness does not exceed 30 mm, the thickness of the face and root bend specimens shall be equal to the thickness of the test plate. 8.5.9.3 Where the plate thickness exceedr 30 mm either the face and root bend specimen is maintained at 30 mm or two or more specimens of uniform thickness over their entire length may be cut to represent the full thickness of the joint provided the specimen thickness is not less than 15 mm and not greater than 30 mm ( see Fig. 8.7A, B and C ). 8.5.9.4 The width of the side bend test spedmen b ( see Fig. 8.7D ) shall be the full thickness of the plate at the weld and the surfaces of the specimen shall be machined or dressed just to remove the surface irregularities of the plate and weld. When the plate thickness is over 40 mm, two or more specimens of equal width may be cut from across the plate thickness provided the specimens width is not less than 20 mm and not greater than 40 mm. The length of the specimen shall be such that it satisfies the test requirements. 8.5.9.5 Bend test specimens shall be mounted on roller supports ( see Fig. 8.7C and E ) and shall be pushed through the support with a former.
8.5.9.1 The face and root bend test specimens shall be rectangular in section so as to have a width equal to 1) times the thickness of the specimen subject to a minimum width of 30 mm. The surfaces of the specimen shall be machined or dressed just to remove the surface irregularities of.the plate -and weld, The corners of the specimens shall be rounded to a radius not exceeding 10 percent of the thickness of the
IS : 2825 - 1969
All dimensions FIG.
in miliimetres.
AlI dimensions
in millimetres.
8.7A
TRANSVERSE FACE AND ROOT BEND SPECIMEN
FIG. 8.7B METHOD OF CUTTING TRANSVERSE BEND TEST SPECIMENS FROM ACROSS FULL PLATE THICKNESS -.--_--I -.L._ ._.--+__-._. -,-I MAX
+,I -I-
RADIUS 10X0-,
WELD NORMALLY OQESSE 0 FLUSH
&
$10.
8.7C METHOD OF TESTING TRANSVERSE BEND TEST SPECIMEN ( see TABLE 8.2 )
All dimensions FIG. 8.7D
in millimetres.
SIDE BEND TEST SPECIMEN
0=3a
FIG. 8.7E
METHOD
OF
TESTING SIDE BEND SPECIMENS
If the test piece has been reduced in thickness as permitted in 8.5.9.3, the machined surface shall be in compression. The side of the specimen turned towards the gap between the supports shall be the face for face bend specimens, the root for root bend specimens and the side with the greater defects, if any, for side bend specimens. The distance between roller supports and diameter of the former shall be as given in Table 8.2. The test specimen shall be bent through an angle of 180. The tests shall be conducted in accordance with IS : 1599-1960*. 8.5.9.6 In the case of austenitic chromiumnickel steel vessels, the specimen shall be ground and polished and immersed for not less than 72 hours in a boiling solution consisting of 47 ml concentrated sulphuric acid and 13 g of crystalline copper sulphate ( CuSO,, 5H,O ) per litre of water. The specimen shall then be bent as laid down under 8.6.3.1. 8.5.9.7 The result of every test specimen concerned has to meet the applicable requirements mentioned under 8.6.3 or 8.6.3.1.
*Method for bend test far steel products other than sheet, drip, wire and tube.
TABLE 8.2 DIAMETFR OF FORMER DISTANCE BETWEEN SUPPORTS
AND
( Clam
TENSILE STRENGTH OP PLATE
8.5.9.5 ) FREESPACZ BRTWEEN SUPPORTSA'J THE END OF TEST, Max 4.2 6-2
DIAMETER OF FORMER
Below 44 kgf/mm2 From 44 to 54 kgf/mm2 Above 54 kgf/mma
21 3r
t t
5.2 1
41
1= the thickness of the plate. 8.5.10 The nick break test specimen shall be of rectangular section as shown in Fig. 8.8. Where the plate thickness does not exceed 30 mm, the thickness of the specimen shall be equal to the full thickness of the plate. Where the plate thickness exceeds 30 mm, the specimen shall in all caies have a thickness of at least 30 mm. 8.5.10.1 The nick break test piece shall be suitably supported so that the notch is at the centre of fusion surface of the test stiecimen and shall be broken by means of a former or by a blow or blows. 101
dix K ). Material cut from this specimen may be used for micro examination, where necessary. 8.5.11.1 The result of the test shall meet the requirement of 8.6.5. 8.6 Requirements
Production
for Test Results
of Welded
Test Plates
8.6.1 Reduced-Section Tensile Tests - The tensile strength obtained shall be at least equal to the tensile strength of the base specified minimum material. 8.62 The minimum average results to obtained from the impact test pieces shown Fig. 8.9 A and B shall be as follows: 5.5 kgf m/cm* U-notch specimen 3.5 kgf m/cm* V-notch specimen
I---------_200 MIN
be in
All dimensions
in millimetrcs.
NOTE- Thevalues 10 x 10 mm teat piece.
are equivalent
to 2.8 kgf m for a
FIO. 8.8
NICK BREAKTEST PIECE
83.105 The result of every test specimen shall meet the requirements mentioned under 8.6.4. 8.5.11 Macro Test Specimen - The specimen shall be the full thickness of the plate at the weld joint and the excess weld metal and penetration bead shall be left intact. The shape and dimensions of the specimen shall be in accordance with Fig. 8.9. The specimen shall be prepared, polished and etched using an approved method ( see Appen-
8.6.3 Bend Test - On completion of the test, the specimen shall have no cracks or other open defects exceeding 3 mm measured in any direction Premature on the convex surface of the specimen. failure at the corners of the specimen shall not be considered as a cause for rejection unless there is definite evidence that they result from slag inclusions or other internal defects. 8.6.3.1 The specimens of austenitic chromium-nickel steel plates when bent through the jig for guided-bend test ( see Fig. 8.10 ) to produce an
TO BE BY SAWING
I-W FIG.
+ 25 MINr EACH
SIDE--I
8.9
TESTSPECIMEN
*AS
FOR MACRO
REQUIRED
EXAMINATION
------_I
f-AS REQUIRED.j
LTAPPED TESTING
HOLE TO SUIT MACHINE
FEMALE MEMBER MEMBER
r
FIG. 6.10 JIG FOR GUIDED-BEND TEST
102
IS : 2825 ; 1969 elongation of not less than 20 percent at the section in the base metal 6 mm from the edge of the weld, shall show no sign of disintegration after bending. 8.6.4 jVick Break Test-The fracture on inspection shall sh ow complete penetration throughout the entire thickness of the plate, absence of from oxide or slag inclusions and freedom excessive porosity. macro-etching of Test - The 8.6.5 Macro of the weld shall a complete cross section show a good penetration and absence of lack of fusion, significant inclusions and other defects. In case of doubt, the doubtful zone shall be investigated by micro-etching. 8.6.6 All- Weld Metal iensile Test - The tensile strength R obtained shall be at least equal to the s ecified minimum tensile strength of the base The elongation A in percent obtained n! aterial. shall be at least equal to that given by the following equation, in the case of carbon and carbon manganese steels: A = R being measured IOO2.2 in kgf/mms. R Examination 8.7 Non-destructive Repairs of Welded Seams 8.7.0 For general guidance in technique, reference may be made 1963*. and
radiographic to IS : 2595-
8.7.1 Radiography A - It covers the radiographic examination of all longitudinal and circumferential butt welds in drums, shells and headers throughout their whole length including points of intersection with other joints. 8.7.1.1 For circumferential butt welds in extruded connections, pipes, tubes, headers and other tubular parts:
4 b)
no radiographic examination is required where the thickness does not exceed 6 mm; no 1adiographic examination is required where the thickness is greater than 6 mm but does not exceed 12 mm and the outside diameter does not exceed 102 mm; in constructions where the thickness and outside diameter are greater than those specified in (a) and (b) above, but do not exceed 20 mm or 170 mm respectively, five welds selected at random from each welders work, but with a maximum of 5 percent of the total length of welds, shall be radiographically examined; and for constructions exceeding the limits specified in (c) above, all the welded joints shall be radiographically examined. Figure 8.11 clarifies graphically the requirements aa formulated under (a), (b), (c) and (d).
c)
In addition, this elongation shall not be less than 80 percent of the equivalent elongation given for the base material. 8.6.7 Radiographs - The radiographs form to the provisions in 8.7. shall con-
8.6.8 If the results of a test on welded production test plates are unsatisfactory, the causes shall be investigated making use in particular of the If the unsatisfactory results results of new tests. of the original tests are proved to have been caused by local or accidental defects, the results of the retests shall be decisive. 8.6.8.1 Retests-Should any of the test pieces fail to meet the specified requirements, retests shall be allowed for each test piece that fails, as follows:
Tensile tests - Where any result of the tensile tests is not less than 95 percent of the specified value one retest shall be made. Where the result falls below 95 percent, two retests shall be made. Bend tests - Where a bend or nick break test piece fails to meet the specified requirements, two retests shall be made. Notched bar impact tests - If a notched bar test fails to meet the specified requirements, two retests shall be made, on test pieces taken from the test plate, one on each side of the original specimen and separated from it by not more than 5 mm.
6 12 19
b) c)
THICKNESSmm IN FIG. 8.11 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
8.6.8.2 Should any of the retests fail to meet the specified requirements, the welded seams represented by these tests shall be deemed not to comply with this standard.
8.7.1.2 Butt welds in furnaces, combustion chambers and other pressure parts under external pressure, are subject to check radiographic examButt welds in fully sufiported end plates ination. are not subject to radiographic examination.
*Code of practice for radiographic testing.
103
IS : 2825- 1969 8.7.2 Radiography B - Spot or check radiographic examination of the welded joints in question, comprising at least 10 percent of their whole length. The individual radiographs should not be shorter than 25 cm unless this is necessitated by the shape of the joints, the radiographic examination shall in all cases comprise all points of intersection with other joints, unless these points have already been examined by the radiographic examination of the other joints. At least one radiograph for the work of each welder or welding operator used in the fabrication of the vessel is necessary.
8.7.2.1 If the results of the examination of check radiographs of the selected welds are not satisfactory, the cause shall be investigated and, if considered necessary, the percentage of radiographic inspection increased by agreement between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority. Radiographic 8.7.3 Preparation of Wt$ds for Examination - All butt welded joints to be radiographed shall be free from weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside and the outside, to a degree such that the resulting radiographic contrast due to any remaining irregularities cannot be confused with that of any objectionable defects. Also the weld surface shall merge smoothIy into the plate surface. 8.7.3.1 The finished surface of reinforcement may be flush or have a reasonably uniform crown not exceeding the limits stipulated in 6.7.16. 8.7.3.2 Welded buttjoints of the backing strip ( see Table 6.1 ) type may be radiographed without removing the backing strip provided that the image of the latter is not significantly detrimental to the interpretation of the radiographs. 8.7.3.3 Radiographic examination conducted before final heat treatment. should be In the case of may be provided, to the sum of the forcements passed welds with reinforcement a shim the thickness of which conforms mean thickness of the weld reinby the radiation.
When the penetrameter is placed adjacent to the weld seam and the weld reinforcement and/or backing strip is not removed, a shim of the same material as backing strip shall be placed under the penetrameter such that the total thickness being radiographed under the penetrameter is the same as the total thickness through the weld, including backing strip when used and not removed. 8.7.5 Interpretation of Radiographs - The examination of radiographs of welds shall be made on the original films, using a viewing device of suitable illuminating power. 8.7.5.1 For correct interpretation of radiograph, the film density shall preferably be between 2 and 3 but in no case less than 1.7 ( see IS : 11821967* and IS : 4853-1968t ). 8.7.5.2 The following standard of acceptance applies to radiographs of butt welds in drums and shells and longitudinal butt welds in headers, but not to circumferential butt welds in headers, pipes and tubes. The root runs of circumferential welds in headers, pipes and tubes shall be substantially free from defects. 8.7.5.3 Butt welds in drums and shells and longitudinal butt welds in headers shall in no case be acceptable, if having one or more of the following defects: Radiography A
4
b)
Cracks or areas having or penetration; Any elongated ceeding: inclusion
incomplete
fusion ex-
check the image 8.7.4 Penetrameters - To quality of the radiographs, use shall be made of either a wire type or stepwedge type ( see IS : 36571966* ) image quality indicator or penetrameter. At least two penetrameters shall be used for each radiograph. One penetrameter shall be placed at each end of the length of weld shown on each radiograph, Further, the penetrameters shall be laced on the source side and not on the film side. ! ,he radiographic examination shall be capable of revealing a difference in metal thickness equal to not more than 2 percent of the thickness of weld under examination. 8.7.4.1 The penetrameter should be placed parallel with and close to the weld with the wire or hole which is the smallest in diameter positioned away from the centre of the length of weld under Each section of the weld shall be examination. marked so that the radiographs can easily be correlated to the particular part of the joint represented. *Specification for radiographic image quality indicators. 104
of a length
1) half the thickness with a maximum of 6 mm for thickness not exceeding 18 mm, 2) one-third the thickness for thicknesses over 18 mm and up to and including 75 mm, and 3) 25 mm for thicknesses exceeding 75 mm;
Any group of inclusions of slag in alignment, the total length of which exceeds the thickness over a length of 12 times the thickness except when the distance between successive defects exceeds 6 times the length of the longest defect in the group; and Any porosity greater Fig. 8.12A to E. than that given in
*Recommended practice for radiographic examination of furion welded butt joints in steel plates (_/i~rtuision ). tRecommcndcd practice for radiographic examination of furion welded circumferential joints in steel pipes.
IS : 2925- 1969
DIMEN-NIONS -. . .:.:. I . . NO. OF PORES
.4: .
.:.
-.-
,,.
ASSORTED
LARGE
MEDIUM
I
FIG. 8.12A
POROSITY CHART, PLATE 6.5mm OR LESS
DIMENSIONS. 0.6Yrn 0.66 3.12 . .*. . .:.* *.... *. . * I . .

l
NO. OF . : . .
l
PORES 35
. . * ..*;.._ . ._ .
l
..
ASSORTED
LARGE
MEDIUM
FIG. 8.12B
POROSITY CHART,PLATE OVER 6.5 mm TO 12 mm 105
DIMENSIONS 0-70 l.(jO 312 . . . ) . .

l
NO. OF PORES . . . *
l
. . 1 .
. . .* . *.*
l
. . .
. *. -. . .
. .* . . 1.. ** * : *. .:. *
38 21 1
ASSORTED
r*coJ . .
. :.. . 0
. :
. . .
l
. ,
. l . . 0
l
. . 0. l *. . .
. .
. .
. . .
. . .
150 .
l
. I
fGED!UM
..*... . . . .
. .
. -*:
. . .
.
. .
.
. .. . . _...
. . ..--*
I
Fro. 8.12C
DhE.SIONS
FINE
POROSITYCHART, PLATE OVER 12 mm TO 32 mm

NO. OF PORES
44
iy
l;)::-:i:l
~:
FIG.
8.12D
POROSITYCHART, PLATE OVER 32 mm TO 64 mm
106
IS:2825-1969
DIAMENSIONS
mm 1.40 2.00
NO. OF PORES 40
l
. .
3.12 l
. 0. 0. .
l .
l l
. .
l
. . .
. . 0
a.
l:
.
ASSORTED
l *
. .
0.
0.. 0.
.
l
. .
. .
L50
.
l l
l e.
l
MEDIUM
~-;I~ I
I
I
FIG. 8.12E
Radiography B
FINE
POROSITY CHART,
PLATE OVER 64 mm
Cracks or areas a> penetration; or
having incomplete
fusion
W 4
Any inclusion or cavities of a length exceeding two-thirds of the thickness of. thinner plate welded; Any group of inclusions in alignment, the total length of which exceeds the thickness over a length of six times the thickness, except when the distance between the successive defects exceeds three times the length of the longest defect in the group. The maximum length of elongated inclusions permitted shall not be more than 12 mm; and Porosity is not a factor in the acce tability of welds not required to be P ully radiographed.
1, where 5 is the highest and 1 is the lowest obtainable mark. As a basis for the interpretation, the :f-raW;fisW Collection of Reference Radiographs , Atlas Issued by the International Institute of Welding shall be used.
Marks II W Colour 5 The Radiograph Shows
Black
A homogeneous weld or a weld with a few small scattered gas cavities Very slight deviations from homogeneity in the form of one or more of the following defects, namely: (a) gas cavities, (b) slag inclusions, and (c) undercut
Blue
Green
8.7.5.4 Alternative to the provision of 8.7.5.3, the radiographs may be interpreted with regard to the quality of the.welded joints according to the marking scale indicated below ranging from 5 to
Slight deviations from homogeneity in the form of one or more of the following defects, namely: (a) gas cavities, (b) slag inclusions, (c) undercut, (d) incomplete penetration, and (e) lack of fusion 107
lS:!28!25-1969 imrks
2
IICV c010ur
Brown
The Radiograph Shows
Marked deviations from homogeneity in the form of one or more of the following defects, namely: (a) gas cavities, (b) slag inclusions, (c) undercut,- (d) incomplete penetration, and (e) lack of fusion
notch in the plate shall not be used. Where identification marks stamped on vessels are not deep enough to be radiographed, such markings may be radiographed with lead numerals or markers placed over them, with the previous consent of the inspecting authority.
b)
Red
Gross deviations from homogcneity in the form of one or more of the following defects, namely: (a) gas cavities, (1~) slag inclusions, (c) undercut, (d) incomplete penetration, (c) lack of fusion, and (f) cracks
Where radiographs are required of the entire length of a welded seam, sufficient overlap shall be provided to ensure that the radiographs cover the whole of the welded seam, and each radiograph shall exhibit a number near each end ( see Fig. 8.13 ). Lead numerals shall be placed on the opposite side of the weld to the appropriate stamped numerals to provide ready identification of the radiographs with the portion of welded seam represented ( see Fig. 8.13 ). The width of the weld shall be indicated by suitable lead pointers placed on each side of, and clear of, the outside edges of the w\ d. Alternatively, lead wires of small diameter, placed on each side of the weld and clear of, but not more than 3 mm from the outside edges of the weld, may be employed. Lead characters shall be placed alongside the weld to provide the following information on the individual radiographs:
Welded joints in pressure, vessels which are required to be made in accordance with this code shall obtain a minimum of 4 marks in the radiographic examination. Isolated films getting lower marks may, however, be accepted with the permission of the inspecting authority in each individual case. 8.7.6 Any repair to a weld carried out by the manufacturer shall be reported to the inspecting authority. If the repair is made as a consequence of a radiographic examination, the films of the original defects and after repiar of defects, shall be made available to the inspecting authority. If the defects form a continuous line, the extent of repair shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the inspecting authority.
1) The 2) The
bythe
region of the welded seam covered radiograph.
. requirements
If a longitudinal seam fails to meet the of the code and it is desired to effect a repair by removing the whole weldand rewelding .it, the original test plate shall becut and repaired to simulate condition of main seam weld. If it is not possible, a new production plate shall be provided. 8.7.8 If a circumferential seam fails to meet the requirements of the code and it is desired to effect a repair by removing the whole weld and rewelding it, the inspecting authority shall be entitled to call for a new production plate, if required. 8.7.9 All repaired areas shall be subject to radio? graphic examination where radiography was originally required. 8.7
8.7.7
location of the welded seam using a letter L for a longitudinal seam and C for a circumferential seam with the addition of a numeral ( 1, 2, 3, etc ) to indicate whether the seam was the first, second, or third, etc, of the type. Thus the second circumferential seam in a vessel would be marked 2C as shown in Fig. 8.14 ( see notes on Appendix L ).
Where the welded seam under examination is contained in the jacket of a vessel, it is recommended that the letter J should be prefixed to the lead characters denoting the location of the welded seam, for example, JL would represent the second longitudinal seam of the jacket.
3) For
.lORadiographic
Examination
8.7.10.1
Zdentijcation of radiographs shall be stamped on the vessel the welded seams so that each may be identified with the The stamped seam represented. shall be of a suitable radius; which produces a sharp-edged
a) Numerals alongside radiograph portion of impression a stamp 108
the particular vessel to which the radiographs apply, this identification could be provided by lead characters which indicate information, such as the works serial number, the order number or similar references. The result of the radiographic examination shall be detailed on a report form ( see Appendix L ) signed by the approved person responsible for the inspection. The report should be accompanied by a drawing or diagram showing the exact location of defects.
IS:282511969
6 7&W --------_--____-__-_--.-- 51 ---_---_.__\ _______. k -- -------------_--.--_---_.~-J___-,_,-,_,,,,,,,,, I 7 I

LEAD d-r CHARACTERS RADIOGRAPH NO. 5-6 k d7 EACH RADIOGRAPH MIJST SHOW A NUMBER AT EACH END
STAMPED ON VESSEL \
RADIOGRAPH
NO. 4-5
WELDED
SEAM
Sufficient overlap is to be provided on the radiographs to ensure that the whole of the welded seam is covered.
FIG. 8.13
MARKINGFOR IDENTIFICATION RADIOGRAPHS OF
The length between
numbers
for the longitudinal for the circumferential
seam is . . . . . . . . .mm. seam is.........mm.
The length between numbers
FIG. 8.14
SKETCH OF VESSEL SHOWINGFILM LOCATION
8.7.10.2 Testing technique - The radiographic technique shall be capable of detecting difference in metal thickness of at least 2 percent of the thickness of the plate under examination, and this shall be clearly indicated on each individual radiograph by means of an adequate indicator radiographed on to the films.
The width of the radiographs shall be at least equal to the total width of the welded joints plus an allowance of about 10 mm on each side of the welded joint.
8.7.10.3 Re-examination of repaired joints
After such repairs the parts in question of the welded joints shall be subjected to renewed radiographic examination, and shall meet the requirements of 8.7.5.3 and 8.7.5.4. b) If any part of a welded joint, which has been subjected to Radiography B, or which has been examined at the points of intersection with other joints does not show the quality required, an additional radiographic examination shall be carried out in the following manner. On each side of and in immediate extension of that part of the welded joint, where the radiograph was previously located, one additional radiograp,h shall be made. These radiographs should be not shorter than 250 mm, unless this is necessitated by the shape of the joint. If the first radiograph 109
a) Welded joints or parts thereof, which do not show the quality required, shall be repaired, see 6.9 ).
IS : 2825 - 1969
has been made at a point intersection and ox a welded joint ending in this point, only one radiograph is to be made in extension of the first one. Should special conditions make it expedient, the inspecting authority has the right to modify the location of such additional radiographs. radiographs c) Should the two additional made in accordance with (b) above meet the quality requirements, the entire weld unit represented The by the three radiographs is acceptable. defective welding disclosed by the first of the three radiographs may be removed and the area repaired by welding or it may be allowed to remain there at the discretion of the inspecting authority. d) Should any of the additional radiographs made in accordance with (b) above do not meet the qualitv requirements of 8.7.5.3 or 8.7.5.4, the entire unit weld shall be rejected and the joint in questidn shall be radiographed throughout its entire length and shall be repaired where necessary, followed by a renewed examination of all repaired parts of the joint.
of
For detailed information, made to IS : 2598-1966*.
reference
may
be
8.7.11 Other Non-destructive Testing MethA When special conditions make it expedient, radiography as specified in 8.7.1 and 8.7.2 may be replaced by other non-destructive testing methods, for example, dye penetrant, magnetic or ultrasonic testing methods upon previous consent of the inspecting authority, and on the condition that such testing methods may be considered to render an equally safe evaluation of the quality of the welding work. Such non-destructive testing methods may also be employed to ascertain the quality of welds, where radiography cannot be easily employed as in the case of fillet and butt welds on branches and fittings. See IS : 3664-1966?, IS : 4260-1967$, 19665 and IS : 3703-196611. 9. MARKING AND RECORDS IS : 3658-
of
In addition to this, a further random radiographic examination shall be carried out on the other joints of the vessel in question, unless these joints have already been examined throughout their entire length. This additional examination shall comprise the same number of radiographs Should any of as prescribed for Radiography B. these additional radiographs fail to meet the requirements of 8.7.5.3 or 8.7.5.4, the joint in question shall be examined throughout its entire length and shall be repaired where necessary, followed by renewed examination, until the quality requirements have been met with. Should the random radiographic examination of a vessel reveal. a larger number of systematic defects of such character that similar defects may be expected to occur to a greater or smaller extent in the welds as a whole, or in all welds of a certain category, the inspecting authority has the right to request an extension of the examination including a complete examination of all welds, or including all welds in the vessel within the category in question. All parts of the welded joints, which do not meet the requirements stated under 8.7.5.3 or 8.7.5.4 shall be repaired and re-examined after repair. e) No repairs shall be carried out after the radiographic examination without the prior consent of the inspecting authority. f) Radiographic films Ball be preserved by the manufacturer for a period of at least five years after the acceptance of the films. 8.7.10.4 Protection of jwsonnel- All persons exposed to X or gamma rays and engaged in radiographic work shall be suitably shielded against direct and scattered radiations. 110
9.0 All vessels built under this code shall conform to the provisions of this code in every detail and shall be distinctly stamped and certified.
9.1 Marking-Each
pressure vessel shall have stamped upon its front plate in a conspicuous position the foliowing particulars: Manufacturers Manufacturers Year built Max W.P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at Temp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C IS : 2825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FRT/PR**/SRtt Hydraulic Inspecting pneumatic authoritys test pressure... official stamp . . . . . . . . . . . ... Date of test.. . . . . . . . . . . name serial No.
9.1.1 The figures and letters of the stamping shall be at least 8 mm high when stamped directly on the vessel or 4 mm high when stamped on a permanently attached name-plate. The figures and letters shall be legible and stamped fully into the plate. Deep stamping shall be avoided when stamped directly on the vessel.
9.1.2 Stamping of vessels may be made directly on the vessel or may be stamped on a permanently attached name-plate so fixed as not to be covered by lagging or insulation. Permanently attached name-plates shall be used on all vessels of steel plate less than 7 mm thick. *Safety code for industrial radiographic practice. tCode of practice for ultrasonic testing by pulse echo method ( direct contact ). ccommcndcd practice for ultrasonic testing of welds in fZ%tic steel. QCodeof practice for liquid pcnetrant flaw detection. IlCode of practice for magnetic flaw detection. FR, if fully radiographed ( Radiography A ). *+PR , if spot or check radiographed ( Radiography 8. ) . ttSR, if stress-relicvcd.
IS : 2925 - 1969 9.1.3 The stamping area shall be painted and outlined in a contrasting colour. The stam ing 1 or name-plate described in 9.1 and 9.13, sha P be kept free of any covering. 9.1.4 Either of the following arrangements may be used in marking vessels having two or more independent pressure chambers designed for the Each same or different operating conditions. detachable chamber shall be marked so as to identify it positively with the combined unit: as stock space, jacket, tube-nest or channel box is used to indicate clearly to which chamber the data apply. 9.1.4.1 Removable pressure parts shall be permanently marked in a manner to identify them with the vessel or chamber of which they form a part. This does not apply to manhole covers, handhole covers, etc. 9.2 Certificate of Manufacture and Test - A certificate of manufacture and test in form is given in Appendix M shall be filled out by the manufacturer and signed by the manufacturer or a responsible representative of the manufacturer and shall be complete with all the enclosure referred to in form in Appendix M. The manufacturer shall issue such a certificate for every vessel fabricated by him.
a) The
marking may be grouped in one location .on the vessel, provided it is arranged so as to indicate clearly the data applicable to each chamber.
The complete required marking may be applied to each independent pressure chamber, provided additionai marking, such
111
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIXC APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F APPENDIX G APPENDIX H APPENDIXJ APPENDIX K APPENDIX L APPENDIX M APPENDIX N
ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES FOR FERROUS AND NON-FERROUSMATERIAL ELEVATED TEMPERATUREVALVES FOR CARBON AND Low WITH UNCERTIPIEDHIGH TEMPERATUREPROPERTIES
. ..
115 124 126 175 178 180 195 224 226 231 232 233 235
ALLOY STEELS
...
STRESSES FROM LOCAL LOADS ON, AND THERMAL GRADIENTS IN, PRESSURE VESSELS .. . TENTATIVE RECOMMENDED PRACTIOE FOR VESSELSREQUIRED TO OPERATE AT Low TEMPER.~T~REs ... TENTATIVE RECOMMENDED PRACTICETO AVOID FATI~VE CRACRINQ ...
ALTERNATE MET~I~D IOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL OF AND SPIIERI~ALVESSELS UNDER EXTERNALPRESSURE USE OF CHARTS . . . BY TYPICAL DESIGN WELDED CONNECTIONS OF . ..
PRG FOXMA FOR TIIE RFXORD OF WELDING PR~CEDVRE QUALIFICATION/ WELDER PERFORMANCE QUALIFXCATI~NTEST ...
WELDING OF
LININGS
CLAV STEEL AND APPLICATION OF CORROSION-RESISTANT .,. ... . ..
METSIOD OF PREPARINGETCHED SPECIMEN PRO FORMA FOR REPORT OF RADIOGRAPHIO EXAMINATION
PRO FORMAFOR MAKERS CERTIFICATEOF MANUFACTURE AND PRODUCTION .. . TEST INSPECTION, REPAIR AND ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE FOR VESSELSIN ... SERVICE
APPENDIX A ( CZause 2.2.1.1 )

ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES FOR FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS MATERIAL A-l. STRESS VALUES A-l.1 The allowable stress values for carbon and low alloy steels are given in Table A.1 as determined
Appendix B.
TABLE A.1
MATERIAL SPECWICATION
from the criteria
given in Table
2.1 and
ALLOWABLE
STRESS VALUES FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY
STEEL IN TENSION
GRADE OR DESIGNATION
MECHANICALPROPERTIES F_--_--__-_--_-_ Tensile Percentage Yield Elongation Strength Stress Min Min. Min on Gauge kgf/mms kgf/ mm2 Length =5*652/K &o E20 Plates
ALLOWABLESTRESSVALUES IN kgf/mm2 AT DW~N TEMPERATURE C -------___--____--_-___h___._ _.____~__. _--_-~ up up UP UP UP UP UP UP UP UP UP UP to 2f50 3oo 3% 3% 4% 4% 4?0 4f75 51po 5T5 5.50 std;
IS : 2002-1962
IS : 2002-1962 IS IS IS IS IS
I 2A 2B 20MdL 20Mn2 15Cr9OMo55 C15Mn75
37 42 52 48 52 50 42
0.55
RzO
26 25 20 20 20 20 25 Forgings
9.5 9.8 12.1 143 140 16.0 10.7
8.7 90 11.1 132 128 15.2 9.8
7.8 8.1 l@O 123 11.6 1+4 8.9
7.5 7.7 95 11.9 11.0 13.8 8.4
7.2 7.4 8.3 11.5 8.3 134 8.1
5.9 5.9 5.9 11.2 5.9 13.0 5.9
43 4.3 43 10.8 43 12.6 4.3
3% 3.6 3.6 7.7 3.6 11.7 3.6
5.6 8.6 -
3.7 5.8 -
-. -
0.50 Rzo 0.50 Rzo 28 30 30 23
: 2002-1962 : 2041-1962 : 204!-1962 : 1570-1961 : 1570-1961
3.5 -
IS : 2004-1962 IS
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 20M@ 15Cr9OMo55 lOCr2Mol
37 44 50 63 48 50 50
0.50 RzO 0.50 R20 @5U Rzo @50 Rzo 28 30 32
15 21 15 20 20 20
86 102 11.7 147 14.3 16.0 17.9
7.9 9.3 107 134 132 15.2 17.3
7.1 &5 9.6 12.2 12.3 144 16.4
6.8 8.0 9! 11.5 11.9 13.8 16.1
65 7.7 8.3 8.3 11.5 134 15.8
5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 11.2 13.0 15.3
4.3 43 4.3 4? 10.8 12.6 14.9
3.6 3% 3.6 36 7.7 11.7 12.7
5.6 86 9.6
t: .. ii s i
: 2004-1962
IS : 2004-1962 IS IS IS IS z
3.7 58 7.0
: 2004-1962 : 1570-1961 : 261 l-1964 : 1570-1961
3.2
2.3
( Confinuad )
TABLE
MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
A.1
ALLOWABLE
STRESS VALUES
FOR CARBON
7
AND LOW ALLOY
STEEL IN TENSIONAT
Contd
DESIGN TEMPERATURE C .-------__ --7
GRADE OR DESIGNATION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ~__________c___
Tensile Strength Mitl kgf/mms R 20
Yield Stress Min kgf/mms

~520
Percentage Elongation Min on Gauge Length =5*65dg
c--------
ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES IN kgf/mms ~_______h____-__
Up
Up
Up
Up
Up 20
Up 4;5
Up 4;o
Up :;5
Up L%l
UP to
UP
535 L
5%
UP to 575
UP EZO
Tubes,
Pipes 12.8 12.1 11.5 11.1 197 164 190 97 86 5.8 3.5
-
.
IS
: 3609-1966
le/&r J/:, Mq Tube Nor aliaed and Tern red % 24% Cr 1% MO Tube Normalized and Tempered 2OMoSS 32 kgF/mms, Min, Tensile Strength 43 kgf/mms, Min, Tensile Strength 32 kgf/mms, Mitt, Tensile Strength St 18 St 20 St 21 St 25
44
24
950/&o
IS : 3609-1966
49
25
9WK20
140
13.5
128
12-G
12%
12.0
Il.6
11.3
9.G
7.0
4.3
xs : 1570-1961
46 32
25 @SO Rzo
950/&o
128 7.4
il.9 6.8
11.0 6.2
10.6 58
103 5.6
l@O 5.0
9.6 4.3
7.7 3.6
5.6 -
3.7 -
IS : 1914-1961
95OlR2o
IS
: 1914-1961
43
950 Rzo
95O/R,o
IO.0
9.2
8.3
7.9
7.6
5.9
4.3
3.G
IS
: 2416-1963 : 1978-1961
32
0.50 R20
950,R20
7.4
6.8
6.2
58
5.6
5.0
43
3.G
IS
31.6 33.7 33.7 42.2 42.2 44.3 46.4
17.6 19.7 21.1 246 295 32.3 36.6
82 92 9.8 Il.5 13.8 15.0 17.1
7.5 8.4 9.0 10.5 12.6 136 15%
6.7 7.6 8.1 9.5 11.5 12.5 141
64 7.2 7.7 9.0 10.8 11.8 134
tXJ 6.9 7.4 8.3 83 8.3 8.3
5-9 5-3 5.9 5.9 5.9 59 5.9
4-3 4.3 4.3 43 4.3 43 43
3% 3.6 3.G 3.6 3.c 3G 3.G
-_ -
*-
IS : 1979-1961
St 30 St 32 St 37
-. _ -
-+
IS : 3038-1965 Grade 1 Grade 2
Grade 3 Grade 4
55 47 52 49 52 63 42 49
35 25 31 28 31 43 21 25
17 17 15 17 17 15 20 18
Rivet
12.2 9.6 Il.9 11.2 13.0 17.2 7.3 8.7
11.2 8.8 ll.0 10.6 12.5 16.3 6.7 8.0
10.1 8.2 10.2 10.1 11.9 15.5 6.1 7.2
9.6 8.0 9.9 9.7 11.7 14.9 5.7 6.8
6.2 7.7 9.6 9.3 11.4 14.4 5.5 6.2
4.4 7.5 9.3 9.1 11.1 14.0 4.4 4-4
3.2, 3.1 8.4 8.8 10.8 13.5 3-2 3.2
2.7 5.8 5.8 8.5 9.5 6.7 2.7 2.7
4.2 4.2 6.5 7.2 4.9 1.6 l-6
2.8 2.8 4.4 5.3 35 -
2.6 3.7 2,6 -
2.4 1.7 -
0.9 -
Grade 5 Grade 6 IS : 2856-1964 C SW-G20 C SW-cm
8bd stay Bar 8.6 9.8 7.9 90 7.1 8.1 6.8 7.9 6.5 7.4 5.9 5.9 4.3 4.3 3.6 3.6 -
IS: 199or1962 r
37 42
O-55 RL,, @55 Rl,,
26 23
Sections,
Plates, Bars
1Sx 226-1962
IS
St 42-S
42 50 42
24 29 23 -
23 20 23
9.8 11.7 98
9.8
9.0 10.7 9.0

9.0
8.1
9.6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
: 961-1962
St 55 HTW St 42 -W Grade A Grade D
IS : 2062-1962 IS : 3039-1965
8.1
8.1 9.6
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ _
11.7 86 98 IO-2 11.7 121 9.8 11.7
10 7 79 9.0 93 10.7 11.1 9.0 10.7
IS : 3503-1966
Grade 1 Grade 2 Gtidc 3 Grade 4 Grade 5
37 42 44 47 50 44 50
0.55 Rl,,
0.55 Rzo 0.55 Rzo 0.55 R,,, 055 R,,, 24 28.5
26 25 23 22 21 23 20
7.1 8.1 8.5 9.6 10 0

8.1 9.6
6.8 7.7 8.0 9.1 9.5

_ _
6.5 7.4 7.7 8.3 8.3

_
5.9 59 5.9 5.9 5.9

-
4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 43

_
3.6 3,6 3.6 3.6 3.6

_ -
_ _
IS : 3945-1966
Grade A-N Grade B-N
fi: .. -
!i
ul
I
z q
*l&w valua have bee-n based on a quality factor of 0.75. valua+sascd proportionally.
For additional inspection as detailed in Note to Table 2.1 a quality factor of @9 shall be used and the above stress f
A-l.2
The allowable
stress values for high alloy steels are given in Table A.2.
;: .. % c?
I w
TABLE
A.2
ALLOWABLE
STRESS VALUES
FOR HIGH ALLOY
STEELS
IN TENSION
AT
PRODUCT
REMARKS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ~-_--_*_---___~ Tensile Yield Elongation Strength Stress Percent kgf:rnms kgf/mms Min Min Min on Gauge Length Rzo E20 5,651/s 55 55 24 24 281 281
c-.------_-_ up to 50
ALLOWABLE STRESSVALUES IN kgf/tnmz TEMPIZRATURE C -__. ~._---_-___------~ 100 150 200 250 300
DESIGN
350
400
:
IS: 1570-1961 4
04Crl9Ni9Tig
04CrgNig
04Crl9Ni9Nb$ 05Crl9Ni9Mo3Ti?!! Grade 7, 8 Grade 9, 11
Plates, sections, Bars, forgings and seamless tubes
Austenitic stainless
16.00 1680 16.00 16+8 16.00 1400 1480
14.20 1428 14.28 1450 1450 12.94 13.17
12.40 12.56 12.56 13.00 13.00 11.88 12.34
1060 10.83 1@83 11.50 11.50 10.83 11.50
9.97 10.64 1064 11.24 11.24 10.64 11.24
935 10.60 10 60 11.23 11.23 10.60 11.23
870 10.60 10 60 11.23 11.23 10.60 Il.23
8.07 10.80 1060 11.12 11.!2 10.60 11.12
1 05Crl8Nil lMo3
I IS: 3444-1966 r ( (
steels
55 55 55
24 24 24 21 21
28 28 28)
I I
*Castings
47 47 For additional
211 131
*For castings, values have been based on a quality factor of 0.75. the above stress values increased accordingly.
inspection as detailed in Note to Table 2.1, a quality factor of 0.9 shall be used and
TABLE A.3 MATERIAL
ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUE8 FOR AL-
AI!ID AL-
ALLOYS IN TENSIONDESIQN
Contd
GRADE AND PRODUCTS
CONDITION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
_---___A__,
fl-
AJJLOWABUZ STRESS VALLESIN kgf/mm2AT

-_I
TEMPERATURE C
--
Tensile SbIIgth Mi?J
0.2 ?roof StrerS

Min W/-2
Elongation. on 41/S;;
Min
up to 50
7%
U2P$ -
w-2
IS : 737-1965 IS : 733-1967 IS : 738-1966 IS : 1285-1958
Pcrcent
NS5 NE5 NT5 NV5
Sheet, Strip Ban, Rods and SectiOUS Drawn Tubes Hollow Section
0 M 0 M
22 22 22 22
18. 18+
5.49 -
18* 18,
IS : 737-1965 IS : 738-1966 IS : 736-1966 IS : 733-1967 IS : 1285-1958
NS6
Sheet, Strip
0 0 0 M M
27 27 27 27 26.8
18* 18* 208 18* I f 6.68 -
NTG DrawnTubes NP6 NE6 NV6 Plate Bars, Rods Extruded Tubes
18* J
IS : 733-1967
NE8
Bars, Rods, and Sections
27
16
7.02
1.93
IS : 1285-1958
HV9
Extruded Round Tubes Hollow Section
11
15
2.97
290
278
267
253
1.33
IS : 1285-1958
HV9
do
15.7
10
374
3.61
338
324
295
2.18
I.41
IS: 1285-1958
HV9
do
Wl
l&9
12
515
4.91
4.65
429
3.16
218
1.41
IS IS IS IS IS
: 736-IYG6 : 734-1967 : 737-1965 : 733-1967 : 738-1966
HP30 HF30 $IS30
Plate Forging Sheet, Strip
20.5 190 20.5 190
11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0
15)
W
W w W WP WP WP WP WP
I 8 I
15
518
5-01
4-86
4-71
4.50
394
281
HESO Bars, Rods and sections HT30 HT30 HP30 HF30 HS30 HE38 Drawn Tube Drawn Tube Plate Forging Sheet, Strip Bars, Rods and Sections
r I8 I I I6 J 71
81 ! 10 729 7.10 6-85 6.60 5.56 436 310 8 i
220 31.5 30 30 30 30
11.0 250 23.5 25 25r5 25.0
IS : 738-1966 IS IS IS IS
: 736-1966 : 7341967 : 737-1965 : 733-1967
i IOi
8 -
J
8.82 7.65 585 259 8.45 7.95 7.30 506 309 211
IS: 1285-1958 S
HB15 Bolting alloy NB6 Bolting alloy
WP
44 31.5 30.0 16.5 l&9
38.0 23.5 25.0 -
: 1285-1958
tH WP M (sand cast ! M (chill cast )
IS : 1284-1966 IS : 617-1959
HB30 Bolting alloy A-3 Casting alloy
570 236 2.68
5.48 2.25
5-27 2-14
443 1.90
344 1.72 1.97
?32 1.55 1.76
8.0. 120*
296
2.56
2-46
2.18
1
*The elongation values are based on 508 rnxn tat piece.
:;:
A-1.4
Ailowable
stress values for copper and copper alloys are given in Table
A.4.
t: .. E
AND COPPER ALLOYS
TABLE
~IAT&IAL SPECIFICATION
A.4
ALLOWABLE
STRESS VALUES
FOR COPPER
GRADE PRODUCT
MECHANICAL ,__________h_________
PROPERTIES Elongation rercent Min
Tensile Strength Afin kgf/mms Cu Zn 30 Cu Zn 37 Cu Zn 40 All grades 28 28 28 22.5
Yield stress Min kgf/mms -
~__-_______--_______h------_--_--.----_
ALLOWABLESTRESS \'ALUES IN kgf,mm? AT DESIGNTEMPERATUREC

