Introduction
Siemens
Introduction
Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Definition of Fiber History of Optical Transmission Loss of a Few Optical Media Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Fibers Principle of Transmission with Light Regenerator Spacing Exercise Solution 3 7 11 13 15 19 21 25
TT2530EU02AL_01
Siemens
Introduction
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Definition of Fiber
TT2530EU02AL_01
Siemens
Introduction
In optical transmission an effect of total internal reflection is desired. This effect occurs if two transparent media are arranged one above the other. The external medium must be "better" than the internal one. The combination of glass and air would also fulfil this condition. However, one achieves more favorable characteristics with two almost equally "good" types of glass. A technically functional optical fiber (OF) consists of the following components: The information-carrying glass (the core) is covered with a slightly "better" glass (the cladding). A protective layer of plastic (the coating) is applied over the cladding. This combination of core - cladding - coating is the fiber. The fiber-glass factory delivers the fibers with a naturally colored coating. If fibers are processed into cables, they are colored for identification in the cable factory according to the specifications of the customer.
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Fibre cross section and refraction index.
125
250
Potical fibres use din transmission applications have the following dimensions: Diameter of the core approx.:8mm, 50 mm, 62,5 mm Diameter with cladding:125 mm Diameter with the coating:250 mm
Fig. 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TT2530EU02AL_01
Siemens
Introduction
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
History of Optical Transmission
TT2530EU02AL_01
Siemens
Introduction
Use of light signals in the early epoch (such as signal fluch) 1626 1794 1870 1880 1888 1897 1934 1958 1960 1962 1966 1968 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 Snell's law First telegraph line in France John Tydall demonstrated the light conductivity of a water jet Graham Bell developed the Opthophon (voice signals were sent via light but were effected by the whether) Demonstration of electromagnetic waves by Hertz Analysis of the waveguide Norman R. French patented an optical telephone system using glass rods or something similar in order to transport voice signals. Arthur Schawlow and Charles H. Townes developed the laser. Theodor H. Maiman operated the laser the first time. First semiconductor laser by GE, IBM, MIT Charles H. Kao and George A. Hockham proposed the glass fiber as conductor. Optical wave guides with an attenuation of 1000 dB/km. Corning Glassworks produces an OWG with less than 20 dB/km at 633 nm. Attenuation of 4 dB/km at 850 nm and a bandwidth of 20 - 50 MHz/km is achieved. The first FO cables for telephone purposes are employed on military vessels. The concept for graded index fiber is introduced 500-1000 MHz/km. First system trials in the USA by Western Electric in Atlanta. Siemens starts a 2.1 km long test line in Munich. Field trial in Chicago over 2.5 km by Bell Systems. Simultaneously in Long Beach over 9.5 km by General Telephone. Siemens installs the first FO link for DBP in Berlin. 1981 1983 1984 Dispersion 4 ps/nm x km Beales GB Siecor delivers the first single mode fiber cable. In the laboratory, over 200 km spans are achieved at 1.55 m.
