KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
ISO 9001:2008 No. 01442/0 ISO 14001:2004 No. 00211/0

CONTENTS
GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
- APPLICATIONS OF GRAVITY SYSTEMS

PROPERTIES OF PE AND PP PIPELINES.......................................................................................................... 4

- ADVANTAGES OF PE / PP MATERIAL - CORROSION RESISTANCE

STRUCTURE OF GRAVITY PIPES .................................................................................................................... 5

- CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURAL PIPES

HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR GRAVITY FLOWS ....................................................................................... 6

- A FLOW THROUGH THE FULLY FILLED CONDUIT - FLOW THROUGH PARTIALLY FILLED CONDUITS

DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PE AND PP GRAVITY PIPES .................................................................................. 8

- RING STIFFNESS - PIPE DEFLECTION - VERTICAL LOAD

STATIC CALCULATIONS FOR PE AND PP PIPELINES ....................................................................................... 9

- COMPRESSION MODULUS ES OF THE PIPE SURROUNDING GROUND - MODIFIED PROCTOR DENSITY VERSUS STANDARD PROCTOR DENSITY - BUCKLING - MAXIMUM SHORT-TERM DEFECTION

LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND ............................................................................................. 13

- SOIL CLASSIFICATION - TRENCH CONSTRUCTION - METHOD FOR INSTALLATION OF PIPELINES IN THE GROUND - BACKFILL - EXCAVATION WATER DRAINAGE - SELECTION OF PIPE STIFFNESS FOR THE TYPE OF GROUND - RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR SOIL COMPACTION - RECOMMENDED COMPACTION METHODS - REPLACEMENT OF SOIL - GRAVITY PIPE WALL PASSES - FRANK TYPE THE RUBBER SEALING SLEEVES - CONNECTIONS WITH RIGID STRUCTURES

DIMENSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 20 GRAVITY PIPE CONNECTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 20

- IN-SITU CONNECTIONS WITH EXISTING COLLECTOR / MANHOLE - IN-SITU CONNECTOR SHOULD BE USED FOR MAKING CONNECTION WITH COLLECTOR OR MANHOLE. - SNAP-JOINT CONNECTION - SNAP-JOINT - DIMENSIONS - EXTRUSION WELDING CONNECTION

LEAK PROOF TESTS FOR GRAVITY PIPELINES .............................................................................................. 23

- LEAK PROOF TEST OF GRAVITY PIPELINES (WITH FLOW CAUSED BY GRAVITY) - DIAGRAM EVALUATION OF WATER-PRESSURE TEST RESULTS BASED ON AMOUNT OF ADDED-UP WATER (GRAVITY PIPELINES) - DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE TESTING OF GRAVITY PIPELINE BETWEEN MANHOLES - DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE TESTING OF SEWAGE SYSTEM INSPECTION CHAMBERS

TYPE OF KK SPIRAL MANHOLES .................................................................................................................. 25

- TANGENTIAL MANHOLE - COVER OF MANHOLE - INSTALATION OF PE / PP MANHOLES

INSTALLATION OF KK SPIRAL MANHOLES ................................................................................................... 27

- CHECKING HYDROSTATIC STABILITY OF SEWAGE MANHOLES

TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF PE AND PP PIPES....................................................................................... 29 FITTINGS ..................................................................................................................................................... 31

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
GENERAL
KONTI KAN SPIRAL PIPE, gravity system, is structured-wall ( high-density polyethylene (PE-HD) or polypropylene (PP) pipe with nominal diameter DN/ID 1300 - 2000 mm. KK Spiral pipe are made of hollow PE-HD /PP sections helically wounded with a specific diameter. KONTI KAN SPIRAL PIPE provides all technical advantages of equivalent polyethylene / polypropilene solid wall pipe with substantial saving in weight combining greater ease of installation with increased cost effectiveness. Its unique structure can offer a range of pipe sizes and ring stiffness, depending of customer requirements. Reference standards
Designation EN 13476-1:2007 Description Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage Structured-wall piping systems of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) - Part 1: General requirements and performance characteristics Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage Structured-wall piping systems of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) - Part 2: Specifications for pipes and fittings with smooth inside and outside surface, Type A General requirements for components used in discharge pipes, drains and sewers for gravity systems Construction and testing of drains and sewers Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage Polypropylene (PP) - Part 1: Specif cations for pipes, fittings and the system Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage Polypropylene (PP) - Part 1: Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system Plastics pipes. Structured-wall PE and PP pipes and fi ttings for non-pressure underground sewage and drainage systems. Nominal sizes larger than 1200 mm