-7
5;
UP St500
Up Lz
Up to 75
UP lb0
UP 2%
UP 2: -
up 2505
UP 3; -
UP 3% -
s
Plate, Sheet and Strip 4: 30 35 7.03 879 879 4.71 7.03 8.67 8.67 4,GG 7.03 8.30 8.30 4.54 7.03 7.81 7.81 4.30 6.96 7.28 7.28 3.47 5.70 5.38 5.38 2.71 383 2.00 2.00 1.90 246 -
IS : 410-1967 IS: 1972-19Gl
2.46 2.4G
6.92 -
Bars and Rods IS
: 288- 19GO
40 40
22 22
7.03 7.03
7.03 7.03
7.03 7.03
7.03 7.03
G.96 6.96.
5.70 5.70
3.83 383
IS: 4171-1967
Bolting Material IS
: 288-19GO Grade Grade
40 40
-_
22 22
1.76 1.76
Sections
l.iG 1.7G
1.7G 1.7G
1.67 l.G7
1.54 1.54
1.48 1.48
1.41 1.41
--
IS: 4171-19L7
IS: 291-1966
35 35
5:
-
8.79
8.79 Tubes
8.67 8.67
8.30 8.30
7.81 7.81
7.28 7.28
5.38 5.38
2.00 2.00
6.73
IS
: 4u7-196G
Alloy I Alloy 2 ISBT 1 ISBT 2 ISABT IS?\BZT CuZn2lAl2As Cu Ni 31 Mn
7.03 8.79 7.03 8.44 8.76 8.44 8.31
7.03 8.67 7.03 8.44 8.67 8.44 8.08 4.19
7.03 8.30 7.03 8.44 853 8.44 7.89 4.13
7.03 7.81 7.03 8.44 8.34 8.44 7.71 4.00
6.96 7.28 6.96 8.28 8.09 8.28 7.59 3.47
5.70 5.38 5.70 5.43 7.09 5.43 7.58 2.71
3.83 2.00 3.83 2.58 4.64 2.58 7.27 1.90
1% 3.16 1.58 7.14 -
l-88 7.11 -
6.83 -
IS: 1545-1960
32
IS
: 2371-1963
1 Fe
42
IS
: 2501-1963 : 318-1962
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
22 z.5
li.5 11 7.5
12 ;:;
4.22 Castings
IS
5.94 5.2 1 4.30
5.88 5.09 4.12
582 496 3.90
5.76 4.84 3.78
5.69 4.77 3.65
5.56 4.65 3.52
5.38 458 3.50
5.13 -
4- 78 -
400 -
IS : 2825 - 1969 A-2. LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS Sl .NO. No. ON MATERIALS

l%le
SPECIFIED IN TABLES
A.1 TO A.4
of the
Standard IS : 288-1960 IS : 291-1961 IS IS IS IS IS : 318-1962 Specification f;zr copper rods for boiler stay bolts and rivets ( revised) Specification for~naval brass rods and sections ( suitable for machining and forging ) ( reuis~d ) Specification for leaded tin bronze ingots and castings ( revised ) Specification for high tensile brass rods and sections ( revised ) Specification for brass tubes for general purposes ( second revision ) Specification for rolled ,brass steel plate, sheet, strip and foil ( revised ) Specification for aluminium and aluminium alloy ingots and castings for general engineering purposes ( revised ) Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, bars, rods and sections ( for general engineering purposes ) (jirst revision ) Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, forgings ( for general engineering purposes ) ( jrst rezhiorz ) Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, plate ( for general engineering purposes ) ( rev&d ) Specification for wrouehr aluminium and aluminium alloys, sheet and strip ( for general engineermg purposes ) ( revised ) Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, drawn tube ( for general engineering purposes ) ( revised ) Specification for structural steel ( high tensile ) ( revised) Specitication for wrought aluminium alloys, bolt and screw stock for general engineering purposes ( revised ) Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, extruded round tube and hollow sections ( for general engineering purpose; ) ( revised ) Specification for phosphor bronze rods and bars, sheet and strip, and wire Specification for solid drawn copper alloy tubes Schedules for wrought steels for general engineering purposes Specification for carbon steel boiler tubes and superheater tubes Specification for copper plate, sheet and strip for industrial purposes Specification for line pipe Specification for high test line pipe Specification for steel rivet and stay bars for boilers Specification for steel plates for boilers Specification for carbon steel forgings for general engineering purposes Specification for steel bars for stays Specification for steel plates for pressure vessels Specification for structural steel ( fusion welding quality ) (Jirst revision ) Specification for solid drawn copper alloy tubes for condensers, evaporators, heaters and coolers using saline and hard water Specification for boiler and superheater tubes for marine and naval purposes Specification for copper tubes for general engineering purposes Specification for carbon chromium molybdenum steel forgings for high temperature service Specification for carbon steel castings suitable for high temperature service ( fusion welding quality ) Specification for alloy steel castings for pressure containing parts suitable for high temperature Specification for structural steel ( shipbuilding quality ) Specification for corrosion resistant steel castings Specification for steel for marine boilers, pressure vessels and welded machinery structures Specification for chrome molybdenum steel, seamless, boiler and superheater tubes Specification for steel for naval purposes Specification for copper rods for general engineering purposes 123
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1 8)
: 320-1962 : 407-1966 : 410-1959 : 617-1959
IS : 733-1967 IS : 734-1967 IS : 736- 1965 IS : 737-1965
9) 10)
11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 18) 18) 20) 21) 22)
23) 24) 25) 26) 2) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 3) 38) 39) 40)
IS : 738-1966
IS : 961-1962 IS : 1284-1966 IS : 1285-1968 IS 1s IS IS IS IS IS IS .IS IS IS IS IS IS
1)
: 1385-1959 : 1545-1960 : 1570-1961 : 1914-1961 : 1972-1961 : 1978-1961 : 1979-1961 : 1990-1961 : 2002-1962 : 2004-1962
: 2040-1962 : 2041-1962 : 2062-1969 : 2371-1963
IS : 2416-1963 IS : 2501-1963 IS : 2611-1964 IS : 2856-1964
IS : 3038-1965
IS : 3039-1965
IS : 3444-1966 IS :3503-1966
IS : 3609-1966
IS : 3945- 1966 IS : 4171-1967
xs:2s25-1969
APPENDIX ( Clause 2.2.1.1 )

ELEVATED
,TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR CARRON AND LOW ALLOY WITH UNCERTIFIED HIGH TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES
criteria given in Table 2.1.
STEELS
- This appendix specifies the values of elevated temperature proof stress and average stress for rupture in 100 000 hours, to be used in case of carbon and low alloy steels with uncertified elevated temperature properties. The allowable stress values specified in Table A.1 have been calculated on the basis of these values and the
TABLE B.l
I
R-0. General
R-1. Typesof
- The values for six steels of different chemical composition have been covered in Table B.2 and Table B.3.
The composition Table B.l. of these steels is given in
Steels hovered
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF STEELS
_-
_._
/
TYPS
A&
0.25 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.15
MI!
cr
MO
_060
I pI sI
---~
O-05
005 @04
-.--B C D E F 1.50 Mu I -
0.04
I
-_
0.40 to 0.70 ado to 0.70 0.40 to 0.70 0.70 to 1.50
I0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 _ 0.04
-_
290 to 3.25 4*00 to 6ao
0.40 to -0.70 0.90 to 1.15 0.40 to 0.70
0.04 0.04 ~_.__ 0.04
o-t5
--
TABLE B.2 MINIMUM VALUES FOR THE RATIO OF 02 PERCENT PROOF STRESS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES TO THE MINIMUM SPECIFIED YlELD STRENG~ AT ROOM TEMPERATURE,
Et/Es0 IN kgf/mm2
iTYPE OF STEEL
TEMP,
.--
C and C-Mn
I-2tcr- 1Mo
--
-_
C-MO
gr-fM0
1Cr-fMo
( Note 1) _-50
kZy
.-_-_1.0 .~-1.0 0.93 0.88 0.82 I
-.p-1.0
0.93
-I
1.0 1.0
-.og W88 0.82
I o-93
100 150 ,200
0.89
o-92
0.85 0.77
0.80 0.71
O-89
I I
I
cP94
o-90
o-89
--
I
I
I
I
_0.87 Q85
0.85
124
xs:2825-1969
TABLE B.2 MINIM& VALUES FOR THE RATIO OF 02 PEIUXNT PROOF STBESS AT ELEVATED SPECIFIEl? YIELD STRENGTH AT ROOM TEMPBBATUBB, TEMPERATURES TO THE MINIMUM Et/E20 IN kgfjmml - Confd
_________
._ .~___._____
TYPE OF STEEL
I
TEMP,C /
C and C-Mn (Note 1) 250 --~300 --350 400 450 ! 0.49 0.43 -___ j_@58 - 0.53 -----__I 963 -..-_ (Except Note 1 ) 0.70
I I I
I
,I
E __~~__F___ ZfCr-1Mo I
I
C-MO
p-fM0
1Cr-1MO
SCr-fMo
i /
O-77 0.71 677 671 066 0.62 0.58 -
I
@&l il.76 I__. 672 0.67 @58 663 0.59 0.70 I 0.63 0% 0.81
I
! I I
680
I ----- 0.76 0.72 667
-/ / I I / I
-.___-_
0.77 0.74
066 662
(bclow?T.j.
NOTE 1 -This
0.66 1 0.59 column applies to fine-grain aluminium killed, and similar steels, ordinarily used for low temperatures
TABLE
B.3
AVERAGE
STRESSES
FOR RUPTUBE,
sn IN ioo ooo HOURS ,M k&llm~
TYPE OF STEEL
TENP, C
A C and C-Mn
D lCr-)Mo
! i---
E 2&r-1Mo
--259
400
/ I
/
C-MO
fCr-jMo
SCr-fM0
12.5
I--169 11.6 8-4 56
163 11.6 8.4 56 35 21
.17.6 ----.__._13-O @8 ._. 53
--
-__
450 475 500 525 550 575 --
65 54 33
190 144 IQ6 7.4
184 99 7.6 53 3-5
--35
I
, I / 21 __ 32
--___
49
660
21
95
2.8
125
IS : 2825 - 1969
APPENDIX
( Clauses 2.2.2, 3.13 and 3.13.2.3 )

STRESSES FROM LOCAL Design C-l. INTRODUCTION Criteria LOADS ON, AND THERMAL VESSELS axed Recommended Methods GRADIENTS IN, PRESSURE
of Calculation
of the vessel,
C-l.1 Systems of local stresses ( in addition to those at the junction of branches and shell due to, pressure ) are produced in the shells of pressure vessels from: a) local loads arising from; 1) suppbrts for the vessel, 2) structures ( both internal and external ) supported by the vessel, and 3) loads imposed on branches by piping systems, etc; b) steady and transient thernial gradients; and c) local areas and lines of stiffening or thickening of the shell. C-l.2 In the assessment of loads consideration shall always be given to the possibility of loads arising from differentia! thermal expansion of the shell and the parts attached to it. All the types of local load mentioned above give rise to bending stresses in the shell which decrease rapidly with distance from the area of application of the load; they may also modify the membrane stresses. C-l.3 Thermal gradients through the thickness of the shell give rise to bending stresses; longitudinal thermal gradients to a combination of membrane and bending stresses. The permissible values of the membrane stresses are dealt within 3.3.2.4 at equation (3.8) and conditions in equations (3.9a) to (3.9f). This appendix deals firstly with the permissible values of the-bending stresses and secondly with methods of estimating bending stress from loading conditions in some particular cases. C-2. DESIGN CRITERIA C-2.1 General-The design criterion to be adopted depends on whether or not the local bending stress system extends over a small or a large roportion of the circumference of the vessel. n 21 the former case the criterion adopted is that the bending stresses are limited to the value which will just cause a plastic hinge to develop; the criterion is considered safe because a very small amount of distortion consequent upon the formation of a plastic hinge will cause a local increase in membrane stresses which will inhibit further distortion. The stress intensification factor corresponding to this condition is of the same order as that occurring at branches under the action of pressure. If, however, the highly stressed area extends ovkr a considerable fraction of the circumference 126
are liable
loads approaching the plastic limit to cause a kink to form in the shell.
value of the ( see C-2.3,
Under these conditions the allowablc bending stresses has been reduced C-2.4 and C-2.5 ).
The general equation relating the lower limit of the ljending stress components which will just produce fully plastic conditions, to the membrane stress components, is :
<!L
;[I _ (y>3
... (C-1)
This equation has been deduced for a beam of rectangular cross section subjected to direct and bending loads; using the Tresca yield criterion to determine equivalent stresses it may he shown to give the lower limit of stresses to produce full plasticity in the case of biaxial stress systems. It is, however, convenient to use equation (3.8) of 3.3.2.4 for the calculation of the equivalent direct stress a,,d, that is :
and it is recommended that the value of n,,,, calculated from equation (C.l) using this value for a,,d should be reduced by 15 percent to allow for the possible difference between the yield stresses given by the Tresca and Maxwell criteria. Therefore, for design purposes and provided the highly stressed areas are effectively &r from welded seams with a joint factor J less than 1, equation (C.1) above should be replaced by :
aej
It
= 1.91
...
is recommended that this equation should continue to be applied even at temperatures where the behaviour of the material no longer approximates to that of an elastic perfectly plastic solid. If a welded seam with a joint factor J less than 1 crosses or is adjacent to the highly stressed area, fJ should replace f in equation (C.2). It should
be noted that under
test conditions
3
whereas under design conditions
The permissible value of the bending stresses is, therefore, affected by whether or not the stresses are applied when the vessel is under test and,
IS:282511968 therefore, subjected to enhanced membrane stresses. Examples of the two categories are : G2.4.2 Permissible Value of Bending Stresses When the loaded area is of intermediate size, the permissible value of the bending stress shall be interpolated linearly in respect of the size of the loaded area between the values appropriate to small and large loaded areas. C-2.5 Biaxial Bending Stresses - Cases may arise in which biaxial bending stresses are present. In these cases the principal values of the bending stresses shall be determined and the Tresca criterion applied to determine the equivalent bending stress, thus: a) if the principal bending same sign: Qe,b = 1Jpb b) if the principal opposite sign
Ue,b = l%bi+ 1
local bending stresses present at 1 test conditions, such as horizontal pressure storage tank sapported on saddles ( the stresses at the horns of the saddle ) ; and local bending stresses present Only at design conditions, such as pad for attachment of an auxiliary structure not loaded during test and thermal stresses.
b)
Finally, if there are no welded seams in the vicinity of the loaded areas, the permissible values of the bending stresses are higher for vessels for which a welded joint factor of 0*85 and, therefore, lower membrane stresses have been adopted than for vessels for which a welded joint factor of 1.0 has been adopted. Table C.1 gives the permissible values of the bending stresses, calculated and adjusted as above, for the normal case in which the loaded area is small and the direct stresses have their full design value. Definitions of three size classifications of loaded areas, and of the bending stress levels ermissible for each, are given in C-2.2 to 6.4. % he methods of calculation for shell stresses due to local loads given in C-3 are generally applicable The formal definionly to small loaded areas. tion of .equivalent bending stress in the biaxial Table C.2 gives the case is given in C-2.5. notations used in G2. C-2.2 Loaded Areas Small
stresses are of the

... (
C.3a) of
bending
I%bj
stresses are
...
(C.3b)
The equivalent bending stress shall not exceed the appropriate value given in C-2.2, G2.3, and G2.4 depending on the size of the loaded area. The bending stresses shall be computed by elastic thtory, and are allowed as an addition to the direct or membrane stresses permitted by 3.3. Table C.l gives allowable local bending stresses in shell for the conditions that: a) membrane (see Notes stresses have 1, 2 and 3); design values
G2.2.1 Size of Loaded Area - A loaded area is considered small if it extends over less than onethird of the circumference of the vessel, and the rules of this clause are then applicable. 6.2.2
When
b) loaded areas extend over not more than one-third of circumference of vessel ( su Note 4 ).
TABLB C.1 ALLOWABLE LOCAL STRESSES IN SHELL ( Clauses C-2.2.2 and G2.5 ) Weld joint factor J Distance between nearert welded scam and loaded area Test conditions controlling (local load present during test ) Design conditions controlling (local load absent during test, 1 any 045 < (2)) 0.85 >(Bi)) BENDING
Permissible Value of Baading Stress the loaded area is small as defined
in C-2.2.1, the maximum permissible values of the local bending stresses are as given by equation ( C.2 ). Table C.l tabulates the values applicable to cases where the membrane stresses have their design values. C-2.3 Loaded Areas-Large
allowable local equivalent bending stresses ( scc Note 5 ) 0.5f. 043.5 f.
C-2.3.1 Size of Areas - A loaded area is considered large when it extends over at least half the circumference of the vessel.
When
G2.3.2 Permissible Value of Bending Stresses the loaded area is large as defined by G2.3.1, the permissible value of the bending stresses shall be two-thirds tif the values given by equation ( C.2 ). 6.4 Loaded Areas of Intermediate Size
orf<05f
s1
1.3f
NOTE I- The criteria which govern the allowable design stress are stated in 2.2. . NOTE 2 -Rules for the calculation of the minimum shell thickness for cases of both simple pressure. and combined loadinga are given in 3.3.2.
NOTE 3 - If the shell is made thicker than reauired by 3.3.2 so that tbe membrane stresses are re&ced below the design values, the allowable local bending strescs may be calculated from equation (C.2). They may, however, never exctied 1.91 f.
C-2.4.1 Ske of Areas-A loaded area is considered of intermediate size if it extends over between one-third and one-half of the vessel circumference.
!27
lSr28!25-1969 Non 4 - If the loadcd area extcnda over more than t the circumference of the vessel the allowable bending rtnues arc reduced ( seeC-2.4 and 02.5 ).
NOTE 5 -The equivalent bending stress is to be calculated from equation ( C.3a ) or ( C.3b J as appropriate. TABLE
SYMBOL
Sjdtil
mm
Unit
Desc+tioa Axial length of loading area for an external longitudinal moment ( se8 Fig. C.21-). Zircumf&ential* length of loading area for an external circumferential moment ( see Fig. C.20 ). Half length of rtctangular loading area in circumferential direction. Distance from centre of applied load to midlength of vessel. Modulus of elasticity. Resultant stress. Resultant stress. longitudinal circumferential
C.2
NOTATION
FOR CIAUSE
C&2
UNITS
mm
f f. :
R
Design stress Design stress at ambient temperature Thickness of shell plate Mean radius of shell Equivalent value of the bending stresses Equivalent value of the direct ( memhrane ) stresses
kgf/mms kgflmms mm mm kgf/mms Irgfbms kgf/mms k&mm4 kgf/mms kgfbm mm
mm
0e.b
%b
Numerically greater bending stress Numerically smaller bending stress
principal principal
Q8.b
II
or
Modulus ( numerical value witbout regard to sign ) of
Rotation of a fitting by an external moment. Length of cylindiical of shell. Equivalent part
Yield ( W2 percent proof) stress in direct tension at appropriate temperature See 5.3.2.4
length of shell.
External moment applied to a branch or fitting. Longitudinal or meridional bending moment per unit circumference. Circumferential bending moment per unit lencth. Longitudinal membrane force per unit circumference. kgf/mm mm mm kg mm Circumferential membrane force per unit Jength. ypteye of cylinder or
C-3. LOCAL LOADS ON PRESSURE VESSEL SHELLS C-3.1 Introduction G3.1;1 This section is concerned with the effects on the shell of a pressure vessel of local forces and moments which may come from supports, equipment supported from the vessel, for example, agitator drives, or thrusts from pipework connected to branches.
Thk application of the data to the design of supports is treated in C-4 and to the design of branches in C-3.5 with particular reference to the thrusts due to the thermal forces in pipework which may be connected to the branch. The data are presented in the form of charts in terms of non-dimensional functions of the variables. so that any convenient system of consistent units may be used. The units given in the list of symbols are those recommended for general use. G3.1.2 Notation
.
Radius of branch. Wall thickness of shell. External load distributed over the loading area. Lpngitudina! distance of a point in the vessel wall, from the centre of the loading area. Deflection of a cylinder at load or at any point of a sphere. Deflection of a sphere at the edge of the loaded area. Polar co-ordinate of a point on a spherical vessel. Cyliudrical co-ordinate of a point in the vessel wall.
mm
Symbol c
CI C, mm mm
Unit
Descripian
Half length of side of square loading area. Half side of equivalent square loading area. .Half length of rectangular loading area in longitudinal direction. -
radians radians
128
IS : 282: - 1969 The units given above in this clause are the consistent units recommended for general use and used in the worked examples. Any other system of consistent units can be used when it is convenient. Additional numerical subscripts are used to distinguish values of Mx, M+, IV,, and Jv+ at different positions when required. C-3.2 Radial Loads on Cylindrical Shells assumed to be zero there. Since the stresses and deflection due to the load are local and die out rapidly away from the loaded area, this is equivalent to assuming that the loaded area is remote from the ends. C-3.2.1.1 Of centre loading - If the loaded area is distant d from the centre of the length of a vessel of length L, the deflections, bending moments and membrane forces may be assumed to be equal to those in a vessel of length L, loaded at its pidlength. L, is called the equivalent length and can be found from:
C-3.2.1 Stresses at the Edge of the Loaded Area The maximum stresses are at the edge of the loaded area. Figure C.l shows a cylindrical vessel subjected to a radial load distributed over a central rectangular area 2C, x 254. The cylindrical shell wall of the vessel is assumed to be simply supported at the ends, which means that the radial deflections, the bending moments, and the membrane forces in the shell wall are
LyL-y
Figure C.2 shows a cylindrical
ad=
shell loaded in this of 2 against -
way and Fig. C.3 gives a graph which
d L
can be used to find LB.
FIG
~-EQUIVALENT
C.l
LENGTH
RADIAL LOADS ON CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Lc+
FIG. C.2
VE~SSSLWITH RADIAL LOAD OUT OF CENTRE

129
d/L
FIG. C.3 GRAPH FOR FINDING EQUIVALENT LENGTH Le The longitudinal moment MX is found from. Fig. C.6. The circumferential membrane force & is found. + from Fig. C.7. The longitudinal membrane force .JV, is found from Fig. C.8. A moment is considered as positive if it causes compression at the outside of the vessel. A membrane force is considered as positive if it causes tension in the vessel wall. C-3.2.1.3 E$ect of internal pressure -A conservative result is obtained for the total stresses if the hoop and longitudinal stresses due to the pressure are simply added to those due to local radial loads calculated as above. C-3.2.2 Stresses Away3om the Edge of the Lo&d Area-Although the maximum stresses occur at the edge of the load, it is necessary to find those at other positions when the effect of one load at the position of another is required. This happens: a) when longitudinal or circumferential moments are resolved as in G3.3; and b) when loads are applied close together, for example, if a bracket is fixed close to a branch. In general the effect of one load at the position ot another can be disregarded when the distance between the centres of the loaded areas is greater than K,.C+ for loads separated circumferentially or K,.C, for bads separated axially, where Kr and X2 are found from the Table C.3 and C + and C, are for the greater load. The 64f value of the non-dimensional factor C-3.2.1.2 Determination of strenes - The resultant longitudinal stress in the shell is given by:
fx=~*!z?$
the resultant hoop stress is given by:
f+=-i_
f7
6M+
N, and Jv+ are positive for tensile membrane

stresses.
Mx and M+ are positive when they cause compression at the outer surface of the shell. These quantities depend length on the ratios 2CX = z Axial length of load Actual or equivalent
and Circumferential length of loaded area 2c+ Axial length of loaded area =2cx For a circular area of radius r,,, C+ = C, = 0435 r,, a ETtions safe approximation. Non-dimensional of each can be expressed in terms of the group; 64 f
2
non-dimensional
The numerical factor 64 is a scale factor without theoretical significance and the value of the xpression can be found by calculation or from Fig. C.4 when r, t and C, are known. The moments and membrane forces are found by interpolation from the graphs of Fig. C.5, C.6, C.7 and C.8.
Each of the four graphs in each set is for a given value of the ratio 2&/L and has curves for four values of the ratio C+/C,. The circumferential moment Md. is found from
Fig. C.5. 130
can be found from Fig. C.4.
IS:2925-1969
VALUES OF r/t
Fxo. C.4
CHART FOR FINDING64 f
TABLE
C.3
VAIN=
OF FACTORS
A in the figure.
Kt AND
K,
The radius through A makes an angle +r with the line of the load. The moments and membrane forces at A, M+, M,, N+, Jv, can be found from the graphs
0.4
O-01 O-05
8 6
8 8
of Fig. C.9, C.10, C.ll and C.12 in which the functions M+/ W, M,I W, N+.t/ W, and Nxt/ W are plotted against the non-dimensional group +,.r/C,. The diagram showing the load and its geometry, as Fig. C.9A, is repeated on each chart for convenience. Line loads are, of course, unusual in practice, and loads distributed over an area having an appreciable circumferential width 2C are treated 4 as follows: 4 Find the value of the function M+/ W, MxIWJ$tIW,. or .hLtl W at the edge of the load for the known values of C+/C, and 2&/L from the graphs in Fig. C.5, C.6, C.7 or C.8. Enter the corresponding graph in Fig. C.9, C.10, C.11 or C.12 at this value. The intercept on the curve for 2C;lL gives a value of #r.r/C, = 5; for example, if 64 r/t( G/r ).*= 10, 2CJL = 0.01 and C,/Cx =1 1, Frg. C.5 gives M+/W = O-185. Entering Fig. C.9 at M /W = O-185 gives ,+ 5 = O-55 for 2&/L = 0.01 as indicated by the dotted lines in the left-hand graph of Fig. C.9. 131
8:; 10 O-01 0.05 0.2 0.4
l-5 3 f.: 1.5 Negligible
: k! 3 2 5 2.5 l-75
200
3200
All values
Negligible
25
C-3.2.2.1 Variation of stress round the circumfncmc - No exact analytical treatment of the
variation of stress round the circumference away from the edge of the loaded area is available. The following treatment is an approximation sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. For an experimental verification of it, see Reference 17. Consider a radial line load of length 2C,, applied at the mid-length of a thin cylinder as shown in Fig. C.9A. The maximum stressesdue to this load at points away from it are on the circumference passing through its mid-length as
b)
IS:2825-1969 c) The
value of M+/ W at A is then found by actual and substituting ( &/C, - 5) for the value of 41r/Cx in the same graph. The other quantities
N=t/ W can be found in the same way. This method is used in order to avoid the use of a separate set of four charts for each value of C+ /C,
considered.
MxjW,
N+t/W,
O-4
0*3
M* F
o-2
O*l
0P-T
10
a 100
1000
0.2
M+ F 0.1
0*4
l0
100
1000
Forexplanation SWC-3.2. 64 t(+) Ma = Circumferential moment per mm width W = Applied load Fro. C.5 132
is found from Fig. C-4. Cx - 4

x
Axial loading length
C$ - 4 x Circumferential loading length CIRCUMFERENTIAL MOMENTPER

mm
WIDTH
IS : 2825 - 1969
Diagrams for hoop bending moments and for:es are printed up the page to distinguish them Tram those for longitudinal moments and forces which are printed across the page. When the centre of the load is away from the mid-length of the cylinder, the equivalent length L,, found as in C-3.2.1, should be substituted for L in all cases. C-3.2.2.2 Variation of stress along the cylinder Consider a radial line load, W, distributed over a length !-XT, as shown in Fig. C. 13A. 4 found from the graphs and C.16 respectively. Values of M
TX, .X
and Nx at A can be
of Fig. C.135 C. 14, C. 15
-0.4
10 64+(g)2
100
IO00
0.3
0*2
O*?
O*l
0 o*c
Kl 64#
100
IO00
0 c 84
1 1: f(4)
100
1000
For explanation set 03.2. MA = Longitudinal moment pes mm width W - Applied load Fxo. C.6
1sfound from Fig. C.4. C. = 4 C$ - 4

X X
Axial loading length Circumferential loading length
LONOI~UDINAL MOMENT PER mm WIDTH 133
IS : 2825- 1969
In these charts values of MeI W, Mx/ W, Net/W, and .Nxt/ W are plotted against x/C, for given values of 64 r/t(Cx/r)2 and 2&/L.
The resultant stresses in the shell at A are given by : Hoop stress f+ Longitudinal
The values for x/C, less than 1.0, for which no curves are plotted, fall within the loaded lengths, and the curves should not be extended into this region. The values for x/C&= 1 correspond to the maximum stresses found from Fig. C.5, C.6, C.7 c# and C.8.for -= G 0.
= $!
stress fx
f ?!$_ =
The loading diagram as Fig. C.13A has been repeated on each chart for convenience.
-0.4
Z,(#
loo
loo0
-04
10
100
1000
wf(#
-0.4
lo 64
loo
low
C(9)
sea c&g.. 64 X fX is found from Fig. C.4. membrane force per mm width
For explanation
Ng, = Circumferential
C. = 4
Ce -
Axial larding length loading length
W = Applied
load
4 X Circumferential
FIO. C.,7
134
CIR~~MP~RENTIA~ MEMBRANE FORCE PBR mm, WIDTH
ISt2825=1!M9
w4
10 64+&f
WOO
O-4
10 64+&f
IO0
'Km0
O-15
O-1
0*05
0*4
IO
lo0'
m0
For .& = Longitudinal membrane
explanationsee C-3.2. 64 +
forcepcr mni width
is found from Fig. C.4.

C= = + X Axial loading length Ce = ) x Circumferential loading length
W = Applied load
Fro. C.8
LONQITUDINAL MEMBRANE FORCEPER mm WIDTH
Diagrams for hoop bending moments and forces are printed up the page to distinguish them from those for longitudinal moments and forces which are printed across the page. For a load distributed over an area 2Cx x 2C+ the moments and membrane forces at any value of x/C, are reduced in the same ratio as the corresponding values at the edge of the load found from Fig. C.5, C.6, C.7 and C.8 in the ratio: Value for actual C+/C, -V&G-fo~+/cx Example: A vessel is 2 540 mm diameter x 6.096 m long x 12.7 mm thick. A-radial load W is applied to an area 304.8 mm x 3W8 mm at the mid-length of the shell. Find the circumferential moment at a position 609.6 mm from the centre of the loaded area measured along the axis of the vessel. r= 1270 mm; Cd = c, = 152.4 mm; = o-
r/r=m;
C& = o-12;
= 90. For a line load, interpolating in Fig. C.13 M&W = O-054 at x/Cx = 4. From Fig. C.5, at the ends of a line load when C+lc, = 0; 64 r/t ( C,/r ) -90; 2 C,/L = 0.05 M+/ W = O-153 and when C+/ C,= M4/W 1 0.072
over an area when the load is distributed
I.0
304.8 mm x 304.8 mm atx=O.O54xE=
M+/W
O-025 moment 135
Therefore, the circumferential at x = 0.025 W.
FIG.C-9A CIRCUMFERENTIAL MOMiN PER UNIT LENGTH AT A-M+
___ -_ _ f!!TFt
C
--I-
I-L---WI
THE VARIATIONOF 2 FOR CHANGES IS SMALL
OF +
+o*os
t-44
0
4 tc C.
lo
-0.050
FIG. C.9
HOOP BENDING
MOMENT DUE TO A RADIAL LIP
LOAD VARXATION ROUND CIRCUYPERENCE
O-35 W 0.3
0.25 FIG.C-1OA LONGITUDINAL MOMENT F El? UNIT CIRCUMFERENCE Al A=M,, M. w . 0.15
l0*2
0*2
0.1 C! ! ! ! !\. ! ! ! ! IY! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! I
4 $1 r c.
10
12
-0405 0
2 92 C*
FIG. C.10
LONQITUDINAL MOMENT FROM RADIAL LINE LOAD VARIATION ROUNDCIRCUMFERENCE
137
FIG.C-1IA
ClRCUidFERENTlAC MEMBRANE FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH AT A=N#
The
variation
of 7
Net
for changed
in F
ir amdl
for the higher
values
of 64 f
py.
FIG. C.11
CIRCUMPERBNTIAL MEMBRANE STRBSS PROMRADIAL LINE LOAD VARIATION ROUND CIRCUMFERENCE
IS t 2825- 1969
-6-2
III
Illll
III
.-0.2
2~. rllll -r ! ( ! ( (
6#q2=0.L
-0.15
-04 hht w -0*05
_ _-
10
12
to*06-_ _ 0
10
- 0.1
-0.15
I I
N. t Ti
-0.1
0905
2.5
3*5
-0*05
w
0
bO6
F&C-12A
3 #,r4 c-
LONGITUDINAL MEMBRANE FORCE PER UNIT CIRCUMFERENCE AT A-NM
Fm. C.12
LONOITUDINA~
MEMBUNB
FOrtOE PROM RADIAL LYE CIRaubmaaNaE
LOAD VARUTKW
ROUND
159
IS:2825-1969
0*3
o-2 !s W 0.125 0.1
0e10
w-i4-1
0 0
-0
6 FIG. CGA 0.025 LONVTUOINAL CIRCUMFERENCE MOMENT PER AT A=Mx mm
o-02
VALUES y
FOR ARE
so.01
0.015
CLOSE
TO THOSE
% 0.01
G
Fro. C.14
LONOITUDINAL MOMENTS DUE TO A RADIAL LINE LOAD VARIATION ALQNC CYLINDER
141
- 0.2
-0.05
-0915 H*t w
- 0.025
-Oil\
NP
-m05
5 2
10
0.01 ;(+qia
APPROX 10
TO THOSE
------I
0
1 2 G 3 5 6 FIG. C-15A HOOP MEMBRANE PER mm ?ENGTH FORCE AT A.=N$
Fro. C.15 H~~PMEMBRANBFORCES
DUE TO A RADIALLINE LOAD
VARIATIONAL~N~CYLINDER
-0.75
- 0.150
-0.125
- O*lOO N,l -W-0.075 FIG. C-16A -0.050 LONGITUDINAL MEMBRANE PER mm CIRCUMFERENCE FORCE AT A=Nn
- 0*025
-0.125
0 .O
X cY
la
- 0l lOO
-0-200
-3.075 $J W
-0*!75
-0~050
-9.025
-0.125
3 x_ CT
;OR 2c.=O.O, I
-0.025
I 1C
FIG. C.16
LONGITUDINAL MEMBRANE FORCES DUE TO A RADIAL LINE LOAD VARIATION ALONO CYLINDBR
143
IS : 2825 - 1969 C-3.2.3 The DeJIectiorrsof Cylindrical Shells Due to Radial Loads - The deflections of a cylindrical shell due to a local radial !oad are required for: a) finding the movement of a vessei shell due to the thrust of a pipe connected to it, and b) finding the rotation of a branch due to a moment applied by a pipe connected to it ( see C-3.3 j. The deflection of the shell due to a radial load is a function of the non-dimensional parameters 2C x 2C,, where C = -
%
6
2CQ by a distance of -3-between round branch C-3.3.2 gitudinal Ce =
which are separated centres. For a
l-7 r,, = 2Cx. applied Similarly a lonto an area 2C+ x C,
Longitudinal Moments moment,
ErB and L/r which is given by the full lines r/t, 7

in the charts as follows: Fig. C.17A for values of r/t between 15 and 40. Fig. C. 17B for values of r/t between 40 and 100. Fig. C.18 for values of r/t greater than 100. For a central load, L is the actual length of the For a load out of centre: L is the equivalent vessel. length Le found as in C-3.2.1. For a point load, the value of7
( see Fig. C.21 ) is resolved into two opposed loads 1.5 M acting on rectangles of sides fW=7 z C 2C+ x 2C, where C, = $ , which are separated by a distance branch of% between centres. For a round
E.r 8
is given by
full line from the appropriate horizontal L/r line in the top right-hand extension of each diagram as. in the example with Fig. C.17.
the
+* C-3.3.3 M&mum Stresses - The maximum stresses due to the moment occur at the outer edges of the actual loaded area. The circumferential and longitudinal moments and membrane forces are given by:
C, = 1*7r,, = 2C
a ioad distributed over a square of side 8 l?r is given by a line joining the 32, the value of -
For
M = M+ -M M4 1 dz x = 1% - Mxz N+ = N& - Jv+ Jvx = .G, jY,: The quantities with subscript 1 are equal to those for a load 14 distributed over an area of 2C4 x
2C, and are found from Fig. C.5, C.6, C.7 and C.8. Those with subscript 2 are equal to those due to a similar load at a distance x=-5& from the centre of the loaded area for a longitudinal moment or 5c at an angle of 4, = r 9 from the radius through the centre of the loaded area for a circumferential These can be neglected if the value of moment. K,, from Table C.3, corresponding to the value of 2&/L for a longitudinal moment, or that of Kr corresponding to the value of 2&/L for a circumferential moment, is less than 5.0. Otherwise they are found as follows:
of the L/r and C/r lines in the top intersections right-hand and bottom left-hand extensions of each diagram as shown by the dotted line and example on Fig. C.18. The deflection due to a load distributed over a circular area of radius r,, is approximately the same as that for a square of side 1*7ro. The deflection due to load distributed eve* a the rectangular area 2C, x 2C is approximately 4 same as that for an equivalent_ square of side 2Cr where C, is obtained asfollows: C, =dC+ Cr=(C,, &when Ci > C+ ... (C.4) (C.5)
woax (C,)OOr when C+>&...
Equation (C.4) applies to a rectangular area in which the long axis is parallel to the axis of the cylinder. Equation (C.5) applies to a rectangular in which the long axis is circumferential. area
For a longitudinal moment:
C-3.3 External Moments Applied to Cylbdrical Shells - External moments can be applied to the shell of a vessel by the pipework connected to a branch, by a load on a bracket, or by the reaction at a bracket support. For design purposes considered as follows. external moments are
Take x/C, = 5.0 and obtain values for a radial line load from Fig. C. 13, C. 14, C.15 and C.16. It may be necessary to use different values of LI ( see c3.2.1) for the. two resolved loads if the moment is distributed over an area which is not small compared to its distance from the nearer end of the vessel. Correct these values for a total circumferential width equal to 2C as in example 4 in C-3.2.2.2.
C-3.3.1 Circumferential Moments-A tial moment applied to a rectangular f 144 acting on
circumferenarea Co x 2C, of sides
For a circumf~ential moment:

a) Find the values at the edge of the loading area 2C+ x 2C, from Fig. C.5, C.6, C.7 and C.8.
( see Fig. C.20 ) is resolved into two opposed loads
W = y
rectangles
7000 6000 clK)n
.V_
900
800 700 600 7000 6000 5000
c. 17c
&amble: P .__
2 -10 on UI. 4-d
15
20
r i
25
30
40
;
i
1000
Find w fjEI
50 60 r i 70 80 90 100 Between 40 and 100
for
L/r = 10,
OIL
40
B
C.17B For r/t
C.17A
For r/t
Less Than 40
For values r/t greater of

Values of 8 are exclusive
than 100, scc Fig. C.18. of the deflection of the whole shell as a beam.
load. Enter L/r = 10 at right-hand side of chart, move ho&-on_ tally to C/r = 0 or point load, proceed down sloping line 10 meet vertical line for r/t = 70, then move horizontally and read 6 k=17 W 000.
r/t = 70, c/r = 0 = point
FIG. C.17
MAXIMUM RADIAL DEFLECTIONOF A CYLINDRICAL SHELL SUBJECTED TO A RADIAL LOAD W UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED OVERA SQUARE x 2C 2C
1000000
900000 600000 700000
600000 500000 400000 3OoOOO
200000 150000
100000 90000 80000 70000 60000
FIG. C-16A
Example:
Find 8 7
Er
for
L/r = 5, C/r = 4,
r/t = 180. Enter L/r at 5 at both sides of chart, move horizontally to C/r = 4. Join intersection points. Enter r/t at 180. Move vertically to intersection line and then move horizontally and read 6 G
200 250 300
= 55 000.
For values of r/t less than
100, JCCFig. C.17.
Values of Elare exclusive of the deflection of the whole shell as a beam.
FIG. C.18 MAXIMUM RADIAL DEFLECTION OF A CYLINDRICAL SHELL SUBJECTED TO A RADIAL LOAD W UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED OVER A SQUARE 2C x 2C
Enter the corresponding graph in Fig. C.9, C.10, C.11 and C.12 at this value. The intercept on the curve for 2CxlL gives a value of: &I_ = #7_
a circumferential
The values for quantities with subscript 2 are tuen given by the ordinate for
41f -=_-_- %
LX t.i,
z from the same graph.