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
1985 1987 1992 1995 1996
Dispersion-shifted fiber Foundation of the Siecor company in Neustadt with 80,000 km processed glass fiber. LA 140 LWL Siemens, together with Siecor, installs more than 3,000,000 km of cabled fiber in over 25 countries. SLA 4/SLA 16 The cable factory Neustadt processes 500,000 km fiber into cables for the first time. Foundation of PT Trafindo Perkasa in Indonesia. The production starts temporarily with 70,000 km of fiber.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TT2530EU02AL_01
Siemens
Introduction
10
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Loss of a Few Optical Media
Medium Pure Water Window glass Optical glass Thick fog City air in Dusseldorf Glass fibre 1970 Good fibre 1978 Good fibre 1986 Optical Attenuation 100,000 50,000 3,000 500 10 20 3 0,2 Penetration depth at 50% light gloss 33 mm 66 mm 1,000 mm 6,6 m 330 m 165 m 1,000 m 18,000 m
Fig. 2
TT2530EU02AL_01
11
Siemens
Introduction
12
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Fibers
High transmission capacity Low susceptibility to electromagnetic interference important for use in industrial plants control lines in power plants in principle, no spacing requirements when run in parallel. Potential separation between transmitter and receiver (no ground loop) Long distances between repeaters over 300 km is possible for sea cables large production lengths therefore greater distances between couplings therefore fewer couplings therefore fewer installation errors. No line interference, no signal dispersion Highly resistant to eavesdropping Short-circuit-free (no spark formation) important in areas where there is a risk of explosions. Light weight, highly flexible lighter equipment easier handling less volume for shipping smaller cable reels lighter trailers smaller winches. Smaller dimensions smaller cable diameter more effective utilization of cable ducts. No corrosion of fibers. Unlimited material availability (SiO2 is available in nearly limitless supply) 1 gram of silicon corresponds to 10 kg of copper.#
Advantages:
l l
l l
l l l l l l l
Disadvantages:
l l l
Installation technology high level of precision required sophisticated devices necessary
TT2530EU02AL_01
13
Siemens
Introduction
14
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Principle of Transmission with Light
TT2530EU02AL_01
15
Siemens
Introduction
Message transmission with light can be easily explained: In the transmitter, the electrical signal is converted into a light signal in an electrooptical converter (e.g. a light emitting diode (LED) or a laser diode (LD)). To be more precise: The light intensity of the transmitting diode is modulated by the binary pulsemodulated diode current i1, and light with the power P (0) is coupled with the optical fiber. After traversing the optical fiber, the light is converted back into an electrical signal in an opto-electric converter (e.g. photodiode) at the end of the transmission route. The optical transmission route therefore begins and ends with an electrical interface whose data is normed independently of the transmission medium. Therefore, digital systems with fiber optics use, in principle, the same interfaces (CCITT recommendations G. 703) they use for radio relay and multiplex units.
16
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
CCITT Interface
Light-emitting or laser code
i1
optical transmitter
P (0)
Optical fibre
P (L)
Photodiode
+ -
i2
optical receiver
L i1, i2 P(0), P(L)
Fig. 3
Length of optical transmission route Laser diode or photodiode current Optical transmit or receive power
TT2530EU02AL_01
17
Siemens
Introduction
18
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Regenerator Spacing
The diagram shows regenerator spacing independently of transmission capacity and the various transmission media. An analog system (for example with 10,800 channels over a 2.6/9.5 coaxial cable) requires a repeater every 1.55 km. A glass fiber can transmit more than three times as many channels across approx. 100 km without a regenerator.
Maximum regenerator spacing 100 m 50 SM fibre 1500 nm
MM fibre 20 V300 V960 LA 34 KX
10
5 LA 140 KX 2
V2700 V3600 coaxial pair 2.6/9.5 mm
LA 565 KX 1 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
V10800 20000 50000
8 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s bit rate
565 Mbit/s 622
2.5 Gbit/s
Fig. 4
TT2530EU02AL_01
19
Siemens
Introduction
20
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Exercise
TT2530EU02AL_01
21
Siemens
Introduction
22
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Exercise
1. Name at least 5 decisive advantages of fiber-optic technology over standard copper cable technology. a) b) c) d) e)
2.
In what year did the Corning Glassworks company succeed in manufacturing an optical fiber with an attenuation of less than 20 dB/km (the beginning of fiberoptic technology)?
3.
Describe the basic design of a fiber-optic transmission route!
4.
Name the three elements of an optical fiber. a) b) c)
TT2530EU02AL_01
23
Siemens
Introduction
24
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Solution
TT2530EU02AL_01
25
Siemens
Introduction
26
TT2530EU02AL_01
Introduction
Siemens
Solution
1. a) high transmission capacity b) low weight c) large production lengths d) not susceptible to electromagnetic influence f) resistant to eavesdropping
2.
1970
3.
telephone - electro-optical converter - fiber - electro-optical converter - telephone
4.
a) core b) cladding c) coating
TT2530EU02AL_01
27
Siemens
Introduction
28
TT2530EU02AL_01