EN 13476-2:2007 EN 476:2001 EN 1610:2002 EN 1852-1:1999 ENV 1046:2002(U) SFS 5906:2004

Property 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Density MFR (PE 190?C/5kg; PP 230?C/2,16kg) Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) (200?C) E modules Tensile strength at yield Elongation to break point PE/ elongation to flow point PP Thermal linear expansion coeffi ciant kg/m [g/10min] [min] [MPa] [MPa] [%] [10-4 K-1]
3

PE ? 930 ? 1,6 ? 20 1200 28 ? 350 1,5 - 2,0

PP ? 890 ? 1,5 ?8 1500 33 ?350 1,4

APPLICATIONS OF GRAVITY SYSTEMS

? Sewage system waste water and combined sewage system ? Highway engineering ? drainage and building draining systems Surface water ? process pipelines Industrial and ? pipelines Underwater ? Renovations

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PROPERTIES OF PE AND PP PIPELINES

ADVANTAGES OF PE / PP MATERIAL Favourable properties of the PE / PP material have had a decisive effect on general use of polyethylene / polypropilene pipes and fittings in water supply and sewage systems. The most crucial advantages include:
u High abrasion resistance u resistance (chemical compounds) Corrosion u fluid-flow properties Very good u material Non toxic

100% tight u joints Flexibility u Light weight u Reliability u

High abrasion resistance belongs to the most distinctive features of PE / PP pipes among other materials used in pipeline construction. Owing to this advantage, PE / PP pipes are used for transport of sludge, sand and other highly abrasive media. Pipes made of commonly used materials were tested using the Darmstadt method. Pipe samples were filled with water and sand mixture and subjected to cyclic swinging motion. Amount of the rubbed off pipe wall material was regularly measured. Test results demonstrate high abrasion resistance of polyethylene pipes. For example, a 0.3 mm loss of PE / PP pipe surface was measured after 400,000 cycles while the loss measured for glass fibre pipes (GRP) was 6 - 8 times greater.
Abrasion [mm]

Asbestos pipes Glass fibre pipes

Concrete pipes Clay pipes PVC pipes

PE pipes
N Number of cycles during test, N

CORROSION RESISTANCE PE / PP pipes are resistant to many chemical compounds unlike pipes made of conventional materials that easily corrode and age when exposed to most of acids (excluding nitric acid), bases, salts, aliphatic solvents (pH 0 14). Polyethylene / polypropilene pipes are low-resistant to oxidants and aromatic solvents. Resistance of PE/PP pipes to chemical compounds depends on their temperature, concentration and working pressure. Detailed information on chemical resistance of PE / PP and other thermoplastics may be found in the ISO/TR 10358 Standard.

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PROPERTIES OF PE AND PP PIPELINES
Fluid-flow properties PE / PP pipes retain low and constant roughness grade k = 0.01 mm. Lack of corrosion and resistance to clogging of PE / PP pipes belong to the most important functional qualities of PE / PP systems.

100% tight joints PE / PP gravity pipes can be welded together using polyethylene / polypropilene wire (extrusion method) or connected by means of socket joints, or screw joints.

Flexibility With natural bend radius of R = 50 outside diameters, PE / PP pipes may be laid according to variations of the pipeline route and in many cases use of expensive fittings can be avoided. Flexibility is the distinctive feature of PE / PP pipes among other conventional materials.