-
38 moment or i = --!_ for a longiCZ tudinal moment, where 6, is the deflection produc1.5 M or ed by one of the equivalent loads W = Ct? 1.5M acting on an area of 2C$ x 2C, as defined G 6, is found R-om Fig. C. 17 in Fig. C.20 or C.21. and C.18. Example:. A vessel is 2 540 mm diameter x 4 064 mm long x 12.7 mm thick. Find the maximum stress due to a longitudinal moment of 115 454 kgf mm applied to a branch 356 mm
C-3.3.4 Rotation Due to External Moments -Y- It is sometimes required to find the rotation of a branch or bracket due to a moment applied to it. This is given approximately by i = - 3 t
Ce
for
146
.i
IS : 2825 - 1969 For this area : c%

X
diameter at the mid-length, slope of the branch. L?~ = $ w=
and
the = 152 = 3; 50.8 0.04;
= O-85 x 35612 c: 152 * la5 n;:; - 2G L
& 1*5/f_ z
on
G -=---_= r
50.8 1 270
W acts
= f 567 kg 2C x 2C,, 4 where C, = $. = 50.8 mm an area
2 x =__-------508 = 0.025 4 064
From Fig. C.4, 64 t
096
04
c&
OgC
0.3 0.25
0.1 0*04 0.06 0.06 0.1 045 0*2 +f 0.3 0.4 0.6 04 10
4.0
Cl c
3.0 2*5
I*0
2.0
390
40
6aO
8*0
. IO*0
C.IPB FIG.
When
Ca
2 Is greater
than C.
C.19
GRAPHSFOR FINDING THE SQUARE 2C, x 2C, EQUIVALENT A TO RECTANOUWRLOADINGAREA 2Cx x 2C4
Quantity
Values for c@= 0
Figure
Correction factor = value_for C@jC, = 3 Vaahiefor C@/C,aO
0.255 x4 M 0.16 6.18 0.17
C.5 C.6 C.7 C.8
6.09 m55
= 0.353
0.076 = 0.475 0.16 ~ o-155 = 0.861 - 0.18 - 0.14 y - 0.17 = 0.824
J$3 W JvxstlW Hence M+s w
= + 0.065 x 0 353 = 0.023
I._.--*_A
IFIG. C.20
5cg-4
.Nd3t/ W = + 0.025 x 0.861 = 0.021 5 = + 0.012 x 0.475 = 0.005 = 0,085 x 0.824 = - 0.070
CIRCUPFERENTIAL MOMENT
=ww--wC
=w
Mc+
M+
1 = 567 ( 0.09 - 0.023 ) = 567 x 0.067 = 38.7 kgfmm/mm 1 = 567 ( 0.076 - 0.005 7 ) = 567 x 0.070 3 = 39.8 kgfmm/mm =
+A!?$
q(
Jv+t/w
- J$
t/w
= +& 567 TX( FIG. C.2 1 LONGITIJ~N~LMOMENT = The direct effect of each load W is found by interpolating for C+ /C,= 3.0 in the charts of Fig. C.5, C.6, C.7 and C.8 for 2&/L = 0.025 which gives:
M$J W = = 0.09; MxJ W = 0.076 0,155 0.14 A&t/W &t/W
( - 0.155 - 0.021 5) - 0.1765)
>
7.88 kgf/mm
=_
w --~x,t
t [
W
Nx,t
W_ 1
= $4
( - 0.14 + 0.07)
= - 3.12 kgf/mm; . . Maximum hoop stress
The effect of one load at the outer edge of the r = 10, other is found by interpolating for 65 x/&=5*0 and 2C,/L=O*O25 in the charts of Fig. C.13, C.14, C.15 and C.16 for a radial line load, and multiplying the results by a correction factor for the circumferential width of the load as in C-3.2.2.2. The values interpolated from .Fig. C. 13 to C.16 denoted by subscript 3, are : = 0.065; Mx,/W = 0.012 M$h/w
N&/W J&t/W = = + 0.025 -
-f4
= -0.62f
=t
Jv+
- 6Mq)
+7
..f4= -$$
1.44
6 x 38.7 12.7 x 12.7
* Maximum hoop compressive stress = - 2.06 kgf/mms; Maximum hoop tensile stress = +0*82 kgf/mms
l
Maximum longitudinal stress =% :.
f,, 6%
f. F - - 12.7
=-
3.12
0.085
0.248 f
6 x 39.8 12.7 x 12.7 1.48
148
IS : 2825 - 1969 Maximum -1.728 Maximum kgf/mm2 longitudina! kgf/mnl longitudinal compressive stress = d) Hoop membrane force-acting per unit width on a meridional section ds defined for the hoop moment M d A moment is considered as positive if it causes compression at the outside of the vessel. A membrane force is considered as positive if it causes tension in the vessel wall. A deflection is considered positive if it is away from the centre of the sphere. These forces and moments and the deflection of the shell due to the load can be found in terms of the non-dimensional parameters J-= and 1.82 r, u = --__ \GZ 1.82 x Vrt
tensile stress = + 1.232 For this area C
IC, = 3, 4 and from Fig. C.l9B, the half side of the equivalent square C, = 2*8C, = 2.8 x 50.8= 142 mm Slope due to moment : In Fig. C.l7B, C,/Y 6 L/r 142/l 270 = 0.112; = 4 064/l 270 = 3.2;
= 1 270/12*7 = 100; It whence 6Erj W = 17 000
:. 8, = -
1.7 x IO* x 567 2.04 x lo* x 1270
= 0.372 mm
and from C-3.3.4,
the slope i = =
36,
C7. 3 x 0.372 304.8
= 0.003 66 radians. C-3.4 Local Loads on Spherical Shells
The parameter s defines the position in the shell at which the force, moment, or deflection is required. The parameter II defines the area over which the load is distributed. These two factors the chart in Fig. c.22 can be found quickly from given x, Y,, and the ratio r/t.
C-3.4.1 Initial Development - This clause is concerned with the stresses and deflections due to local radial loads or moments on spherical shells. Because these are local in character and die out rapidly with increasing distance from the point of the data derived from references application, 8 and 9 can be applied to local loads on the spherical parts of pressure vessel ends as well as to complete spheres. For convenience, the loads are considered as acting on a pipe of radius r, which is assumed to be a rigid body fixed to the sphere. This is the condition for the majority of practical cases. Loads applied through square fittings of side 2C, can be treated approximately as distributed over a circle of radius r, = C,. Loads applied through rectangular brackets of sides 217, and 2C+ can be treated approximately u distributed over a circle of radius r, = dm. 4
Figures C.24, C.25, C.27 and C.28 give graphs of non-dimensional functions of the deflection, forces and moments listed above plotted against the parameter s for given values of u which have been derived from References 8 and 3. The full curves in each set of graphs give conditions at the edge of the loaded area where u a s. The most unfavourable combination of bending and direct stresses is usually found here. The dotted curves for particular values of p give conditions at points in the shell away from the edge of the loaded area where x is greater than r, and u is therefore less than s. Since the charts are in non-dimensional terms they can be used in any consistent system of units. The stresses and deflections found from these charts will be reduced by the effect of internal pressure but this. reductjon is small and can usually be neglected m practrce. ( References 8 and 9. ) C-3.4.2 Stresses and Deflections Due to Radial Loach - I;jgure C.23 shows a radial load applied to a spherrcal shell through a branch of radius r,,. The deflections, moments and membrane forces due to the load W can be found as follows from Fig. C.24 and C.25. For explanation of these curves, s?e C-3.4.3. For an example of their use, see C-3.4.4. a) Deflection; use Fig. C.24 and the relation: W.t of curve x El, 149
The following forces and moments are set up in the wall of the vessel by any local load or moment.
Meridional moment n/i, - acting per unit width on a normal section, formed by the intersection of shell with a cone of semivertex angle I$ = sin-$Cl.26 ). Hoop moment M+ -acting ( Fig. C.23 and
b) cl
per unit width
on a meridional section passing through the axis of the shell and the axis of the branch. Mendional numbrane force - acting per unit width on a normal section as for the meridional moment M..
8 = ordinate
IS t 2825 - 1969
a
0
o-01
0.02
0.03
O-04 0.05 @06 +
@l
o-2
o-3
0.L
O=!i 0*6
018
OR +
FIG. C.22
CHART FOR FINDING s AND u can be found as follows from Fig. C.27 and C.28. For explanations of these curves see C-3.4.1.
b) 4
Meridional moment M, per unit width from Fig. C.25 and the relation: M, = ordinate of M, curve x W. Hoop moment M4 per unit width from Fig.
Deflections;
use Fig. C.27 and the relation:
C.25 and the relation: = ordinate of M curve x W. M#) 4 4 Meridional membrane force Nx per unit width from Fig. C.27 and .WX= ordinate of Nx curve x W/t. Hoop membrane force .N4 per unit width 4 from Fig. C-27 and .N$ = ordinate of Jv+ curve x W/t. C-3.4.3 Stresses, Dejections and Slopes Due to an External Moment-Figure C.26 shows an external moment applied to a spherical shell through a branch of radius r,,. In this case the deflections, moments and membrane forces depend on the angle 8 as well as on They the distance x from the axis of the branch. 150
+6 = ordinate
of curve x M,
dt
Mr
co9
Eta
b)
Meridional moment use Fig. C.28 and

M,=
per unit
Mcos
width;
0
ordinate moment
of M, curve x
M
C) Hoop
Fig. C.28 and

M+ = ordinate
per
unit
&-width;
Mcos z/rt
use
0
of M+ curve
x ---= per
4 Meridional
width;
membrane force use Fig. C-28 and of .Nx curve x
unit
Jvx = ordinate
M cos 0
t. 47
IS : 2825 - 1969
of the branch for 0 = 0 and u = s, that is, .x ( ordinate of full curve
Et.2
in Fig. C.27 for x = rO). C-3.5 The Effect of External Forces and Moments at Branches - Large external forces and moments can be applied to the branches of vessels by the thermal movements of pipewcrk. The stresses due to these are likely to be greatly overestimated if the forces in the pipe system are determined by assuming that the connection to the vessel is equivalent to an anchor in the pipe system. More accurate values of the terminal forces and moments can be found if the deflection due to a unit radial load and the slopes due to unit longitudinal and circumferential moments distributed over the area of the branch and its reinforcement are known. These can be found for a given vessel and branch by the methods given in C-3.2.3 and C-3.3. experiments in USA, discussed in Recent Reference 16 have shown that slopes and deflections calculated in this way are sufficiently accurate for practical purposes except that the slope of a branch due to a circumferential moment is about 75 percent of the calculated value because of the effect of local stiffening by the metal of the branch. When the loads from the pipework are known, the local stresses in the vessel shell can be found by the methods of C-3, except that, in a branch with an external compensating ring of thickness 4 subject to a circumferential moment there is an additional hoop moment in the shell at the edge of the reinforcing ring to N+ ( t, - t )/4 and Reference 17 recommends that this amount should be added to the value of M calculated +
x MERIDIONAL
FICJ. C.23
RADIAL LOAD APPLIED TO SPHERICAL SHELL force per unit x -9?g width;
e) Hoop membrane Fig. C.25 and N .+ = ordinate
of N+ curve
Equal and opposite maximum values of all the above quantities occur in the plane of the moment, that is, where 0 ( Fig. C.26 ) = 0 and e = 180. The slope of the branch moment is found from ib =
r,
due to
the external
6,
deflection at the edge
where 6, is the maximum
FOUND FROM FIG. C-22
04
1.0
1*5
2-d S
2.5
3.0
3.5
C*O
FIG. C.24
DEFLECTIONS OF A SPI~ERICAL SHELL S~BIECTED TO A RADIAL LOAD W 151
-030 MERIC~ONAL MPJMENT
* MERIDIONAL FORCE
Mr
.- 0.25
Nr
s= l0.3
-2 4-z
ROM to.2 0.20
FIG. C-22
Mx
+0*1
Nx? w
0.15
l*O
k5
2.0 S 0
-0*20
S
+0*2or , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , HOOP MOMENT I
l-i-
M)
I!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !.!!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! I
7P.Y I
ROM FIG. C-22 i / i
s=
1. GldJr I
kdu= / i j / j / i i i b.\ _ i ! ! 1 1! ! ! ! ! !
FOUND
FROM
F4.
C-22
o-5
l*O
1.5
2.0
2-5
3.0
3.5
L.0 A
ol!l,,t
0 o-5
1.0
1.5
?*O
2.5
3.0
3'5
6.6
FIG. C.25
MOMENTSAND
MEMBRANE
FORCESIN
SPHERICALSKELLSUBJECTED
TO A RADIALLOAD
IS:2825-1968 C-4. SUPPORTS PRESSURE

C-4.1 General
AND MOUNTINGS VESSELS

for
FOR
Considerations
Snpporr~
C4.1.1 Introduction - This clause and thei two which follow are concerned with the supports for pressure vessels and the supports for fittings carried .from the shell or, ends of the vessel, with regard to their effect on the vessel. The structural design of supports is not included because it can be dealt Convenient reference with by the usual methods. for this is IS : 800-1!362*. The supports of vessels and of fittings carried by the shell produce local moments and membrane forces in the vessel wall which can be treated by Notes and cross-referthe methods given in G5. ences for applying these to various types of support are included. The supports of a vessel shall be designed to withstand all the external ioads likely to be imposed on it in addition to the dead weight of the vessel and contents. These may include: 4 superimposed loads, b) wind loads on exposed vessels, from 4 thrusts or moments transmitted connecting pipework, 4 shock loads due to liquid hammer or surgmg of the vessel contents, and 4 forces due to differential expansion between the vessel and its supports.
*Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building construction ( revised).
Fro.
(3.26
EXTERNAL SPHERICAL
MOMENT APPHED
SHELL
TO
This correction and that to the slope of the branch given above apply only to circumferential moments and are due to the effect of the rigidity of the attachment of the branch which has little influence on the effect of longitudinal moments. The tension at the inside of the shell due to the local circumferential bending moment M+ is added to the circumferential membrane stress due to internal pressure, but this stress will not be present when the vessel is under hydraulic test.
c.4.1.2
Notation c-4 for

Unit Descri$tion Area of effective cross section of -a stiffener for a horizontal vessel. mm mm mm mm mm kgf/mm kgf/mms kgf/mms kgf/mm2 W kf mm4 mm Distance ffom a saddle support cylindrical part. Axial width of a saddle support. Distance from centroid of effective area of stiffener to the shell. Constants. Distance from centroid of stiffener. Modulus of elasticity. Allowable working stress in tension. Resultant stresses in horizontal vessel due to mode of support. Nominal Resultant stress in dished end calculated of horizontal from 5.5. vessel. of a saddle forces acting on a vertical of eflective area of stiffener to tip to the adjacent end of the
JVotation a A b bi c G .. . G d
Axial length of a dishea end of the vessel.
Resultant horizontal support. Moment Constants. Length of cylindrical
force in least cross section
of inertia of effective cross section of a stiffening ring. part of vessel. 155
IS I 2825 - 1969 Notation 1 Ml mm kgfmm kgf-mm M8 M4 P 4 % r fI 1 kgf mm kgfrnm igf/cm* kgf/mm* kgf/mms mm mm mm mm mm mm kgf *mm mm km/h kg kg kg/m mm mm Untt Description: Length of part of shell of a horizontal with a ring. support. Bending moment support. Rending moment its supports. in a horizontal in a. horizontal vessel assumed to act above its own
ring girder
ring girder midway betw-etn in a horizontal in a horizoutal vessel midway vessel at its
Longitudinal bending moment between supports. Longitudinal supports. Internal bending moment
pressure in vessel.
Shear stress in vessel shell. Shear stress in vessel end. Radius of cylindrical Radius part of vessel. ring girder or of ring support. of base of skirt support of vertical vessel. of vessel shell. of reinforcing plate. in a horizontal ring girder.
Mean radius of horizontal Thickness Thickness Thickness Maximum Thickness Weight
t t1
t,
of ring stiffeners. twisting moment of vessel end.
7
tb
V W WI
W Jr
Wind velocity. of vessel. reaction at a support. to the on a Maximum
Average weight of a vertical vessel per metre height. Distance from a support of a horizontal ring girder nearest point of maximum twisting moment. Height of the resultant of the horizontal vessel above its supports. forces acting
Y 5
mm9
degrees degrees
Section modulus of the effective cross section of a ring support for a horizontal vessel. Included angle of a saddle support. Angie between the radius drawn to the position of a support and the vertical cerf.re line of a vessel.
0*5
1.0
l-5
2.0 s
2-5
3*0
3-5
44
Fso. C.27 DEFLECTIONSOF ASPHERICAL SHELL SUBJECTEDTO AN EXTERNAL MOMENT 154
h&&-i l COSB
+3-o
xi---CO58
-0.2
N,I
./X
+ 2.4
-045
+2*0
-O*l
4.105
-0.5
tr.0
0'5
1.0
l* 5
2-O
2*5
3.0
3.5
44
S to.6
+0*5
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0*05
0*5
1-O
1.5
2*0
2-5
3.0
3.5
S EXTERNAL MOMENTM
FIG. C.28
MOMENTSAND
MEYBRA
,NE
FORCES
IN A
SPHERICAL SHELL SUBJECTED TOAN
1s:282!5-1969 C-4.1.3 CVind Loads 011Eqhsrd Vmels - The windy pressure to be expected on a rall vessel depends on its site, both geographically and. in relation to neighbouring buildings or Other obstruction to the wind, and on its rota1 height abcve ground level.
The values of basic wind pressures at different heights above ground level in the various regions of India have been given in Fig. 1A and accompanving Table of IS : 8X-1964*. For the purpose of c&ulating the external pressures acting on the projected area in the plane perpendicular to the wind, these values wi!l have to be multiplied by a shape factor of 0.7 as recommended in Table 3 of IS : 875-1%%4*. The wind pressure found as above is assumed to act over the whole projected area of the vessel. The resultant wind load, required for calculating the reactions at the vessel supports, is assumed to act through the centre of gravity of the projected area. Vibrations due to wind effects can develop in tall slender vessels without lateral support and having relatively large natural periods of Such vibrations may lead to fatigue vibration. ailure. Vessels having a natural period of vibration greater than O-4 to 0.8 seconds, depending on their to be weight and proportions, may require reinforced to avoid this trouble. Reference 7 gives a design procedure for such cases and methods of finding the natural period of vibration of the vessel. It is not necessary to apply this procedure to mild steel vessels of uniform diameter, thickness, and contents unless w.r/t exceeds the critical values given in the following table: L/r w/t 50 60 30 40 20 740000 104CGO 23800 890 3i70 70 80 to heavy external loads may need to be examined for the following conditions:
4 b)
Working conditions, load and loads due
in&ding full to pipework.
wind
Test cor%Etions, including fil;l wind load: if any, and forces due to the tcold pull up of any pipes which will rem+ connected to the vessel during tests. Shut down conditions, vetsel empty and exposed to full wind load, if any, and the forces d-le to cold p11 tip in the pipe system connected to it.
Anchor bolts shall be provided if there is an upward reacticn to any support under any of these conditions. The theoretical reactions at the supports of long horizontal vessels supported at more than two positions can be found by the methods used for continuous beams but the calculated values are always doubtfu! because of settlement of the supports and initial errors of roundness or straightness in the vessel. C-4.1.5 Brackets-Brackets are fitted to the shells of pressure vessels either to support the vessel or some structure which has to be carried f+om it. Typical brackets are shown in Fig. C.29. The brackets themselves are designed by the ordinary methods used for brackets supporting beams in structural engineering. A bracket always applies an external to the shell = W,.a. moment
The effect of this moment on the shell can be found by the method given in C-3.3. If the local stresses ,found in this way are excessive, a reinforeing plate, designed as in C-4.1.6, should be fitted between the bracket and the vessel wall.
In addition to the vertical loads, the brackets supporting a vertical vessel may be subject to !490 745 tangential forces due to thrusts and moments transmitted from pipework. Such brackets imVJ- weight of vessel in kg per metre height. pose a circumferential moment on the vessel wall ratio of height of vessel to radius. L/r = in addition to the longitudinal moment. The Reference 7 also gives methods for finding the stresses clne to this can be calculated and added to the others but ring or skirt supports are preferable natural period of vibration of vessels in which the in cases of this type. diameter, thickness or contents is not uniform. The same design procedure can be applied to C-4.1.6 Reinforcing Plates - Reinforcing plates these. are required when the local stresses in the vessel shell found as in.C-3 for the connection of a supVessels having a section packed with ring tiles port or mountmg is excessive. or coke should be regarded as having non-uniform Figure C.30 shows a typical reinforcing plate applied to a contents. cylinder. C-4.1.4 Reactioiz at the Supports -The reactions The stresses in the vessel wall at the edge of the at the supports of a vessel can be found by the reinforcing plate are approximately equal to those ordinary methods of statics except in the case of calculated by assuming the load or moment to be long horizontal vessels supported at more than two distributed over the whole area of the reinforcing positions. plate 26, x 2d4 and proceeding as in C-3.2.2 for a The reactions at the supports of vessels subject radial load or in C-3.3 for a moment. -_ A safe approximation for the maximum stresses *Code of practice fix structural safety ofbuildings: Loadin the reinforcing plate, which occur at theeges il g standards ( woiscd ). 156
IS : 2ti225 - 1969 Find the resultant stresses due to these by that the vessel wali and the assuming reinforcing plate share the moments M d and M, in proportion to the bquares of their thicknesses and the membrane forces LO thei:. N+ and Jvr in direct propcrtion thicknesses. Reinforcing piates for spherica! vesseis and the spherical parts of vessel ends can be designed by applying the charts of C-3.4.2 and C-3.4.3 in tne same vra,y.
BRACItE FOR VESSEL SUPPORT
Iv
VESSEL
WALl
The deflection at a support or fitting provided with a reinforcing plate is approximately equal to the sum of the deflections of the wail of a cylinder or sphere of thickness ( t+t, ) loaded over the actual loaded area, and of the wall of a cylinder or sphere of thickness t loaded over the area of the reinforcing plate. These are found from C-3.2.3 for cylinders or C-3.4.2 and C-3.4.3 for spheres and spherical parts of vessel ends. The s!ope due to an external moment can be found from the deflection calculated as above by the method given in C-3.3 and C-3.4. Recent experimental work, discussed in Reference 17 has shown that there is some stress concentration near the sharp corners of rectangclar reinfcrcing plates. Rounded comers are, therefore, preferable. C-4.2 Supports for Vertical Vessels -- This clause is concerned with the design of supports for vertical vessels except where the conventional methods of simple applied mechanics can be used directly. The design of brackets used to connect vessel to its supports is given in C-4.1.5. the
u
BRACKET FOR
i WI
EXTERNAL
--tLOAD
Fro. of the actual
C.29
TYPICAL BRACKETS
loaded area ?Cx x 2C+ is given by the A4 and Al, 4 membrane forces .N+ moment
following procedure: a) Find the maximum and the maximum
and N, for the same loading applied to a cylinder of thickness ( t+ 1r) from the charts of C-3.2.2 for a radial load or from C-3.3 and C-3.2.3 for a moment.
C-4.2.1 Skirt Supports - Skirt supports, as shown in Fig. C.31, are recommended for large vertical vessels because they do not lead to concentrated
)cX
Fxo. C.30
REMFORarrW
SECilON
PLATE ON CYLIN~RKIAL SHELL
XX
157
ls:2925-1969
local loads on the snell, offer less constraint against differential expansion between the part of the vessel under pressure and its supports, and reduce the effect of discontinuity stresses at the junction of the cylindrical shell and the bottom. Skirt supports should have at least one inspection opening to permit examination of the bottom of the vessel unless this is accessible from below through sup.porting f:aming. Such openings may need to be compensated. In general cylindrical skirt supports should be designed in accordance with 3.13 but t1.c: critical stresses for buckling shou!ci be checked by the met&& of G5.2 for large or heavily loaded skirt supports. The critical. load for a conical skirt support may be found as in C-53.1. Skirt supports may also be applied to spherical vessels and to the spherical parts of vessel ends. The local stresses d.ue to skirt supports in these positions should be calculated as in C-3.4. C-4.2.1.1 Overturning moments on skirt sujAt any horizontal section ofa skirt support, the maximum load per linear millimetre of the skirt circumference is given by: to th,: bolts replaced by that due to the eccentricity between the supporti,lg force and the vessel wall. All ring supports of this type should rest on some form of continuous rupport or on steelwork as indicated in Fig. C.33. They should not be used to connect vessels directly to leg or column supports, but should rest on a ring girder or other steelwork joining the tops of the cdnmns. C-4.2.3 Leg Stlpports fw Verticai l~essels- Leg supports for vertical vessels can, in general, be designed by the usual methods of applied mechanics, for example, those described in Reference 6 ( see c.6). They should always be arranged as close to the shell as the necessary clearance for insulation will permit. If brackeu are used .to connect the legs to the vertical wall of the vessel as in Fig. C.34A they should be designed as described in C-4.1.5 and fitted with reinforcing plates if required. Short legs, cr legs braced together to resist horizontal forces may impose a severe constraint on a vessel wall due to differences in thermal expansion. This constraint can be avoided by using brackets on the vessel wall provided with slotted holes to allow for expansion. It is sometimes convenient to support small vessels not subject to large horizontal forces by legs connected .to the curved surface of the bottom as shc,wn in Fig. C.34B. The connections of such supports should be designed to withstand a radial load of Ct;/cos +,, where WI is the greatest reaction at the support. The local stresses due to this 1-d should be found from the charts of G3.4 and a reinforcing plate designed as in C-4.1.6 fitted if necessary. C-4.2.4 Ring Girders-The supporting legs of large vertical vessels and spherical vessels are often connected to a ring girder which supports the vessel shell. In some designs the lower part of a skirt support is reinforced to form a ring girder. Figure C.35 shows a typical ring girder. Such girders are subject to torsion as well as bending and require special consideration. When the supporting columr~s are equally spaced, the bending and twisting moments in the ring girder can be found from the following table, taken from Reference 20: No. of !egs Load on each leg M;;trar in ring
WWQ
p0rt.f
Nx
~p&k$ stress
>( thickness of skirt.
If there is negative ~aluc of N,, anchor bolts will be necessary because there will be a net moment of M = Mr, - F? tending to overturn the vessel about the leeward edge of the skirt support flange. For singed of the support design turning .city of tlonal small vessels the anchor bolts can be deon the assumption that the neutral axis bolt group lies along a diameter of the flang?, but this assumption leads to overin the case of tall vesseis with large overmoments because the effect of the elastithe foundation, which produces an addiresisting moment, is neglected.
Reference 16 gives suitable design procedures for such cases.
ports-
C-4.2.1.2 Discontinuity stresses at skirt SUP_ TRIP presence of a skirt support reduces the ,discontinuity stresses at the junction of the bottom and the vessel wall. Reference 18 gives a procedme for calculating the actual discontinuity stresses and also the design of skirt supports for vessels subject to severe cyclic loading due to thermal stresses. C-4.2.2 Ring Su@orts for Vertical Vesseh -- It is often conVenienf to support vertical vessels from steelwork by means of a ring support in a convenient position on the shell as shown in Fig. C.32. Such a ring support corresponds to one flange of a bolted joint with the hub of the flange extending on both sides and with the couple due 158
4 W,4 W/8
6 W/C w/12
8 WI8 W/16
12 w/12 W/24
hi WQ *IF? Tl Wr,
-0.034 2 -0.014 8 l-O.0176 $OfN751 0.335 0.222 0.005 3 0.0015
-0908 27 -@003 65 -t_O$M415 +090190 Pill afw O+OO 63 9000 185
where
r,
= mean radius of girder, = the maximum twisting moment the girder and, in
Ml = the bending moment in the girder

above a support,
Ix
21, = the bending moment in the girder

midway between supports,
= distance from a support to the point of maximum torsion measured round the mean circumference.
F RESULTANT
HOR!ZONTA!_
LOAD
F RESULT4NT
IHORIZONTA_
iOAC
--l-
F RESULTANT -t-
HORIZONTAL
L3AD
FIO. C.32
TYPICAL RINOSUPPORT
Fro. C.33
TYPICALSTEELWORK &No SUPPORT
UNDER
/-
REINFORCING PADS, F NECESSARY
THIS
DISTANCE
NECESSARV
(A)
Legs on Side of Vessel
(B)
Legs on Spherical Part of Vessel Bottom
Fro. C.34
LEOSUPPORTS FOR VEKTICALVESSELS

C-4.3 Supports zontzl Vessels and Mountings for Horim
Any consistent system of units can be used for quantities. A bending moment causing tension at the underside of the girder is taken as positive. The torsion in the girder is zero at the supports and midway between them and the bending moment is zero at ,the points of maximum torsion.
these
C-4.3.1 General Consideration - Tiorizontal vessels are subject to longitudinal bending moments and local shear forces due to the weight of their contents.
160
IS : 2925 - 1969
POINTS MAX 10 BM=O
IF REQUIRED
I------Fxa.
----4
C.35
TYPICAL
RING GIRDER
( Fig. C!.36A ), rings ( Fig: C.36R ), or leg supports ( Fig. C.36C ).
Ihev are convenientlv supported on saddles
Horizontal vessels should be supported at two If they are cross sections only whenever possible. supported at more than two cross sections the distribution of the reactions is affected by small variations in the level of the supports, the straightness and local roundness of the vessel shell and the
relative stiffness of different parts of the vessel against local deflections. It is often preferable to stiffen a vessel so that it may be supported at two points only rather than to increase the number of Ring supports are preferable to saddle supports. supports for vessels in which support at more than two cross sections is unavoidable. The supports of vessels which are to contain gases or liquids lighter than water should be 161
IS : 2825- 1969
designed because tests. to support the vessel when full of water of the need for periodical hydraulic Ring supports are preferable for large thin walled vessels vessels. to saddle supports and for vacuum
The use of leg supports should be confined to small vessels in which the longitudinal bending stresses are small compared to the axial stress due to the working pressure and the local stresses due to the reactions at the supports, found as in C-3, can be kept within acce$ble limits.
The mountings and brackets which carry loads supported from the vessel shell should be designed as described for vertical vessels in G&l. It may be necessary to provide ring supports for heavy fittings or structures supported from the vessel.
(A) SADDLE
SUPPORTS
-7-l
NEUTRAL AXIS OF RING SUPPORT
1
-A-
(9) RING SUPPORTS
I
-A-
-4
Wl
(C)LEG SUPPORTS FIO.
FOR SMALL VESSELS

vES#RLB
C.36
TYPICAL SUPPORTSFOR HORIZONTAL
162
IS : 2925- 1969
C-4.3.2 Saddle Supports - Saddle supports, as shown in Fig. C.36A are the most frequently used type of support for horizontal vessels although no rigorous analytical treatment of them is available. The methods given in C-3 are not strictly applicable to loaded areas extending over the large proportion of the total circumterence of the vessel The following which is usual for saddle supports. treatment which is based on an approximate analysis discussed in Reference 19. The analysis gives a good approximation to the results of strain gauge tests on large vessels ( R.eference 19 ). The included angle of a saddle support, i3 in Fig. C.36A, should not normally be less than 120. This limitation, which is imposed by most codes of practice, is an empirical one based on experience of large vessels.
work of Zick (Reference 19) applies to Nora -The normal thickness/diameter ratios and errors can occur if the method is extrapolated to apply to large thickness/ diameter ratios. In such casq or in cases where doubt arises, the method to be employed in computing stresses
Similar expressions for the longitudinal bending moments can be obtained by the ordinary methods of statics, for example, References 1, 8,9,10,11 and 12, for vessels in which the supports are not symmetrically placed, if W ( the total weight of the vessel ) is substituted for 2 WI in the expressions for the loads shown in Fig. C.37. The above expressions for the longitudinal bending moments can be applied to horizontal vessels with other types of support. C-4.3.2.2 Longitudinal bending stresses at midspan - The resultant longitudinal stresses at midspan due to pressure and bending are given by the following expressions: At the highest point of the cross ... Atthelowest,f,=2t~loo+--& M ... section, (C.8)
(C.9)
due to support loads shall be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer. G4.3.2.1 Longitudinal bending moments and stresses in the vessel shell - Figure C.37 shows the loads, reactions, and longitudinal bending moments in a vessel resting on two symmetrically placed The bending moments are given saddle supports. by the following equations: at mid-span MS =
C-4.3.2.3 Longitudinal bending stresses at the saddles-These depend on the local stiffness of the shell in the plane of the supports, because, if the shell does not remain round under load, a portion of the upper part of its cross section, as shown in Fig. C.40 is ineffective against longitudinal bending. When the supports are near the end of the vessel, so that A < r/2, the stiffness of the ends is enough to maintain a circular cross section. Such shells are said to be stiffened by the ends. The resultant longitudinal stresses pressure and bending are given by: a) at the highest in shells which of the support plane in those due to
at supports M, = 1 -W,A i 1 4b 1 + 3z i ;+(12-b2) 2AL . ..( C.7)
point of the cross section remain round in the plane or near the horizontal midwhich do not, M IC,xrt M ---!!.K21rr2t . .. (C.10)
+A!.__--L
2t x 100
b) At the lowest point of the cross section,
A positive bending moment found from these expressions is one causing tension at the lowest point of the shell cross section. The moment L%$ may be positive in vessels of large diameter with supports near the ends because of the effect of hydrostatic pressure ( see Fig. C.37 ). When + and 4 are known, these reduce A) from Fig. C.38 to
f4 =
2t x 100 +
pr
...
(C.11) C.4.
Values of Kr and X2 are given in Table

TABLE C.4 VALUES OF FACTORS SADDLE ANOLB fj (DEOREES) end or 120 150
Kl AND K, K-1 X8
CONDITION
M * = W, ( C,L where C, is a factor and obtained
Shell stitfcned rings
by
1 1
1 1
Tr;liedA
< r/2 or rings

by end or and no
Shell unstiffened riXlgs
120 150
0.107 9161
9192 a279
where C and Fig. C.39.
Cs are factors
obtained
from
That
is, A > r/2 rings provided
163
LOAD/ UNIT LENGTH = sb T
I
I
I
(A) LOADS AND REACTIONS
W A
7-i
Positive values of Md are obtained for the following forms and proportions: Flat ends Ends with 10 percent knuckle radius Semi-ellipsoidal ends 2 4 4 < < < 0.707 0.44 0.363
: 1 ratio
(B) Moment Diagram
Md is always negative tor hemispherical ends.
FIG. C.37
CYLINDRICAL SHELL ACTINGAS BEAM OVER SUPPORTS
Tensile stresses should not exceed the allowable design stress. Compressive stresses should not Eymerically exceed the allowable design stress or-whichever 16r is the less. C-4.3.2.4 Tangential shearing stresses - The load is transferred from the unsupported part of the shell to the part over the supports by tangential shearing stresses which vary with the local stiffness of the shell.
Case 1. Shell not stifiened by vessel end
The maximum given by:

I
tangential
shearing
stress is
This expression does not apply when A >L/4 but such proportions are unusual. The value of 5s depends on the presence or absence of supportmg rings and on the saddle angle 8. It is given in Table C.5. The thickness of local doubling plates shall not be included when using equation ( C.12 ). Care 2. Shell stiffened by end of vessel
(A>;)
164
(A<5)
IS:2825-1969
=M.=W.(C,L-A)
0.35
.-0*30
k ln
W, 3 0.25
0.20
WHEN f FOR AL I
nl
I 2*0
-1.0
90
I 4-O
III $0,
64
8*0
10
15
20
VALUES OF f FIG. C.38

FACTOR FOR BENDINCJ MOMENT AT MID-SPAN
165
040
= 1(HEMISPHERICAL
END)
0.25 VALUES A
0*5 OF h c2 FACT&?
o-75
1-o
2*0
3.0 VALUES B
4.0 OF #
5-O
6.0
8-O
10-O
FACTOR
C3
-FIG. C.39
FACTORS FOR BENDING MOMENT AT SUPPORTS
IS : 2925- 1969
THIS AREA IS NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST LONGITUDINAL BENDING IN AN UNSTIFFENED SHELL
Fxa.
C.40
PORTION OF SHELL INEPFECTIVE AGAINST LONGITUDINAL BENDING
In this case there are shearing stresses in both the shell and the vessel end, given by:
q=
KW 3 rt
in the shell
... ...
(C.13) ( c.14 )
These high values can be allowed because the resultant combined stresses are local in character and will be relieved in practice by prestressing due to local yielding. The suggested values are empirical and were derived from strain gauge tests on large vessels. C-4.3.2.5 Circumferential stresses - Figure C.41 shows the circumferential bending moments diagrammatically. There is no rigorous analysis of these moments and the constants in the following stress formulae were determined experimentally ( Reference 19 ). The circumferential stresses should be evaluated at the following two positions around the circumference for each vessel investigated:
K4 qe = - w1 in the end rte
The values of K, and K, depend on the width b, of the saddle ( Fig. C36A ) and on the saddle angle 0.. They are given in Table C.5.
TAEiLE C.5 VALUES OF FACTOR )
K4
Ks AND
K4
( Claue c-4.3.2.4
CONDITION
SADDLE K3 ANGLE ( DEGREES )
a) At the lowest point

-
A )
r/2 and shrll
unstiffened
by
rings
120 150
1.171 0,799
The
by JS.
of the cross section. stress at this position will be denoted zthe horn $ of the saddle ( where the
A > r/2 and shell stiffened rings in plane of saddles
by
120 150
0.319 0.319
b) 1) At
fi = 180 -
in Fig. C.41 ) when by means of rings.
A > r/2 and shell stiffened

ringa adjacent to saddles
by -
120
150
shell is unstiffened
1.171 0.799 -
This stress is denoted by fa.
Shell stiffened end of vessel
by
b, < A < r/2
120 150
0.880 0.485
0.401 0,297
2) At 3) At
the horn of the saddle ( Fig. C.36A ) when the shell is stiffened with rings in the plane of the saddle. the equator ( a = 90 ) when the shell is stiffened with rings adjacent to the saddle.
+<A<b
150 120
0.485 0.880
0.485 0380
It has been suggested ( Reference 19 ), that the maximum allowable values of the tangential stresses should be:
in the rings will be denoted
When the shell is stiffened with rings, the stresses Both by f, and f,. of these stresses shall be investigated.
q = 0.8f
and
in the shell in the end
qe -
( 1*15f--f,)
C-4.3.2.6 For a shell not dyened by rings the lowest point of the cross section:
At
where fn = pD,K/Pt x 100 in which X is the shape factor from Fig. 3.7.
w, fs= t - Kti lot) (b, +
***
...
(C.15) 167
The stress fa at the horn of the saddle depends on the ratio of length to radius of the vessel. If; > 8,
The
shell may
be stiffened
by means ofi
fe -
4t( 6, + lot) ... - WI 4t(b,+ lot)-
- w1
3% WI
2t2 1.. (C.16)
a) a ring welded to the inside of the shell in the plane of each saddle, as shown in Fig. C.44A, and b) two rings adjacent, to each saddle, welded either to the inside or outside of the shell, as shown in Fig. C.44B and C.44C. Reference 19 suggests that the axial length of shell between the stiffeners should be not less than 10 times the shell thickness and not more than the mean radius of the shell.
1f;c8,f,=
Values Fig. C.42. of
12Ec, W, r LP ... . . . (C.17)
6rings adjacent
Ks are given in Table C.6 as for to saddle and K6 js found from
These stresses may be reduced if necessary by welding a reinforcing plate to the shell between it and the saddle as shown in Fig. C.43. If the width of this plate is not less than ( b, + lot ) and it subtends an angle not less than ( 8 + 12 ) degrees at the horizontal centre line of the cylinder, the reduced stresses at the edge of the saddle can be obtained by substituting ( t + t1 ), the combined thickness of shell and reinforcing plate, for t in the above equations. The stresses in the shell at the edge of the reinforcing plate should be checked by equations (C.15), (C.16) and ( C. 17 ), taking the saddle to have the dimensions and included angle of the reinforcing plate. Values of K,, can be interpolated from Fig. C.42, taking Ks = 0 when 0 = 180. If these are unacceptable both the width and included angle of the reinforcing plate should be increased from the minimum values specified above. C-4.3.2.7 For a shell stiffened by rings
The stiffeners shown in the figures are of rectangular section. Stiffeners of other sections may be used if preferred. The expressions for the stresses are given below: f5 = L K5W, t (bl-t
at the shell, at the tip of
-at the lowest point of 10t)crosssection... (C.18)
C,K, W,rc f, = P-F -
K, Wl a
. . . (C.19)
ring the remote from the
shell, fe =
C, K, W,rd
X8 WI
___ a
..* (C.20)
Values of C,, Cs, Table C.6. The stiffener
K,, K7 and K8 are given in
effective cross-sectional area, a, of the ( or stiffeners ) and the portion of the
+4X
BENDING VENT EACH RING STIFFENER ZM#Z KgWl r WHERE n IS ?HE NUMBER OF STIFFENERS
MAX BENDING MOMENT =Ma=Ks W, r1 (A) For no Stiffener or for Ring Stiffener in Plane of Saddle (B) For Ring Stiffeners Adjacent to Saddle
FIG. C.41 168
CIRCUMFERENTIAL BENDINO MOMENT DIAGRAMS
lS:2825-1969
shell which can be assumed to act with them is indicated by the shaded areas in Fig. C.44A, 44B and 44C. The axis Xthrough moment of inertia I is taken about the X parallel to the axis of the shell and the centroid of the shaded area. The numerical values of the circumferential stresses found as above should not exceed 1.25 times the allowable working stress in tension. C-4.3.2.8 Design of saddles- The width 6, of steel saddles ( see Fig. C.36A ) should be not It should less than 10 x the thickness of the shell. be increased if the circumferential stresses, found from whichever of the equations (C.15) to (C.20) is applicable, cannot be accepted.
Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
0*06
0 0
0.5
l*O
I.5 t?ATIO $
2-o
2.5
3-O
FIG. C.42
CIRCUMFERENTIAL BENDING MOMENT CONSTANTKs
LPARTS OF SADOLE BELOW THIS LINE OFFER NO AFPRCCIABCE RESISTANCE TO FORCE H
FIG. C.43
SADDLE SUPPORT AND REINFORCING PLATE
169
26 i 2825 - 1969 The upper and lower flanges of a steel saddle should be thick enough to resist the longitudinal bending over the web or webs due to the bearing The web should loads as in any machine support. be stiffened against buckling due to vertical shear forces as for structural beams, and against bending due to longitudinal external loads on the vessel. One saddle of each vessel should be provided with some form of sliding bearing or rocker in the following cases: a) When steel saddles are welded to the vessel shell. b) When large movements due either to thermal expansion or to axial. strain in a long vessel are expected. C-4.3.3 Ring Su@orts for Horizontal Vessels Ring supports for horizontal vessels, as shown in Fig. C.36B are used where it is important to ensure that the shell of the vessel close to the supports . remains round under load. This is usually the case for: a) thin walled vessels iike!y to distort excessively due to their own weight, and b) long vessels requiring two positiorrs. support at more than
I =wEcL __f TcwcK)(Ess

7
(A) RING STIFFENER
IN PLANE
OF SADDLE
(8)
INTERNAL
RING
STlFFENERS
ADJACENT
TO SADDLE
03
EXTERNAL
RING STIFFENERS
ADJACENT
10
SADDLE
FIG. G.44
TYPICAL RING STIFFENERS
The longitudinal bending moments in the shell and the corresponding stresses can be found in the same way as for saddle supports from equations (C.6) to (C.ll) in c-4.3.2. The tangential shear stresses in the shell adjacent to the ring support are given by: 4 S o-319 w,
The minimum section at the low point of a saddle (see Fig. C-43 ) shall resist a force H equal to the sum of the horizontal components of the The effective reactions on one-half of the saddle. cross section resisting this load should be limited to the metal cross section within a distance equal to r/3 below the shell and the average direct stress on this cross section should be limited to two-thirds of the allowable design stress. The force H is equal to K,, WI
rt
of the ring sup-
The required section modulus port is given by:
X, = 0.204 for a saddle in which ~9= 120,

and O-260 for a saddle in which
TABLE
0 = 1509 C.6 VALUES
where r, is theradms through the centre of gravny of the combined section formed by the ring support and a length of the shell 1 yhich can be assumed to act with it, and 5 is the least section
OF COEFFICIENTS and C-4.3.2.7 ) RIN~SADJACENTTOSADDLE A--__--,
( Clauses C-4.3.2.6
IN PLANE OF SADDLE INTERNALRINQ ( Fro. C.44A ) r---____~ @= 1.500 e=1200
RIM
I__---(Fig. y-d___ 8-120~ +1 -1 0.760 0.057 7 0.263
Internal Rings
C.44B) 8=150 +1 -1 0.613 0.035 3 0.228
External Ringr
( Fig. C.44C ) c---e-150* I.+ 1200 -1 -l-l a.760 O-057 7 0.263 -1 +1 0.673 WO35 3 O-228
-1 +1 --0.052 8 0.340
-1 $1 0.031 6 0.303
170
IS*28254968
modulus of this cross section of the ring. 1= d/r> C.7.
OF FACTOR
ANGEE, @l DEGREES
The effect on stability of the local stresses near the ends of a closed cylinder is neglected. Some conical shells designed to current codes of practice will be found to have very small safety factors when the method of C-5.3 is applied to them. This is because these rules are not suitable for all proportions of cones. ( For a comparison of current code rules for conical shells with experiment, se! Reference.5. ) C-5.1.2 ,Votation =.a Notation Unit mm Description Average maximum radial departure of a cylinder from its true cross section Ratio, greatest difference between actual and nominal radii and thickness of shell External diameter of cylinder an out-ofMajor diameter.of round cylinder
X,, is found from Table

TABLE Azzsl
30
C.7
KlO
VALUES
&J
n;o
0.075 0.065 0 056 0.049 O-044 0.039
60 65 70 75 80 85 90
0.035 0.031 0.026 0.021 O-016 0.015 0.015
35 40 45 50 55
mm
Unless a vessel with ring supports works at atmospheric temperature and pressure, at least one ring support shall be provided with scme form of sliding bearing at its connection to the foundation or supporting structure. C-4.3.4 L.eg Su@orts for Horizontal Vessels - Leg supports are only permitted for small vessels by the usual codes of practice because of the severe local stresses which can be set up at the connection of the support to the vessel wall. This connection should be designed for a radial load= Wr/cos +r ( Fig. C.36C ) by the method given in C-3.2.2 and provided with a reinforcing plate to spread the load over a sufficient area to avoid excessive local stresses. For the design reinforcing plates, see C-4.1.6. Leg supports may be made of any convenient form, and no definite limit can be given for the maximum size of vessel to which they should be applied. The permissible values of the local stresses set up near the leg support are laid down in 3.3.2.4 ( membrane ) and C-2 ( bending ). C-5. THE mm mm
Minor diameter of an out-ofround cylinder Eccentricity of axial load of shell Modulus Critical of elasticity stress for an imperfect
FT/rnrnz kgf/mm* kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2
Value off, shell
Maximum stress due to combined bending and axial loading Yield stress of material Factor for failure by Euler buckling under axial load Factor for failure by local buckling under axial load Factor for support type of edge
kgf/mms mm kgfmm -
Factor for finding unevenness factor U Length of cylindrical shell and on Ratio of circumferential axial wave lengths External vessel moment acting
STABILrTy VESSELS
OF THIN-WALLED
C-5.1 Introduction and Notation C-5.1.1 Introduction -- This section is concerned with the critical loads leading to the collapse of thin shells by buckling due to compression caused by axial force and bending moments. A thin shell is one in which the thickness is less than one-tenth of the radius.
Allowance is made for out-of-roundness but the critical stresses so determined should be used with a suitable safety factor. The data given for the effect of out-of-roundness can also be used to assess the safety factor against collapse of a vessel having known deficiencies.
Number of circumferential wave lengths in circumference of vessel External radius of shell factor load on a Thickness of shell Unevenness Total axial load on shell
mm t ,., W w Q
V
mm kg
0
kg degrees -
Critical axial conical shell Semi-vertex cal Shell
angle of a coni-
Poissons ratio 171
Is:2825-
1969
05.1.9 The Unevenness Factor for Impmfect Cylimfers - The strength of thin cylinders to resist compression due to axial loading is severely affected by out-of-roundness. The article deals with the determination of the basic unevenness factors used in the remainder of this section.
external loads and ordinary manufacturing imperfections only are present, the following typical values of U may be used: Gl.SG Machined cylinders Cylinders carefully rolled from good p!ate Cylinders rolled from commercial plate Range of Values of U 1.5 x 10-d to 3 x IO- 3x10-4 to5x10-
The basic unevenness factor U is given by the equation ( see Reference 3 ): U = aom1*5NB(f)I=I&.ao(+~...(C.21) where a, is the mean radial deviation from a true cylindrical shape ( Fig. C.45 ), Nis the number of wavelengths of circumferential waves formed in buckling, and m is the ratio of the circumferential and axial lengths of the wave formed by buckhng. m= $N the values of GN -$fis a function of 4; and the factor KU can be found is known. . . . ( c.22 )
5x IO-4 to 10x IO-4
The good plate in the table above is plate which has been specially flattened before being rolled to a cylindrical form. C-5.2 Thin Cylinders
sion C4.2.1 Initial Development - A thin cylinder under axial compression may fail in one of the following three ways: a) By plastic yielding when the stress in the material reaches the yield stress. Under Axial Compres-
1 from the chart of Fig. C.46 when _ drt
To use this chart enter the graph at the value of -&, on the top left-hand scale. The intercept on the left-hand curve gives the value of $ .N on the vertical scale. A horizontal line from this intercept to the diagonal line for the given value of r/l gives the value of K, which is read from the bottom scale. These graphs are d wn to a log-log scale and the scale of a slide rule n be used for interpolation. The dotted line on $he chart indicates this procedure for a cylinder in which: d+= 7.8 and r/l = 1.36
b) By buckling of the complete cylinder as a strut ( Euler buckling ). c) By local buckling with the formation of axial and circumferential waves on the surface. Table C.8 gives the conditions for these modes of failure and the transitions between them. C-5.2.2 Critical Stress Factors for Axial ComprcJsion - The factor k, depends on the end conditions for the cylinder as a whole. Values of k, are given in Table C.9. The factor k? depends on the initial imperfections of the cylinder. It is found from the nondimensional factors & and F by means of
the graphs of Fig. C.47. The unevenness factor formulae of C-3.1.3 and Fig. C.46. U is found the factor from the KU from
For vlaues of r/l outside the range of the chart, the value oft
can
N found from the left-hand
curve
be used to find JV. The value of m, obtained by substitution in equation C.22, enables equation C.21 to be solved for U ihen a, is known. &ia -- D sir . ..( C.23) a,= 4 For new designs, the values of DM_ and DM~,, should be found from the maximum departures from a true cylindrical shape allowed by the specification for the vessel and the amount of any defiections due to external forces found from C-3.2.8. When assessing-existing vessels for new duties, DMWand DMin should be found by measurement, but deflections due to external loads present under operating conditions may also have to be considered. When there are no large deflections due to 172
c5.2.3 Combined Bending and Direct Axial Stress - The highest compressive stress occurring in a cylinder subjected to an axial load W and a bending moment M is given by:
fm=
&[1+~]+s-
M is any superimposed bending moment which may arise from: a) wind load on a vertical exposed vessel, b) pipe anchor forces, or c) weight of contents of a horizontal vessel. The maximum stress fm should be limited to the lowest critical stress found as above divided by an appropriate safety factor. The moment kgf.mm. M in the equation above is in
05.3 Std$lityofConicalShe~e
C&3.1 Local Buckling Unhr Axial Compession h ideal right circular frustum of a cone of constam thickness t and semi-vertex angle a will fail by local buckling under a critical load given by: 2 x Eta cos2rx W, 55 -_?z= t/3(1--v) whenW,, z 7.75 x 10*t2 co& for mild steel ( Retizrence 4 ).
above should be multiplied by the imperfection factor kz foutrd as in C-5.2,2 for the mean. value of f. For a complete cone this is equal to &; a frustum of radii r, and r,, + for
For imperfect cones the value of W, found as
*I + r = --z-* The unevenness factor U is found as in CS1.3, by taking I equal to slant height of the cone or frustum.
Em, C.45
EXAMPLE OS OUT-OF-ROUND CYLINDERS

0*6 0'7 O-6 0'
lO.0' (I*0 6.0 S-0 L*O ?N 3-O
Unevcnncdn Factor U - X0 00 FIG. CA6
CHART POR FINDING FAOTOR KO
t ( 1
7
173
xs:2825-1969
TABLE C.8 COMPARISON OF MODES OF FMLURE
(Claurcs C-5.1.3 clndC-5.2.1 ) MODEOP FAILURL Critical stress PLASTIC YreLorNo EULER BUCKLING LOCAL Bucrir~o
fa=fr
transition between Euler buckling to local buckling modes of
Conditions Plastic yielding to Euler Buckling
-_ failure
Plastic yielding to local buckling
For mild steel
For mild steel -+ < 6.15 $q; I Refcwncc 2, Chapters II and IS; and Refcrexc 3.
For mild steel --
:vy
0.001 92
TABLE
C.9
CRITICAL STRESS FACTOR AXIAL COMPRESSION ( Clause c-5.2.2 )
kI FOR
C-6. 1
REFERENCES
&as~c~. mentals. T:MOSHEAKO Handbook of engineering funda-
END CONDITION
c------&.-___-..__,
End !
Clamped Simp!y Clamped Clamped supported Free Simpiy
Eild 2
supported
4 0.25 1-o 2.0 4.0
1961.
(S). Theory of elastic stability. Ed 2 1McGraw Hill, New York.
DONNELL
Simply supported Gampcd
(L H) and WAN imperfections on buckling under axial commession. Mechakr, March i 950.
(C C). Effect of of thin cylinder Joarnal oj Applied
--
--
BUCKLING YIELDING
STARTED
BV
O-02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
044
046
0*18
( 2
FIG. CA7
174
CHART FOR FINDING
FACTOR K,
11. BIJLMRD (P P). P 6083-617s.
Stresses from radial loads. and external moments in cylindrical pressure vessels. The Welding Journal, December 1955.
12. HOFF (N J), KEMPNER (J), NARDO (S V) and

POHLE (F V). Deformation and stresses in circular cylindrical shells caused by pipe attachments. Part I: Summary of investigation. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady, N. Y. Report No. KAPL-921, November 1953.
13. HOFP (NJ),
KEMPNER (J) and POHLE (P V). Line load applied along generators of thinwalled circular cylindrical shells of finite length. Q Appl. Math. Vol XI No. 4, January 1954. P 41 l-425. Tables and curves for deformation and stresses in circular cylindrical shells under localized loadings. Joumal of the Aeronautical Sciences, February 1957. P 119-129. SHOESSOW J) and KOOISTRA (L F). Stresses (G in a cylindrical shell due to nozzle or pipe Tram ASME, 67, A-107 (1945). connection.
Fro. C.48 4. SErnE (P). Axi-symmetrical buckling of ciraxial compression. under cular cones 3ournal of Applied Mechanics, December 1956; P 625. 5. HERB and LEYLAND. Conical vessels subject to ejrternal pressure. Trans. I. Gem. E. 30. 1952. 65-74. 6. Sm~on (K). Pressure vessel manual. Edwards Bras, USA.
VeSScls.
14. KEMPNER (J), SHENG (J) and POHLE (FV).
15
16. GARTNER (A I). Nomograms

of anchor July 1951. bolt problems.
1942.
for the solution Petroleum Rejiner,
7. Fm~sa (C E), Vibrations of vertical pressure
17. BIJLAARD (P P) and CRANCH (E T).
3ournal of
1959.
EngineeGg
for
Industy,
February
Stresses and deflections due to local loadings on shells. Welding Journal Research cylindrical Supplement, July 1960.
8. BIJLMRD (P P) . Local stresses in spherical shells from radial or moment loadings. Welding 3ourn4 May 1957, Research Supplement (USA). 9. BIJUARD (P P) . On the stresses from local loads on spherical pressure vessels and Welding Research pressure vessel heads.. CoutuiC Bulletin ,No. 34, March 1957 (USA). 10. Br LAARD (P P). Stresse.+ tiiom radial loads on cy i* mdrical pressure vessels. T$e Welding Journal. Vol 33, 1954. P 615S-623s.
18.
WEIL (N A) and MURPHY (J J).
Design and pressure vessel skirt analysis of welded supports. Journal of Engineering for Industry, February 1960.
cylindrical supports.
19. ZICK (L P).
September 195 1.
Stresses in large horizontal pressure vessels on two saddle Welding Journal Research Supplement.
20. KETCHUM (M S).
The design of walls, bins and grain elevators. McGraw Hill, 1929.
APPEND1
TENTATIVE REQUIRED D-l. GENE&U D-l.1 The ductility of some metals, including the carbon and low ahoy steels referred to in this standard, is significantly diminished when the operating temperature is reduced below some critical value. The critical temperature, commonly
( Clauses 2.3, 3.1 and 3.8.2 )

RECOMMEND ED PRACTICE FOR. VESSELS TO OPERATE AT LOW TEMPERATURES described as the transition temperature, depends upon the material, method of manufacture, previous treatment and the kind of stress system present. Fracture occurs at temperatures above the transition temperature only after considerable plastic strain or deformation. Whilst below the transition temperature, fracture may take place 175
IS : 2825 - 1969 ir! a brittle manner with little or no deformation. Brittle fractures are likely to be extensive and may lead to catastrophic fragmentation of a vessel. D-1.2 It is beli:ved that the transition temperature of any given material is raised as the stress system approaches a uniform triaxial tensile state. Fur material which has failed--~ by brittle instance, fracture w;ll usually be found to show normal ductility, even at temperatures below that at which failure occurred, in a standard tensile or bend test, but similar specimens, if notched before testing, would be quite likely to break in a brittle manner. Thus constructional features producing a notch effect or sudden change of section are particularly objectionable in vessels designed for low temperature operation, since they may create a rtate of stress such that the material will be incapable of relaxing high localized stresses by For this reason the proplastic: deformation. perty of interest is described as notch ductility. D-1.3 Many tests to determine the notch ductility of stee!s have been proposed but none has as yet been completely correlated with service experience. The most convenient test is as given in IS : 1757-1961*. D-L.4 In most of the tests currently used to determine notch ductility the transition from ductile to brittle behaviour takes place over a range of temperature rather than at a single temperature. It is considered that an impact value of 2 kgf.m as determined by the method prescribed in at the service temperature will IS : 1757-1961* have adequate notch ductility for use in fusionwelded pressure vessels. D-1.5 Notch ductility is an extremely variable property of steel and mild steel, in thicker plates, made in accordance with current specifications for steel for pressure vessel construction may show a Charpy 2 kgf.m V notch transition temperature higher than normal atmospheric temperature. The safe record of the use of such steels shows that materials regarded as notch brittle can be used satisfactorily if the design working stresses, construction, and workmanship are suited to the properties of the particular material. Thus it is apparent that notch ductility is not necessarily an absolute requirement for all materials to be used for the manufacture of pressure vessels. D-l.6 Consideration of service experience and the large amount of experimental work carried out confirms that brittle failures are not likely to occur except when both the following conditions occur simultaneously: exhibits very little n@ a) The material ductility at the service temperature; and b) A tensile force, which may be produced by applied loads or residual stresses, of a mag, nitude sufficient to cause plastic deformation is present at an existing Crack or other severe notch. A brittle fracture will not propagate unless the general tensile mem~*hlcthodfor beam impact test ! V-notch ) on steel. 176 brane stress is sufliciently high to supply the necessary energy. Thus vessels in refrigerant service will not normally require any special precautions where the operating pressure is temperature dependent and hoop stresses are ,small at operating temperatures. It is considered that the first condition will be eiiminated when the reievant impact tested materiai is used; the second condition will not occur in vessels designed and constructed in accordance with the req-iremcnts of this standard except possib!y adjacent to welded seams in vessels not stress-relieved. D-l.7 After consideration of these factors, it is recommended that the following minimum requirements should be satisfied in vessels designed to operate at low temperatures. It is recommended that manufacturers .carry out preliminary tests to confirm that the properties-especially notch ductility-of the materials used will not be damaged by treatments involved in the fabrication of re vessel. Tests to determine the characteristics of welding electrodes should take into account the effect of variations in welding position and the effect of scatter of results should be considered. D-2. MATERL4LS AND DESIGN STRESSES
D-2.1 Materials anu design stresses shall be in accordance with the requirements of Tables D.1 and D.2. D-2.1.1 Because the liability of a given material to brittle fracture depends on the stress level and in some vessels because of the service conditions pressure at low temperatures is necessarily much lower than that at, for instance 0C two cases are considered:
That in which the pressure at the sub-zero design temperature is not less than that which would be permitted for the vessel at 0C by this standard; and That in which the pressure at low temperatures will be considerably below the pressure permitted at 0C (for ,example, in refrigerating equipment ).
b)
at Low TemperaD-2.2 Operating Pressure ture Equal to Design Pressure at 20C l%ble D.l sets out the limits of operating temnerature for vessels designed in accordance with 3 at stress levels in accordance with 2.2 (see alla Table D.2 ). These limits are dependent on the grade of steel, the thickness of the steel where it is wetded and whether the vessel is stress-relieved. D-2.3 Operating Pressure at Low Temperature Less Than Design Pressure at 20C Special considerations govern equipment which normally operates at low temperatures and pres sures but is necessarily designed to withstand the pressure which may arise, for instance, during shut-down periods, when the equipment warms up and the-vapour pressure of the contents rises.
IS : 2825 - 1969 D-2.3.1 Such equipment shall be designed according to 3 using design stresses in accordance with 2.2 (see also Table D.2 ) for the highest It shall pressure which may occur in it. then be verified that the nominal stresses calculated in accordance with 3 do not exceed the appropriate values given in Table D.2 for all combinations of pressure and temperature which may occur at temperatures lower than the limiting value given in Table D.l appropriate to the prothickness and whether stressposed material, relieved.
D-2.3.2, If it is found
TABLE
some low temperature is higher than that permitted by TabIe D.2, the proposed design is unsuitable. D-3. POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT
D-3.1 Post-weld heat treatment greatly reduces the liability of ferritic steel equipment to brittle fracture. As indicated in Tables D.l and D.2 certjin combinations of steel, thickness and temperature are only permitted if post-weld heat treatment is applied. Where post-weld heat treatment it shall be carried out in accordance
OPERATING TEMPERATURES
that
D.1
the stress level at

MINIMUM
is mandatory, with 6.12.
ALLOWABLE. D-2.2, D-2.3.1,
( Clauses D-2.!,
D-3.1, D-5.1 and D-6.5 )
( See Table D.2 for vessels operating under reduced pressure at low temperatures )
MATERIALS ------A-------7 CHARPY V-NOTCH IMPACT DETERand VALUE I\S MINEI)BY 7HE METHOD GIVEN IN IS : 1757-1961 AT TEST TEMPERATUREIN kgfm (AVERAGE OF 3 SPECIMENS ) THICKNESS MINIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING TEMPERAXURE C r_--_--L-_ -----7 Welded Seamless Vcss& not Vcsscls, Welded REMARKI
r----
Description
Type, R;X;UX
mm
Stress-Relieved Vessels Strcssby Heat Relieved by Hea: Treatment Treatment and >Seealso Kolting Table 6.3 ) Not exceeding 12 Not exceeding 18 Not exceeding 25 rv;;yeeding 30 -30 -20 -10 8 0 -50 -; -20 -30 -30 Plate material only
Carbon steel
Grade 1 of IS : 2002-1962
Not specified
0 Plate material only Bolting bars
Grade 2A of IS : 2002-1962 Bars for bolting, material conforming to Grade 1 of IS : 2100-1962 Grade 1 of IS : 2100-1962 Class 2 of IS : 2004-1962 Class 3 of IS : 2004-1962
Not specified Not specified
Not exceeding 16
Not specified
Not exceeding 12 Not exceeding 18 Not exceeding 25 %&c,ccding 30
-30 -20 -10 -10 -30 -20 - 10 00 0
-60 -1-50 -: -10 -50 -40 -30 -20
Wrought material only
Not specified
Grade 2 of IS : 3038-1965 C;w&m~ingaType 2 of IS : 2041-1962 Grade 2gof IS : 2002-1962 20Mn2 of IS : 4367 - 1967
Not specified Not specified
Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Over 30 Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Over 30
12 18 25 30
0 0 Castings Plate material only
12 18 25 30 12 18 25 30
-30 -20 -10
0 0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -20 -50 -40 -30 -20 -20 -30 -40
4.8 ( Izod room at tcmpcraturc
Not exceeding Not exceeding Not exceeding Tv;y3yding
-30 -20 - 10 00
Forgings only 0 Castings
Impact t;tteet ferritic castings
Grade I of IS : 4899- 1968 Grade II of IS : 4899-1968 Grade III of IS : 4899- 1968
pl at -40C 21 at -50C 2.1 at -60%
Not exceeding 30 Over 30 Not exceeding 30 Over 30 F;;yzeding 30
177
IS : 2825 - 1969 D-4. DESIGN D-4.1 Care should be taken to avold notches and the use of details which produce local areas of high stress, for example, lugs, gussets producing discontinuous stiffening, and sudden change in section. Rings for supporting internal equipment or lagging should be continuous. Vessels which will. be subject ta fi%quent fluctuations in temperature of appreciable magnitude should be the subject of special consideration (, for example, refrigeration vessels where low temperature liquid refrigerant is suddenly replaced by warm refrigerant vapour at regular intervals ). WELD METAL AND HEAT AFFECTED ZONE D-5.1 Charpy V-notch impact tests shall be made on specimens cut from the weld and the heat when the design temperature affected zones is less than 0C and operating conditions lie outside the limits permitted in Tables D.l and D.2. Impact tests shall be carried out in accordance with IS: 1757-1961*. The specimen shall show a minimum Charpy V-notch
*Method for beam impact test ( V-notch) TABLE on steel.
impact strength of 2-8 kgf-m ( taken as an average of three specimens with no individual value less than 2 kgf.m ). D-6. MANUFACTURE AND woRKMANsHlP D-6.1 All cut edges should be machined or ground where necessary to iemove the effect of previous shearing, chipping or flame-cutting. D-6.2 The ends of branch pipes and other openings in the vessel shell should be ground to a smooth radius after all welding is complete. D-6.3 Any arc flashes should be ground out and welds used for the attachment ef erection cleats should be ground flush with the plate surface. D-6.4 It is suggested that portions of vessels incorporating connections or access openings larger than 250 mm bore, or complicated support details, should be stress-relieved as sub-assemblies if the vessel is not to be subsequentag stress-relieved. Marking of the vessel or components by hard stamping shall be avoided. D-6.5 In cases where temperatures given in Tables D.l and D.2 coincide or the ~a.age:s overlap the At all lower values given in Table D.l govern, temperatures Table D.2 governs.
D-5.
D.2 ALLOWABLE OPERATING TEMPERATURE/STRFSS CONDITION FOR lR%ELS WHERE RESTIUClTONS GIVEN IN TABLE D.l ARE NOT SATISFIED ( CIalrrcsD-2.1, D-2.2, D-2.3.1, D-2.3.2, D-3.1, D-5.1 and D-6.5) ( Applicable to cases where pressure is due solely to vapour pressure of cozrtents )
M~V~IMUM ALLOWABLESTRESSAT TEMPERATURE, kgf/m& -_--__~---_----~__-_.____ --, Seamless Vessel and Vessels Stress-Relieved Welded Vessels not Stress-Relieved by Heat Treatment by Heat Treatment A --~-~------/ c-__--.------_-- 1OC Oc; r6OC -50C -40C -30% -20C -10C OC -60C -50C -40C -30C -20C 2.81 * * * * * 1.41 l-76 246 210 * * l Not exceeding 12 1.05 2.8, rl * + * 2.46 1905 1.41 ?lO * * 210 1.76 Not exceeding 18 @70 0.70 1.05 A.41 1.76 210 * 1.7l.i 210 2.46 281 + * * Not exceeding 25 @35 PLATE THICKNESS mm < Not exceeding 30 0.35 078 1.05 1.41 1*7G 2.10 1.76 2.10 246 281 * * Post-weld heat treatment required 1.76 2.10 246 2-64 281 Over 30 NOTE-The above table applies in the case of vessels where the vapour pressure/temperature characteristiw of the fluid are such that the design stresses listed above are not exceeded at any temperature below the valuca given in Table D.l for the corresponding material. Stress values for intermediate temperatures may be obtained by linear interpolation. *Stress values given in Table A. 1 shall apply.
APPENDIX E (Clauses 3.1, 3.1.3.2 and 3.8.2)

TENTATIVE El. GENERAL RECOMMENDED PRACTICE TO AVOID FATIGUE CRACKING c) Applications or fluctuations of pressure, d) Forced vibrations, and e) Variations in exter&al loads. Fatigue cracking will occur during service if endurance limit of the material is exceeded for the particular level of cyclic or repeated stress. El.2 .When the expected number of cycles of stress during the service life of any integral part
El.1 During service, important parts of pressure vessels may be subjected to cyclic or repeated Such stresses can be caused by the stresses. following: a) Periodic temperature transients, b) Restriction of expansion or contraction during normal temperature variations, 178
IS:2825-1969
of a pressure vessel may exceed the endurance limit, the level of cyclic stress and/or the expected number of cycles Should be reduced to fall reasonably within the limit. El.3 Corrosive conditions are detrimental to the endurance of the vessel material. Fatigue cracks may occur under such conditions at low levels of fluctuation of applied stress. Since the tensile strength of a steel has little or no effect upon the fatigue strength under corrosive conditions the use of high strength steels in severe corrosion fatigue service will offer no advantage unless the surface is effectively protected from the corrosive medium. Where corrosion fatigue is anticipated it is especially desirable to minimize the range of cyclic stresses and carry out inspection at sufficiently frequent intervals to establish the pattern of ehaviour. $ I.4 A detailed analysis of the cyclic stresses in a /pressure vessel and interpretation in terms of satisfactory service life is usually tedious and time When such estimates are required, consuming. the purchaser should inform the manufacturer. The manufacturer should arrange for the calculations to be made, the purchaser having access to any part of the calculations relating to the final assessment. El.5 There is a lack of data on the influence of creep on the endurance of the construction material under cyclic stress. Where a pressure vessel is intended for cyclic operation within the creep range of the material, the range conditions should be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer having regard to the available service experience and experimental information. El.6 The following notes relate to pressure vessels which operate at temperatures below the creep range of the material of construction: a) In general, a detailed analysis need not be made when the design is based on previous and satisfactory experience of strictly comparable service; b) A fatigue test or tests have been made to demonstrate the reliability of the design; c) The recommendations which are detailed in the following parts of this section are satisfied; and d) Where strains have been determined experimentally and shown to be below the endurance limit for the required life. E-2. PRESSURE CYCLING where 7-Z the temperature in C corresponding to application of the cyclic or repeated stress; the design stress in kgf/mms a temperature of TC; at
f= Ii-= fr= E-2.3 Where
the theoretical stress or strain concentration factor of any opening, attachment, etc; and the range of nominal in kgf/mm. cyclic stress K In
the stress concentration factor is not known, a value of 4 may be assumed. __. _ no case shall K be taken as less than 2.
E2.4 For a pressure vessel which is subjected to pressure fluctuations in addition to the conditions defined in E-2.2, the requirement is that: $;+ where the expected n19 % % n,, etc, are numbers of cycles of stress for the ranges of pressure fluctuations; and N,, .N,, Ns, N,, etc, are the limiting numbers of cvcles .calculated bv eauation (E. 1) for the cT;;e;;ding )anges . of stress cyclic whrch gave 2&X < 1.1 may be neglected ). 3;+-$+-$+...etc dl*O... (E.2)
E2.5 The ratio of the to the limiting number and shut-downs ups should be included in cycles due to pressure E3. CYCLIC
expected number of cycles of cycles of stress for startof the pressure vessel equation E.2. However, tests can be neglected. STRESSES
THERMAL
E3.1 Pressure vessels which operate at elevated or sub-zero temperatures should be heated or cooled slowly and should be efficiently lagged to minimize temperature gradients in the shells. Rapid changes of shell temperature should be avoided during service. The vessels should be able to expand and contract without undue restraint. E-3.2 ,Provided the above conditions are observed estimates of thermal stresses due to temperature changes need not be specially considered. Where slow rates of heating and cooling cannot be employed or temperature transients during service may cause rapid local heating or cooling, the following limitations are recommended:
E2.1 A cycle of pressure !oading is represented by either each loading and unloading of a vessel or any single pulsation or fluctuation of pressure. E2.2 For a vessel which operates at constant pressure and at a steady temperature below the creep range for the material, the expected number of cycles .N due to start up and shut. down during the life of the vessel should not exceed:
N=
[I
l-4( 3000
T)
2K.fr- f
1
*
... (E.1)
During start-up and shut-down the difference in temperature within a distance equal to twice the thickness of the shel.1 should not exceed 6OC near discontinuities or 150% at uniform sections. Temperature differences due to temperature transients repeated periodically during service should be limited to similar levels. 179
b)
IS : 2825 - 1969 E-4. FORCED VIBRATIONS support or damping the local vibration. E-5. FINISH introduced at the location of
E-4.1 Pulsations of pressure, wind excited vibrations or vibrations transmitted irom plant ( that is, rotating or reciprocating machinery ) may cause vibrations of piping or local resonance of the shell of a pressure vessel. In most cases these cannot be anticipated at the design stage. It is therefore advisable to make an examination of plant following initial start-up. If such vibration occurs and is considered to be excessive, the source of the vibration should be isolated or stiffening, additional
OF PRESSURE
VESSELS
E-5.1 Where a pressure vessel is intended to operate under cyclic load during service, fillet welds and irregularities should be dressed smooth. Any square edges at junctions between branches and the inside surface of the shell should be radiused.
APPENDIX F ( Clause 3.3.3 )

ALTERNATE METHOD FOR AND SPHERICAL VESSELS F-l. NOTATION DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESSES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE BY OF CYLINDRICAL USE OF CHARTS
F-l.1 The follolving notation is used in the design ofspherical and cylmdrical shells subject to external pressure: -4 and B Factors obtained from the appropriate chart for shell thickness for vessels under external pressure. diameter in mm. length ( see Fig. F.l ) case of cylindrical shells maximum of the following and is measured narallel axis of the shell i; mm: distance betl,.een head
3) The distance from the centre of the nearest stiffener ring to the head bend line plus onethird the depth of the head.
& P
Inside radius of spherical mm. pressure
shell in
= Design
in kgf/cms.
D0
= Outer
= Minimum
= Effective
in the it is the values the The
thickness of shell plates in mm, exclusive of corrosion or other allowances, SHELLS
F-2.
CYLINDRICAL
bend lines nlus one-third the depth of each head, when no stiffening rings are present. The maximum centre distance between two adjacent stiffening rings.
,+4OMENT
F-2.1 The required thickness of a cylindrical shell under external pressure determined as follows: Step I-Assume a value for t. ratio L/D, and Dolt. Determine the
StepP-From the chart determine the intersection of the lines representing L/Do and, Do/t.
AXIS OF RING
h-DEPTH
OF HEAD
I---L ------a./ t--L--+--L4 FIG. F. 1 EFFECTIVELENGTH OF A CYLINDRICAL VESSEL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE 180
IS : 2825 - 1969 Step 3-From this intersection point move vertically to the material line for the design temperature. Step 4-Find the value of Factor 3 corresponding to this point of intersection. Compute the allowable working pressure pa by formula pB = 2) 3) a circumferential and a circumferential third the depth head bend line. connection to a ,jacket,
line on a head at oneof the head from the of inertia for a stiffening as follows:
kgf/cm* and compare with p. Choose a value of t that will make pB >p. F-3. SPHERICAL SHELLS
B= 14*220,/t
The required moment ring shall be determined
Step l--Select a member to be used for the stiffening ring. Let its moment of inertia be 1. Step2-Calculate Factor Factor
by the
x
formula
F-3.1 The required

under external
thickness of a spherical shell pressure determined as follows: the
Step l-Assuming a value of t, determine ratios of Rllt and RijlOO t.
L3 = - -g t + As 11-
14.22 . . . F.2
Step P-Enter the left-hand side of the chart at the value of Ri / 100 t d,etermined from Step l and move hortzontally to the line marked Sphere Line . Step S-From this intersection move vertically to the material line for the design temperature. Step 4-Find the value of Factor B corresponding to this point of intersection. Step 5-Compute the allowable working pres-
and find the point corresponding to this value of B OJI the material line for the design temperature. Step 3-Find the value of Factor -4 corrcspondinq to this point on the material line. Step&-Determine the required moment of inertia I, from equation ( F. 1 ) using the value of that factor A as determined above. Compare this value of I, with I and choose a section such that its moment of inertia is greater than I#. b) See 3.3.3.4 c) See 3.3.3.4 d) See 3.3.3.4 e) See 3.3.3.5. (c). (d). (e).
sure pn by the formula
pa = -- --c--14.22RJt
kgf/cm2 and compare with p. Choose a value of t that will make pe > p. F-4. STHWENING RINGS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
F-5.
F-4.1 Intermediate stiffening rings composed of structural shaped welded to the inside or outside of the shell shall have a moment of inertia about its neutral axis through the centre of gravity section parallel to the axis of the shell, I, not less than that determined by the formula: I, = where
CHARTS FOR DETERMINING SHELL CYLINDRICAL THICKNESSES OF AND SPHERICAL VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Fig. F.2 Fig. F.3 Fig. F.4 Fig. F.5 Carbon and low alloy steel Type of stainless steel than
04Crl9Ni9
Do2L (t+A,/L) x FactorA _.-__.~~-----~14 x l-04
... Fl
Austenitic stainless steels other type 04Crl9Ni9 07Cr13 Type of 3taintess steel 99.5 Percent aluminium .%luminium Al-\lg N4) Al-big N5) AI-Mg N8) Copper
I, = required
moment of inertia stiffening ring in mm4; area of ring mm; and
of the
Fig. F.6 Fig. F.7 Fig. F.8 Fig. F.9 Fig. F-10 Fig. F.ll Fig. F.12
( Grade IB )
alloy ( Grade N3 ) Alloy
A, = cross-sectional L = one-half
stiffening
( 276 llg )
( 3.5:; ( 4.5% (sci IS:
i Grade
( Grade ( Grade ) Grade
the distance from the centre line of one stiffening ring to the next line of support on one side, plus one-half of the centre line distance to the next line, if any on All the the other side of the ring. distances are parallel to the axis of the shell and are in mm. ring,
?clg ) Alloy AIg ) Alloy 1972-1961
i~luminium ISABZT-IS
bronze ( see : 1545-l 960 )
a) Line of support is ( see Fig. F. 1 ) :
Fig. F. 13 70-30 Copper nickel alloy ( see Grade CuNiSlMnl Fe of IS : 2371-1963 ) Fig. F.14 Nickel 181
1) anotherstiffening
FACTOR
Fro.F.2
CHARTS FOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL OF AND SPHERICAL VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE,CARBONANDLow ALLOY STEEL
182
IS:2825-1968
I6000
16000
14000
12000 10000 9000 6000 7000 6ooO 5000 4000 35co 3000 2500 2000 1803 1600 m 1400
1200 too0 Y k 900
8 b-
800 700 600 500 400 350 300 250 200 I60 160
140
120 100 90 80 70 60 50
C*OOOOl 0*0001 0.001 O*Ol 04
FACTOR
FIG.F.3 CHARTS FOR DETERMININCISHELL THIWNESSESOF CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE, 04Crl9Ni9TYPE OF STAINLEPSSTEEL
183
IS:282511968
o*oooo1,
O*cml
O*ool
O*Ol
o-1
FACTOR A FIG. F.5

CHARTS FOR DETERMININGSHELL THICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL OF VESSELSUND~ZREXTERNAL PRESSURE, 07013 TYPE OF STAINLESSSTEEL
IS I 2829- 1969
50
60000 40000
35000 30000
I ? I /-H-HI
0*00001 FIG. F.7
0.001
O*Ol
04
FACTOR
CHARTSFOR DETF.RMINING SHELLTHICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL OF AND SPHERICAL VESSELS UNDER EXTERNALPRESSURE, ALVMINIVM ALLOY ( GRADE N3 )
187
ISr2825-
1969
o-40 o-35 o-30 0*25 o-20 O-18 0.16 O-14 0.12
0'00001
0*0001
45t!
oOl sl
O*Ol
FACTOR A FI ro. F.9 CHARTSFORDETERMININIO SHELL THICXNENSF,S CYLINDRICAL OF AND SPHERICAL VESSELS UNDER EXTERNALPRELIIURE, AI-Mg ( 3.5% Mg ) ALLOY ( GRADE N5 )
189
rs:2%2!5-1969
50000 40000
35000 30000 25000 20000 16000 16000 1~000 -12000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000
LOO0
3500 3000 2500 2000 1800 1600 1400 l-2 l-0 0*90 0.80 F'i Pp 8 I2 L
Xi iWtH
1200
0.70 0*60
0*50 0.40 O-35 0.30 O-25 0*20 0.18 0*16 0.14 0*12
oeia o-09 O-00 o-01 0.06
040001
0*0001
O*OOl
0.01
0.1
FACTOR A Fxa. F. 10 CHARTS FOR DETERMININO SHELL THICKNESSES CYLLNDRICALAND OF SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE,AI-,Mg jl'5:; Mg) ALLOY {GRADE N8)
190
50000
35000 30000 25000
18000 14000 12000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1800 * 1600 a 1400 e 1200 y 1-o o-90 0.00 o-70 0.60 o-50 o-40 o-35 o-30 0.25 0.20 O-18 0.16 O-14 0*12 400 350 300 ,250 "200 180 160 140 120 '100 90 80 70 60 L 34560 2 34566 2 3 456 50 6 o-1 JO00 L
900 000 700

600
11'
O*OOl
O*Ol
FACTOR
FIG. F.ll
CHARTS FOR DETERMININQ SHELL THICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL OF AND SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNDER EXTERNALPRESSURE, COPPER (see IS : 1972-1961 1
191
1.6 1.4 O.bo" . 0.60 0'70 0.60. , , , , ,,,w,I_ ,
0*10 o-35 0.30

0.25 0.20
34568
0*001
34569
0.01
3L560
-0.1
FACTOR
FIG. F.12 CHARTSFOR DETERMINING SHELLTHICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL OF AND SPHERICAL VESSELS UNDER EXTERNALPRESSURE, ALUMINWM BRONZE( see GRADE ISABZT-IS : 1545-1960 )
192
IS : 2825- 1969
~ 5ooou 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 16000 16000

14000
12000
8000
6000 5000
2500 2000 1600 * 1600 my

1400 2
1200 u iooo 900 600 700 600 500 iz
400
350 300 250 200 160 160
140
120
100
90 80 70 60 50 0*00001 0*0001 0.001 O-01 O-1
FACTOR A FIG. F.13 CHARTSFOR DETERMININGSHELL THICKNESSES OF CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL VESSISLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE,70-30 COPPER NICKEL ALLOY (see GRADE CuNi31Mnl Fe OF IS : 2371-1963 )
193
X8:2825-1969
TO!I 1II
I II IIIII I
I IIIII IIII :II IIII III
I II
I IIm50000
LOO00
35000 30000 25000 20000 16000 1200G
2 0*00001
45670 04ca
3 4 5670
0.001
345676
Q*Ol
L 5678
04
--
FACTOR A SHELL THICKNESSES CYLINDRICAL OF AND SPHZRICAL FIG.F.14 CHARTS FOR DETERMINING VESSELSUNDEREXTERNALPRESSURE,NICKEL
IS i 2825 - 1969
APPENDIX ( m711se 6.2.1.1 )

TYPICAL G-O. GENERAL DESIGN OF WELDED
G
CONNECTIONS of pipe connections.
b) Welding
G-O.1 The recommended connections are applicable for carbon and low alloy steel vessels. G-O.2 It is not to he understood that this appendix is mandatory 01 restricts development in any way, but rather exernn!ifies sound and commonly accepted practice. That is to say, a number of connections have been excluded w,hich, whilst perfectly souud; are for various reasons, restricted in their use. Furthermore future desirability is appreciated of introducing amendments and additions to in lvelding procedures, reflect improvement techniques and materials, as they develop. G-O.3 In se!ecting several alternatives tion, consideration condition under function. G-O.4 Weld the appropriate detail fromthe shown for each type of connecshall be given to the service which it will be required to
G-l.2 Typical Designs ( General ) - Notes referred to in the figures given in this appendix may be found at near the end of the appendix.
groove dimensions and other details bevel, angles, root faces, root radii However, it should and gaps ) are not included. he understood that in boiler work easy access for the deposition of sound weld metal at the root is pnrticularly important in single J and single bevel wt-1;j.s and that these welds should be proportioned so as to provide such access.
; for example,
when no crevice is permitted a) Ii~commended between socket and wall of vessel. Drill nnd tap after welding. sl~oultl not exceed ISP b) Screwed connections thread size 14 ( SCI : 25I- 1964 ). IS
FIG. G. 1
SCREWED
COMNECTIONS
G-O.5 It is to be noted for boilers and pressure vessels subject to internal corrosion, only connections that are suitable for applying a corrosion Certain types, such as allowance should be used. those ;ncorporating internal attachment by fillet welds only do not lend themselves to this and should be discouraged for use in corrosive duties. G-l. TYPICAL CONNECTIONS types of connections ), and are
0=2xd a) Total thickness of shell plate plus weld should be adequate for number of threads required. exceed b) Screwed connections should not thread size 14 (see IS: 554-1964).
G-l.1 The covered:
following designs
a) Typical
[ general
FIG. G.2
SCREWED
CONNECTIONS
ALTERNATIVE
(FOR DlMENSlDNS
WELO OETAlL
SEE F1G.G. 4)
THE WELDING PROCEDYIE SHALL BE AS TO ENSURE SOUND POSiTlVE ROOT PENETRATION IN THE JOINT
SXH
ALTERNATIVE DETAIL
WELD
a) If the shell thickness f exceeds approx 15 mm, preference should be given to joint shown in Pig. G.1. b) Not recommended where inside of vessel is accessible for welding. 4 gcmwed connections should not exceed ISP thread size If [see IS : 554-1964 Dimensions for pipe threads gas list tubes and prcsaurc tight screwed fittinga ( rcviscd) 1.
FIG.
for
G.3
WELDED SOCKETS ( SCREWED )
195
lsi2825-1969
13 17
1 14 1 16 ( 18 / 19 1
-k----I
l--l-l-l
I
1 20 1 21 1 23 1 27 1
I
I I
4 If the required fillet size exceeds about 15 mm, then details given in Fig. G.5 should be used.
b) The branch should be a loose fit in the hole but the gap at any point should not exceed
3 mm or la/2 whichever is less.
lheintent of the limitation in the size of the fillet weld is to maintain the stress field induced by welding within reasonable limits. Screwed connections should not exceed ISP &cad tsize 14 ( see IS
4
4
: 554-1964 ).
Ibickness of socket ( tp,) or shell ( t) whichever is smaller.
Fro. G.4
WELDED SOCKETS
( SCREWED )
ALTiRNATlVE
WELD DETAILS
Weld size
B + F I
1.5 tb Mia or l-5 f Min whichever is less.
B should not exceed 15 mm nor bc len than ta/2. t = t,,. a) The branch should be a loose fit in the hole but the gap at any point should not aceed 3 mm or ts/2 whichever is less. b) Its use when thermal gradient may cause ovem in welds to be avoided.
Fm. G.5 196
WELDBD
SOCKETS (SCREWED)
THE WLLOS SHALL Oli ON THE LOAD TRANSMITTEO
OASCO
NOT LESS THAN OIA OF STUD-,
Its w when thermal gradient may cause overattess in welds to bc avoided. Recommended for light duty vessels.
Fm. G.G
OF THEWELDS
ON THE LOAD
WELDED
SEATINGS
Sl4Al.L BE BASE3 TRANSMITTED NOT LESS THAN MA
OF STUD,
Its use when thermal grad&t may cause oversiress in welds to be avoided. Recommended for light duty vessels.
FIG. G.7
r
WELDED
THAN
SEATINGS
DIA OF STUD
NOT LESS
~trlOmm,.,AX
a) This detail iti only recommended if vessel is not subject to pulsating loads and the shell thickness does not exceed 10 mm maximum. Recommended for b) Its use when thermal gradient may cause overstress in weldr to be avoided. The weld sizes are minimum. light duty vessels.
Fro. G.8
WELDED SEATINCM
ALTERNATIVE Special precautions,should be taken to minimize
WELD
DETAIL
the stresses induced by welding.
Frtx.G.9
WELDED
SEATINGS
197
Special
precaut:ons
slmlld
Le taken
to minimize
WELDED
the s:resses induced
by welding.
Fit. G.10
SEATINGS
Weld dimensions
are minimum.
FIG. G.11
WELDED SEATINGS
j- TELLTALE HOt E
NOT LESS THAN OIA OF STUD
( Recommended Now mc
for light duty vessels ) in calculating SEATINGS ---I Stb

WELD SIZE
pad is not to he taken into account
the reinforcement
required.
FIG. G. 12
WELDED
See
Notes
3,4 and 5 on page 223.
FIG.
G.13
WIELDEDBRANCHES
-L -;
Backing ;-_-_---_._--_ring removed on compkc!ion of welding ._-___if rquircd. __--
I,, .ll;tr 11,111

_ _... __-.__~_-_---. -
- --
.__
_-.__- 8 / 8 \;Fi IC
__ .______
I; n ibt mm
._._ __ ___..-.
IS : 2825- 1969
Set&Jotts 1,2,3, Fm. G.15
5 and cion page223. WELDED BRANCH
ScrNotes5 and 6 on page223. Fro. G.16 WELDED-BIUNCHFORFLANGED NECK
(A) BEFORE MACHINING
(A) BEFORE MACHINING
(B) AFTER MACHINING Sir Notes 4 and 7 on page223.
(6) AFTER MACHINING SeeNotes 4 and 7 on page223.
FIG. G. 17 WELDED BRANCH
FIG. G. 18 WELDED BRANCH 199
(A) BEFORE
MACHINING & Nom 4 and 5 on page 22%
IB) AFTER
MACHINING
Fxo. G.19
WELDED BRANCH
I
i
i
I
t
LENfJ 3f BRANCH PIPE NAV DE CUT SOUA+E PROVIDED THIS DtMNSY)N IS NO7 ILESS THAN tb AT ANY PilINT
4 For light duty vessels, dimension L is same as

dimension B in Fig. G.4.
a) For light duty vessels, dimensi-m t is same as dimension B in Fig. G.4. b) Its use when thermal gradient overstress in welds to be avoided. may cause
b) Its use when thermal gradient may cause

overstress in welds to be avoided. c) See Notes 1,2, 12 and 15 on page 223.
c) See Notes I, 2, 12 and 15 on page 223. Fm. G.21 WELDED BRANCH
Fro. G.20
WELDED BRANCH
WELD
SlZE
L=tb
--I
t-tb
-7
i-b
ALTERNATIVE
WELD
DETAILS
1~ me when thermal gradient may cause overstress in weld to be avoided.
~~-~~~~~~~I~~~~ ( Weld dimensions are minimum )
Fm. 200
G.22
WELDED BRANCH
IS I 2825- 1969
L6 mm
MIN
See Notes 1, 2, 11 and 16 on page 223.
FIG. G.23
WELDED
BRANCH
Er6mm OR 0'7tb WHICHEVER