Low pipe weight Low pipe weight permits to reduce the costs and shorten the installation time. Owing to their light weight, PE pipes do not require heavy equipment for laying a pipeline as well as for unloading the pipes at the construction site.

Reliability Failure frequency of PE / PP pipes is much lower than that of rigid pipes (concrete, clay, GRP). PE / PP pipes are resistant to changing atmospheric conditions. They may be installed and transported both in low (below freezing point) and high ambient temperatures (tropical conditions). Therefore, PE / PP pipes are used worldwide regardless of climatic conditions.

STRUCTURE OF GRAVITY PIPES

CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURAL PIPES KONTI KAN SPIRAL pipes (PE / PP) Diameters from ID 1300 to 2000 mm

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HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR GRAVITY FLOWS

A FLOW THROUGH THE FULLY FILLED CONDUIT Hydraulic analysis of gravity flow conduits is based on correct relations between variables of a flow and flow resistance resulting in velocity and potential energy losses. Hydraulic resistance is expressed as a loss of pressure head along the pipe length and as local losses resulting from disturbances of the stream. These relations are defined by the following Darcy-Weisbach formula:
u 1 u 2

i -unit pressure drop [-] lub [] g -acceleration of gravity [m/sec2] ? - hydraulic resistance coefficient [-] dw - conduit inside diameter [m] v - mean velocity of flow [m/sec] - proportional allowance for local losses as part of losses over conduit length [%]
u 3

Q - mean flow rate [m3/sec ] Turbulent flow occurs in transient range between hydraulically smooth and totally rough conduits (the so called B zone) in pipelines with free surface of liquid. For such flow conditions, hydraulic resistance coefficient representingresistance generated at the point of contact between liquid and the conduit wall, can be determined using the Colebrooke-White formula: u 4

k - absolute roughness of conduit wall surface [m] Re - Reynolds number calculated from the formula:

v - mean velocity of flow [m/sec] - coefficient of kinematic viscosity [m2/sec]

Values of the coefficient of kinematic viscosity [m2/sec] depending on temperature and concentration of the matter suspended in liquid wastes:
Temperature [C] 2 5 10 20 25 Liquid wastes with concentration of suspended matter 100 mg/l 300 mg/l 500 mg/l -6 -6 2,17 x 10 3,17 x 10 4,17 x 10-6 -6 -6 1,60 x 10 1,76 x 10 1,92 x 10-6 1,33 x 10-6 1,37 x 10-6 1,41 x 10-6 -6 -6 1,02 x 10 1,02 x 10 1,04 x 10-6 0,90 x 10-6 0,91 x 10-6 0,92 x 10-6

Water 1,67 x 10-6 1,52 x 10-6 1,31 x 10-6 1,01 x 10-6 0,90 x 10-6

In the existing design practice fixed value of the coefficient of kinematic viscosity both for water and liquid wastes is usually assumed: = 1,31 * 10-6 m2/sec for water (liquid wastes) temperature of 10 C. Conduit wall relative roughness depends on conduit material and pipe inside wall surface wear. As regards PE / PP pipes, standard value for k is 0.01 mm. By assuming respective roughness the type of transported liquid may be modelled. For pipelines carrying liquids containing considerable amount of deposits bigger roughness should be assumed - according to their content and up to a value between 0.05 and 0.4 mm. If the above formulas are combined in one and standard liquid temperature is assumed at 10 degrees Celsius, mean flow rate can be calculated using the following formula:
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SPIRAL
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS FOR GRAVITY FLOWS
u 5 u 6

This formula is a basis for preparing flow nomograms. It combines three quantities essential in hydraulic dimensioning rate of flow, pipe bottom falling gradient (pressure drop) and pipe diameter. Basing on the flow nomograms it is possible to determine one of the three values mentioned above if two values are known.