ALTERNATIVE WfLD
IS LESS
DETAILS
See Notes 1,2 and 3 on page 223.
FIG. G.24
WELDED I
BRANCH --il'bP-
1.5 wm
WELD
SIZE
L = 1,
See
Notes 1, 2 and 3 on page 223.
FIG. G.25
WELDED
BRANCH 201
IS e2025- 1969
FERRED WHERE tr EOS ABOUT +-7 I5 mm
AHERNATIVE
WELD
DETAIL
a) The branch
to shell joint with backing may cause
ring as shown in Fig. G.3. overstress in the welds connecting the reinforcement, its
b) When thermal gradient use should be avoided.
c) Fillet weld size B = 0.7 fr or 0.7 t whichever d) &e Notes I,4 and 5 on page 223.
is less with a maximum
of 15 mm.
FIG. G.26
WELDED BRANCH
METAL TO BE REMOVED FITTING REINFORCING PLATE
PREFERRED WHERE t, EXCEEDS ABOUT 15mm
LSEE
YOTE
6 (A)
3mm-4
k-
EXCESS METAL TO BE REMOVED BEFORE FITTING REINFORCING PLATE --bir6mm MIN
LSEE
NOTE 6 (8)
a)
When thermal gradient should be avoided.
may cause ovcrstress
in the welds connecting is

kss
the reinforcement, of 15 mm.
its use
b) Fillet weld size B = 0.7 tr or 0.7 t whichever c) See Notes 1, 2, 3 and 5 on page 223.
with a maximum
FIG. G.27 202
WELDED BRANCHES
IS 82825- 1969
,-
BRANCH
-SEE
NOTE 6
-REINFORCEMENT RING
(a) BEFORE MACHINING
RElNFORCEMENl
WELD SIZE C-I.5 (8) 1,
AFTER
MACHINING for welding compensation branch, inside the may be
a) Before machining shell.
connection
may also be used when there is accessibility where adequate ring and
b) After machining connection is limited to conditions obtained with the type of r&forcing ring shown. c) For alternative butt G.76 and G.77. weld preparations between
reinforcement
see Fig. G.43,
d) SECNotes on page 223. FIG.
G.28
WELDED
BRANCHES
203
IS:2s25-1969
MA BE CHIPPED AND GROW0 FLUSH IF REWREO
a) \thcn thermal gradient may be avoided. bl Values of Cand
may cause ovcr:trrss
in the welds connrcting
the reinforcement,
its
USC
D as given in Fig. G.22. is less with a maximum of 15 mm.
c) Flllct weld size B = O-7 I, or 0.7 t whichever d) Preferred where tr exceeds hbout 15 mm.
e) See Notes 1, 2,3, 8 and 10 on page 223. FIG. G.29 WELDED BRANCH
+bt
f-o_m
BEFORE
FITTING
REINFORCING
PLATE
a) Fillet weld size E = 0.7 tr or 0.7
whichever
of 15 mm.
b) See Notes 1, 2,3 and 8 on page 223. FIG. G.30 \~ELDEr~ BRANCH
EXCESS METAL TO BE REMOVED BEFORE FITTING REINFORCING PLATE a)
Fillet weld size B = 0.7 lr or 0.7 f whichever
of 15 mm.
bj SW Notrs 1, 2, 3 and 8 on page 223. FIG. G.31 WELDED BRANCH
IS : 2825- 1969
PREFERREO
WHERE
1, EXCEEOS
ABOUT 1Smm
WELD SIZE
ALTERNATIVE WELD DETAILS a) Fillet weld size E = O-7 I, or 0.7 f whichever is less with a maximum b) Values ofdimensions Cand D asin Fig. G.22. c) Ses Notes 1, 2, 3, 8 and 10 on page 223.
of 15 mm.
Fm. G.32
WELDED BRANCH
MAY BE CHIPPED AND GROUND FLUSH
REFERRED WHERE 1, EXCEEDS ABOUT 15mm
ALTERNATIVE
WELD
DETAILS
a) In the range lb = 14 to 20 mm the choice between afillet or a fillet plus groove weld should depend on relative cost. b) Weld dimensions are minimum. c) When thermal gradient may cause overstress in the welds connecting the reinforcement, its USC may be avoided. d) Values C and D as given in Fig. G.22. P) Filler w,-Id size B = 0.7 fr or 0.7 t whichever is less with a maximum of 15 mm. f) SH NX~tes 1, 2 and 11 on page 223. FIG.
G.33
~YELDED BRANCH 205
IS : 2825- 1969
--Pi-
Etb
MAX
ALTERNATIVE
WELD
DETAILS
*This angle to be increased
where proximity
uf flange restricts
access.
a) Compensating plate may be fitted to inside of vessel if desired. Arrarlgcmcnt of welding groove may be reversed if desired. In the range lb = 14 to 20 mm, the choice bctwc en a fillet or a fillet plus groove weld should depend on relative cost. Weld dimensions arc minimum. b) When thermal gradient may be avoided. may cause overstress in the welds connecting the reinforcement, its USC
c) The values of C and D are the same as given in Fig. G.22. d) Fillet weld size B = 0.7 tr or 07 I whichever is less with a maximum e) Sea Notes 1, 2, 11 and 15 on page 223.
uf 15 mm.
FIG. G.34
WELDED BRANCH
a) When thermal gradient may cause overstress may be avoided. b) Fillet wel& size B = O-7 tr or 0.7 t whichever c) Ses Notes 1,2 and 13 on page 223.
in the welds connecting is less with a maximum
the reinforcement, of 15 mm.
its use
Fro. G.35 206
WELDED BRANCH
IS : 2825 - 1969
FIG. G-36
Under
Consideration
ldt,
MIN
.-_._,:.._
_^.,
.,l.,?
,,-
,,E_
rl w~,rn ihem is no acces for welding
inside the shell.
The welding
FIG. G.37
~VELDED BRANCX
~VITII NECK
PIECE
207
IS I 2825- 1969
FOR ALTERNATIVE SEE FIG. G-39
PETAILS
BRANCH
REINFOXEMENT
RING
THE RECOMMENDED JOINTS FOR CONNECT!+& THE REINFORCING
ALTERNATIVE a) The use of this connection is limited to conditions with the type of reinforcement shown.
WELD
DE TAIL
where adequate compensation
may be obtained
b) S#eNotes on page 223.
FIG. G.38
WELDED
BRANCH ( REINFORCED)
F SOULD NOT BE MSS THAN l,, NOR SHOULD 11 LllCEED llmm AWO B MAY BE ZERO W 10 TMIS LIMIT
TO PROJEC: WHEN SET FOR WELDINQ -\
Dimensions
C and D as iu Fig. G.22.
FIG. G.39
WELDED FLANGES
ISs2825-1969.
,- + OR 1Omm MIN
l-
GENERALLY MACHINED AFTER wELOING
F SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN tb NOR SHOULD IT EXCEED 14mm AND 8 MAY BE ZERO UP TO TtilS LMIT (A)
TG PRU SE1 FO .1._ f- MACHINING ALLOWANCE
(8)
To be avoided when thcrmzl fntigue when conditions c&t.
gradient
may cauw overstress
in welds and/or
Fio.(2.40 WELDED
GENERA~LV MACHINED AFTEd WELOiNG
FLANGES
NOT LESS THAN 2tb
NOT LEL THAN
ztb
WELD F,=l.S!&JT
SIZES SHOULD 15 mm 3mm
NOT.EXCEED F2 =lsOtb,MIN
a)
gradient may cause overstress in welds and/or fatigur when conditions exist. b) In certain cases a smaller limltatiwl of weld size Fs equal to 1-O la is prefi rrrd. _
To be avoided when thermal
HUBBED SLIP
ON FLANGE
111 certain caws a sm:~llrr limilatiw F, equal LO i.0 II, is prrler1r.d.
of weld
size
FIG. (2.41 WELDED
FLANGES
FLY THEN JOINT EVELLED OR FOR WELDING
BACK OF CHIPPED MACHINE0
BEFORE
MAKING INSIOE WELOING
-4
11 k-
-_I
12 OVER
l-15mm iD)
UP TO 15mm
ALTERNATIVE FROFILE OF FLANGE NECK

(2)
(A)
,
Tllc weldit~g
This connection may also be llrcd wlwn :hrre is proccss fur wcklinl: TIO~II imidr. proccdu*.e should be slwh ;LSto unsure: wu~d positive root ynrtration.
IS I 2825 - 1969
ANGLE OF TAPER 0 SHOULD NOT EXCEEO 14C SLOPE 1:4)
NOLIMIT
(A) This connection procedure
L-L,
UP TO 15mm OVER !5mm
ALTERNATIVE OF FLANGE
PROFILE NECK
(8) there
CC) is no access for tvelding root penetration
(D) from inside. The welding in the butt joint.
may also be used when
shall be such as to ensure sound positive
FIG. G.44
WELD SIZES
WELDED FLANGES
B+F=b5t. MIN L= 1~51. YIN F ANO L SHOULD EXCEEO 15mm
FOR WELD SEE G, G-39 TO G-44 NOT
J OR BEVEL PREPARATION
JACRET
1.
ALTERNATIVE WELD DETA!L
t
size of
SHELL
In certain cases limitation L equal to 10tsis preferred.
in weld
Ik wcldipg procedure shall lie such as to ensure sound posltlve penetration in the joi::t.
FIG. G.45
JACKETED CONNECTIONS
FIG. G.46
JACKETED CONNECTIOKS
ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF JOINT MAY BE SE0 BUT THE WELDING PGOCEDURE SHOULD BE SUCH AS TO ENSURE SOUNO POSITIVE ROOT PENETRATION
NOT EXCEED
1.51,
M,N---Cr-_sl
wl.51,
MN In
BEVEL PREPARATION
In certain cases a smalkr linlitation in weld SZC of F, and F2 equai to 1.0fa is prcfcrred. Fro.
rcrtain tnscs a smaller limitation in weld aizc cl I;, and F, equal to I.0 tbis preferred.
G.47
FIG. G.48
210
IS:2825-1969
WELD SIZES 8.F,.l.5t#4 Fp = 1.515 MIN F, ANO
RETAINING
RMG
limm
F2 SHOULD
NOT EXCEED
ALTERNATIVE
WELD
DETAILS
In certain
caws a smaller
limitation G.49
in weld six of Fl and F2 equal to 1.0 f8 is prcftrrcd. JACKETED CONNECTIONS
FIG.
ALL WELDS TO BE MADE OOWNHAND
a) Attachment ofjackct to vessel having a wall thickness not greater than 20 mm. b) Weld dimensions arc minimum.
All dimensions in miilimetrcs. Fro. G.50 JACKETED CONNECTIONS
211
IS I 2825 - 1969
ALL WELDS TO BE WADE DOWNHAND
E=tj*3
a) Attachment of jacket to vessel having a wall thickness not greater than 20 mm and where there is no access for making a weld inside the jacket space. b) Weld dimensions are minimum. --
h __._~~ B _ I I
10
11
12
J, 8 10
; 14 ~ 15 ,_-..__p_I :
20 21
18
20
I j ;
24
-----12
___/- 1 I.? 14 _ __._. ___--
17
-I 1 27
/
All dimensions
in millimetres.
Fm.
G.51 JACKETED CONNECTION

HERE FLANGE RESTRICTS ACCESSIBILITY, THIS WELD TO COMPLETE BEFORE FLANGE IS ATTACHED
(A) WHERE FLPINGE RESTRICTS ACCESSIBILIT, THIS WELD TO BE COMPLETE BEFORE FLANGE IS ATTACHED
~STMOAT.
AFTER
KNOCKING
PLATE (8)
a)
Permissible only where both fillet welds are fully accessible for welding. b) Both ends c,f jacket attached to cylindrical portion of vessel. JACKET PLATE THICKNESS
tJ mm
JACKET WIDTH
ON DIA OF mm
A D~PENDXNO
VESSEL
--
31 Max
31 to45
Mux
10
37 to 50 Max
I
212
12
50
!
FIG. G.52
ISl28!2S=lB69
SUITABLE EDGE PREPARATION 10 ALLOW FOR 45-THROAT. AFTER KNOCKING PLATE OVER
-4
Lj
tt,
attached
$Z;:;EtNCE
BETWEEN J
Both ends of jacket

JACKET PLATE
:j mm
to cylindrical
portion
of veuel.
THICKNESS
,
JACKET W~TX
ON DIA
A DEPENDINO OP VESSEL mm
31 Max
-_
6
A.
31 to 45 Max
10
-.
37 to 50 Max
12
50
Fxo. G.53
(A) rA
DETAIL Al A
(8)
( For light duty vessels only )
FIG. G.54
JACKETEDCONNECTIONB
WTANK KTWKN f LANK5 10 K SUCHTHAT THE WIZLOI
Both ends of jacket attached to cylindrical portion of vessel. ( For class 3 vessela only )
a) Attachment of jacket tion is desirable.
where
a flanged detaiis
connec-
for b) See Fig. G.41 and f43 attachment of the angcs.
of weld fir
Fm. G.55
FIG. G.56
JACKETED CONNECTIONS 213
IS : 2825
- 1969
T- SUCH
DISTANCE BETWEEN FLANGES THAI THE WELDS ARE \ ACCESSIBLE
TO BE FULLY --I
-16 -21 -15 Fillet and above -8 8 a) Attachment ofjacket where a flanged dots not exceed 38 mm. Weld dimensions are minimum. All dimensions in millimcfres. connection is desirable and where the 20 10 23 20 18 27 19
_I_
I I -,-,-,-I 21 / 25 1 25 / 25
--I-I-,_I
I
I I
25
25
ll
12
17
Cl
27
31
I
VC@
wall thickness
b)
FIG. CC.57 JACKETED COSNE~TIONS
MAY FLUSH
BE ORESKO IF REOUlRED
WELD DETAIL
WHICHEVER
IS SMALLOT
( Pordw Fra. G.58 214
3 vcncl8 only )
( For class 3 vessels only )
JACKETEDCONNECTIONS
FIO. G.59
,IACKETEDCONNECTIONS
18:2825-1969
0 PROJECT WHEN SE, OR WELMNG.GRCUNO LUS4i ON COMPLETIDN
WELD GROUND ON COMPLETION
FLUSH
WELD OIMENSIONS ARE MINIMA
iWi4
Flush type branch attachmrnt using a block ( left-hand side ) or backing rings ( right-hand side ) b) Weld diniensions are minimum.
a)
Ail dimensions Ftc.
in millimctres.
FIG.
G.60
PERMISSIBLE THROUGH CONNECTION FOR JACKETED VESSELS
G161 PERMISSIBLE THROUGH CONNECTION NOR JACKETED VESSELS
THESE WELDS TO BE COLPLETED BEFORE JACKET IS ATTACHED OLIND FLUSH
*IVOLVES A BUTT WELD AT THIS POSITION THE WELD DETAILS SHOULD BE AS SHOWN IN TABLE 6.1
1 6 j
4 10 i
1 10
I I1
( 13
( 14 1 15 ( 18 1 20 1 21 ) 23 1 27
/ 1. 1 B
ti
12
1 14
1 15 1 17 ) 20
in millimctrcs. CONNECTION
All dimensions FIG. G.62 PERMISSIBLE THROUGH
FOR JACKETED
VESSELS
THESE WELDS TO BE COMPLETED BEFORE BRANCH IS ASSEMBLED
E- j3MlN
Weld dimensions h 3 5 8 6
are minimum. 14 20 16 23 18 2, 22 27
8 / 10 / 11 / 13 1 14 j 15 / 17
in millimctrcr. CONNECTION
- B
--- 6
10
j 12
All dimensions 3x0. G.63 PERMKSSIBLE THROUGH
FOR JACKETED
VESSELS 215
SEE FIG. G-14 TO G-37 FOR BRANCH ATTACHMENT DETAILS ,
+225mm
MN --./ DUTY ONLV
FOR USE ON LIGHT PRESSURE FIG. 0.64 VESSELS
PERMISSIBLE
FLUSH
THROUQH CONNECTION FOR JACKETEDVESSELS

FIHSH BRANCH ATTACHMENT. FOR WELD DETAILS
Weld dimensions minimum. ax All dimensions millimetres. in Fro. G.65 PERMISSIBLE THROUGHCONNECTION FORJACKETED VESSELS
/SEE
NOTE 10
(4
&Notes
-+l ton page22%
(8)
FIO. G.66
CONNECTION BETWEENJACKET AND SHELL
(A) (8) Tube wall thickness- 3 mm Min. Weld sizeL l * I t Min. b) Minimum distance between tubes - 25 t or 75 mm whichever is greater. 4 The tube ends should be slightly expanded to not more {ban 90 percent of depth to fill the holes., 4 If the end of the tube projects beyond the weld, the projecting position should be removed after welding. e) It may be necessary to deposit the weld in two runs to ensure a tight joint if the operating conditions are onerous.
Fro. G.67
TIME-TO-TUBE PLATE CONNECTIONS
216
IS a2025- 1959
S) b) c) d)
(El (A) The tube ends should be slightly expanded to not more than 90 percent or depth to till the hola. If the end of the tube projects beyond the weld, the projecting portion should be rem arc onerous. It may bc ncccssary to deposit the weld in two runs to ensure a tight joint if the operating danger of burning The preparation shown in Fig. G.68A and G.68B should he preferred where there &rough the tuba wall due to its thinness.
Fra.
G.68
TUBE-TO-TUBE
PLATE CONNECTIOMI
IA)
(0)
(Cl
after welding.
,a) If tbe end of the tube projects beyond the weld, the projecting portion should Le removed b) This detail is bared on the practice followed. in certain cases. FIG. G.69 ALTERNATIVE WELD DE TAIL TUBE-TO-TUBE
+I1
PLATE
WELD
CONNECTIONS
SIZES
t1*3m 121
hY
(A)
(8)
in operating temperatute.
a) The t&a en& should be dightly expanded to fill the hole. b) Tl& detaih q permissible foi low operating prasurca and small degrees of fluctuation Fxa. G.70 TUBB-TO-TUBI PLATE CONNECTIONS
217
ls:2825-1969
t=Smm
OR LESS
_cl
I+-t=TuBE
FALL THICKNESS
(A)
(6)
t-l 0=1.5t 2.01
MIN
TO
CC)
a);Thc tube ends should be slightly expanded to fill the hole not more than 90 percent of the depth. b) When using this detail special care should be taken to ensure that the tube plate is not laminated.
4 Rsfhtcr
Welding The detail shown in Fig. G.71B is suitable for wcldng by processes other than the metal arc process. A filler rod should be used if the tube wall thickness exceeds 1.5 mm when oxyacetylene gas welding is employed and 2.0 mm when other suitable arc welding processes are used, such as atomic hydrogen or inert gas are welding. for use when it is required to minimize the deformation of the tube plate due to welding.
4 Thae details are recommended

FIG. G.71
TUBE-TO~TUBE PLATE CONNECTIONS
SEE NOTE REFERENCE WELDING
1
T
t, SHOULD t1 SHOULD OR NEARLY BE EOUAL EOUAL
r
-T
BE EQUAL OR NEARLY EOUAL TO 12 AND SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 2.5mm
-4t,!-(A)
a? It is uncommor~ for this detail
-41)_
(8)
to be used if tr or 1s t xceeds 4 mm.
b) Rcferc~~cc Welding The detail shown in Fig. G.70 is suilabL* for welding by procrsscs othrr than the metal arc process. A hllcr rod should be used if the tube wall thickness cxcerds l-5 mm when oxyacetylene gas w, Idiug is employed and 2.0 mm when other suitable arc welding processes a=, tlsed, such as atomic hydrogrn or inert gas arc welding.
FIG. G.72
TUBE-TO-TUBE PLATE CONNECTIONS
218
IS t 2825 - 1969
(A)
FIG. G.73
TUBE-TO-TUBE PLATE CONNECTSONS
WELD J OH PREf e*f=t
SIZE MN BE LESS IOU10 IT
If Z, exceeds
detail shown
15 mm,
in
Fig. G.75.
~~refcrence
should
br given
to the
FIG, G.74
TUBE PLATE TO SHELL CONNECTIONS
FIG. G.75
TUBE PLATE TO SHELL CONNECTIONS
r TUBE PLATE
T TUBE PLATE
PREPARdTl0ti ANGLE Of TAPER 0 ShWLO NOT (SLOPE SOUND POSITIVE PENETRATION (SLOPE 1:L) SEE f IG. G-43 ROOT X4) EL0 SHALL BE GACK CHIPPED BACK WELDED OR ALTERELV TN WELOING PROCEDVRE LO BE SUCH AS TO ENSURE 5olJNO POSITIVE ROOT PEKTRATIGN
WELD SHALL BE BACK CtfIPPED AN0 BACK WELMO OR ALTER-
fCfi ALTERNATIVE
If L rxcecds 15 mm, pref;rcilce the detail shown in Fis. G.77.
sllouldbe si\
gradient
en to may
Frc,. (;.77
Its USC be to
cause FIG. overstt
avoided when css in w&is.
tllcrmzl
G.76
TIJBE
PLATE
TO
SHELL CONNEXXIOSS
TIME
PI.ATE
TO
SHELL CONNECTIONS 219
ylUBE
PLATE
T TUBE PLATE
SEE FIG. G-71 AND G-75 FOR WELD DIMENSIONS
--I&a) Alternative preparation may be used but the welding procedure should be such as to ensure sound positive root penetration in the butt joint if made from the outside only. b) Accessible fcr welding sides of the shrlt. on both
kt-l
4 Alternative
preparation may bv used but the wcldir:g procrrirlre should br such as to ensure sound root penetration in the positive butt joint. may
a) When using these details special care shall be taken to ensure that the tube plate is not laminated. b) Accessible for v&ding sides of the shell. on both
bj Use when thermal gradient cause overstress in wrlds. c) Accessible for welding of thr shell only. FIG. G.80 TUBE
on one side 4 PLATE
( For forged shapes only )
( For forged shapes only ) TO
Fxa. G.78
SHELL
TUBE PLATE
CONNECTIONS
FIG. G.79 SHELL /TUBE
TUBE PLATE TO CONNECTIONS
TO
SHELL CONNECTION?
TUBE PLATE
PLATE
Omm
t-i-l
(A)
Thisdetail is recommended
conditions for non-corrosive only.
FOR WELD SIZES SEE FIG.G-74
(8)
operating
FIG. G.82
FIG. G.81
TUBE PLATE TO SHRLLCONNECTIONS
TUBE PLATETO SHELL CONNECTIONS
(A)
Fxo. c.83
( Forforged shapes only) TUBE PLATE TO SHELLCONNECTIONS
I6 : 2625- 1969
DETAIL a) ! /eld profiles arc diagrammatic
AT X
only. b) The hazard of weld cracking shall be taken into consideration. Fro.
G.84
FLAT ENDS AND COVERS
a) Weld profiles are diagrammatic only. b) The hazard of weld trackings shall be taken into consideration. FIG. G.85 FLAT ENDS AND COVERS -A-
-t
t NOT LESSInaN It a) Weld profilca are diagrammatic only. b) The hazard of weld cracking shall be taken into conridcration. Fxo.
G.86
FLAT ENDS AND
COVERS
IS t 2825 - 1969
WELDING OF PIPE CONNECTIONS

WELDING
ICHNESS I mm ARC F017M 1
SOUARE BUT1 WELD
PROCESS
ARC PLUS GA5 WELDING OF ROOT
GAS
; TO
12
FORM 3 S,&Gl.E- WlT WELD
! TO 28 FOFiM6
YYGLE-U Bull WLLO
FORM
SINGLE-U BUTT WELD
ABOVE 28
METAL MERT
RING
a) These fvrms
ofgap apply
to both unalloyt-d and low-alloy
steels. welding mtthods

are
b) The thickness limits indicated guidance only.
in the table for the various forms of gap and
for
c) Gap widths depend both on the thickness and diameter of the pipe and on the type of filler wire used. The gap widths indicated in the table are for guidance only. Fro.
G.87
WELDING
OF PIPE CONNECTIONS
222
IS : 2625 - 1969
DEPOSITED
LINING
CORROSION RESISTANT SHEE 1 LINING
CARBON
STEEL
CORROSION
RESISTING
STEEL
(A) FIG. G.88 GENERAL NOTES*
(8)
EXAMPLE OF LINING OF VESSELS 11. Weld size B + F = 1.5 ft,)

Min or 1.5 t M;n whichever is less; F should not exceed 16 mm nor be less than tb/2.
that the ratio 1. In general it is recommended shall be of the branch to shell thickness tt-,/t should not be less limited as follows: than l/5.
2. In all these details this branch
should be a loose fit in the hole but the gap at any point should not exceed 3 mm or tb/2 whichever is the lesser. precautions should be taken to minimize the stresses induced by welding particularly when the shell thickness exceeds about 20 mm. using this detail special care should be taken to ensure that the shell plate is not laminated. connections may also be used there is accessibility for welding. when
3. Special
4. When
12. Weld size L = 1.5 fb Adin or 1.5 t Min whichever is L should not the lesser. be greater than 16 mm. weld is to mainWhen 1.5 tb or 1.5 t whichever is less, exceeds i tain the stress 16 mm use details shown / ~~~~$$~ in Fig. G.23. reasonable tb 3. Weld sizes B,+F,=1.5 limits Fsc1.5 tb I B,=1.5 tb I and F2 should not I exceed 16 mm nor be less I than tb/2. J
1 1 1 I 1 1 Thc intent Of the 1 limitation in the 1 uZe Of the fi11et
Fl
5. These
6. Weld shall be back chipped and back welded
14. Weld sizes B, + F, = 1.5 !b
or alternatively the welding procedure should be such as to ensure sound positive root penetration.
7. The hole may be omitted to facilitate pressure testing. 8. A similar

internal connection may reinforcing ring. be used with an
B,= F2= F3 = L =
less than fb/2.
10tb 15tb
1.5 fb 1.5 tr 16 mm nor be
Fl and F., should not exceed
9. Alternative
detail permissible provided the thickness or the branch of shell, whichever is the lesser, does not exceed 20 mm.
15. A smaller limitation in weld size of 1, = 1-O tb Min or 1.0 t Min whichever is less, may also be used. 16. A smaller limitation in weld size or B + F = or 1.0 t Min whichever is less, may also be used.
10. J or bevel preparation.
1-O lb Min
__
*These notes refer to the notes men-$oned given in this Appendix. in the figurer 17.
A smaller limitation in weld size of B + F and Fl equal to 1 *O t Min may also be used. 223
IS : 2825 - 1969
APPENDIX PRO FORMA FOR THE RECORD

WELDER
Record of
( Clauses 6.2.4, 6.23, 7.1.10 and 7.2.11 )

OF WELDING PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION/ PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION TEST
Date
............................................................
..........................................
Address
No. ........... .................. ..........
Contractor/Manufacturer Welding Operator

D&gnation
............................................................
Fathers Name
....................................
Date of Birth
: Name ..............................
..............................
........................
................................................... ...................................................... ( Plate or Pipe )
Identification Number/Symbol Specifcation
......................................................
.Tensile Strength
Material
................................
........................
Electrode Type.
........................ Specification ..................... Welding Process.. ............. Manual or Machine ...............

Inert gas ................................. Type of backing used :.
T-e of Flux ....................................

Type of
...............................
. per min.. .......
Joint.
Single or Multiple pass ................. .Amperes.. ............. Volts.. ............. ...................... .L
Material Thickness
......................................................
(If pipe, dia and Range
wall thickness )
mm. Welding Position ................................................... Post Heat Treatment ..........................................
Preheat Temperature
...................................................
T&kness range this test qualifies ..................................................................................................................

Weldirig
done in accordance with Manufacturers/Clients
Specification No.
.................................
Date
.....................
1.
REDUCED-SECTION Gauge Length mm Ultimate Load, kgf
TENSILE
TEST Eiongation percent Character of Remarks Failure and Location
-~~
Specimen No.
Dimensions, mm T--~--7 Width Thickness
Area mm*
Tensile Strength kgf/mme
Yield Point
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~...............,................,.... 2. ALL-WELD METAL TENSILE TEST
--_-
____________-___-_-__-_-~_
Dimensions, mm Diameter Area mm Gauge Length mm Ultimate Load, kgf Tensile Strength kgf/mm2 Yield Point
_____
Elongation percent Character of Failure and Location Remarks
Specimen No.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........................I............................................................................................ 3. Former Radius mm GUIDED --FACE-BEND ---___-_ Thickness of Specimen mm TEST. (TRANSVERSE ) Remarks
Description, Location, Nature and Size of any Crack or Tearing of Specimen
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..,..............................................................,.......................................... 4. GUIDED ROOT-BEND Thickness of Specimen mm TEST (TRANSVERSE ) Remsuks
An+dof
ZZ mm
. . . . . . . . ........~............. -w
.,............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
224
5.
GUIDED
SIDE-BEND
TEST
(TRANSVERSE)
FOI-KIU
RadiuI mm
Thickncas of Specimen mm
Description, Location, Nature and, Size of any Crack or Tearing of Specimen
Remarks
... .. .... .... ...... ...... ...... .. ...... ....... .... .......... ...... .. ....... .. ......... .... ... .... .. ......... ... ....... .. .. ... .... ...... ...... .... ... ...... .. ... .. .
6.
NICK-BREAK
TEST of Fracture
____
TyqcN!~~
1
&cknaD
mm
s cimen
Description,
Appearance
Rault
... .... ..... ..... .... ..
..a................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..a...*...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.
IMPACT
OR NOTCHED
BAR TEST
Sea
Specimen
Tat TemT_
Impact Values kgf.m/cm*
RCrIUUb F=: of
. ... ...... ..... .... ....... ..... ... ...... ....... ....... .......... ..... ......... ..... .. ......... ... ..... .. .. .. ..... ........ ...... .... .. .... ..... ... ...... .... ... ....
8.
FILLET
W??LD-TEST
Tat Fracture teat appearance
Resultr Fillet size mm Convexity concavity mm
Length & Micro percent of tat defects fusion
Remarks
mm % .
..n.........................................................................................................................................,...................
9.
MACRO
EXAMINATION
& HARDNESS
TEST
SpecimCn
Type
of Etchant
Observation I Parent metal
Vi&r3
Hardness -Weid metal Heat a&ted zone
Remarks
._......................................
..... ...... ...... ....... .. ............ ........~....................................................................*...... that the statements made in this report are correct and that the tat with the requirements of IS : 2825 - 1969.
Signature .,.............................,...,... wcl&
The undenigncd man~acturcr/contractor cc&a were prepared,welded and tated in accordance Test Witnarcd
by ..*....................,.........................................................
Inspecting
Authority
office sad
For
and on b&f of . . . . . . . . . . . . (Contractor/ Manufacturer)
Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..
Date
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225
IS : 2825 - 1969
APPENDIX ( Clause 6.7.28 )

WELDING
J
OF
OF CLAD STEEL AND APPLICATION CORROSION-RESISTANT LININGS
J-l.
GENERAL
J-1.1 Clad steel is generally used where unalloyed steel alone does not withstand the corrosive attack, nor the required thickness of corrosionresistant alloys could be provided for economical reasons. The provisions of this appendix are applicable to welding of steels clad with chrome and chorme-nickel steels, nickel, copper-nickel and nickel alloys or copper alloys, by open arc fusion, inert gas metal arc or submerged arc welding processes. The rules of this appendix are applicable to pressure vessels or vessel parts that are constructed of integrally clad plate, and to vessels and vessel parts that are fully or partially lined inside or outside with corrosion-resistant plate, sheet or strip attached by welding to the base plates before or after forming, or to the shell, heads and other parts during or after assembly into the completed vessel. J-1.1.1 The provisions of this appendix do not apply when cladding or lining is deposited by fusion welding processes with stick or strip electrodes and for fitting of renewable wear plates to arrest local erosion or abrasion. J-1.2 If the corrosion resistance of the clad side is to be maintained when the workpiece is completed, it is essential that the deposited metal on the clad side should be not less corrosion resistant than the cladding itself. The weld shall be at least as thick as the .cladding and in regard to corrosion resistance its composrtion shallmatch that of the cladding. To achieve this, at least two runs shall be put in. As a general rule the backing metal should be welded first and with a filler of like kind. While this is being done, care shall be taken to avoid melting the cladding with the filler used in welding the backing metal. The danger of dilution of the alloy contents of clad material or lining by welding from the clad or lined side increases with decreasing thickness of clad material or lining. The plate ed es shall be In the case o P thin plate prepared accordingly. clad with austenitic .steel, the entire cross section may be welded with austenitic fillers, provided that no corrosion cracks occur in the weld junction on the backing side under the specified conditions of attack ( for example, by aggressive media combined with the action of steam ). It shall be ensured without fail that unalloyed or low alloy fillers are not used for welding on high alloy cladding metal or high-alloy icYeldmetal. The welding conditions adopted ( including, for example, the welding process, the weld form and the welding sequence ) shall be chosen so as not to reduce the strength of. the welded joint unduly. If heat treatment is necessary the properties of the backing, 226
metal and oA the cladding metal shall be taken into account. J-l.3 Plates under 10 mm thick in the backing metal may also have the entire weld cross section welded with austenitic filler metal provided that the temperature experienced in service does not exceed 200C. In situations where welding from the clad side is not practicable ( for example, in pipes ), the weld preparation should be carried out in the manner given in Fig. J.1. The cladding metal is welded with chrome steel or chromenickel steel filler metal of like kind. The subsequent runs may be welded with austenitic filler metal if the backing metal is to be welded with filler metal of like kind, however, then the intermediate runs shall be welded with a filler which will guarantee that the weld metal is free of cracks and possesses the same strength and ductility.
-Ii-FIG. J.l
3 mm MAX
METHOD OF EDGE PREPARATION FOR WELDING CLAD STEEL
J-2. FABRICATION J-2.1 Preparation - The clad material should be protected against mechanical damages and from the inclusion of foreign material. While shearing clad plates the clad side should be upwards, so that the burrs or ridges are built on the base metal side. The cut edges shall be ground smooth. Clad steels may be flame-cut from the base metal side, provided proper care has been taken in the selection of cutting speed, gas pressure and nozzle size. Preheating prior to the start of flamecutting is advisable in certain cases. Flame-cutting with iron powder may be of considerable advantage, if cutting from clad material side is considerations necessary. While flame-cutting, should be given to the effects of flame-cutting on clad material particularly in the neighbourhood of kerf. Cleaning of chromium-nickel or stainless steel clad material or linings before successive runs should be done with stainless steel brushes to avoid inclusion. J-2.2 Joints in Cladding Applied Liihgr The types of joints and welding procedure used shall be such as to minimize the formation of
IS t 2925 - 1969 brittle weld composition by the mixture of metals of corrosion-resistant alloy and, the base material. NOTE-&cause *of different thermal coefficients of exparuion of dirimllar met& caution should be exertired in desi.? and construction under the provisions of this appendix in order to avoid difficulties in service under extreme temperature conditions, or with unusual restraint of par& such as may occur at points of stress concentration. J-2.3 Inserted Strips in Clad Material - The thickness of inserted strips used to restore cladding at joints shall be equal to that of. the nominal minimum thickness of cladding specified for the plates backed, if necessary, with corrosion-resistant weld metal deposited in the groove to bring the insert flush with the surface of the adjacent cladding. J-2.4 Butt Welds in Clad Plates - For steel clad with resistant chrome steel and austenitic chrome-nickel steel, the requirements shall apply separately to the base plate and to the cladding. The thickness specified in Table 7.2 shall apply to the total thickness of the clad plates (see also Tables J.1 and 5.2). J-2.4.1 The welding procedure for butt welds in integrally clad plate shall be qualified as provided in J-2.3 when any part of the cladding thickness of clad plate is included in the design calculations in 3. When the cladding thickness is not included in the design calculation, the procedure for butt welds may be qualified as in J-2.4 or the weld in the base plate joint may be qualified by itself in accordance with 7.1 and the weld in the cladding joint by itself in accordance with J-2.7. J-2.5 Fillet and Composite Welds - Fillet welds of corrosion-resistant metal deposited in contact with two materials of dissimilar composition may be used for shell joints and attachments of various connections 2s permitted under the respective provisions of this code. In all types of joints and their forms, it should be ensured that there is a continuity of the clad material and the heat-affected zones are sound. The qualification of welding procedures and welders to be used on fillet and composite welds for a given combination of materials and alloy weld metal shall be in accordance with 7.1 and 7.2. J-2.6 Alloy Welds in Base Metals -Butt joints in base metal plates and parts may be made between corrosion-resistant alloy steel filler metal, or the joints may be made between corrosionresistant alloy steel and low carbon or low alloy steel provided the welding procedure and the welders have been qualified in accordance with 7.1 and 7.2 for the combination of materials used. Some applications of this rule are base metal welded with alloy steel electrodes, and alloy nozzles welded to steel shelves. J-2.7 Corrosion-Resistant Weld Deposits d Construction in which deposits of corrosion-resistant alloy weld metal are applied as 2 protective covering on the surface of base metal plates and parts and overwelded base metal joints, whether adjacent or not to the edges of lining sheets or cladding material shall be qualified in accordance with J-2.7.1 to J-%7.5. J-2.7.1 The ,qualiication test plate shall consist of a base plate not less than 300 mm long, 150 mm wide, and 6 mm thick, to which are clamped or bonded two strips of lining or cladding material separated by a gap left in the lining or a groove cut in the cladding. The gap or groove shall run lengthwise of the test plate, approximately midway of the plate width. The nominal thickness of the lining or cladding shall be within 20 percent plus or minus of the thickness to be used in construction. J-2.7.2 The width of gap shall be not less than twice the nominal thickness of the lining or cladding and not less. than the maximum ga to be used in construction, but need not be great r than t 20 mm in order to qualify welding procedu es in which the corrosion-resistant weld metal is deposited in contact with base metal and adjacent lining or cladding material on two sides of a gap, as in welding the joints in liner sheets or clad plates. J-2.7.3 The width of gap shall be not less than 20 mm in order to qualify welding procedures in whi.ch corrosion-resistant weld metal is deposited in contact with base metal with lining or cladding material on one side only as in layering corrosion-resistant weld metal on flange facings, or in making fillet welds. J-2.7.4 The weld joint shall be made between the edges of the lining or cladding material by the procedure to be used in construction. The cooling of the test plate and any subsequent htat treatment shall follow the procedure to be used in construction. J-2.7.5 The tests to qualify the welding procedure shall be performed on two longitudinal bend test specimens that conform to the dimensions and other requirements specified under 7.1.5. The specimens shall be tested in accordance with, and meet the requirements of 8.6. J-2.8 Attachment of Applied Linings - .\pplied linings may be attached to the base plate and. other parts by any methods and process, s of welding that are not excluded by this code. The welding procedure to be used in attaching applied linings to base plates and the method of det rmining the security of the attachment shall be a matter for agreement between the user and th: manufacturer. J-2.8.1 Each welding procedure to be used for attaching lining material to the base plate shall be qualified on lining-attachment welds made in the form and arrangement to be used in construction and with materials that are within the range r,f chemical composition of the material to be used for the base plate, the lining and the weld metal. \Velds shall be made in each of the position that 227
IS : 2825- 1969
TABLE J.l WELDING OF STEEL CLAD WITH RUST-RESISTANT AND AUSTENITIC CHROE-NICKEL STEEL ( Clause J-2.4 ) B FOR THICKNESSES 08 CLADDING METAL > 25 Illlll Backing side weld preparation: Single-V butt weld BACKING / METAL jingle-V jingle-V or single-u butt weld a = 60 b=2mmMax jingle-U butt weld b=2mmMax r=4mm butt weld at option: CHROME STEEL
OPE RATIOI NO FOR
A ALLTHICKNESSESOP CLADDING MLTAL
REMARKS
3aeking side weld preparation: Single-V butt weld /BACKING METAL
OTO8mm METAL METAL kLADDlNG Single-U METAL butt weld /-BACKING METAL butt weld ,- BACKING
CLADDING
;ing!e-U
When open arc welding by band is wed, c ia made half the thickness of the metal which must bc deposited to put in the first run. For semi-mechanical and fully mechanized inert-gas, submerged-arc and other welding processes, it may bc ncecssary to provide a larger gap between the root facca. For method B, the sides adjoining the root face must be clear of cladding metal for a distance > 2 mm.
1
Velding the backing side
CLADDING
METAL side Welding with filler metal of like kind. When welding the root, the cladding metal should not be penetrated.
Welding the backing
&ACKlNG METAL
kLADDlNG METAL
.--.-Iad side weld preparation welding of sealing run lmm MINI and Clad side weld preparation welding of sealing run 1 mm MiNl[ and 3ut out the root deep a) the weld metal reached, and enough on the
..-_ backing
-____d
to ensure
that: side is
CLADDING \METAL
CL ADDING METAL
hCKlNG
METAL
b) slag inclusions and cracks in the root arc eliminated. Weld the sealing run with a filler metal suited to the backing metal ( see diagram ) or, if necessary, with a filler metal giving a tough intermediate layer. The scaling run should be kept at least 1 mm below the cladding metal. After the backing metal should be ground smooth ( where necessary ) before the cladding metal is welded. The first run of metal deposited on the c&d aide should be put in with a filler of like kind. a) Thin electrodes are needed for open arc welding, whilst thin Miller rods and not too high a current are needed for the other welding processes. The diameter of the filler used for welding the austenitic root run should not exceed 3.15 mm for the downhand (F) and vertical ( V) positions, or 4 mm for the horizontal-vertical (H) position. b) The welding current should be kept as low as possible. The bottommost root fun on the clad side may, if necessary, be welded with an austcnitic filler having an analysis differing from that of the claddingmaterial. The subsequent runs, however, should bc welded with tillera of a kind matching the claddhng as closely as possible, or at least having the same corroaioe resistance.
Wrlding
the clad side y CLADDING METAL
Welding
the clad side LADDING METAL
I BACKING
METAL
LBACKING
METAL
228
IS : 2825 - 1969 are to be used in construction. One specimen from each position to be qualified shall be sectioned. polished and etched to show clearly the demarcation between the fusion zone and the base metal. For the procedure to qualify, the specimen shall show, under visual examination without magnification, complete fusion in the fusion zone and complete freedom from cracks in the fusion zone and in the heat-affected metal. J-2.9 Thermal Stress Relief* J-2.9.1 Vessels or parts of vessels constructed of integrally clad or applied corrosion-resistant lCaution: A 7OOC stress-relieving treatment is within the sensitized carbide-precipitation range for unstabilized austenitic chromium-nickel steels, as well as within the range where sigma phase may form, and if used indiscriminately could result in material of inferior physical properties and inferior corrosion resistance which ultimately Could result in failure of the vessel,
TABLE J.2 WELDING
lining material shall be stress-relieved when the base plate is required to be stress-relieved. In applying these rules the determining thickness shall be the total thickness of integrally clad plate and the base plate thickness having applied corrosion-resistant lining. J-2.9.2 Vessels or parts of vessels constructed of chromium alloy stainless steel clad plate and those lined with chromium alloy stainless steel applied linings shall be stress-relieved in all thicknesses, except that such vessels need be stress-relieved only when required under J-2.9.1 provided the cladding or lining joints are welded with austenitic stainless steel electrodes or a non-hardening nickel-chromium iron electrode and the coinposition of the cladding or lining material is within the specified limits with carbon content not exceeding 0.08 percent.
NICKEL ALLOYS AND
OF STEEL CLAD WITH NICKEL AND WITH COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS ( Clause J-2.4 ) Nickel and Nickel B FOR THICKNESSES CLADDING OF
METAL > 2.5 mm
Allop
-;_
OPENo. A FOR ALL THICKNUSES OF CLADDING MJTAL
REMARKS
RATION 1.
JEW Table J. 1
_Welding the backing side Welded with filler metal of like kind. If the cladding metal is not cut away, care shall be taken not to fuse it when welding the root run.
.Welding the backing side
2.
LBACKING
METAL m 3.
-,
Clad side weld preparation welding of sealing run
and
-.... , Clad side weld pt-eparation

welding of sealing run
and
Cut out the root deep encugh
to ensure that backing side is
4 the weld metal

reached, and
on
the
b) slag
inclusions and cracks in the root are eliminated. Weld the sealing run with a filler metal identical in kind with the cladding
iBACKlNG 4. Welding
METAL
LBACKING
METAL
_the clad side METAL Welding the clad side METAL yCLADDlNG r CLADDING
put in a sealing runo( see diagram ) with a high-nickel filler. The sealing run should be kept at least 1 mm below the cladding metal. The clad side should be welded with a filler corresponding to the cladding metal. To avoid undesirable mixing of the cladding weld metal with Fe, as many runs as possible should be put in, using thin filler rods with the current kept down to the lower limiting value. The filler metals usld should give not more than 0.1 percent by weight of carbon in the weld metal. In the case of Monel fillers, up to 0.15 percent by weight can be tolerated.
_-
rBACKING
METAL
-__-
&ACKlNG
METAL
___
IS a 2825- 1969
TABLE J.2 WELDING OF STEEL CLAD WITH NICKEL AND NICKEL WITH COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS -- f?o:ot.:,i ALLOYS AND
Copper and Copper Alloys

OPR RA1101
I3 FOR ALL
--__.^__.___._____I~~~~~~~~~~~~ bfETAL ----OY CLADDIXO
/ ,
RPMARKI
No.
-_-. -_
! :_P--.-
-._--___-_
,__._.-_..
-_-________
I.
7--
2.
Weldmg
the hacking
side
&ADDING 3.
METAL
Chd side weld preparation and welding the scaling run /CLADDING METAL
Cut out root deep enough to cnsurc that:

a) tht weld metal cbn the backing side is reached, b) slzg inclusions and cocks and in the root are eliminated. of cladding with a filler
Weld the sealing run up to the level of the underside metal identical in kind with the backing metal.
4.
L BACKINGMETAL __.__ _.._.._-.. ._ -__-_ --Welding the clad side &LADDING METAL
--
----
--.-
.-_-.-__
to the cladding metal. adjacent to one side
The clad side should be welded with a filler corresponding The f&t layer should be put in with straight runs starting of the cladding.
Procrsscs : manual arc welding and inert-gas arc welding. When inert-gas arc welding is used, the current must be kept as low ac possible in order to minimize fusion of the backing metal. Light hammeting of the weld while rdll red hot prctrnts the formation of contraction cracks. iBACKlNG METAL J-2.10
Radiographic v r6-vu-e .
Examinat ia
or parti of vessels consthose havine; applied rorrosion-resistitnt linings shall be radlographed when rquirpd ( SCF 8.7.1 ). The plate thickness specified under this clause shall be the t.otal plate thicknes< for clad construction and the basr plate thickness for applied-lining construct.ion.
vessels
j-2.10.1
tructed
of rlad
plate
and
bj On lined conqtruction. and on clad constructic-*n in which the base plate thickness only is used in the design calculations, exe-tpt a5 otherwise prrmitted under J-2.10.4. J-2.10.4 The required radiographic examination may he made on the romplcted weld in the base plate before the corrosion-rrsistant alloy Lover weld is depcsited provided all of the follolving requirements arc met: The thickness of the base plate at the welded joint is not less than that required by the design calculations; The weld rcinf~.~rccmeat ix removed dolvn to the surface which is to be covered, IFaving it flush wit.h the adjacent base plate, reasonably smooth, and free from underrutting; The corrosion-resistant allo~~~eld deposit is not air-hardening; and The completed corrosion-resistant weld dcpoyit is examined b)- spot-radiography as provided in 8.7.2. Such spot-radiographic examination is to be made .only for the detection of possible crack?.
J-2.10.2 RinsePlate Weld with S!rifi Cooeriqc .When the base plate weld in clad or lined cons-
truction is protected by a cnvering strip or sheet ofcorrosiorl-resiitarlt matarial applied over the weld in the base plate to complete the cladding 01 lining, any radiographic examination required under 8.7.1 may be made on the completed w&~ in the base plate before the coverir.q is attached. J-2.10.3 Bose Plate Weld Protected 4v A&y WAdWhm a Iaver of corrosion-resistant weld metal is used to prot&t the weld in the base plate from required esaminations radiographic corrosion. 1mdf.r 8.5.1 shall bc made ac fbllows after the joint, including the corrosion-resistant layer, is
complfwl: a)
any clad construction total thickness nf clad plate design calculations; and
On
in which the is used in the
230
ISr282!i-1969 J-2.11 Tightness of AppIied Lining by welding. Repetition of the radiography, the heat treatment, or the hydrostatic test of the vesse! after lining repairs is not required except when there is reason to suspect that the repair welds may have defects that penetrate into the base plate, in whir.+case the inspector shall decide which one or more shall be repeated. 5-2.11.3 When the .test fluid seeps behind the applied liner, there is danger that the fluid will remain in place u;. il the vessel is put in service. In cases where the operating temperature of the vessel is above the boiling point of the test fluid, the vessel should be heated slow1 for a sufficient time to drive out all test fluid fy rom behind the applied liner without damage to tl e liner. This heating operation may be performed at the vessel marmfacturing plant or at the plant where the vessel is being installed. After the test fluid is driven out, the lining should be repaired by welding.
J-2.11 .l A test for tightness of the applied lining that will be appropriate for the intended service is recommended, but the details of the test shall be a matter for agreement between the user and the manufacturer. The test should be such as to assure freedom from damage to the load-carrying base plate. When rapid corrosion of the base plate is to be expected from contact with the contents of the vessels, particular care should be taken in devising and executing the tightness test. J-2.11.2 Following the hydrostatic pressure test, the interior of the vessel shall be inspected to determine if there is any seepage of the test fluid through the lining. Seepage of the test fluid behind the applied lining may cause serious damage to When liner when the vessel is put in service. occurs precautions as laid down in J-2.11.3 shall be followed and the lining shall be repaired
APPENDIX
[ Clauses 7.2.4.1 (B)(b)(2), 7.2.6.3(b) and 8.5.11 ]

METHOD OF PREPARING ETCHED SPECIMEN
K-l. GENERAL K-l.1 The surfaces to be etched should be smoothed by filing or machining or by grinding on metallographic papers. With different alloys and tempers, the etching period will vary from a few seconds to several minutes and should be continued until the desired contrast is obtained. As a protection from the fumes, liberated during the etching process, this work should be done under a hood. After etching, the specimens should be thoroughly rinsed and then dried with a blast of warm air. Coating the surface with a thin clear lacquer will preserve the appearance. ETCHANTS FOR FERROUS MATERIALS K-2.1 Etching solutions suitable for carbon and low-alloy steels, together with directions for their use, are suggested as follows: acid Acid - Hydrochloric a) Hydrochloric and water equal parts by volume. The solution should be kept at or near the boiling temperature during the etching process. The specimens are to be immersed in the solution for a sufficient period of time to reveal all lack of soundness that might exist at their cross-sectional surfaces. b) Ammonium PersulphateOne part of ammonium persulphate to nine parts of water K-2.
by weight. The solution should be used at room temperature and should be applied by vigorously rubbing the surface to be etched with a piece of cotton saturated with the solution. The etching process should be continued until there is a clear definition of the structure in the weld.
Iodine and Potassium Iodide - One part of powdered iodine, two parts of powdered potassium iodide, and ten parts of water, all by weight. The solution should be used at room temperature and brushed on the surface to be etched until there is a clear definition or outline of the weld. .Nitric Acid - One part of nitric acid and three parts of water by volume. ( Cuution : 4lways pour the acid into the water. Nitric acid causes bad stains and severe burns. ) The solution may be used at room temperature and applied to the surface to be etched with a glass stirring rod. The specimens may also be placed in a boiling solution of the acid but the work should be done in a well-ventilated room. The etching process should be continued for a sufficient period of time to reveal all lack of soundness that might exist at the cross-sectional surfaces of the weld.
231
ISr2825-1969
APPENDIX
[ Clause 8.7.10.1 (e) ]

PRO FORMA
1. 2. 3. Nameofmanufacturcr Name of customer
FOR
REPORT
OF
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
.................................................................. ........................................................................ Material ..................... Electrode
VCWI No,
................................................
. .... .. .. .. ..... ..... ......
Certified that the radiographs of the welded joints in the above pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~.. . . . . . . . . . . . . aa per spccilicationjcode Office Seal
vcascl have
been
taken
in
the position
shown
Ggnaturc of Manufacturers Inspecting Authority
Serial No.
Radiograph
No.*
Material
thickness
Intcrprcta!ion
and Remarks
*For suggested
method
of numbering
radiographs,
see Note.
NOTE - Numbering of Radiographs ( For use in Radiograph No. column of the Report Sheets only).
C) Following
In making the radiograph, lead characters should be used so that the resulting image shows the Vessel Number or other identifying number shown on the report and sufficient information to enable the radiograph number used in the report to be readily derived by inspection in accordance with the following: a) The radiograph number used in the Report Sheet should commence with a numeral and letter indicating the number and type of seam radiographed, using the letters L and C to denote longitudinal and circumferential seams respectively.
the above, where appropriate: The letters ( RI j, ( R2 ), etc, in brackets, should be given to indicate where the radiograph is a retake which has been made following repairs made after consideration of the original radiograph: the film taken following each repair should be indicated by the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc.
The letter ( IT. S. ), in brackets, should be given to indicate where a tube shift technique has been used, with two exposures on one film. The letter ( S ), in brackets, should be given to indicate a second exposure taken at an angle. The letter ( X), in brackets, should be given to indicate a film which shows the radiograph of two intersecting welds : this letter need not appear on the film.
Example:
1C would refer number 1. 2L would number 2. refer to circumferential to longitudinal seam, seam,
Examples of radiograph the foregoing procedure
numbers based on would be:
J4 Following the above, and after a hyphen, numerals should be given to indicate the positio> of the radiograph along the seam. Where, for example, a radiograph shows the seams for the unit of length between positions 24 and 25, these reference numbers would be 24125.
232
the radiograph 2615/16_indicating covering the unit length between positions 15 and 16 on the second circumferential seam. indicating the radiographs lL-31/32(R2)covering the unit length between positions 31 and 32 on the first longitudinal seam following second repair.
IS:28259i&B
AP,PENDIX ( Clause 8.3.1.1 )

PRO FORMA FOR MAKERS CERTIFICATE
I. Manufacturers Purchasers
OF MANUFACTURE
AND PRODUCTION
TEST
MANUFACTURE
name and address ..................................................................................................................... ...................................................... Name ofthe Inspecting purchaser ....................................
name and address
authority
& addrar
...........................
Type ofvessel(horizontal
or vertical ) No.ofshells8~drum.s.. Identification
...........................
Vessel No. (Manufacturers.. Serial No. ) ....................
......................... Overall
Year built ..................
...................
Dia(insideoroutside).
length or height of vaseI..
..........
marks or stamps ................................................... of vessel ( Intended use or application, duty, etc )
DrawingNo. ...................................................
........................................................................ HHdrauhc ydraubc Witnessed temperature ..................................................................... teatprarure test ....................................... by ................................................ .............................. No. 8c Type).
or circumferential .........
Brief description Working
pressure ...........................
Design pressure..
......................
Working Joint
temperature
.........................................................
Design
efficiency factor
: Long seam. ............................................

T(%: o~;m~ongitudinal..
0.
Girthorcircumferentialseam
......................... Girth (
Shell plates
( Thickness ). ................
( material
..........................................
.................
Materials
of construction
specification
) ................................................................................................ Elongation
Tensile strength Heat treatment stress relief or normalizing ) Whether
..........................................
........................ .....................
.....................
Chemical
composition,
if any..
................
( preheat, ..................................................................... Preheat temperature .................

of manufacture
.................. Details of heat treatment if any (to be attached as .................. an enclosure ) ..................
steel makers certificate
& results of test attached
..................................................................
....................................... .......................................
Details of shop inspection ( Report of ................................. manufacturers inspecting authority ) .............................. Details of repairs carried Details of radiography Whether out, if any, to seams during
Calibration and dimensional Check on vessel
construction.
.......................................................................... report Whether No. & date ). ......................................... welders performance certified ..................
and other non-destructive
test reports
( mention
welding procedure
qualified ..........................................
II. PRODUCTION 1. REDUCED-SECTION
TE8Tt3
( MECH
TENSILE
TEST
Spe;$en i *
Dimensions,
r---*-
mm
Area
mm% Length
mm
Gauge
Ultimate Load, kgf
Width Thickness
Tensile Strength kgf/mma
Yield Point
Elongation percent
Character fla;i.d
of
Remarks
2.
ALL-WELD
METAL
TENSILE
TEST
Specimen No.
Dimensions, Diameter
mm
Area mma
Gauge Length mm
Ultimate Load, kgf
Tensile Strength kgf/mm*
Yield Point
Elongation percent
Character *pila.o;d
of
Remarkr
233
3.
GUIDED
FACE-BEND
TEST ( TRANSVERSE
SPg-
Angle of Bend
Former Radius mm
ThicJmess of Specimen mm
RemarkI
. .. ...... ..... .... ... .. .... ..... .... ... ... .. . .. . ...... ... ... .. ...... .... ....... .. ........ .... ...... ..... .... ..... .... ... ..........................................
4.
GUIDED
ROOT-BEND
TEST ( TRANSVERSE
SPg-
Angle of
Bend
Former wu mm
Thickness of Specimen mm
Remarks
. .. ... .. ....... ... .... ... .. .... ..... .... .... ...... .... . ........ ...... ... ...... ....... ...... ..... ... ... .... ...... ..... ........ ... ...... ...... ..... ... .. ... .... .. ... 5. GUIDED SIDE-BEND TEST (TRANSVERSE )
sea.
.. ... .... ..a.................
A&of
Former Radius mm
Thicknesd of Specimen mm
Rema&
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*......................................................................................................... --
6.
NICK-BREAK
TEST Description, Appearance of Fracture Result
SPg
.
.. .... ...... . ... ..... .... .... .. .. ..... ...*.......................................................................

-
... ... .... .. .... .... .... .. .. .. .... ....
..a.......
7.
IMPACT
OR NOTCHED
BAR TEST
. ...... ..... .. . ... .. .... ... ..*..*...... . .. ..... ....... .. . ..*............... .. ... ... ....... ... ..... . ... .. . ... ... ...... .... .. ... ... ... .... ........ .... .. .. .. ..... . ..
8. MACRO EXAMINATION 6 HARDNESS TEST
specimen.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*..
Observation
Remarks
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......................~......................
&d
&rti6cdth8ttheparticuhuIcnteredinti out in dee with the pro&ion
rt are correct. of IS : rx 5.1969. 2
The war-p,
inspectiOn and
teata have
been
Signature
of mun&turcr
OKice seal
Designation titc
ISr2S25-
1969
APPENDIX ( CZause
0.5 )
N*
INSPECTION, REPAlR AND ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE FOR VESSELS IN SERVICE N-l. SCOPE N-l.1 This appendix deals with inspection, repair and allowable working pressures in vessels in service. The requirements of this appendix are only recommendatory. N-2. TERMINOLOGY N-2.0 For the purpose of this appendix, the following definitions shall apply. N-2.1 Service Inspector-A person who by reason of his training and experience is competent to undertake the inspection of pressure vessels. N-2.2 Inspcetion - Thorough scrutiny of the vessel by service inspector externally and internally, wherever possible; it may be only visual examination or it may be supplemented by touch or other sensory action or by means of tests. N-3. INSPECTION N-3.0 Vessels constructed in accordance with this code shall be permitted to operate under the conditions for which they were designed for a with this period determined in accordance appendix and where this and each subsequent period is elapsed the vessel should be inspected as in the following paragraphs land the allowable conditions for service and the next period of inspection established. If the conditions of operation are changed, the allowable working pressures, or temperature or both and the next period of inspection should be established by these new conditions. If both the ownership and location of the vessel are changed, the vessel shall be inspected as required in this appendix and the allowable conditions of service and the next period of inspection established. N-3.1 Periodicity of. Inspection N-3.1.1 The maximum period betkeen inspections should not exceed one-half of the estimated remaining safe operating life of the vessel, which requires deduction of 50 percent of the remaining corrosion allowance from the last measured minimum thickness in computing the allowable working pressure. In cases where part or all of the vessel has a protective lining, then maximum period between inspections should be determined from a consideration of any previous record for the lining during similar operations and in consideration of the *SUN Section31 of the Factoria also
:; e>
following: a) The I corrosion allowance parent metal if there is the lining failing, and b) The remaining corrosion parent metal if it were lining.
on the protected any likelihood of allowance on the not protected by
N-3.1.2 DcpmdcncG on Corrosion - In addition to the requirements of N-3.1.1,. the period betweel. inspection shall be subject to the following requirements: SI
NO.
CorrosionRate Percent of Minimum Wall

Thickness Unab the O@rating Conditions
Period of Inspection not to Exceed
Years 1
2 3 4 5
r-L-% :]
,8 $6 24 -
>lO
$10 & 8 &6 34
N-3.1.3 Safety and Pressure Relief Devices - The safety valve equipment and other pressure relief devices, such as rupture dicks, safety valves, etc, should be inspected and tested as frequently as necessary but at least once in a year.
N-3.1.4 In addition to the thorough inspection as required under N-3.1.1, N-3.1.2 and N-3.1.3 all vessels shall be given a visual external examination at least once in a period of six months to determine the condition of supports, insulation and the general conditions of the vessel. N-3.1.5
SpCt;ol Cases
N-3.1.5.1 Vesset not in continuous serviceThe periods for inspection referred to above assume that the vessel is operating with normal shut-down intervals. If the vessel is out of service for an extended interval, the effect of this change in condition may be considered in revising the data for the next inspection, which was established and reported at the time of the previous inspection. If the vessel is out of service for a continuous period of one year or more, it should be given an inspection before it is again placed in service. N-3.2 Inspection for Corrosion
N-3.2.0 The minimum. thickness and the ma& mum corrosion rate for any part of the verrcl should be determined at each inspection- speci!iesJ
Act, 1948 and the Rules made thereunder.
235
under N-3.1 by any suitable method or as follows. N-3.2.1 The depth of corrosion in vessels subjected to corrosive service may best be determined by gauging from protected surfaces within the vessels, when such surfaces are. available. These protected services may be obtained by welding corrosion-resistant strips or buttons to the corrosion susceptible surfaces of the vessel and removing the strips during inspection. when strips or buttons cannot be used because of electrolytic action or other reasons, small holes may be drilled from the corrosion susceptible surface at suitable intervals to a depth equal to the metal thickness allowed for corrosion, and these holes plugged with protective material that can be readily removed to determine from time to time the loss in metal thickness as measured from the bottom of these holes. N-3.2.2 When the depth of corrosion cannot be readily determined otherwise, holes may be drilled in portion of the metal where corrosion is expected to be the maximum and the thickness obtained by taking thickness gauge measurements to the next 06 mm below the gauge reading or any suitable method that will not affect the safety of the vessel may be used provided it will assess the minimum thickness accurate to within 08 mm. N3.2.3 Where the area in the vessel is excessively corroded, the average of the least thickness within that area may be considered as the thickThii thickness should be used nes of the metal. as a basis for computing the allowable working pressure and for determining the corrosion rate at that location. N-3.2.4 Isolated corrosion pits may be ignored provided their depth is not more than 50 percent of the thickness of the vessel wali and the' total area of the pits does not exceed 45 ems within any 20 cm diameter circle. N3.2.5 Comction of Corrosion RatsIf on measuring the wall thickness at any inspection, it is found that an inaccurate rate of corrosion has been assumed, the rate to be used for the next period should be suitably modified to conform to the actual rate found. N-3.3 Inqection for Defects N-33.0 The parts of the pressure vessel which need to be carefully inspected depend on the type of vessel and the operating conditions to which it is subjected. The inspector should suitably modify the requirements given under this paragraph to meet the special needs peculiar to local All surfaces before inspection should conditions. be thoroughly cleaned. N3.3.1 SM.r -All surfaces of the shell plate shall be carefully examined for cracks, laminations, and other injurious defects. N-3.3.2 End-Plates-The inner surface of the knuckle radius of domed ends, etc, when not rotected by lining should be carefully atamin J for 236
cracksor other signs of distress. If the ends show evidence of distortion, corrosion resistance lining should be removed and the inner surface of the knuckle carefully inspected and the head shape checked against the design. N3.33 3oint.r - The inner and outer surfaces of the welded joints should be carefully inspected for possible cracks by magnetic particle inspection or any other suitable method. Corrosion6 resistant lining or outside insulation which appear to be sound need not be removed to inspect the joints unless unsafe conditions are suspected. N-3.3.4 JVo.&s aad Ojmings - Nozzles and their attachments should be examined for distortion and for cracks in the welds and particular attention given to welds in the reinforcement plates. Riveted or bolted nozzles should be examined for corrosion of heads and other conditions which may affect tightness. Threaded connections should be examined for appearance and if they seem deteriorated, the threaded nipple should be removed to permit check on the number of threads that are defective. If careful inspection shows no unsafe condition, sound corrosion-resistant lining used need not be removed. N3.3.5 Linings N-3.3.5.1 In vessels provided with corrosionresistant linings, the lining should be examined to check that no cracks exist. If there is evidence of cracks or other openings in the lining, portions should be removed to check if there is corrosion taking place in the shell behind the lining. N-3.3.5.2 For vessels that are used in corrosive service in which deposits, such as coke cinder, are formed or permitted to remain, examination of the plate at critical points should be made to see that no corrosion takes place behind the deposit. N-3.4 should tortion overall Check of Dimensions -The vessels be examined for visible indication of disand if any such distortion is suspected, the dimensions of the vessel should be checked,
N-3.5 Safaty and Prerrure Relief De&em TThe safety valves and other protective devices, such as rupture discs and vacuum valves, where used, should be checked to see that they are in proper condition. This inspection in the case of valve will normally include a check on the required operation at the set pressure, a check that the proper spring is installed for the service, and that the discharge header and outlets are free of loose corrosive products or other stoppage. N-3.6 Temperature Mearuring DeviceaTemperature measuring devices where used for determining metal tern erature in excess of 450% should be checked P accuracy and general or condition. N&7fJ$mble Opeawioa Raned on Inrpec-
N-3.7.1 Defects or damage discovered during inspection should be repaired in accordance with the requirements of item or should constitute the
ISr2825-1888
basis for reducing the allowable working pressure or as a final resort for retiring the vessel from service. Pressure - The N-3.7.2 Allowable allowable working prE?:zg for a vessel in operation should be computed with the proper formulae in this code using the dimensions actually determined for thickness t and twice the estimated corrosion allowance before the next inspection and making suitable allowances for the other loadings specified in this code. The allowable working pressure of vessels, designed or built with one or more openings, for which the closures are auxiliary equipment not part of the pressure vessels, may be determined only after due consideration of the awhary equipment to be used as closures. N-3,8 Record of InBpection N-4. COMPUTATION OF PROBABLE RATE OF CORROSION N-4.0 For new vessels and in case of vessels for which service conditions are being changed! the probable rate of corrosion for which the remaining wall thickness at the time of inspection can be estimated should be computed by one of the methods given in the following clauses. N-4.1 The corrosion rate established by accurate data collected by the owner or user of vessels in the same or similar service. N-4.2 Where accurate measurements are not available, the probable rate of corrosion estimated from the inspectors knowledge and experience of vessels in similar service.. N-4.3 By thickness measurements 1000 hours in use. made after
N-3.8.1 A permanent and progressive record should be maintained for each pressure vessel manufactured in accordance with this code given in the following information:
Serial number of the vessel; Thickness at critical points at each inspection; &,ximum metal temperature at critical points; Computed permissible working pressure at the time of next inspection; Hydrostatic test pressure or its equivalent, if so tested; and Date of next inspection.
b)
4 4 4 f)
N-4.4 One normal run of longer duration than this and subsequent sets of thickness measurements after additional similar intervals. If the probable corrosion is determined by this method the rate found while the surface layer, was present, should not be applied after the surface layer has disappeared. &-!I. REPAIRS, ALTERATIONS, ADDITIONS
N-5.0 No repairs, additions or alterations to vessels covered by this code should be undertaken until the proposed repair and its method of execution has been approved by the inspecto. Repairs should be of the highest quality of workmanship executed in a manner and by practices acceptable
A typical form for keeping the records is given below: &cord of Service Inspections of Ve~lel No ................................................................................................. Owners Serial No. ................................... M~ufacturct De&P................................. ........................ Manufacturers Sl No. ........................ Design temperature.. ...................
Year built .................................
Original hydrostatic
tat prenure.. ................

Date ........................... Date.
Date of last inspection.. ........................................ Chvna .............. ......, ........ Location.. ............................
Service..
.........................
w..
Owner..
............................ ...................... . .......

............................
Location ..............................
Location
Strviu ...........................
Service ...........................
Serviu.. .........................
.......................... .........................
Signature 05 Inspector
..............................
Date ........................... Date.. Date of next. inspection

I
Location.. ............................ Maximum metal temperature at critical points

* --
Date of mqection
Thickness at critical points

I
Maximum corrtion allowance remaining
Calculate-d allowable working p&sure
me position of thtye critical points shall be marked up on a sketch or a copy of manufacturing drawing to be at u&d to tllis record.
23t
xsr2825-1969
under the provisions of this code and under proper supervision. Complete records of repairs, alterations and additions shall be made and maintained for future reference. All welding should be done by qualified welding operators who have demonstrated their ability to meet all requirements of the welding and under conditions that will prevent excessive stress developing in the vessel. Where we!ding has been done on vessels that have been stress-relieved in accordance with the provision of this code, the parts affectedshould be stress-relieved wherever it is required by this code. If stress-relieving is not required and is not done, the joint efficiency bhould conform to that permitted for a class 3 ,vessel. N-5.1 Welded Joints and Plates-Repairs to welded joints, cracks and to.minor plate defects may be made after chipping out a U- or V-shaped groove to the full depth and length of the crack by filling this groove with weld metal. N-5.2 Corrosion Pito - Isolaned corrosion pits may be chipped out to sound metal and filled up by weld metal. N-5.3 Corroded or Distorted Flange Faces Corroded flange faces should thoroughly be cleaned and built up with wel,d metal and remachined in place to a thickneSs not less than that of the original flange. Corroded flanges may also be remachined in place without building up with weld metal, provided that all metal removed in the process comes from a raised face and does not reduce the thickness of the main portion of the &urge. flanges N-5.3.1 Warped Flanges -Warped which cannot be remachined or flanges which have becomedistorted due to excessive tightening of the flange bolts should be replaced with new flanges welded on in accordance with the require. ments of this code. N-5.4 Cracks at Tapped Opening-Repairs to cracks at a tapped opening merely by chipping out, welding or re-tapping is not recommended. A fully reinforced flange nozzle may be installed, or if a tapped connection is required it may be provided by welding in a section of seamless tubing for the full depth of the plate of length at least twice the plate thickness and at least 25 mm in diameter larger than the tapped opening, or by other adequate reinforcing. N-5.5 Application of Patches of Vessels by Weldine N-5.5.1 Patches to be welded to vessel walls should meet the same specifications as the plate to be repaired. All details of the welding procedure should conform to those followed in welding the main joint of the vessel. If the patch is to be inlaid in a seamless section, a stress-relieved double welded butt joint should be made. Care should be exercised to prevent cracking. If the patch is to be applied as an overlay, welding should be performed in the same manner as for a reinforcing plate around an opening and the proportion of the patch being determined. in accordance with this code. The application of patch plates to both the outside and inside of the vessel wall is preferred to a single overlaid plate. Overlaid patches attached by welding should be limited to wall thickness not over 16 mm. N-5.5.2 Alterations or new connections that may be installed on vessels shall conform to the requirements of this code as regards the design, location and method attachment. N-6. HYDROSTATIC TEST
N-6.1 Where it is not possible to inspect the interior of the vessels as required under 3, it should be subjected to a hydrostatic test or equivalent. N-6.2 A vessel which has undergone repairs or alterations and which in the opinion of the inspector is of sufficient magnitude to affect its safety should be given hydrostatic test or equivalent in accordance with the provisions of this code.
238
AMENDMENT
NO. 1
TO
SEPTEMBER 1977
IS : 2825-1969 CODE FOR UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS

Alterations
[ Page 18, clause 3.4.2 and flanged . [ Page 19, caption 6Dished and Flanged Ends
of
(c) ] -
Substitute Torispherical for Dished Substitute Toriwherica\ End* for Substitute ,,tx
Fig. 3.3 (C) ] -
( Page 21, clause 3.4.5,

dV\/t.D,
Note 2, line 3 ) -
at both the places.
( Page 24, clause 3.6.1.1, dcJinition of symbol D ) - Substitute the following for the existing definition: D = diameter or short span measured as in Table 3.7, in mm; .
[Page 33, clause 3.0.5.2 (b) Substitute lid(t--2c)for~/;i(t--ZC). mms .

(Page
(3),
definition of Jymbol H2, line 6) -
43, clause 4.4,
dejnition of symbol A ) -
Substitute mm for
( Page 43, clause 4.4, deJinition of symbol CF)- Substitute the following for the existing matter: bolt pitch correction factor CF = bolt spacing 2. ( bolt diameter ) + t The value of CF shall be, however, not less than 1. E ( Page 44, clause 4.4 j - After the definition of symbol FL and before the sign of equality = *insert the notation f .
dqhition ( Page 44, clause 4.4, 6, > 63 mm for b > 63 mm .
of
Jymbol G,
line 7 ) -SubstitWe
[ Page 46, Fig. 4.1 (B) ] -
Substitute h, for ( h, .
[Page 46, Fig. 4.1 (E), (F), (G) ] a) Add the following caption above the figures: INTEGRAL-TYPE FLANGES
b) Substitute h, for h, and HT for H, . Gr 1 1
( Page 47, Fig. 4.2 ) -
Substitute b. < 6.3 mm for b,, = 6.3 mm .

col I and II ) -
and
Tfor
( Pages 54 and 55, Table 4.2, 25 I. ( Page 67, clause 6.4.2.3,
Substitute W for Cw the following for as far as
the existing sentence:
last sentence) -
Substitute
When plates are flame-cut, the edges should be examined, possible, immediately after this operation. (Page 72, clause 6.6.6, the existing sentence:
second sentence ) -
Substitute the following for
Unless otherwise specified the out of straightness of the shell shall not exceed 0.3 percent of the total cylindrical length in any 5 m length. ( Page 75, clause 6.12.2.5, for yield point . ( Page 78, clause 6.12.4.2,
20 mm. line 8 ) line 5 ) (c),
Substitute physical properties Substitute weld for shell . Substitute 19 mm for

[Page
103,
clause 8.7.1.1
line 4 ] -
( Page 167, Table C.5,
last tow ) -
Substitute -$for
f .
( Page 167, clause C-4.3.2.4, for the existing matter:

fn = ~00 C/2t x
dejinition of fn ) -
Substitute the following
100 in which C is the shape factor from Fig. 3.7.
[ Page 168, equations ( C. 19 ) and ( C.20 ) J -- Substitute I for 1 at both the places. ( Page 181, clause F-4.1, cm4 for mm . dsJinition of symbol I,,
line 2 ) -
Substitute
(Pup115,
116nd117,~ubkA.1)
TABLE
Substitute the following for the existing Table:

ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES FOR CARBON
ME~EANICAL PEO~ERTIES Yield Stress Percentage Elongation Min on Gauge Length = 5*65~/5 AND LOW ALLOY STEEL IN TENSION
A.1
S~OITIOATION
MATEBIAL
GBADB0B DESIBHATION
CATEOOBY Cli~ZXL COMPOSITION ( see TABLPJ B.1 )
~__--_-h___-~
Tensile Strength
hfin kgf/mm* ho
kgf/mma Bzo
Mi?r
ALLOWABLE Sraxss VALVES IN kgQmm2 ATDESIQN TEMPERATURE,"~ ~__-d-----__-_~-_4 ------.------------___ up UP UP UP UP UP UP UP yJ UP UP UP UP UP UP to

50 1:o 1: 2% 2% &I ;5 S% 400 4% 4& 4:o 5?0 5;;
UP
UP
5%
5f705 $0
Plates Is : 2002- 1962 I IS : 2002.1962 2A Is : 2002-1962 2B IS : 2041-1962 IS : 2041-1962 IS : 1570-1961 18: 1570-1961 2OMo55 20Mn? 15Cr9OMo55 Cl5Mn75 A
A A B A D A
37 42 52 48 52 50 42
W55Rao @50R40 050Ra0 28 so so 2s
26 25 20 20 20 20 25
12.3 14.0 17.3 16.0 l?S 16.6 14.0
12.3 12.9 159 16.0 17.3 16.6 14.0
11.5
11.9 14.7 16.0 17.0 l&6 IS*0
10.4 10.8 13.3 15.3 15.4 16.6 11.8
95 9.8 121 14.3 14.0 16.0 10.7
8.7 9.0 111 13.2 12.8 15.2 9.8
7.8 8.1 10.0 12.3 11.6 144 8.9
7.5 7.7 9*5 11.9 lJ;O 13.8 8.4
7.2 74 8.3 11.5 8.3 13.4 8.1
5.9 5.9 5.9 11.2 5.9 13.0 5.9
4.3 (3 4.3 .10.8 4.3 12.6 4.3
3.6 36 3.6 7.7 3.6 11.7 3,6
_ 5.6 8.6 -
_ 3.7 5.8 -
_ 3.5 -
_ -
_ _ _
Forginga IS I8 I8 I8 Is
: 20041962 : 20041962 : 2004-1962 : 2004-1962 : 1570-1961
Class I Clam 2 Class S Class 4 20Mo55 15Cr9&o55 lOCr2Mol
18 : 2611.1964 I8 : 1570-1961
A A A A B D E
37 44 50 63 48 50 50
0.50Rz,, O.50Rtr, 0*50Ra,, 0*50Rz,, 28 so 32
15 21 15 20 20 20
12.3 14.6 16.6 21.0 16.0 16.6 16.6
11.3 13.4 15.3 19.3 16.0 16.6 16.6
10.4 12.4 14-l 17.8 16.0 16.6 16.6
9.5 11.3 12.8 16.1 15.3 l&6 16.6
8.6 10.2 Il.*7 147 14.3 16.0 16.6
7.9 9.3 10.7 13.4 13,2 15.2 166
71 3.5 9.6 12.2 12.3 14.4 16.4
6.8 60 9.1 11.5 11.9 13.8 16.1
o.3 7.7 8.3 8.3 11.5 13.4 15.8
5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 11.2 13.0 15.3
4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 10.8 12.6 149
3.6 36 3.6 3.6 7.7 11.7 12.7
5.6 8.6 9.6
3.7 5.8 7.0
_ ._ 3.5 4.9
_ _ 3.2
_ _ _ _ _ _ 2.3
T&es,
Pipem 14.2 13 6 12&8 12.1 11.5 11.1 lox7 10.4 100 9.7 8.6 5.8 3.5 -
IS : 3609-1966
Is
: 3609-1966
: 1570-1961 IS : 1914-1961 32 kgf/mm2, Min

IS
I8
and Tempered 2tcr - l%Mo Tube Normaend lized Tempered 20Mo55
1%Cr - )%Mo Eu$ Norma-
a44
24
950/Rzo
14.6
146
49
25
95O/R2o
16.3
156
15.0
14.5
14-O
13.5
12.8
12.6
123
12.0
11.6
11.3
9.6
7.0
4.9
B A A A
46 32 43 32
25 0.50Rze 0*50Rae O5OR2,,
95O/Rzo 950/Rzo 95O/Rzo 950/&o
15.3 10.6 14.3 10.6
15.3 9.8 13.1 9.8
14.6 9.0 12.2 9.0
13,6 82 11.0 8.2
12.8 7.4 100 7.4
11.8 6.8 9.2 6.8
11.0 6.2 8.3 6.2
10.6 5.8 7.9 5.8
103 5.6 7.6 5.6
10.0 5.0 5.9 5.0
9.6 4.3 4.3 4.3
77 3.6 3.6 3.6
5.6 -
3.7 -
_ _ _
: 1914-1961
IS : 2416-1963
Tensile Strength 43 kgf/mm2, Min Tensile Strength 32 kgflmmg, Min Tensile Strength
( Continueff)
TABLE MATERIAL SPEOIFIOATION GRADE OB DESIGNATION
A.1
ALLOWABLE
STRESS VALUES
POH CARBON
AND
LOW
ALLOY
STEEL
IN TENSION -Co&
CATEQORY CBEzm aIT.ION (xc TABLE B.1)

COMPO-
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ----\ ~-_-__----.h____ Tensile Yield Percentage Strength Stress Elongation Min Min Min kgf/mms kgf/mms on Game LengthRzo B 20 = 5.65j/x 31.6 33.7 33.7 42.2 422 44.3 464 176 19.7 21.1 24.6 29.5 32.3 366
ALLOWABLE STRESE VA~.UESIN kgf/mms AT DESIQN TEPPERATURE, C r_---_--,--,-_--------_-~-,, ___--_--______
DP &
UP :oo
UP l?o
UP
26O
UP
IZO
UP 300
UP 3&
UP
UP
UP 4F5
UP
UP
UP
5;
UP 5?5
UP f%
3t705 4%
5nO 5%
IS: 1978-1961
St St St St
18 20 21 25
105 11.2 112 14.0 i40 14.7 15*4
105 112 112 14-o 140 1+7 15.4
9.9 11.2 11.2 13.9 1YU 147 154
9.0 10.1 10.8 12% 14.0 14.7 15.4
8.2 9.2 9.8 115 138 14.7 15.4
7.5 84 9.0 10.5 12.6 13.8 15.4
6.7 7.6 ;:: 11.5 12.5 141.
6.4 9.0 10.8 11.8 13.4
6.2 z 83 8.3 8.3
77.27 6.g . .
;I; ;:; 5.9 5.9 5.9
-.
IS
: 1979-1961
St 30 St 32 St 37
castings*
IS : 3038-1965 Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 h B C 35 32; 32: 43 21 25 17 17 15 :: 15 20 18 13.7 11.7 13.0 122 13.0 15.7 10.5 12.2 13.7 116 13.0 12.2 13.0 !57 9.6 11.5 137 11.0 130 12.2 13-o 15.7 89 10.6 10.1 8.2 10.2 10.1 11.9 15.5 ;; 96 :I: 62 9.6 7.7 4.4 7.5 9:: 111 140 ::4 2.7 2:; 8.5 5.5 6,7 2.7 2.7 4-2 f5 7.2 4.9 ::f ;Tb 37 2.6 ?4 1.7 -. -
11.9 13.0 15.7 80 9.6
11.2 13.0 157 7.3 8.7
10.6 12.5 15.7 67 8.0
;9
IS
: 2856-1964
g ;,w-;;;
A A
Rivet and Stay Bars IS : 1990-1962 37 42 055&e 0*55Rs0 26 23 12.3 140 12.3 140 11.5 13.1 10.4 11.8 8-6 98 7.9 90 8:; 6.8 7.9 6.5 7.4 5.9 5.9 36 3.6 -
Sectiorss, Plates, Ban IS : 226-1962 IS : 961-1962 IS St 42-S St 55 HTW St 42-W 2;;;; Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade D 1 2 3 4 5 A A A A A A :: 2 A 42 50 42 37 42 44 ;; 24 29 23 0*50Rso 0.50Rso 0.50Rso 0*50R,, 050Rs0 22845 For additional 23 20 23 14.0 166 14-O 14.0 146 12.3 14.0 14.6 156 166 14.6 16.6 140 16.6 14.0 140 166 11.3 12.9 13.4 144 15.3 14.6 16.6 13.6 16.4 13-O 13.0 16.4 10.4 11.9 12.4 13.3 14.1 136 16.1 123 148 11.8 11.8 14.8 9.5 10.8 11.3 12.1 12.8 12.3 146 98 11.7 9.8 9.8 11.7 8% 9.8 10.2 Il.0 11.7 9.8 11.7 9-O 107 9.0 9.0 107 7.9 9.0 9.3 100 107 9.0 IO.7 8.1 9.6 8.1 81 96 71 88:: 9-l 9.6 ;:; 68 7.1 ;:!j 9.1 _ 6.5 I.4 ;:; 8.3 5.9 59 5.9 5.9 5.9 3.6 3:; 3.6 3-6 -
: 2062-1962 IS : 3039.1965
IS
-.
: 3503-1966
IS : 3945-1966
Grade A-N Grade B-N
*These values have been based on a quality factor of 0.75. proportionally. (EDC 48)
inspeLtion as detailed in Note to Table 2.1, a quality factor of 0.9 shall be used and the above stress values increased
PrInted
at Kay Kay Printers.
Delhi
AMENDMENT NO. 2
TO
OCTOBER 1978
IS : 28=-
1969
CODE FOR UNFIQED PRESSURE VESSELS

Alterations
Sl A%.
1.
(Page 6, clause 1.3.1.1. para 2 ) Substitute the following for the existing paragraph:
Sl
JfO. 5. [ Page 11, dauie 3.1.3.1(c) ] -Substitute the following for the existing text: c) Wind loading in combination with other loadings ( see C-4.1.3 ), d) Seismic loads (see IS : 1893-1975* ). ( Puge 11, foot-note ) ing new foot-note:
*Criteria for earthquake structures ( serond reuision ).
All welded joints of Class 1 vessels shall meet the requirements stipulated in All butt joints shall co1 3 of Table 1.l. be fully radiographed. Circumferential butt joints in nozzles, branches and sumps not exceeding 170 mm outside diameter or 19 mm wall thickness need not be radiographed ( see 8.7.1.1) except for vessels that are to contain lethal* or toxic substances. 2. ( Page 6, clause 1.3.1.1,~arus4 and 5 ) Substitute the following for the existing paragraphs: a) Catepory A - Longitudinal welded join& within the main shell, communicating chambers?, transitions in diameter, or nozzles; any welded joint within a sphere, within a formed or flat head, or within the side plates of a flat sided vesse!; circumferential welded joints connecting hemispherical heads to main shells, to transitions in diameters, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers?. b) Category B - Circumferential welded joints within the main shell, communicating nozzles or chambers?, transitions in diameter including joints between the transition and a cylinder at either the large or small end; circumferential welded joints connecthan ting formed heads other to main shells, to hemispherical transitions in diameter, to nozzles, or to communicating chamberst:
[ Page 8, Table 1.1, against Sl .Nb, 3(b), co1 (5), (6) and (7) ]-Substitute the
6.
Add the followresistant design of
7.
( Page 12, clause 3.2.2 ) following note after the clause:
Add
the
NOTE -All calculations in this Code are in corroded condition unless otherwise specified.
8.
( Page 12, clause 3.2.3, para 2 ) Add the following at the end of the paragraph:
In such cases tell-tale holes, suitably disposed, shall be provided on the vessel wall SO that easy detection of leakage in welds in lining is made possible. They shall have a depth not less than 80 percent of the thickness required for a seamless shell of like dimensions or they may extend to the lining.
9.
( Page 13, clause 3.3.2.1, deJinition of symbol E ) - Delete the words see Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 ). ( Page 13, clause 3.3.2.4, symbols E, E, ) - Delete the Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 ). ( Page 14, Tables 3.1,3.2,3.3 Delete.
deJinition of
10.
words ( see
and 3.4 ) -
11. 12.
( Page 15, clauses 3.3.3 and 3.3.3.1 )Substitute the following for the existing clauses: ( 3.3.3 Shells Subjected to Extend Pressure
3.3.3.1 The thickness of shelh subjected to external pressure shall be calculated by the method given in Appendix F.
3.
following for the existing matter of these columns: Maximum thickness 16 mm before corrosion allowance is added, and 18 mm after adding corrosion allowance
in each
13.
[ Page 15, clauses 3.3.3.2, 3.3.3.3, 3:3;, and 3.3.3.4(b) ] - Delete these . ( Page 16, new c1aus.e 3.3.3.2 ) - Add the following new clause 3.3.3.2 at the top of the page: 3.3.3.2 S@ning rings - Stiffening rings are generally used with cylindrical shells subjecte, to external pressure. They extend around the circumference of the shell and may be located on the inside or the outside of the shell.
14.
4.
( Page 11, clause 2.2.4 ) - Substitute the following for the existing clause: 2.2.4 Bearing Stress-The maximum permissible bearing stress shall not exceed the allowable stress value. Gr 1 1
Sl
d\m.
15. 16. 17. 16, clause 3.3.3.4(c) [ Page number the clause as 3.3.3.2(a). [ Page 17, clartse 3.3.3.4(d) number the clause as 3.3.3.2(b). ] ] ReRe-
Sl .NO.
vessel shell or end. It is recommended that compensation or fittings be made normally from material having an allowable stress not less than 75 percent of the allowable stress for the material in the shell or end. Where material having a lolver allowable stress than that of the vessel shell or end is taken as compensation its effective area shall be assumed to be reduced in the ratio of the allowable stresses at the design temperature. T\o credit shall be taken for the additional strength of material having a higher stress \-alue than that in the shell or end of the vessel. Material added for compensation shall ha\ e approximately same coefficient of thermal expansion ( say 85 percent ). The thickness of compensating pad shall be limited to the nominal thickness of shell or head as relevant. -An)- area contributing to compensaticn shall be attached to shell or head by full penetration welds. 21. ( Pa,ge 35, infotmol table under dnrrs(, 3.8.9.1 ) - Substitute the follolving for the existing table: .Ifittittrrtm Tltiiktt~~ss ( Branch .\bttlitrnl Si:tmm 15 20 25 3L 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
Nom-The value increased by the corrosion allowance.
111111 2.4 "'4 2.7
[ Page 17, rla~~e 3.3.3.4(d) (l), renumbered as clause 3.3.3.2(b) (1) ] - Substitute the following for the existing text: 1) the total length of intermittent wcldiIlg on each side of the stiffening ring shall be not less than one-half the outside circumference of the vessel, for stiffening rings situated on the outside. However, at any location of the stiflening ring there shall be welding between the shell and at least one side of the stiffening rin,e. The maximum unwelded length ;on any side shall not exceed 8 timrs fhe ,I vessel thickrless for external rings and 12 times the vessel thickness for internal rings as shown below:
1 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.7 5.4