Rh - Hydraulic radius [m] min - minimum tangential stress on the pipeliquid border [N/m2] Value of hydraulic radius used in the above formula should correspond to the type of liquid flowing through a pipe. In case of industrial and municipal waste water systems - hydraulic radius corresponding to filling ratio of 60% is assumed while in case of rain-water disposal systems they are considered as fully filled with water. Minimum tangential stresses are assumed 2.20 N/m2 and 1.47 N/m2 respectively.

FLOW THROUGH PARTIALLY FILLED CONDUITS In design of gravity flow conduits their partial filling is often assumed. Consequently, the formulas applying to fully filled conduits are corrected accord ingly by introducing a coefficient depending on the h/dw ratio (see the diagram next to this text).
Q - flow rate for partially filled conduit to flow rate for fully filled conduit ratio [-] - flow velocity for partially filled conduit to flow velocity for fully filled conduit ratio [-] A - fluid stream cross section for partially filled conduit to conduit cross section ratio [-]
1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1

Material PE, PP
aQ aA av

Absolute roughness k [mm] 0,001 0,1 3,0 0,05 0,07 0,5 3,0

Flow rate Q [l/sec] 235 220 153 227 224 193 153

Steel PVC Reinforced concrete

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8 0,9

1,1

New Old New Old New Old

Flow capacity reduction as compared with PE and PP pipes [%] 0 6,4 34,9 3,4 4,7 17,9 28,1

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DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PE AND PP GRAVITY PIPES

RING STIFFNESS Pipe section stiffness is characterized by the so called ring stiffness. Ring stiffness depends on geometry of a pipe (diameter and wall thickness) as well as on the strength of the structural material. As regards pipes made of the most popular plastics: PE and PP, their ring stiffness marked with SN should be determined according to the Standard EN ISO 9969/1995 Thermoplastics pipes. Determination of ring stiffness.
a) Ring stiffness - as per Standard ISO 9969 - is determined experimentally following the described procedures consisting in measurement of the force causing 3% pipe defl ection within 3 minutes. This force varies with time during the test and is acting on the pipe with constant speed. Another method for determination of ring stiffness is based on the DIN 16961 Standard. In this method constant pressure is applied to the pipe and pipe defl ection is measured after 1, 6 and 24 hours. 24-hour deflection under defined load should be 3% (the so called Constant Load Method). Pipe stiffness according to the DIN method can be calculated from the following formula: SR (ATV) = ER?I / rm3 [kN/m2] where: ER - modulus of elasticity of the structural material I - unit moment of inertia of the pipe wall rm - mean pipe radius

SN = ER?I / D3 [kN/m2] where: ER - modulus of elasticity of the structural material I - unit moment of inertia of the pipe wall D - mean (neutral) pipe diameter

In case of solid wall pipes their ring stiffness may be determined using the above mentioned methods.
Table Ring stiffness SN according to different methods SN [kN/m2] SN [kN/m2] Acc. to Acc. to ISO9969 DIN16961 2 4 6 8 10 16 16 32 48 64 80 128

where: SN ring stiffness of a pipe [kN/m2]

Table Ring stiffness (acc. to ISO9969) of structural pipes and ring stiffness values of solid wall (pressure) pipes.
Gravity pipelines Ring stiffness SN* [kN/m2] Pipe KK Spiral Type [kN/m2] medium 2; 4 heavy 8 Pressure pipelines Ring stiffness SN* [kN/m2] Pipe SDR[-] 33 27,6 26 22 21 17,6 17 13,6 11 9 KK Spiral [kN/m2] 2,5 5 10 19 38 75 150

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SPIRAL
STATIC CALCULATIONS FOR PE AND PP PIPELINES
PIPE DEFLECTION Theoretical deflection of a pipe under the load of soil and vehicular traffc is: Ring stiffness of SR pipe (according to ISO)

C - coefficient of load concentration C=1 b1 - coefficient of load distribution for pipe bearing angle =180 b1 = 0,083 K0 - coefficient of static earth pressure K0 = 0,5 ES - ground compression modulus

I - moment of inertia of pipe cross section [m4/m] E - modulus of elasticity of pipe material [kN/m2] assumed for PE /PP: momentary value E = 800 000 kPa sustained value El = 200 000 kPa DR - neutral axis diameter [m]