3.
;:2 6.9 8.0 8.0 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.0 IO.0

given in the table is to be amount of any required
18. 19. 20.
[ Page 17, clause 3.3.3.4(e) ber the clause as 3.3.3.3. ( Page 17, clause 3.3.3.5 the clause as 3.3.3.4.
] ) -
RenumRenumber 22.
30, clause 3.8.5.1 ) - Substitute the following for the existing clause: planes 3.8.5.1 General - At all through the axis of the opening normal to the vessel surface the cross-sectional area requirements,for compensation as calculated below shall be satisfied: Material in added compensation, or in a branch, should have similar mechanical and physical properties to that in the 2
( Page
( Page 43, clause 4.1.3 ) - Substitute following for the existing clause:
the
64.1.3 Hub flanges shall not machininp; the hub directly materials: (Pages 56, 61, 62, various 23. clause 5 ) - Substitute device and ( devices for valves appears.
24.
be made by from plate sub-clauses of for valve wherever it the
( Page 61, clause 5.4.1 ) - Substitute following for the existing clause:
5.4.1 The total capacity of the relief device or devices fitted to any vessel or system of vessels shall be sullicient to discharge the maximum quantity of fluid, liquid orgas, that can be generated or supplied without permitting a rise in vessel pressure of more than 10 percent above the maximum working pressure when the relief devices are discharging.
25. ( Page 65, clause 6.2.1.3 ) - Substitute the .following for the existing clause: 6.2.1.3 The weld procedure and welders shall be qualified for the type of welding concerned in conformity with the weld procedure and welders performance qualifications ( see 7.1 and 7.2 ). 26.
In the case of light duty vessels the reinforcement shall be not more than 3 mm for thickness less than 10 mm, and 5 mm for thickness from 10 to 16 mm. 31. [ Page 76, Table 6.3, co1 (3), para 2, line 4 ] - Insert the following between the words preheating and for : up to a minimum temperatttre of 150C ( Page 76, Table 6.3, Foote 2, ?ine 1 ) Substitute 16mm for 15 mm . ( Page 76, Table 6.3, Note 3, line 1 ) Substitute 0C for -WC . [ Page 81, clause 7.1.3.4(e) ] - Substitute the following for the existing clause: e) if in gas shielded metal arc (MIG) or tungsten arc (TIG) welding or submerged arc welding a change is made from multiple pass welding per side to single pass welding per side when notch toughness is a requirement. 35. [ Pqe 81, clause 7.1.3.4(h) ] - Substitute the following for the existing clause: h) if in gas shielded metal arc welding (MIG) or gas shielded tungsten arc welding (TIG) a change is made in the composition of the gas and a change in the electrode from one type to another or from non-consumable electrode to consumable electrode and vice uersa, or an increase of 25 percent or more or a decrease of 10 percent or more in the rate of flow of shielding gas.
:2. 33. 34.
( Pages
Substitute clause:
and 66, &USC 6.3.2 I 65 the following for the existing
6.3.2 In the design of all details the aim shall be. to avoid disturbances in the flow of the lines of force, in particular in constructions subjected to fatigue stresses. Holes and openings shall not be positioned on or in the heat affected zones of welded joints. Where such openings are unavoidable, such holes can be located on circumferential joints provided the main seams are ground Aush 75 mm on either side and radiography requirements given in 6.3.2(a) are met. However openings with added reinforcements should not have the hole cut on the weld seam. a) The circumferential seam shall be radiographed, for a total length of three times the diameter of opening with the centre of whole at mid length. Defects thaf are completely removed in cutting the hole shall not be considered in judging the acceptability of the weld. 27. ( Page 66, clause 6.3.2.1, Substitute the following sentence: second sentence ) for the existing
36.
( Page 81, clause 7.1.3.5 ) - Add the following new paragraph after the clause: A change from downward to upward or vice versa in the progression for any pass of a vertical weld excepting the root pass which will be removed completely while preparing the second side and the toughness is a cover pass, if notch requirement, calls for requalification.
Joints
between cylindrical shells and domed end plates shall not be located in the curved part of the domed end except for hemispherical ends ( see Table 6.2 ),
37.
28.
clause 6.4.2.5 ) - Substitute the following for the existing clause: 6.4.2.5 Edges which have been flamecut by hand shall be cut by machining or chipping for a distance not less than 1.5 mm.
( Page 67,
( Page 81, clause 7.1.4, jirst sentence ) -Add the following new matter after the first sentence:
However,
for temperatures less than 0C the qualification shall be valid for thickness from 1 to 1.1 times the thickness of test piece. lines 3 and above the
29. 30.
[ Page 7 1, clause 6.6.2(b) (2)) line 3 ] Substitute 5 mm fir 4 mm . ( Page 74, cIausc 6.7.16, lad sentence ) Substitute the following for the existing sentence: 3
38.
[ Page 82, clause 7.1.5(b), Delete the words one other,
41-
39.
51-
[Page 82, clause 7.1.5(c), lines 3, 4 and Delete the words and where the
Sl
No.
thickness of the plate abo\-e the other . -30.
Sul,s[tifIg 2, &me 2Ommfof
Sl Y 0. permits, 7.1.5(c)(l), 30mm. one shall be lillf 2 ] 51. 52. result exceeds 95 percent of the specifiwith fracture ed minimum value occurring in base metal, the test is acceptable. ( Page 103, clause 8.7.1.2 ) -Delete.
41.
( Page 87, Table 7.4, column of maximum range of thickness pa&d by test plate corresponding to thirkness of test plate t 20 and over )Substitute 2 t for 1.51. (Page 88, clause 7.2.6.4 ) -Add following new clause after this clause: the
( Page 104, clause 8.7.4, last sendence ) Substitute the following for the existing sentence:
42.
When image
7.2.6.5 Radiography is acceptable in place of mechanical testing for manual metal arc or gas shielded tungsten arc or combination processes. 43. 14. ( Page 95, clause 8.4.2, line 1 ) - Delete the words in mild or low-alloy steels .
[ Page 97, clauxe8.5.1.3(~), para 1, lines 3, 4 and 5 ] - Delete the words and where the thickness of plate permits, one shall be above the other .
45. line iPage 97, clause 8.5.1:3(c), para !I, - Substitute 20 mm for 30 mm 46. [ Page 97, clause 8.5.2.2(b), second sentence ] - Substitute the for the existing sentences: Jirst and following 53.
quality indicator of the wire.-type is used, the smallest diameter wire which can be seen in the radiograph shall have a diameter not greater than 1.5 percent of the weld metal thickness if the weld metal thickness is between 10 and 50 mm inclusive, and not greater than 1.25 percent of the weld metal thickness if the thickness is between 50 mm and 200 mm, In the case of plate type penetrameters, the shall be examination radiographic capable of revealing a difference in metal thickness equal to not more than 2 percent of the thickness of weld under examination.
(Page 109, clause 8.7.10.2, para 1 ) Delete and renumber the second paragraph as 8.7.10.2. ( Page 110, clause 8.7.11,&t Substitute the following for sentence: sentence ) the existing
Two
bend test specimens, one for direct and one for reverse bending to be taken transversely to the weld. Where the plate thickness exceeds 20 mm, face bend and root bend tests may be substituted by side bend tests.
54.
When special
47. 48.
( Page 100, clause 8.5.9.2, line 2 ) Substitute 20 mm for 30 mm .

( Page 100, clause 8.5.9.3, lines 2, 3 and In each of the lines, substitute 7) 20 mm for 30 mm . ( Page 101. clause 8.5.9.6 ) - Add the following new matter in the begisning: c When specifically asked for by the customer . [ Page 103, clause 8.6.8.1(a) ]-the following new matter at the end: For the transverse tensile test if Ada the
49.
conditions make it expe: dient, radiography as specified in 8.7.1 and 8.7.2 may be replaced by ultrasonic testing supplemented by dyeparticles penetrant or magnetic inspection subject to the previous consent of the inspecting authority and on the ,condition that such testing methods may be considered to render of the an equally safe evaluation quality of welding work. the
55.
( Page 178, clause D-6.5 ) - Add following new clause after this clause:
50.
( D-6.6 All nozzles to shell attachments and nozzles to flange attachments shall be full penetration welds.
(EDC
48)
Prlnted
Delhi
AMENDMENT NO. 3
TO 16: 2tQ!j-1%9
JULY 1979
CODE FOR UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS Alterationa
Sl
NO. 1. ( Page 8, Thbls 1.1, S1 No. 4, CO12 ) &te 2. ( Pag# 8 ) Sub+ aType of joints* for Type of job~ts .
No.
8. [ Page 83,
Sl
cfuusc 7.1.5 (d) ] - Substitute the following for the existing matter: Three notched bar impact test specimens to be taken transversely to the weld (see 8.5.8 ) as near as possible to the face side of the last pass of the weld on outer plate surface. If plate thickness exceeds 40 mm, one more set of specimens shall be taken at about midway between centre of thickness and opposite side surface. (d) ] - Substitute for the existing matter:
Add the fo!lowing at the end of the page: *These joints refer to all categories
foot-note
of Class 1 vasels and categories A and B only nf Class 2 and For categories C and D, derails shown 3 vessels. in Appendix G or equivalent shall be used, as ap@icahle to the relevant class of the vessel.
9. ( Page 8, Table 1 .I, SI No. 4, co13 ) -
Substitute the following for the existing matter: 1) Double welded butt joints with full penetration
excluding butt joints with metal blcking strips which remain in place for categories A, B and c. ii) Single welded butt joints with backing strip for categories B and C. J = G.9 ( ore 6.3.6.1 ).
9. [ Page 97, c!ause 8.5.1.3
the following
d) Three notched bar impact test specimens, to be taken transversely to the weld [see 7.1.5 (d) I.
10. ( Pages 195 to 223, Figures in AppendiX C ) -Substitute permitted for ( tecommen-
iii) Full penetration weld extending through the entire thickness of vessel wall or nozzle wall for category D.
ded in various figures. 11. ( Atpendix G ) - Incorporate hole in the following figures: a tell-tale
4d ( Pagt 10, clause 2.2.1 ) ing matter at the.,end:
Add the follow -
However, for determining the allowable stress values for ferrous material for design temperatures ( JCC1.2.4 ) up to and including 4OOC, the criteria relating to tree properties ( that is, average stress to pro 8 uce rupture in 100000 hours and average stress to produce a total creep strain of one percent in 100 000 hours ) listed in Table 2.1 shall not be taken into consideration. 5. [ Pace 3 t, clause 3.8.5.2 (.d) (1), equation the following for ( 3.32 ) ] - Substitute the existing equation:
A = 0.5 d. tr 6. ( Pag# 7 1. clause 6.4.11, . . . . . . . . . ..a ( 3.32 )
Fig. G.6, Fig. G.7, Fig. G.12, Fig. G.26, Fig. G.27(A). Fig. G.27(B), Fig. G.29, Fig. G.30, Fig. G.31, Fig. G.32, Fig. G.33, Fig. G.34 and Fig. G.35 . 12. (Page 195, Fig. G.3 ) note at the end:
d) First sketch only. la permitted
Add the following

for Class 3 vessels
13. [ Page 197, Fig. G.6, note (b) ] - Substitute the following notes for the existing note:
b) Permitted for Class 3 vessels only. c) Special attention should be paid to the examination of the plate edges before and after welding.
Substitute matter:
the
following
first stntence ) for the existing
g6.4.11 Plates Seams in plates forming provided non-destructive forming. the following
Welded Prior to Forming -
may be welded prior to they meet the specified test requirements after
(c) ] -
14. [ Page 197, Fig. G.7, note(b) ] - Substitute the following for the existing note: b) Permitted for Class 2 and Class 3 vessels only.
15. [ Page 197, Fig. G.8, note (b) ] -
the following
Substitute notes for the existing note:
7. [ Page 81, clause 7.1.3.4
b)
for the existing
Substitute matter: butt
Its use when thermal- gradient may cause overstress in welds to be avoided. Permitted for Class 2 and Class 3 vessels only. The weld sizes are minimum. in calculating the reinforcement required.
c) if in arc welding joints a backing
of single welded strip is omitted.
cl Thp pad is not to be taken into account
;vi .
16. ,( Png~ 198, Fig. G.12 ) i) lklete the words ( Recommended for lis+t duty vessels ) . ii) Substitute the following for the existing note: a) permitted for Class 3 vessels only.
b) The pad is not to be taken c:tlc~dating the reinforcement into account required. in
Sl
$1
NO.
the 24. ( Pup 218, Fi.c. G.72 ) -Substitute Collorzirlg for &e existing figure and the notes thereunder:
1
1 -f
l-77
SEE NOTE REFFRENCE WE LOINC
17. ( Page 206, Fig. G.31) - Incorporate fillet weld at the edge of lower plate. 18. [ PngG 207, Fig. G.36 (under tion ) ] - Delete the figure.
considera-
G.40(B) ] -Add the 19. [ Puge 209, Fig. followirtq note at the end and renumber the exiskng note as note (a):
b) Permitted for Class 3 vessels only.
20. ( Page 209, Fig. G 41) - Add the following note at the end: c) Permitted for Class 3 vessels only. 21. ( Pugc 216, Fig. G.67 ) i) Substitute the following for the existing note (b):. b) Minimum dilitance between tubcse2.5 t ii) Add the following new note (f): f ) A satisfacttlry wrld procedure should be estab-
(A)
(6)
It shall not be a) tt is the thickness of the tube. less than 2.5 mm. b) I~ is the original plate thickness. c) ts is the plate thic knrss after bonging. ta should not be less than I,. d) It is uncOmmon for this detail to beused if the thickncrs of the tube or tube sheet exceeds 4 mm. e) Rrfiw~cc Wtlding The detail shown in Fig. C.70 is suitable for welding by processes other than the metal arc process. A-filler rod should be used if the tube wall thickness exceeds 1.5 mm when oxyacetylene gas welding is employed and 2.9 mm when other suitable arc welding processes are used, such as atomic hydrogen or inert gas arc welding
lishcd to ensure that the throats at all sections (minimum leakage path) shall not be less than the minimum required.
22. ( Page 2 17, Fig. G.70 ) -Add the following new note (c): c) A satisfactory weld procedure should be estab-
lished to ensure that the throats at all sections (minimum Icakage path) shall not be less than the minimum required.
FIG. G.52 TUBE IO TUBE PLATE

CONNEOTI~NS
23. (Pa.<e 218, Fig. G.71 ) -Add ing hgure (I~).
the follow-
25. ( Pages 219 and 220, Fig. G.74, G.75, G.76, G.77, G.80, G.81, G.82) -Add the following additional note under all these
figures: NOTIt --If plate material is used for tube sheets, special attention should be givrn IO examination of lamellar defects before and after welding.
220, Fig. G.78, G.79, G.83(A), 26. [Page G.83(B) ] - Add the following additional note for ail these figures:
NOTE-Hubs for butt welding to adjacent shell, hrad or other pressure parts shall not be machined from rolled plate and the component having the hub rhall be forged to provide in the hub the full minimum tensile strength and elongation specifird for the material in a direction parallel to the axis of the vessel. FrooC of this shall be furnished by a tensile trst sprcimcn taken in this direction as close to the hub as possible.
AMENDMENT NO. 4
TO
MARCH 1982
IS : 2825=1969 CODE FOR UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS

Alterntions Sl
JVO.
Sl
NO.
1.
[ Sl ~0. 26 of Anlcndment Jo. 2 to I$ : 2825 1959 dated October 1978, ne:v clause 6.3.2(a), 4th lirx ] - Substitute hole fh whole . (SI Xl. 2-1 of Amet:dmcnt J~O. 3 Is IS : !?82319159 dated Jutj~ 1979, new Fig. G.72 ) -Substitute t? jor t3 on the right hand side of the Fiq. Also under 5th line of Note ( e ) substitute 2 mm for 2.9 mm .
4.
( Page 5, clause 1.1.1~). - Substitute following for the existing clause:
the
2.
1.1.1 This code covers minimum construction requirements for the design, fabrication, inspection, testing and certification of fusionwelded unfired pressure vessels including those intended for transportation in ferrous as well as in non-ferrous metals. 5. [ Puge 39, clause 3.1.2.1 (c) ] -Add foliowing new clause after this clause: the
3.
[ Po_ee 6, clause 1.2.5.2(fj ] -Add following new clause after this clause:
the
g) Causes such as acceleration, deceleration, etc, in the case of vessels intended for transportation.
d) A typical design of jacketed portion is covered under Appendix P. 6. ( Nelu Appendix P) -Add the following new Appendix P at the end of the code:
APPENDIX P [Che 3.12.1(d) ]

DESIGN OF JACKETED P-l. SCOPE PORTION OF VESSEL
P-l.5 Typical jacketed connections are given in Fig. G.45 to G.66 of Appendix G. P-2. TYPE TION OF JACKETS AND NOTA-
P-l.1 The rules in this appendix cover minimum requirements for the design and construction of the jacketed portion of the vessel. The jacketed portion of the vessel under analysis is defined as the inner and outer walls, the closure devices and other parts within the jacket which are subject to pressure stresses. P-l.2 For the purpose of this part jackets are assslmed to be integral pressure chambers, attached to vessels for one or more purpose such as: .a) to heat the vessel and its contents, b) to cool the vessel and its contents, c) to provide a sealed insulation for the vessel. and chamber
P-2.0 Jacketing of process vessels is usually accomplished by use of one of the following main available types: a) Conventional jackets ( see Fig. P.l and P.2 ); b) Half pipe coil jackets or limpet coil jackets ( seeFig. P.3, P.4 and P.7 ); c) Dimple jackets ( see Fig. P.6 ); and d) Heater channels type jackets Fig. P.5 ). ( see
P-l.3 This appendix does not cover rules to cover all details of design and construction. These rules are, therefore, established to cover most common type of jackets but are not intended to limit configurations to those illustrated or otherwise described therein. P-l.4 All other parts of this code shall apply unless otherwise stated in this appendix. Gr 1 I
P-2.1 Csnventional Jacket (see Fig. P.I. and Fig. P.2 ) a) The normal configuration of conventional jacket is as shown in Fig. P. 1, Type A. This assures the most efficient heat transfer- to th.e maximum surface area of the vessel. b) An often used variation of this configuration is made ( see Fig. P. 1, Type B ) by dividing the straight side into two or more separate jackets.
JACKET
CLOSURE
CLEARANCE BETWEEN SPIRAL BAFFLE AND JACKET (DEPENDENT UPON FABRlCATlCN TECHNIQUES)
TYPE
p.
TYPE
0, OUTER
INNER SHELL
DIA
OF_
Dij INNER OIA OF JACKETTYPE C TYPE II
JACKET
SPACE
BAFFLE WELDED INNER VESSEL
TO
Fxo. P.l I------L------------rl
CONVENTIONAL JACKETIN CROSS SECTION
V
TYPE A Fxa. P.2 2
min. LESSER
TYPE CONVENTIONAL JACKET
I---
PITCH = 1..Sdi
_I I
til
Fro. P.3
HALF PIPE COIL JACKET
Fro. P.4
FLATNESSSECTION
FIG. P.5
HEATER CHANNEL TYPE JACKET
c) If desired the vessel can be jacketed on the straight side on varying from complete to partial vertical coverage ( SC@ Fig. P.1, Type C ); and d) A jacket can also be fabricated to cover the bottom head only ( see Fig. P. 1, TYPED )P-2.2 Ralf Pipe Coil Jackete or Pimpet Coil Jackets ( see Fig. P.3 and -Fig. P.7 ) The half pipe coil jacket is especially recommended for high temperature services. Because there are no limitations to the number and location of inlet and outlet connections, the half pipe coil jacket can be divided into multiple zones ( see Fig. P.7 ) for maximum flexibility and efficiency. The half pipe coil design usually allows reduction in thickness of inner wall of the vessel. , P-2.3 Dimple Jacket (ace Fig. P.6 ) -The design of dimple jacket permits construction from light gauge metals without sacrificing the strength rcquirtd to withstand specified pressures. Manifold should be designed to avoid st ess concentration due to discontinuity stresses a d d flexible hoses should be used to eliminate all external forces on the jacket connections and their manifolds. 3
P-2.4 Notation Symbol A DI DO

D~J 4 E
Unit mm. mm mm mm
DcscrijMon Jacket space. Inner diameter of shell, Outer diameter of shell. Inner 3diameter of the jacket. inner diameter of half pipe coil. Modulus of elasticity of material at operating temperature. Maximum allowable stress value. -Weld joint fact Design length jacket section. Poissons ratio. operating Maximum pressure in jacket. Maximum operating pressure in shell. Thicknessmember. of closure
mm
kgf/mmz
f 3
L Um P P to
kgf/mmr mm kgf/cm2 kgf/cms mm
Symbol 11
Unil mm
Descri)tion Thickness wall. Thickness

Wall.
Symbol f,J
Unit mm
Description Required minimum thickness of outer jacket wall exclusive of corrosion allowance and manufacturing tolerances. Required minimum thick.ness of inner shell wall exclusive of corrosion allowance and manufacturing tolerances.
of outer jacket
mm
of inner
vessel t r* mm
t rc
mm
Required minimum thickness excluding cotrosion allowance of lthe closure member.
ENLARGED
DETAIL
AT A
VIEW OF VESSEL-WITH
DIMPLE
JACKET
DIMPLEJACKET 4
Fta.P.6
T-t-r--
Fro. P.7
HALF PIPE COIL JACKET

Y
OETAIL
P-3. DESIGN
CRITERIA Jacket
P-3.1 Conventional
P-3.1.0 Design shall comply \vith the app!icable requirements of the code except \vhere otherwise provided for in the appendix.
d) the coils shall be pitched not less than 14 times di, centres apart, and NOTE - Very close spacing oi coils is not recommended as it leadq to bad weld joint, yields very little heat transf& brncfit as the space in
between the coils
finned tube. e)
has an
effect
like fin on
P-3.1.1 Shell and head thickness shall be determined by the appropriate formulae given in Section 3 of this Code. In consideration of loadings particular attention to the effects of local internal and external loads and expansion differentials at the design temperature shall be given. Where vessel supports are attached to the jacket, consideration shall be given to the transfer of supported load of the inner vessel and contents. P-3.1.2 The use of impingement plates or baffles at the jacket inlet connection to reduce erosion of inner wall shall be considered for media where vapours are condensed, that is, steam. P-3.1.3 The width of jacket space shall not exceed the value given below:
A = --
half coil takes no with the shell.

Design
load
in
comparison
P-3.2.2
of Half Coil
P-3.2.2.1 A half coil is a part of torous for which stresses have been analyzed by Timoshenko . It can be shown that maximum hoop stress in the coil will occur at Ihe junction with the shell and is
j-cl = -~
P di 200x t,j x 3 stress is

P di 25u I,, x
I..
.-a
(P.5 j
and longitudinal
f O2 -
4UO t,j x
3+
3 --
(P.6 1
The half coil is, therefore, usually designed on a simple hoop stress basis. P-3.2.3
Design of Shell P-3.2.3.1 Total hoop strrss - The total hoop stress in the shell,f,t is, sum of the hoop stressf,, due to vessel pressure, and longitudinal stressf,z in the coil caused by coil pressure.
400
xf P
x D~J
XJ --- t,* x
0.5
1,
1,
. . . . ..
P-3.1.4 De&v for Jacket CloJures
( p-1 1
P-3.1.4.1 Closures of Type 3 of Fig. P.2 ( Fig. G-55 modified ) shall be used only for Type C of Fig. P.l jacketed vessels and with further limitation that t,j does not exceed 15 mm. The required mimmum thickness for the closure bar shall be greater of the following:
f-St= Toa3
IS
+ 400 t,] x
3+
P di
250 t,sj x
3 ... ... ( p.71
P-3.2.3.2 Tootal longitudina: a) The total longitudinal
sfress
stress in the wall
tr, = 2 ( trJ )
t,, = 0.086 6 x A x P-3.1.4:2 Closure J -T 7
. . . . . . (P.2 )
. . . . . . ( P.3)
is made of three factors: stressfsz due to vessel pressure, 2) the longitudinal stress fss due to coil pressure, 3) the bending stress fsc caused by distortion of the shell at the junction with the coil. f8* =
400 x 11, x
1) the longitudinal
inner G.49, types The shall
bar and closure bar to vessel welds of the type shown in Fig. G.50, G.51 may be used in any of the of the jacketed vessels shown in Fig. P. 1. required minimum closure bar thickness be determined as below: __ ~PDo t,, = 0.122 47 -- A . . . . . . ( P.4 )
D1 3
... ... ( P.81 ...... ( p.91
f-*mxpt:x3
p-3.1.5 Minimum weld size requirements are as detailed in Fig. G.45 to G.59.
P-3.2
Half Pipe Coil Jackets
P-3.2.1 The foregoing analysis is based on the following assumptions which may be suitably modified in case of any variations.
a) shell and halfcoil are made of the same metal, b) the half coil is semicircular, c) both shell and coil cylinders dered as thin in relation diameters, are consito their
b) The local bending stress in the shell due to the pressure in the coil should be assessed for the case when the interfor the vessel is at its nal pressure that is, atmospheric or minimum, vacuum. A simplified approximation based on Continuous Beam Theory predicts a maximum bending moment, M maLx shell of: in M max = A P d$/900 . . . . . . ( P.10 ) Also f84 = 6 2 AP do 300 t,,,r . . . . . . (P.ll)
( Negative value of /,_P = (p - p) need not be considered as this refers to high internal pressure. Bending moment due to internal pressure is insignificant compared with direct membrane forces which must have already been n!lowed for the hoop stress calculations. ./,r, =fsz tfss -i-f@ . . . . . . ( P.12)
hfaximum
stress at edge,J,,
3XW --. ~---4 x x I,12 ( P.14 )
... ...
Maximum deflection a; the centre
cj For
critical analysis Cylindrical Theory concept may be followed. Epivalent Stress at

Coil
. . . . . . (P.15) Shell
~0
P-3.2.4 .iIaximum Shell Junction
P-3.3.1.2 Cuse 2 - Dimples can be assumed to act as stays in flat heads and plate thickness is checked as below, tcth for: a) uniform spacing of staying, and
The metal at the Junction of coil to shell is subject to all individual stresses present in shell and coil and maximum equivalent stress occurs at shell to coil junction. This can be analyzed by Shear Strain Energy Theory which adds the principie stresses acting mutually at right angles to give the equivalent stresses. fl? = fs?
+ A S.fc1 -i-f&t (fs, Xfcl) x
b) non-uniform P-3.3.X .3 (he rfa3.r ( sfe Fig. P.7 )
spacing
of the staying s!,acing of
2 (a)--lh<fiwm
fSlx .Ll
It is prudent allowable value.
f St +
...
*rJ mln
=CX
p ( (12-j- t) 100 x f
. .. .. .
( P.16 ) .Non-unifootm spacing
(P. 13) the P-3.3.1.4 Case 2 (b) of sfa_ys ( see Fig. F. 7 )
to rl~cck that
this islrithin
P-3.2.5 As a steam coil may be subjected to vacuum ( ifstearn is turned off j there are any possible c~v of pressure to vacuum in coit with pressure to vacuum in the shell and this gives 4 distinct limiting cases in the region of the coil. There are further 2 cases in the region where there is no coil corresponding to vacuum or pressure in the vessel with atmospheric pressure outside. By analyzing the stresses in details as indicated above, it is quite advisable to analyze the six conditionsto determine the worst one. P-3.2.6 Vessel Boffoms - It is extremely difficult to cut a half coil to suit a hemispherical or conical vessel bottom. Preferable methods in this regard shouid be decided between the manufacturer and designer. The recommended practice is to arrange pattern of coils radially like hub spokes and rim of a wheel. P-3.2.7 One difficulty leading to failure of the bottom end of the half coil has been traced to be Steam Hammer when steam is used The steam intermittently inabatch process. entering a cold vessel causes condensate to accelerate round the coils and hammer the exit branch and coil ends. For this reason the coil length should be limited to not more than three turns in series ( see Fig. P.9 ). The exit nozzle should be swept rather than right angular and care taken in design of steam trap manifold. P-3.3 Dimple Jackets Plate Thickness
... ...
where C = 0.40 for welded (
tJ )
(P.
17)
stays.
sidl
The adopted thickness corrosion and manufacturing
allowances,
include etc.
P-3.3.2 Dimple Connecting Welds -The weld attachment is made by fillet welds around holes, or if the thickness of the plate having hole is 3 mm or less and hole is 25 mm or less in diameter, the holes may be completely filled with weld metal. The allowable load on weld shall equal the product of the thickness of plate having the hole, t~he circumference or perimeter of hole, the allowable stress value in tension of the material being welded and joint efficiency of 55%. The connecting welds shall be checked for shear and tear failures. P-4. CONSIDERATIONS OF STIFFENING EFFECT OF JACKET ELEMENTS ( see Fig. P.2 to P.6 ) Calculations working for Elastic pressure, Buckling P =
P-4.1
IUaximum
P-3.3.1
Dimple
P 3.3.1.1 Case I ( see Fig. P. 8 ) - Considering fixed plate with uniformly distributed load over the entire surface: 7
. . . . . . ( P.18 )
and n should be chosen as a whole number n&l n > 2 )---in such a way that p is at its LL [ lowest value. n is then the number of dents which may appear on the surface in the event of failure.
P-5. FABRICATION P-5.1 dance
Fabrication
with
of vessels shall be in accorparts of the code. ..
applicable
P-4.2
Calculation Case I -
for Plastic \then 2
Deformation < 5, the
P-5.2 This part covers fabrication of jacketed Other methods of fabrivessels by welding. cation are permitted provided the requirements of applicable parts of this section are met. P-5.3 Where only the inner vessel is subject to lethal service the requirements regarding radiography, post weld heat treatment shall apply only to the welds in the inner vessel and those welds attaching the jacket to the inner vessel need not be radiographed and may be filletwelded. Post weld heat treatment shall be as required in 6.12 of the code. P-5.4 Proper is mandatory. P-5.5 testing for pinholes in the welds
P-4.2.1
maxi-
mum permissible
working
x g
0
pressure
is given by:
P,=200xf
1
x
0.2 1 _ L-- D,
1.5c
1+ --
.*. ( P.19 ) > factor.
(
10~ f,,jD,
where u = out of roundness
Di max - D1 min 7 a) For ovality cr = 2 X Di max f D1 nun x 100 b) For flatness C = g x q 0 x 100 ( see Fig. P.4 ). % > 5 or
0
Any radial welds in closure members shall be butt-welded joints penetrating through the full thickness of the member and shall be ground flush where attachment welds are to be made.
P-6.
APPLICATIONS
P-4.2.2
Case 2 -When of zDl*
P-6.1 Conventional jackets are used where the internal pressure of the vessel is more than twice the jacket pressure, the jacket pressure being limited to 7 kgf/cms. P-6.2 Dimple jackets and half-pipecoil jackets are used for vessels beyond 2ms capacity and where the jacket pressure is the controlling -factor (that is, the vessel internal pressure is less than 1.67 times the jacket pressure ) in determining the vessel wall thickness. These are used for high pressure (that is, dimple jackets up to 21 kgf,cms and half pipe coil jackets up to 52.5 kgf/cms ) and high temperature applications.
-For high temperature applications NOTE thermal expansion differentials should be considered between the metals used in the vessel and the jacket, and difference in thicknesses between the vessel and the jacket walls, and for temperatures beyond 300C the jacket be fabricated from a metal having the same coefficient of expansion as that used for the inner vessel.
p = Greater 300
f x t,s2*
L*
... ...
( P.20 )
P-4.2.3 In vacuum vessels the stiffening effect of the jacket elements ( half pipe coils, heater channels, etc ) may be taken into consideration in calculating the whole shell. For elastic buckling analysis the permissible pressure will then be greater, in proportion to the of inertia ( taken about the axis moment through the appropriate centre of gravity X-X, or X-X ) and for plastic deformation analysis the permissible pressure will be greater in proportion to the cross-sectional areas with and without the jacketing elements.
*This formula is particularly distance between stiffeners is small.
applicable
when
Printed
Delhi
AMENDMENT IS : 2825 - 1969
NO. 5
TO
OCTOBER
1988 VESSELS
Substitute the
CODE FOR UNFIRED

Add the
PRESSURl$
(Page 9, clause 1.3.1.3, line 4 ) words or gas after the word vapour.
( Page 9, clause 1.3.1.3 )
[ Page 75, clause 6.12.2(a) ] following for the existing matter: a) intended for containing
lethal*
material; the followor
a) Line 4 b) Line 5 -
Add the words or gas after word vapour. Delete the word design.
pressure means pressure
the
[ iage 75, clause 6.12.2(g) ] -Add ing new items after 6.12.2(g). h) intended for transport toxic material; and j) when required ( Page 76, Table 6.3 ):
a)
of flammable
NOTE - Hydrostatic to liquid head only.
due
by the statutory
authority.
[ Page 14, Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 ( see also Amendment Jvo. 2, Sl .No. 11 ) ] - Retain the tables with all the existing matter.
[ Page 2 1, clauses 3.4.6.1 (a) and 3.4.6.2(a), line 4 ( see also Amendment Jvo. 2, Sl .No. 12 and 13 ) ] Suhstitute 3.3.3.tfor 3.3.3.3. tute [ Page 35, clause 3.8.7.1(b), line 2 ] - SubstiP2 ( 50 mm nominal bore )for P 14 size.
Material Group 2a - Substitute Sum f alloying elements, that is, Cr, MO and V 080 Max for 6Residual or other elements 0.80 Max . material group 2a as 2.
b) Renumber
c) Renumber material group 2bas 63. d) Delete the present material group 3. [ Page 77, clause 6.12.3.1(b), line 6 ] titute ( 2*5d/rtfor c 5V/rt . Subs-
( Page 36, clause 3.9.4, last line ) - Substitute P2 ( 50 mm nominal bore )for size P 13. ( Page 65, cl&se 6.2.5,Jirst the following for the existing para ) para: Substitute
( Page 96, clause 8.4.2.2, para 3, jirst sentence ) Substitute the following for the existing sentence: The vessel shall be maintained at the specified test pressure for a sufficient length of time to stabilize the pressure but in no case less than 10 minutes. A thorough examination of the vessels shall be carried out after lowering the pressure to 80 percent of the test pressure. ( Page 96, clause 8.4.2.2, sentences ) - Delete. para 3, second and third the follow-
Any person who wishes to qualify for welders performance test under this code, shall not be below the age of 18 years and shall have adequate experience or training. ( Page 71, clause 6.4.10, last sentence > - Subs+ tute the following for the existing sentence: If the forming or bending operation takes place in hot condition, no subsequent heat treatment is required, provided during the last operation, it is uniformly heated to a temperature within the normalizing range. [ Page 71, clause 6.4.11, Jirst sentence ( see also Amendment No. 3, SL Jvo. 6 ) ] - Substitute the following for the existing sentence: 6.4.11 Plates Welded Prior to Formin,g - Seams in plates may be welded prior to forming provided they are examined radiographically throughout the entire length after forming. In the case of class 1 and 2 vessels, the seams shall also be inspected by magnetic crack detection or dyepenetrants. ( Page 71, clause 6.5.1, last scntence ) - Substitute the following matter for the existing sentence: Tack welds shall either bet removed completely when they have served their purpose or their stopping and starting ends shall be properly prepared by grinding or other suitable means so that they may be satisfactorily incorporated into the final weld. Tack welds shall be made by qualified procedures and welders, and shall be examined visually for defects and, if found to be defective, shall be removed.
( Page 96, clause 8.5.1 )-Substitute ing tbr the existing clause:
8.5.1 Two production test plates representingapproximately 15 metres of weld or five shell courses, whichever is higher, shall be provided with longitudinal seams for every weld procedure applicable to the vessels or series of vessels made to the same drawing/specification. Vessels having more than 5 shell courses shall be provided with an additional production test plate representing the next 15 metres of welding or part thereof. No test plate need be provided for circumferential seams except in cases where a vessel has circumferential seams only or the welding process, procedure or technique is substantially different, in which case two test plates are to be provided. 8.5.1(a) For low temperature vessels, in addition to the test coupon plates mentioned in 8.5.1, each other shell course shall also be provided with a coupon plate sufficiently long for testing two sets of impact test ( one for weld metal and one for heat affected zone ). One set of tests shall be conducted to cover 5 seams.
lethal.
*See1.3.1.1(a) regarding clarification
of
the
word
8.5.1(b) I?& vessels other than covered under 8.5.1 (a), any one test plate shall be selected by the inspector for all tests described in figum under 8.5.1.2 of the code except for all weld metal tensile test. [ Page 99, Fig. 8.5(A) ] Relete.
( Amendment No. 4, page 3, clause P-2.2, Heading ) - Substitute the following for the existing heading: P-2.2 Half Pipe Coil Jackets or Limpet Coil Jackets _(_sce Fig. P.3, P.4 and P.7 ) ( &nendment No. 4, page 3, clause P-2.2 )-Add the following new clause after P-2.2: P-2.2.1 Notation Symbol
fo1
[ Page 99, .Fig. 8.5(B) ] - Delete the letter (B) froni the title of bottom figure and substitute Fig. 8.5fir Fig. 8.5(B) wherever occurs in this code. ( Page 102, clause 8.6.2 ) following for the existing clause: Substitute the
Unit kgf/mm* kgf/mm kgf/mm kgf/mms kgf/mm
Description Hoop stress in the coil due to coil pressure Longitudinal stress in the coil due to coil pressure Total hoop shell stress in the
8.6.2 The minimum average impact strength value for the impact test piece shown in Fig. 8.5 for V-notch specimen shall be 2.8 kgf.m ( 3.5 kgf /cm*). The minimum impact strength value for ~1 )test piece shall be 2.1 kgf.m ( 2 6 kgfm/ 1
NOTE- The value is equivalent a 10 X 10 mm test piece.
( Page 103, clause 8.6.8, retestsfor new tests. to 28 kgf.m for
fos
fat
fs1 Isa
Hoop stress in the shell due to coil pressure Longitudinal stress in the shell due to vessel pressure Longitudinal stress in the shell due to coil pressure Longitudinal stress in the shell due to bending 1 Spacing of dimples as per t Case 1 ( Uniform spacing J of dimples ) ( Fig. P.6 ) Radius of loaded area considered ( Fig. P.6 ) S acing of e 2 1L spacing I ( Fig. P.6 dimples as per ( Non-uniform of dimples ) )
line 4 ) -
Substitute
( Page 104, clause 8.7.2.1 )-Add at the end of the clause: [ see also 8.7.10.3(b) 1
the following fse Substitute the far a b kgf/mms kgf/mms mm
( Page 104, clawe 8.7.3.3 ) following for the existing clause:
8.7.3.3 Radiographic examination may be conducted before the final heat treatment. However for chromium molybdenum steels having the chromium content equal to or more than 1.5 after percent radiography is recommended heat treatment. ( Page 1.15, Table A. 1 )- Delete the reference to IS : 1570-1961 wherever mentioned. ( Page 195, Fig. G.1 ) - Substitute Nominal size 50 mm MUX for BORE MAX 100 mm NOMINAL.
pipe
el es W
kgf -
[ Page 195, Fig. G.l, foot-note (b) ] -- Substitute CP2( 50 mm nominal bore ) fey csize 1). Page 195, Fig. G.2, foot-note (b) J - Substitute P2 ( 50 mm nominal bore )foy 6 size 14.
[ [ Page 195, Fig. G.3, foot-note (c) ] - Substitute sP2 ( 50 mm nominal bore )fof size 1). ( Page 196, Fig. G.4, foot-note (d) 1 tute P2 ( 50 mm nominal bore ) for <size 1). [
Total load uniformly distributed over area of radius c (Fig. P.6) ] Ipverse of Poissions ratio Constant concerning load conditions the
m C
fSL
kgf/mm*
Substife kgf/mms
Total longitudinal stress in the shell ( in case of half pipe coil type of jackets ) ( see Equation P.12 ) . Maximum equivalent stress at the half pipe coil to shell junction ( see Equation P.13) Maximum stress in dimple jacket wall. the
Amendment No. 4, page 1, clause P-2.8(4 ] Substitute the following for the existing item: c) Dimple jackets ( s8e Fig. P.6 ); and [ Amendment 4%. 4, page 3, clause P-2.1 (c), line 2 ] - Substitute onlyfor on. 2
f ed
kgf/mms
( &ndm& h%. 4, page 3, clauss P-2.4 ) Substitute l/mfor l/m. ( Amendment No. 4, flags 4, Fig. P.6 ) - Delete the two existing figures given ori the right hand bottom on this page and add the following new figures.
P-3.3.2.1
f
Maximum stress at the edge, 3w cd 4 x t*j
P-3.3.2.2 Maximum deflection at the centre
The adopted thickness (tj) shall include corrosion and manufacturing allowances, etc. P-3.3.3 Dimple Connecting Welds - The weld attachment is made by fillet welds around holes, or if the thickness of the plate having hole is 5 mm or less and hole is,25 mm ori less in diameter, the holes may be completely ded with weld metal. The allowable load on weld shall equal the product of the thickness of plate having the hole, the circumference of perimeter of hole, the allowable stress value in tension of the material being welded and joint efficiency sf 55 percent. The connecting welds shall be checked for shear and tear failures. ( Pages 79 to 91, Section II, Chapter 7) - Substitute the following for the existing matter: 7. WELDING QUALIFICATIOiVS
( Amendment No. 4, page 7, clause P-3.2.4;squarim P.13 ) - Substitute the following for the existing equation:
f*' =f8l'+frt'+fcl* fc1 +fat --x31 XfOI
7.0 Foreword - This chapter deals with the commonly used welding processes namely manual metal arc, submerged arc, gas shielded tungsten arc, gas shielded metal arc and oxyacetylene process only. For other process&, the requirements are to be mutually agreed between the and the authorized manufacturer/contractor inspector. 7.1 Manufacturers Responsibilities 7.1.1 Each manufacturer or contractor is responsible for the welding done by his organization. He shall establish the procedure and conduct the tests required in this section to qualify the welding procedures and the performance of welders and welding operators who apply these procedures. 7.1.2 When a manufacturer or contractor establishes proof satisfactory to the inspector that he has previous1 made successful procedure qualification tes/y in accordance with a recognized s standard, such a firm shall be exempted from the necessity of requalification provided all the requirements of this section are met. 7.1.3 The parameters applicable to the welding he performs shall be listed in a document known as Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) ( see Appendix H of the code for suggested WPS format ). The WPS shall be qualified by welding test coupons and testing the specimens as required in this section. The WPS shall describe all of the essential and non-essential variables of 7.3 and 7.4 for each welding process used inWPS. The WPS may be used to provide direction to the welder or welding operator and may include any other information that may be helpful in making a weldment. The welding. data and test results
xfa +fi1 x
... (
P.13 ) ( Amendment &ix 4, PagG 7, clau~s P-3.3 ) -Substitute the following for the existing clause: P-3.3 Dimple Jackets P-3.3.1 DimprC Plate Thickness - Dimples can be assumed to act as stays in flat heads and plate thickness is checked below, both for: a) Case l-Uniform spacing of stays; and b) Case P-Non-uniform spacing of stays. P-3.3.1.1 Care I-Uniform (see Fig. P.6). t,l Min = C x spacing of stays ... (P.14) spacing of
166 xs)
P-3.3.1.2 Cart 2-Non-uniform stays ( see Fig. P-6 ) trj Min = C x - 61 + 2

4~ P
i@Ey*
(P.15)
where C = 0.40 for welded stays. P-3.3.2 Checking for Stress and ?&&ion ( crea Fig. P.6 ) - Considering fixed platl with uniformly distributed load over the entire surface.
shall be recorded in a document known as Procedure Qualification Record ( PQR ) ( see Appendix H for suggested PQR format ). The PQR is a record of what happened during a particular welding test and changes to. PQR are not permitted unless requalified by the manufacturer or contractor. 7.1.4 Test plate is to be welded by the manufacturer or contractor and he may subcontract testing. 7.2 Test Positions
7.2.1 All test welds for welding procedure qualification shall be carried out as groove welds in any of the positions described in the following paragraphs, except that the angular deviation shall be within f 15 degree from the specified horizontal and vertical planes and &5 degree from the specified inclined plane,
7.3.1 Base Metal - Procedure required in the following cases.
qualification
7.3.1.1 A change from a base metal listed under one metal group given in Table 6.3 of the code to the metal listed under another with the same metal group, the procedure qualified on metal with certain minimum tensile strength does notqualify for welding metal with higher specified tensile strength. 7.3J.2 When a joint is made between two base metals that have different material groups even though qualification testing have been made for each of the two base metals welded to itself. 7.3.1.3 When the thickness of base metal is beyond the range qualified in accordance with Table 7.1 and 7.3.1.5 and 7.3.6.3. 7.3.1.4 Any major change in weld preparation details for low temperature ,operation and single-sided j oint. 7.3.1.5 For the short circuiting transfer made of the gas shielded arc process when the thickness exceeds 1.1 times the thickness of test coupon. 7.3.2 Welding Process -For each welding process a new WPS is required and each process shall be qualified. This may be qualified either separately or in combination with other processes. For multi-processes, the qualified thickness of each process shall not be additive in determining the thickness qualified. 7.3.3 Fillm Metal - The filler metal classification to be used on the production weld should be same as the one used for procedure qualification. Any appreciable variation in the filler metal classificatjon from the one used for the procedure wiI1 rec@re requalification. In case of single welded joint, a change of more than one-third in the diameter of electrode for root run of manual metal arc welding requires requalification for low temperature operation. 7.3.4 Position ( Low Tm~fa~e Vwscls only > The change of position is an essential variable for low temperature vessels only and requires requalification. However, if the position qualified is vertical up, it qualifies for other positions also. In vertical position, a change from stringer bead to weave bead calls for requalification. 7.3.5 Preheat - The miuimum preheat temperature shall be specified in WPS. A decrease of more than 50 degree Celsius and an increase of more than 100 degree Celsiusfor low temperature and stainless steel jobs from the minimum spetified shah require requalification,
7.2.2 The following are the basic positions for welding ( see Fig. 7.1 ). 7.2.2.1 Flat position - Plate in horizontal plane with the weld metal deposited from above. Pipe with its axis horizontal and rolled during welding so that the weld metal is deposited from above ( see Fig. 7.1 A-l and Fig. 7.1 A-2 ). 7.2.2.2 Horizontal joposition Plate in vertical plane with the axis of weld horizontal: Pipe with its axis vertical and the axis of weld in horizontal plane: Pipe shall not be rotated during welding ( see Fig. 7.3 B-l and Fig, 7.1 B-2 ). 7.2.2.3 plane with Fig. 7.1C ). Vertical position - Plate in vertical the axis of weld vertical ( see
X2.2.4 Overhead position - Plate in horizontal position with the weld metal deposited from underneath ( see Fig. 7.1D ). 7.2.2.5 Multt$fe josition horizontal - Pipe with its axis horizontal and the welding groove in a vertical plane. Welding shall be done without rotating the pipe so that weld metal is deposited in muhipla position ( see Fig. 7.1E ) . 7.2.2.6 Multjle postbon inclined - Pipe with its axis inclined at 45 to horizontal. Welding shall be done without rotating the pipe ( see Fig. 7.1F ). 7.3 Essential Variables - Procedure qualification is required whenever there is a change in the welding condition which will affect the properties of the weldment, namely, change in the material group, welding process, filler metal, preheat or postweld heat, treatment. Retesting is also required beyond the range qualified and for any change in position, For low temperature vessels.
Plate Horizontal
Axis of Pipe Horizontal, Pipe shall be Rolled while
Plate Verrical, Axis of Weld Horizontal
Axin of p:pXdVwtlcal-
welding
7.1 A-l
Test Position ( Flat )
7.1 A-2
Test Position ( Flat )
7.1 B-1 Test Position (Horizontal )
7.1 B-2 Test Poritlon (Horlzontal )
Plate Vertical, Axis of Weld Vertical
Plate Horizontal
Axis of Pipe Horizontal, Pipe shall not be Turned or RolleU While Welding
7.1 C Test Position ( Vertical ) )?~a.
7.1 0
Test Position ( Overhead )

PLATES OR
7.1 E Test Position Multiple ( Horizontal )
7.1 F Test Posltlon (Multiple Inclined )
7.1
POS~IONSOF
TEST
PIPES FOR WELDER QUALIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE Bv~ OF
WELDS
TABLE
7.1
GROOVE-WELD
PROCEDURE QUALDICATION TEST_ SPECIMENS (Classes 7.3.1.3,
lTiICKNESS
LIMITS
AND
7.5.1, 7.6.9, 7.7.2 end 7.7.4 )
Tatcc~~~2-
COUPON
(seaNOTE 1.I)
mm
QU~LIBIED ( see NOTES 1 AND 7) C--A-~
RANGE OF THIOIKXESE or BASKMBTAL
Mk Max ( sed Note 5 )
mm
mm
R ANOU OP TYPES AND NTJMBXB TESTY REQTJIBED OF ----w-m-P-L TIXI;F~ I--------Side Notched Bar Impact Redu- All Weld TramTransverleBend .T .---_---7 DEPOSLTUD ted verse Metal Weld Metal Heat WELD Section Tension Face Root METAL Tension Affected Bend Bend Zone QUALIPIPD ( su ( III 73.4 ( sad 7.5.1.4 and and Notes 1.2 MNz.vsy 7.53 ) Notes 4 and 6 ) and3)
AND 7 ) mm (4) 3
Macro and Hardness (~86 7.5.1.5 and 7.5.1.6 and Note 6 )
(1)
Below 3 3upt % and inclu ing 10 Over 10 but less than 20 20 and less than 40 40 and above
(2)
I 3 5 (see Note 7) 5 5
(3) 3 21 2T 21 200
(5) 1
(6) -
(7) 2
(8)
(9)
(10)
3
(11)
3 3 3 3
(12)
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 (NI Note 2) 4 4
2t
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 -
2t
2r 2OOwhen t,40
3 3 3
NOTE 1 - When the groove is filled using a combination of welding processes and/or welding procedures same process ( one welding process with a different combination of essential variable ).
in the thickness t of deposited weld metal
with the
The thickness t of the deposited weld-metal for each welding procedure shall be determined and used column. The test coupon thickness T is applicable for the base metal for each welding procedure and shall be used in the range of thickness Df base metal column. NOTE 1.2 - The deposited weld metal of each welding process and of each welding the tension side ofthe bend when these test samples are used. procedure rhall be included on
NOTE 1.1 -
NOTE 1.3 - Each welding process and each welding procedure qualified in this combination manner may be used separately, only within thesame essential ariables and within the thickness limits described in this table. NOTE 2 - Side-bend test may be substituted 10 mm but less than 20 mm. for the required
face and root bend tests,
when thickness Tis over
NOTB 3 - Longitudinal face and root bend tests may be substituted for the required transverse face, root and side bend tests, when the bending properties of the two base metals or the weld metal and the base metal differ markedly ( see 7.5.4 and 7.5.5 ) . NOTE 4 - Out of three specimens for notched bar impact test for weld metal as well as heat.affected aone ( HAE ) two specimens shall contain the face side of the joint and one specimen the root side of the joint. These form one set ok specimens ( see 7.5.6 ). acetylene
NOTE5 - .S~C 7.3.1.5 and 7.3.6.3 for further limitations on range of thickness of base metal qualified. also
welding the test piece thickness shall be the maximum Notch bar impact and hardness tests and macro examination
For oxythickness for which the procedure qualification is valid. are applicable to class I vessels only ( se8
NOTE 6 Table 1.1 ).
application, NOTE 7 - For low temperature 16 mm and 16 mm for thickness 16 mm and above.
the
minimum base metal thickoess qualifiea I
for thickness below
7.3.6
Post Weld Heat Treatment
7.3.6.1 Post weld heat treatment ( PWHT ) is a variable and requires qualification under each of the conditions mentioned below. The test coupon shall be subjected to heat treatment essentially equivalent to that encountered in the base metal and fabrication of weldments, including at least 80 percent of the aggregate times at that temperature. This 80 percent-time limitation is not applicable to post weld heat treatment when it is conducted below the lower transformation temperature:
7.5.1.1 Reduced section tensile tesi - One test is done to determine the ultimate tensile strength of the groove welded joint. 7.5.1.2 All weld metal tensile test - One test is done to determine the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of weld.metal. 7.5.1.3 Guide bend tests - Guide bend tests as described below are done to determine soundness and ductility of groove weld joints:
4 4
One transverse root bend thickness ( see 7.5.4 ); One transverse face bend thickness ( see 7.5.4 ); Two transverse side bends thickness ( see 7.5.4 );
up to
10 mm
a) No PWHT; 9 PWHT below 4 4
up to 10 mm above 10 mm
lower transformation rature ( for example, tempering );
tempe-
4 4 4
PWHT above upper transformation temperature ( for example, normalizing ); PWHT shows upper transformation temperature followed by heat treatment below the lower transformation temperature (for normalizing or quenching example, followed by tempering ); and between the upper and lower transformation temperatures.
One longitudinal root bend instead of transverse root bend ( see 7.5.5 ); and One longitudinal face bend transverse face bend ( see 7.5.5 instead ). of
e) PWHT
7.5.1.4 titched bar impact test - One set of three charpy V-notch impact test are done in accordance with 7.5.5 to determine notch toughness property of the groove welds (see also 7.5.6 ). 7.5.1.5 Macro test - One test is done in accordance with 7.5.6 to check the complete fusion of the groove weld. 7.5.1.6 Hardness test-This is done in accordance with 7.5.7 to check the hardness of weld and heat affected zone ( HAZ ), 7.5.2 Reduced Section Tensile Test-One reduced section tensile test on a test specimen cut transverse to the weld is to be done [see IS : 1608-1972 Method of tensile testing of steel products (&t revision ) ] as follows. 7.5.2.1 A single specimen of full thickness shall be used for thickness up to and including 25 mm for plates ( see Fig. 7.2A ) and pipes ( se6 Fig. 7.2B ); 7.5.2.2 For thicknesses above 25 mm single or multiple specimen may be used as necessary for plates and pipes. 7.5.2.3 When multiple specimens are used the specimen shall be cut so as to represent the All the full thickness of the weld at the location. specimens shall represent the full thickness of the weld at one location and each specimen shall be tested. 7.5.2.4 For small pipes ( such as less than 73 mm O.D. ) reduced section specimen as per Fig. 7.2C may be used. 7.5.2.5 Alternatively per Fig. 7.3 may be used. full section specimen as
7.3.6.2 In case the weld is for low temperature application a change from post weld heat range in accordance and time treatment with 7.3.6.1 requires requalification. 7.3.6.3 For the test coupons receiving a post weld heat treatment in which either of the critical temperatures is exceeded the maximum qualified thickness for production welds is 1 *l times the thickness of test coupon. 7.3.7 Shielding Gas - In case of gas shielded process a change from a single shielding gas to another shielding gas or to a mixture of shielding gases or a change in the composition of the shielding gas mixture or omission of shielding gas will require requalification. In case of non-ferrous metals, a change of more than 15 percent in the gas flow rate requires requalification. 7.3.8 Electrical Characteristics - In case of gas shielded arc process for non-ferrous materials, a change from dc to ac or vice versa and in dc welding , change in electrode polarity requires requalification. A change from spray arc, globular arc or pulsating arc to short circuiting arc or vice versa requires requalification. 7.4 Non-essential Variables - Variables other than above arc non-essential variables including change of location and does not require fresh procedure qualification for metal arc welding, submerged arc welding and gas shielded arc welding. The WPS may alone be revised to show the non-essential variable where necessary. For other welding processes the essential variables will be drawn in consultation with the Inspection Authority. 7.5 Tests 7.5.1 The following tests are required for procedure qualification ( see Table 7.1 ).
7.5.3 All Weld Metal Tensile Test - One all weld metal tensile test on a test specimen taken along the weld is to be done ( see IS : 1608-1972 ) on a specimen prepared as shown in Fig. 7.4 (. see 8.5.6 ) as follows
WELD METAL.
RLINFORCEME~T FLUSH MAtHINE MINIMUM
qHAu WILH. GA ANGUNT DISTORtlOW I t 260 OR AS REOUIREO LENGTH EQUAL SUFFICIENT~ TO TWO-THIRCS
GE MACHiNE TO OBTAIN PARALLEL
APPROXIMATELY SURFACE
I?
25 min.
:o
I - 1 I - i
GRIND OR MACHINE MINIMUM MATERIAL PERFORM THAN TEST IS NEEDED SHALL
25 / /
FACE Ot WELD
LTHESE . BE EDGES MAY CUT -THIS r-
e-k
PARALLEL WIDEST 12rqn SECTION MACHINED _ LENGTM FACE ADDED EGUALS PLUS OF WELD LENGTH
THERMALLY
7.2A
Reduced Section-Plate
TO
r--+qx7---
-_-_-.
GE REMOVED
B
_
r 7.28
---we_ __
_ THIS SECTION MACHINED
Reduced Section-Pipe
--. __-_-
__
----_
_-
1 t
1
REDUCED
SECTION
i=
,r
75min.
f
25 1
1
12 f ---
I
_--p-.-_ R 25 I /
/EDGE 0F WIDEST FACE OF WELD
*The weld reinforcement shall be ground or machined so that the weld thicknesr thickness I. Machine minimum amount to obtain approximately parallel surfaces. tThe reduced section shall not be less than the width of the weld plub 2X 7.2C Reduced Section-Pipe All dimensions < 76 mm OD
does
not exceed
the base metal
in millimetres.
FICL 7.2
REDUCED SECTION TENSILE TEST SPECIMEN 8
WELD REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE MACHINED FLUSH WITH BASE MET
TESTING MACH
PLUG
FIG. 7.3
FULL SECTION TENSILE TEST SPECIMEN-
SMALL PIPE
,I.---
NOTE- do Maximum poaaible diameter, need not be more than 16 mm. Fro. 7.4 ALL WELD METAL TENSILE TEST SPECIMEN
7.5.3.1 The diameter of the test specimen is the maximum possible diameter and this need not be more than 16 mm. 7.5.3.2 The test should include strength, yield strength and elongation. tensile
the test specimens in Fig. 7.7.
are removed
as shown
b) Where longitudinal bend tests are required, the test specimens are removed as shown in Fig. 7.8. c) Where test is done on a pipe, the test removed as shown in specimens are Fig. 7.9. 7.6 Acceptance CriteriaIn order to pass the test, specimens shall have the following minimum requirements. 7.6.1 Transverse Tensile Test tensile and yield
7.5.3.3 For design temperature above 100 degree Celsius the test shall include elevated temperature, testing. 7.5.3.4 In case of multiple process or multiple procedure the specimen are to be prepared to represent each process/procedure. The location and size of specimen are selected in consultation with the Inspection Authority. 7.5.3.5 For pipe instead of one all weld metal tensile test, one extra transverse tensile test is to be done ( see Fig. 7.9 ). 7.5.4 Transverse Bend Test - Two transverse root bend tests and two face bend tests are to be done on test specimens cut transverse to the weld ( see 8.5.9 ). The diameter of former and distance between supports shall be as given in Table 8.2. 7.5.4.1 The specimens are bent such a way that the root surface becomes convex surface in one set and the face surface becomes convex surface in another set ( see Fig. 7.5A and Fig. 7.5B ). 7.5.4.2 When the thickness of plate exceeds 10 mm, face bend and root bend tests are to be substituted by two side bend tests ( see Fig. 7.5C ). 7.5.5 Longitudinal Bend Test -Transverse bend tests may be substituted with one face bend and one root longitudinal bend test ( see Fig. 7.6 ), when the weld metal and the parent metal differ markedly in bending properties either between dissimilar parent metals or weld metal and parent The tests shall be done as per transverse metal. bend test procedure ( see 7.5.4 ). 7.5.6 hotched Bar Impact Test - One test of three V-notch impact test specimens transverse to the weld is to be tested as per 8.5.8 of the code. In case of welds for low temperature application, three more impact test specimens shall be taken from the heat affected zone and tested. 7.5.7 Macro Test - One macro test on a specimen cut transverse to the weld is to be done to determine the complete fusion and free from cracks, as per the code ( see 8.5.11 ) . 7.5.8 Hardness Test - Hardness test is to be done on the macro test specimen along the cross section of the weld and the heat affected zone. The hardness shall be assessed by a HV indentor of not more than 30 kgf load; 7.5.9 Preparation .of Test Coupon - The metal and filler metal shall be as per 7.7. base
7.6.1.1 Specified minimum strength of base metal.
7.6.1.2 In case of two different metals, specified minimum strength of the weaker of the two. 7.6.1.3 If the specimen breaks outside the fusion line, the test shall be accepted as meeting the requirement provided the strength is more than 95 percent of the minimum tensile strength of the base metal. 7.6.2 All Weld Metal Test
7.6.2.1 The tensile strength and/or yield strength shall not be less than the corresponding specified minimum values for the parent metal. 7.6.2.2 The elongation shall not be less than 80 percent of the minimum elongation specified for the base metal corrected for the gauge length if different from 5 do. 7.6.2.3 For elevated temperature test, the values shall not be less than corresponding values for the base metal at the appropriate temperature. 7.6.3 Bend Tests
7.6.3.1 The weld and heat affected zone of a transverse bend specimen shall be completely within the bent portion of the specimen after testing. 7.6.3.2 The specimen shall have no open defect in the weld or heat affected zone exceeding 3 mm measured in any direction on the convex surface of the specimen. 7.6.3.3 the specimen sidered unless result from defects. Cracks occurring on the corners of during the testing shall not be conthere is definite evidence that they slag inclusions or other internal
7.6.4 Impact Test - The minimum average results from the impact test shall be 2.6 kgf/cm* and the minimum value for any test specimen shall be 2.0 kgf/cm*. 7.6.5 Macro Examination - Visual examination of the cross section of the weld metal and heat affected zone ( HAZ ) shall show complete fusion and shall be free from cracks. 10
7.5.18 Order of Removal of Test Specimens - The test specimens are removed from the test coupon as detailed below: a) Where transverse bend tests are
required,
i
T R 3 max.
_-
-_
-_
--A
150 min.
PIPE
PLATE 7.5A 1
T
Face-Bend -----
Specimen -
Plate and Pipe ----\ I
--_ 1
Spcciol Not. or 7.5A and 7.5B 1.
iili!L -.
I
40
150 min.
PIPE
PLATE
1r
= 7 when T is I.5 mm to 10 mm. 7.58 Root Bend Specimen 150 min. J 3min.
Plate and Pipe
/___,_~______
I I I t+ 10
, I L-C-___-__a
qwiar Notdrfor 7.5c

I.1 When specimen thickness I exceeds 20 mm, use one of the following: 1.1 Cut specimen intomultiple test coupons Y of approximately equal dimensions ( 10 mm tc 40 mm ). X = tested specimen thickness when multiple specimens are taken from one coupon. 1.2 2. T= The specimen may be bent at full width. Side Bend Specimen and backing strip or Plate and Pipe ring, if any shall be removed flush with the TwhenIis lOto20mm. 7.5C NOTE I - Weld reinforcement surface of the specimen. backing
NOTE 2 - If the pipe being tested is 100 mm nominal diameter or less, the width of the bend specimen may be as follows: 2.1 20 mm for diameters 50 mm to 100 mm including 2.2 10 mm for diameters less than 90 mm to 10 mm including 2.3 Alternatively, if the pipe is 25 mm nominal dia or less, the width may be that obtained by cutting the pipe into quarter sections, less an allowance for cutting. These specimens are not required to have one surface machined flat as shown. NOTE 3 - If the 3 mm from the surface surfaces of bend shall be required. FIG. specimen are gas cut, removal by machining or grinding of not less than
All dimensions
in millimetres. BEND TEST
7.5
TRANSVERSE
SPECIMENS
11
R3
max. I I LO min. I 150 min.
4 ROOT BEND FACE BEND
Y=T WHEN T IS 1.5mm Y=lOmm WHEN T>lOmm
TO 1Omm
FIG. 7.6
LONGITUDINAL BEND TEST SPECIMEN
DISCARD REDUCE
SECTION
THIS
PIECE ---__
----
TE%lLi SPECIMEN ---_A_ SPECIMEN -----we---
[SIDE _-_-_FACE (SIDE
BEND) BEND BEND1
I _____-__-_+-----_--------
I
I I 1 ; I
SPECIMEN
ALL-WELD METAL
TENSILE SPECIMEN
-___---NOTCHED ._________ BAR NOTCHEb BAR ____________._-__--__-. NOTCHED BAR .-----_-__--_--m-w MACRO TEST -___---__-___,_-___--DISCARD
1
____
r >
;__I _------
___---SPECIMEN IMPACT SPECIMEN
IMPACT -._-__-----~
IMPACT
SPECIMEN --_-
SPECIMEN THIS PIECE
FIG. 7.7 ORDER OF REMOVAL OF TEST SPECIMENS FROM PLATE-TRANSVERSE BEND PROCEDUREQUALIFICATION
12
DISCARD ------5 LONGITUDINAL
_-I
IHIS
PIECE BEND
i------, FACE
SPECIMEN
7.6.8 Records -Records of all tests ( see 7.1.3 ) shall be kept by the manufacturer for a period of at least 5 years after the inspection of the pressure vessel and shall be available for the Inspecting Authority for examination when required. Proforma for keeping records is given in Appendix H. 7.6.9 Qualification of Welding Procedure Specr$cacation ( WPS) 7.6.9.1 Qualification the pipe and vice versa. of plate qualifies for
IGUCEO
SECTION
----e-e-
__-_-
-I
.-I
---
_I__--_-TENSILE SPECIMEN T_---c--
LONGITUDINAL
ROOT BEND SPECIMEN
7.6.9.2 Qualification on a groove weld qualifies the fillet weld of all sizes on all base metal thicknesses as permitted in Table 7.1. 7.6.9.3 Qualification on a groove weld qualifies partial penetration groove welds for the thickness of deposited weld metal qualified as indicated in Table 7.1. 7.6.9.4 The range and weld metal thickness in Table 5.1. of base metal thickness qualified as is indicated
.I
MACROTEST
_-_----a.
--a
-I
----.
I___--SPECIMEN
._-
-----
7.6.9.5 WPS qualified on groove welds shall be applicable for production welds between dissimilar base metal thicknesses provided:
ALL
WELD
r-i
TENSILE
METAL
_-----___----1
I 1
I
'1
SPECIMEN
4 b)
The thickness of thinner within range permitted.
member
shall be
The production joints shall be within the thickness range permitted in Table 7.1.
r
I
I-
I I
cl
-1
_--
--e--w--
Alternatively, the maximum thickness permitted in Table 7.1 may be adopted for thicker member provided the qualification was made on the base metal of thickness 40 mm or more. More than one PQR may be required to qualify for some dissimilar thickness combination.
NOTCHEDBAR
BAR
---
IMPACT -------
SPECIMEN
NOTCHED ___-----
---
IMPACT -------
SPECIMEN
NOTCHED --__-e-m-
BAR
---
IMPACT -_---_--THIS
SPECIMEN
PIECE
FIN. 7.8 ORDER OF REMOVAL OF TEST SPINIMENS, PLATE-L NGXTUDINAL BEND PROCEDURES QUALIFICATION 7.6.6 hardness ted zone values ( laand The maximum Vickers value of the weld metal and heat affec( HAZ ) shall not exceed the following see also Table 6.3 ).
7.7 Preparation of Test Coupon - The base. metal and filler metal shall be one or more of those listed in the WPS. The dimension of the test coupon shall be sufficient to provide the required test specimens. The base metal may consist of either a plate or a pipe, Qualifications of plate also qualifies the pipe and vice versa. 7.7.1 The order of removal of test specimens for plates and pipes are shown in Fig. 7.7 to 7.9. 7.7.2 The test coupon shall qualify the thickness ranges of both base metal and the deposited weld metal to be used in production. Limits of shall be in accordance with qualification Table 7.1. 7.7.3 The WPS made as above on groove weld qualifies the fillet weld for all fillet sizes on all base metal thicknesses. 7.7.4 The WPS made as above on groove weld qualifies partial penetration groove welds for the deposited metal thickness indicated in Table 7.1.
Hardness Test -
7.6.6.1 lb. 7.6.6.2
225 HV for steels of metal 240 HV for steels of metal
group 0, group 2. group 3
7.6.6.3 and 4.
250 HV for steels of metal
Acceptance of Procedure Qualzjkation Record The results of the test and the examination of the test coupons shall satisfy the above requirements for acceptance.
(PQR) -
7.6.7
13
REDUCED
SECTION
NOTCHED BAR IMPACT
NOTCHED BAR IMPACT
(SlOti
BEND)
(SIDE BEND)
NOTE - Weld extra test piece to accommodate one extra transverse tensile specimen in place of all weld metal tensile and to accommodate three impact specimens, if required.
FIG. 7.9 7.8 Welders
ORDER OF REMOVAL OF TEST SPECIMENS, PIPE-PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION Qualification 7.8.2.3 Each qualified welder or welding operator shall be assigned an identification which shall be used to identify the work of that welder or welding operator.
Performance
7.8.1 Each manufacturer or contractor shali be responsible for conducting tests to qualify the performance of the welders or welding operators in accordance with one of this welding procedure specification ( WPS ). The welders or welding operators shall be tested under the supervision and control of the manufacturer or contractor. The welding performed by the welder or welding operator in another organization is not to be considered. 7.8.2 QuaYiJcation Tests - The performance qualification tests are intended to determine the ability of the welder or welding operator to make sound welds. The manufacturer or contractor shall qualify each welder or welding operator for each welding process to be used in production welding. The performance tests can be either for groove weld or for fillet weld. 7.8.2.1 The welder or welding operator who welds the PQR test coupons is also qualified within the limits of the performance listed in this section ( see 7.8.5 ). qualification
7.8.2.4 The record of welder or welding operator performance tests shall be kept by the manufacturer. This shall include the welding variable, the type of test, tests results and ranges qualified for each welder and welding operator. Pro-forma for keeping records is given in Appendix H. 7.8.3 Groove Welds
7.8.3.1 Mechanical test - The type and number of test specimens required shall be in accordance with Table 7.2. The order of removal of test specimen is shown in Fig. 7.10. The acceptance shall be in accordance with 7.6. 7.8.3.1.1 Mechanical testing as given in Table 7.2 may be substituted by radiography on a test bed of 225 mm length. Acceptance standard for radiography shall be as per Class I vessels. Qualification by radiography is not permitted for gas metal arc welding. 7.8.3.2 Test coupon for pipes - ihe test coupons for pipes shall be removed as shown in Fig. 7.1 I for mechanical testing. The acceptance shall be in accordance with 7.6. 14
7.8.2.2 A welder or welding operator qualified to weld in accordance -with one qualified WIS is also qualified to weld in accordance with other qualified WPS using the same welding process within the limits of variables listed in this section ( see 7.8.7 ).
TABLE
7.2
GROOVED-
WELD
PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATIONS AND TEST SPECIMENS ( cluusc 7.8.3.1 )
THICKNESS
LIMITS
THICxNPss l- OB THE TEST COUPCN WELDED ( see NOTE 1 ) mm
TBICENESS t OR DEPOSITED WELD METAL QUALIFIED ( scc 7.8.6 AND NOTE 2 ) mm 2t 2t Maximum welded to be
TYPE AND NUMBER OB TEST REQUIRED C--------__h__ --------7 Side Bend Face Bend Root Bend Macro ( see Notes 3 and 4 )
up to 10
10 but less than 20 20 and above
( J-CC Note 2 2
5 )
1 -_ -
1 1
NOTE 1 -
The entire thickness of groove joint test coupon shall be filled with deposited weld metal.
NOTE 2 - TWO or more pipe test coupons of different thicknesses may be used to determine the deposited weld metal thickness qualified and that thickness may be applied to production welds to the smallest diameter for which the welder is qualified. NOTE 3 NOTE 4 A total of four specimens is required to qualify for multiple positions as prescribed Face and root-bend tests may be used to qualify combination test of: in Fig. 7.11B.
4.1 One welder using two welding processes; or 4.2 Two welders using the same or a different welding process. NOTE 5 Two side bend teats may be substituted for the required face and root-bend tests.
IDISCARD ROOT (SIDE BEND BEND) BEND BEND) TEST
_-----
IISCARD
.ONGITUDINAL FACE BEN0
l;
--
THIS
-I--
PIECE
----
, SPECIMEN
--_--FACE (S!DE ---_-MACRO -----DISCARD
I I
Transverse
SPECIMEN I
.--.ONGITUOINAL ROOT BEND
I, ,
- I-
SPECIMEN
---
7.10A
Bend
~
_---MACRO TEST DISCARD 7.106
It
-_I_____ SPECIMEN
I
Longitudinal
THIS
PIECE Bend
Fro. 7.10
ORDER
OF REMOVAL
OF TEST SPECIMEN,PLATE -
PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION
1.8.4
Fillet Welds
7.8.4.1 Mechanical test - For fillet welds, fracture test and macro examination shall be done. The dimension and preparation of test specimen shall be in accordance with Fig. 7.12 for plate and Fig. 7.13 for pipe. The test specimen shall not contain any viiible cracks. 7.8.4.2 The specimen for fracture test is 15
taken as shown in Fig. 7.12 and Fig. 7.13 and shall be loaded laterally in such a way that the The load shall be root of the weld is in tension. steadily increased until the specimen fractures or bends flat upon itself. The fractured surface shall show no evidence of cracks or incomplete root fusion and the sum of the length of inclusion and porosity visible on the fractured surface shall not exceed 10 mm for plate and 10 percent of the quarter section for pibe.
FACE
BEND
.
J&T BEND MACRO
WE
BEND
YE
BEND)
I-
MACRO L!7.11A Fiat or Horizontal
\ ROOT BEND (SIDE BEND)
/&CE
7.11B
BEND (SIDE BEND) Multiple Horizontal and Multiple-Inclined
Fro. 7.11
ORDER OF REMOVAL OF TEST SPECIMZNS, PIPE-PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION

DIRECTION OF BENDING P AND RESTART AR THE CENTRE WELD
MACRO 100 j \MAXIMM t = 5mm FILLET
SltE=t
TEST SPECIMEN
TO 1Omm
All dimensions in millimetres. FIQ. 7.12 FILLET WELD IN PLATE-PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION DIRECTION OF BEND /-
IMUM FILLET
t = WALL THICKNESS Norm -
Either pipe to plate or pipe to pipe may ie used as shown. All dimensions in millimetres. FIG. 7.13 FILLET WELD IN PIPE-PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATIOS 16
7.8.4.3 The cut end of one of the end section shall be smoothed and etched with a suitable etchant ( see Appendix K ) to give a clear ,definition of the weld metal and heat affected zone. The visual examination shall show complete fusion and free from cracks except that the linear indications at the root shall not exceed O-8 mm. The weld shall not have a concavity or convexity .greater than l-5 mm and the difference in length of legs of fillet shall not exceed 3 mm. 7.8.4.4 For fillet welds the basic position for plates and pipes are described in Fig. 7.14 and 7.15. 7.8.4.5 The limitations and number of tests required for fillet weld performance shall be as shown in Table 7.3 for plate, Table 7.4 for fillet qualification by groove weld and Table 7.5 for ,small diameter pipe fillet weld. 7.8.5 Limits of QualiJied Positions
any welding procedure or shall be as shown in Fig. 7.17. Partial penetration groove wtldtrs or fillet welds are considered as welding with backing. 7.8.6.3 The dimensions of the welding groove of the test coupon used in making qualification tests for single welded groove welds without backing shall be the same as those for any WPS qualified by the manufacturer or as shown in Fig. 7.18. 7.8.7 Welding Variables 7.8.7.1 A welder or welding operator shall be qualified whenever a change is made in one or mere of the essential variables listed. When a combination of welding process is required to make a weldment, each welder shall be qualified for the particular welding process or processes he will be required to use in production welding. A welder may be qualified by making tests with each individual welding process or with the combination welding process in a single test coupon. The limits of thickness for which the welder is qualified is dependent upon the thickness of test coupon as given in Table 7.6. The following are the essential variables and require requalification of welder or welding operator. 7.8.7.2 Joints - The deletion of backing and change in root detail in single welded groove welding. Double welded groove welds are considered as welding with backing. 7.8.7.3 Base metal - The change in the pipe diameter beyond the range qualified specified in Table 7.7 and thickness beyond the range specified in Table 7.2. 7.8.7.4 Filler metal - A change in classification of filler metal and a change in deposited weld metal thickness beyond the limit specified in Table 7.2. A change in more than one-third in the diameter of electrode for root run of manual metal arc welding. 7.8.7.5 Positions - The addition of other welding positions than those already qualified specified in Table 7.6 (see 7.2, 7.8.4 and 7.8.7.7). For process other than submerged arc welding, a change from upwards to downwards or r:zce versa in the progression specified for any pass of a weld except that cover or wash pass may be up or down. The root pass may also be run either up or down when the root pass is removed to sound weld metal in the preparation for welding the second side. 7.8.7.6 Shielding gas The emission of inert gas shielding ( backing ) except that requalification is not required when a qualified WPS is changed to emit the inert gas backing. This procedure is used for a single welded butt joint with a backing strip or a double welded butt joint or a fillet weld and in case of non-ferrous metals a change of more than 15 percent in the gas flow rate. 17
7.8.5.1 Welders who pass the required tests in groove welds in test positions ( see Fig. 7.1 ) shown in Table 7.6 shall be qualified for the position of groove welds, including branch welds, shown in Table 7.6 and the fillet welds (see Fig. 7.14 and Fig. 7.15 ) shown in Table 7.6. In addition, the welders who pass the required test for groove welds shall also be qualified to make fillet welds and in all thicknesses and pipe diameters of any size within the limits of the welding variables ( see 7.8.7 ). 7.8.5.2 Welders who pass required test for fillet welds in the test position of Table 7.6 shall be qualified for the positions shown in this table. Welders who pass the test for fillet weld on plate shall be qualified to make fillet weld only in all thicknesses of material, sizes of fillet weld and pipes and tubes 73 mm outside diameter and over, within the essential variable. Welders who make fillet weld in pipe or tube less than 73 mm-outside diameter shall pass the pipe fillet test in accordance with 7.8.4.5. 7.8.5.3 A fabricator who does production welding in a special orientation may make the test for performance. qualification in this specific orientation. Such qualification is valid only for the position actually tested except that an anguof f 15 is permitted in the lar deviation inclination of the weld. 7.8.6 @al$cation Test Coujons
7.8.6.1 The test coupons may be plate or pipe. When all position qualifications for pipe are accomplished by welding one pipe assembly in .both horizontal and multiple positions, large diameter pipes shall be employed to make up the test coupons-as illustrated in Fig. 7.16. 7.8.6.2 The dimensions of the welding groove of the test coupons used in making double welded groove welds or single welded groove yelds with backing shall be the same as those of
\AXIS OF WELD HORIZONTAL 7.14A Fiat Position of Test Tee for Fillet Weld 7.14B Horizontal Position of Test Tee for Fillet Weld
AXIS OF WELD
AXIS OF WELD
7.14C Vertical Position of Test Tee for Fillet Weld FIG.
7.140 Overhead Position of Test Tee for Fillet Weld
7.14 POSITIONS OF TEST PLATES FOR WELDER PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION OF FILLET WELDS
TABLE TYPE OBJOINT
7.3 PLATE
FILLET-WELD
TEST
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS REQUIRED ( see FIQ. 7.12 1
THICKNESS t cm TEST COUPON AS WELDED mm 5 to 10
RANGE QUALIBIED
c-_-~---~
Macro
Fracture 1
Tee fillet
All base material thicknesses, fillet sizes, and diameters 73 mm 0. D. and over
TABLE
TY_PE OF JOINT
7.4 FILLET
QUALIFICATION
BY PLATE
OR PIPE GROOVE-WELD
TESTS
TEICKNESS~ OF TEST COUPON AS WELDED

All thicknesses
RANQE QUALIFIED
TYPE AND NUXBER OF TESTS REQUIRED Fillet welds are qualified when weld is qualified in %~~~~ance with either Table 7.1 or Table 7.7
Any groove
All base material thicknesses, fillet sizes, and diameters
18
7.15A
Flat
(Rotated
7.158
Horizontal
7.15C
Vertical
( Rotated )
7.1%)
Overhead
7.15E
Multiple
Fro. 7. i5
P~SITIOPISOF TEST PIPES FOR WELDER PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION OF FILLET WELDS
TABLE NOMINAL PIPE SIZE OB

SAMPLE
7.5
SMALL
DIAMETER
PIPE FILLET-WELD PIPE WALL
TEST NUMBER OB SPECIMENS y-_---h-_---~ Macro
WELn
OUTSIDE DIAMETXUI QUALIFIED
( No MAXIMUM )
THICKNESS
QUALIFIED
REQUIRED (m Fm. 7.12) Fracture 1 1 1
Less than 20 mm
Over 50 mm
20 to 50 rhm
Minimum of not less than size welded

Over 25 mm 73 mm and over
All All All
1 1 1
19
TABLE r-------
7.6
PERFORMANCE
QUALIFICATION
POSITION
LIMITATIONS
Weld
QVBLIFICATION TEST h_-____-_T Position
POSITION AND r-------__-_,___h Groove Plate and Pipe Over 600 mm OD i, H 20 F: V, 0 All F 30 All All -
TYPE WELD QVLLIFIED ( NOTE 1 ) -_-_-----__---~ Pipe Fillet Plate and Pipe F F, H F, H, V F, H, 0 All All F i Note 2 ) F, H ( Note 2 ) F, H, V ( Note 2) F, H, 0 ( Note 2 ) All ( Note 2 ) FFH Ail All All
Plate-Groove
F v 0 V and 0 H, V and 0
F ( Note 2 ) F, H ( Note 2 ) F ( Note 2 ) F ( Note 2 ) F ( Note 2 ) F, H ( Note 2 ) F F, H F, V, 0 All All -
Plate-Fillet
; 0 V and 0
Pipe-)Groove
F 2F MI Hand
MF
Pipe-Fillet
F H 0 V and 0
FFH F: H F, H, 0 All
NOTE 1 - Position of welding shown in Fig. 7.1 and Fig. 7.14. NOTE 2 - Pipes 73 mm OD and over. F = Flat H = Horizontal V = Vertical
ROOT BEND
0 = Overhead MF = Multiple Fixed MI = Multiple Inclined
BEN3
L REFERENCE FIXED TAL POSITION
SIDE
BEND
NOTE 1 NOTE 2 -
Side bend may be substituted for face and root bends for thickness above 10 mm. Acceptance as per 7.6. OF REMOVAL OF TEST SPECIMENS FROM PIPE 20 ALL POSITION-PERFORMANCE TEST
FIG. 7.16
ORDER
t2m* /SUGGESTED slzE 0F ,, RING OR STRIP t/3 x 1 bt
~tox.BUT GREATER
NOT THAN 3mm
FIN. 7.17
Smahe WELDED GROOVE-JOINT WITH BACKING
FIG. 7.18
SINGLE WELDED GROOVE-JOINT WITHOUT BACKING
TABLE 7.7 PIPE GROOVE LIMITS - PERFORMANCE

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE cm SAMPLE WELD
WELDS DIAMETER QUALIFICATION

OUTSIDE DIAMETER QUALIFIEIJ ( No MAXIMUM )
mm Less than 20 mm 20 to 50 mm Over 50 mm Minimum of not less than size welded Over 25 mm 73 mm and over
7.8.8.1 When the qualification coupon has failed in mechanical testing in accordance with 7.8.4.1, retesting shall be by mechanical testing. When an immediate retest is made, the welder or welding operator shall ma$e two consecutive test coupons for each position for which all of which shall pass the test he has failed, requirement. 7.8.9 Renewal of Qualz$cation - The performance of the welder or welding operator shall be affected under the following conditions. 7.8.9.1 When he has not welded with a process during a period of 3 months or more, his qualification for that process shall be expired, except when he is welding with another process, the period may be extended to 6 months. 7.8.9.2 When he has not welded process dnring a period of 3 months all fication shall be expired including any may have extended beyond 3 months of 7.8.9.1. with any his qualiof which by virtue
7.8.7.7 Electrical characteristics - In case of gas shielded welding a change from ac to dc or vice versa and in dc welding a change in the electrical polarity. For gas shielded arc welding a change from spray arc, globular arc or pulsating arc to short circuiting arc or vice versa. 7.8.7.8 fin-essential Variables Variables other than above are non-essential variables including changes of location and does not require fresh performance qualification for metal arc welding, submerged arc welding and inert gas arc welding. For other welding processes this is to be drawn in consultation with the Inspection Authority. 7.8.8 Re-tests- A welder or welding operator who fails to meet the requirement of one or more of the test specimens prescribed in Table 7.2 may be retested under following conditions.
7.8.9.3 When there is a specific reason to question his ability to make welds that meet the specification which support the welding that he is doing his qualification be considered expired. 7.8.9.4 Renewal of qualification for a specific welding process under 7.8.9.1 or 7.8.9.2 may be made in a single test joint, plate or pipe on any thickness, position or material to re-establish welder or welding operator qualification for any thickness, position or material for the process for which he was previously qualified.
(EDC48)
21
Printed
at Kay Kay Printers,
Delhi-7

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PRESSURE VESSELS SECTIONAL

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI

Fifth Reprint MARCH 1992 Sixth Rcpint JANUARY 1994 1996

Seventh Reprint NOVEMBER Eighth Reprint AUGUST 199s

0 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Price Rs. 550.00

Unfired Pressure Vessels Sectional Committee, EDC 48

Representing The Fertilizers Udyogamandal and Chemicals Travancore Ltd,

Service & i&our

Gases Ltd, Calcutta

Indian Engineering Assocation, Calcutta Binnys Engineering Wor E; Ltd, Madras s

IS1 ( Ex-oj7cio Mem6er )

( Mech Engg ), ISI

Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi

Srrm G. CODD ( Alternate)

Members SHRI J. P. MIJKHERJBE DR R. S. DUBEY ( Altemah ) SHRI M. H. PHERWANI Walchandnagar

Representing Industries Ltd, Walchandnagar

Burmah Shell Oil Storage Ltd, Bombay Imperial Chemical Industries

and Distributing ( India ) Pvt Calcutta

Co of India Ltd, Calcutta

Lloyds Reglstrr The K.C.P.

for Welding Pressure Vessels Subcommittee,

Pvt Ltd, Calcutta

( India ) Ltd, Tiruvcrumbur

Department of Industrial Industrial Development, Affairs )

Development Internal Trade

( Ministry of & Gumpany

I MATERIALS AND DESIGN . .. . ..

INSPECTION ANDTESTS MARJUNO AND RECORDS

Part 3 : 1965 Aluminium. Institution.

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

foR 4. FLANGE CAM:UI.ATIOSS KON-PTANDAHD FLANGES

... ... ... ... ... ... 1..

Vessels designed 200 kgf/cm2;

3 Vessels for nuclear k) Vessels, receivers

WELDED JOINT LOCATION

TYPICAL OF CATEGORIES B, C AND D A,

(2) Weld joint efllcincy factor (J) Radiography

Spot radiographNo radiography ed (Radi aphy B ) set 8.7. T

Limitations a) Permissible plate material

CLASS 1 (3) No limitation thickness on

b) Shell or end plate thickness

i) Visual inspection ofsurface for objectionable defects -

OF PRESSURE VESSELS ~-_..----------*---__--_-_~ (5) v) Calibration and dimcnsional check on completion -

i) A check bend and tensile tat on each plate

for material whose II cations 80 not cnvisz-,e da tailed testing

Check on welding procedure and operator qualification ( see 7.1)

Check on welding procedure and operator qualification (see 7.1)

Post-weld treatment Pressure aside test

See 6.12 Hydraulic pressure test (see 8.4) as alternate

See6.12 Hydraulic pressure test (see 8.4)

bend tests are acceptable

to the face and root bend tests [ see 8.5.1.3

OF CONSTRUCTION STRESS VALUES

2.1 Materials 2.1.1 The materials

No such material shall have an elongation

100 -R, 2.2