VERTICAL LOAD Vertical load q caused by earth weight, hydrostatic thrust and vehicular traffic is:
(4)

Table Values of specific gravity of dry ground gs Type of ground Sand Sandy clay Thick clay Sandy and dusty loams Loams Specific gravity [kN/m3] 17 - 19 17 - 19 18 - 22 17 - 22 17 - 22

q = qs+qw+qtr

where: 2 qs - earth weight qs = gs(H-h) + gm(h-D+s) [kN/m ] qw - hydrostatic thrust of underground water; qw = w(h-(D/2)+s) [kN/m2] qtr - load caused by vehicular traffic [kN/m2] gs - specific gravity of dry ground; here gs = 19 kN/m3 gm - specific gravity of watered ground; here gm = 11 kN/m3 w - specific gravity of water; here w = 10 kN/m3 D - pipe outside diameter [m] s - pipe wall thickness Traffic generated load qtr according to German Standards (ATV A127, EN 124.EN 1610).

Guidelines of the German Standard ATV A127 single out three types of standard loads in evaluation of load carrying capacity of pipelines exposed to traffic loads. These are: - SLW60 standard vehicle with gross vehicle weight of 600 kN and wheel load of 100 kN - SLW30 standard vehicle with gross vehicle weight of 300 kN and wheel load of 50 kN - LKW12 standard vehicle with gross vehicle weight of 120 kN and front wheel load of 20 kN and rear wheel load of 40 kN.

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STATIC CALCULATIONS FOR PE AND PP PIPELINES

Load acting on the top of pipe and caused by particular type of standard vehicle can be calculated using the following formulas: pv = ? . aF . pF where: ? dynamic coefficient
(5)

(6)

(7)

Table Coefficients used in calculations of traffic generated load qtr

Type of load SLW60 SLW30 LKW12 FA FE rA rE [kN] [kN] [m] [m] 100 500 0,25 1,82 50 250 0,18 1,82 40 80 0,18 2,26 Type of load SLW60 SLW30 LKW12 ? 1,2 1,4 1,5

COMPRESSION MODULUS ES OF THE PIPE SURROUNDING GROUND Soil compression modulus Es depends not only Diagram shows minimum values of Es for on degree of compaction but also on type of soil underground water level above pipe and and thickness of cover Hp. Diagram shows compaction degree acc. to modified Proctor for minimum values of ground compression modulus such grounds as loam, sand and gravel. Es for underground water level below pipe and For covers Hp exceeding 6 m constant value of 3 Es, corresponding to Hp=6m were assumed. specific gravity of the backfill of 19 kN/m and compaction degree acc. to modified Proctor for such grounds as loam, sand and gravel. For covers Hp exceeding 6 m constant value of Es, corresponding to Hp=6m were assumed.
4000 3500 3000 E's [kPa] 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 90% 85% 80% 75% 100% E's [kPa] 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 90% 100%

85% 80% 75%

Thickness of cover above the pipe top Hp {m} Diagram Ground compression modulus Es depending on the modified Proctor density of soil and Hp for underground water level below pipe.

Thickness of cover above the pipe top Hp {m} Diagram Ground compression modulus Es depending on the modified Proctor density of soil and Hp for underground water level above pipe.

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STATIC CALCULATIONS FOR PE AND PP PIPELINES
MODIFIED PROCTOR DENSITY VERSUS STANDARD PROCTOR DENSITY One of parameters defining foundation In order to obtain proper value of Modified conditions that may be selected in the program is Proctor Density for pipe backfilling, with Modified Proctor Density (MPD). Its value is particular consideration given to the sub-base slightly smaller in comparison with Standard zone, it is necessary to choose appropriate type Proctor Density (SPD), however, no direct and of soil, thickness of compacted layers and clear quantitative relation exists between these suitable compacter equipment. Methods for two numbers. ground compaction are shown in Table This relation is closely connected with type of soil. In common practice, for non-cohesive soil used for pipeline foundations, Modified Proctor Density constitutes reliable parameter to define mechanical properties of soil.
Table Values of Standard Proctor Density and relevant values of Modified Proctor Density

Standard Proctor Modified Proctor Density Density 88 85 93 90

Type of equipment Manual tamper Vibratory compactor Dust vibrator

Weight [kg] 15 Min. 50 - 100 50 - 100 100 - 200 400 - 600

Max. layer thickness Gravel, Loam, clay, sand silt 0,15 0,30 0,15 0,20 0,40 0,10 0,20 - 0,25 0,20

of Modified Proctor Density

Number of cycles 85 % 90 % 1 1 3 3

of Modified Proctor Density

BUCKLING External pressure (generated by soil and underground water) that generates circumferential compressive stress in the pipe wall may lead to buckling damages of pipe. Buckling risk depends on external pressure (Hp and h), possible negative pressure inside the pipe, pipe ring stiffness and type of soil. As regards pipes laid in grounds with relatively high and uniform compaction, risk of buckling is small. Permissible (critical) load can be calculated using the following formula:
(8)

and subjected to vehicular traffic loads, the following formula is additionally used:
(9)

Short-term pipe ring stiffness should be used here.

Dimensioning criteria are: short-term relative deflection and critical pressure causing buckling.

where: F - factor of safety, here F = 2 Et - ground deformation modulus, here Et = 2Es /Dm - total relative pipe deflection Long-term pipe ring stiffness SRl = 0,25 SR was assumed in this formula. For pipes with low ring stiffness, laid down in shallow trenches (Hp < 1.5 m)
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STATIC CALCULATIONS FOR PE AND PP PIPELINES

MAXIMUM SHORT-TERM DEFECTION Recommended maximum short-term deflection is 6%. This value includes considerable margin for unpredictable effects resulting from operating conditions rather than from strength of pipe material. Excessive pipe deflection and self-consolidation of the backfill soil may lead to surface damages. When tube jointing sleeves are used, excessive pipe deflection may result in unsealed joints. Verification of permissible load is based on the formulas: - for Hp 1,5m - formula (8) assuming long-term pipe ring stiffness SRl = 0,25SR and formula (9) when short-term pipe ring stiffness SRl is assumed. Smaller permissible load of the two values calculated according to the above scheme is considered reliable value. - for Hp > 1,5 m formula (8) assuming long-term pipe ring stiffness SRl = 0,25SR For thermoplastics pipes laid down in ground, buckling will rarely have decisive effect on load carrying capacity.

LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND

SOIL CLASSIFICATION Table Classification of soil used for pipe-laying according to Standard ENV 1046:2001
Type of soils
No 1

Soil group

Granular soil
2

Granular soil Cohesive soil Organic soil Organic soil

3 4 5 6

Name Single size gravel, highly screened gravel, mix of gravel and sand, mix of poorly-screened gravel and sand. Single size gravel, mix of sand and gravel, mix of poorly screened gravel and sand. Gravel with silt, gravel with clay, sand with silt, sand with clay, poorly screened mix of gravel, silt and sand. Inorganic silt, fine sand with silt and clay, inorganic clay. Organic silt, clayish organic silt, organic clay, clay with organic mix Peat, other highly organic soils, sludge

Example Crushed rock, river gravel, morainic gravel, volcanic ashes Dune sand and alluvial deposits, morainic gravel, coast sand Gravel with clay, sand with soil, alluvial clay Soil, alluvial marl, clay Superficial layer, tufa sand, sea limestone, mud, soil Peat, sludge

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LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND
Classification of mineral soils
Name of soil Loam Clay Symbol I G Dusty clay Clay Sandy clay Fine sand Medium sand Coarse sand Fine gravel Medium gravel Coarse gravel Sub-type Fraction [mm] <0,002 0,002 - 0,006 0,006 - 0,02 0,02 - 0,06 0,06 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,6 0,5 - 2,0 2,0 - 6,0 6,0 - 20,0 20,0 - 60,0

Sand

Gravel

TRENCH CONSTRUCTION Open trench without boarding a. Open trench, sloping walls without boards In case of trenches up to 4.0 m deep with no underground water and without land slips, with no load on surcharge within reach of soil wedge, the following safe sloping is allowed: Table Slopes in open trench without boarding.
Permissible slope in open trench without boarding Type of soil Highly cohesive Rocky Other cohesive soils Non-cohesive Max. slope H:x 2:1 1:1 1:1.25 1:1.5

x
Sectional view of open trench without boarding

For other cases sloping should be indicated in the engineering design

b. Open trench with vertical walls without boardingSuch trench is allowed in a dry soil only provided the ground is not under the load of a bank or construction equipment located near trench edges at a distance less than one trench depth H. Excavated material should be stored at least 0.5 m away from trench edges while the damp must not present any risk to stability of the trench walls. Table Slopes in open trench without boarding.
Permissible depth of vertical wall trench without boarding Type of soil Solid rocky ground without cracks Cohesive soils Other soils
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Max. trench depth 4,0m 1,5m 1,0m

Sectional view of vertical wall trench without boarding

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LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND

METHOD FOR INSTALLATION OF PIPELINES IN THE GROUND
Determination of soil conditions is crucial for engineering design that precedes earth work and laying a pipeline in the ground (1) Subgrade: soil compacted to approx. 90 95% SPD Layer of approx. 100-150 mm, gravel, sand, well graded aggregate, loam, clay (group 1 4 in the table), manual compaction. Pipes should be laid down at the trench bottom so that they evenly rest on subgrade along their entire length. Strength of subgrade may not be less than assumed in the engineering design (static calculations of pipeline). Moreover, hydraulic gradient should be ensured. Main backfill (2) and upper backfill (3): soil compacted to approx. 90 95% SPD
NO SOIL COMPACTION

Preparation of subgrade

Main and upper backfills

Backfill should be symmetrical at both sides of pipe in layers not exceeding 0.2 m, paying particular attention to careful compactionof soil in pipe support zone. It is necessary to ensure that pipe would not go up during compacting operation. Use of light vibratory equipment (weight up to 100kg) is recommended. Use of the compactor directly above pipeline is not allowed. This may be used only when the cover is at least 0.3 m thick. For the first layer - up to 0.3 m thick - material belonging to group 1-4 with granularity specifi ed in Table should be used.

Table Required granulation of soil System Nominal Maximum diameter of pipe particle size 50

Virgin soil may be used for backfilling in the pipe foundation zone provided it satisfies all the criteria given below: a) does not contain particles larger than allowed for given pipe diameter as per table; b) does not contain lumps larger than double size of particles for specific application as shown in table; c) if the material is not frozen; d) does not contain foreign matter (such as asphalt, bottles, cans, pieces of wood) e) if compaction using flexible material is required. If no detailed information about original material is available, density factor of 91 to 97% acc. to Standard Proctor Density (SPD) is assumed.

KK SPIRAL (manholes, 1300 < DN 2000 tanks, fittings)

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LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND
BACKFILL The green belt: If a pipeline is laid down in the green belt area, virgin soil (from excavation) It may be used since it belongs to group 1-4. In this case it should be compacted to approx. 88% SPD.
4

Sectional view of a trench made in the green belt area

Excavations under the streets: Virgin soil may be used for backfilling. Vibratory equipment with weight of up to 200 kg may be used also. Density according to SPD should satisfy the requirements for road construction. For pipelines laid under streets frost heave soils may not be used as upper layer of backfill (thickness depending on frost penetration conditions).

Sectional view of a trench made under street

EXCAVATION WATER DRAINAGE Lowering of the water table in trench should be done if excavation work or laying the pipelines is hindered by underground water. Lowering of the water table should be done without disturbing subgrade soil structure or subgrade soil of neighbouring buildings. Underground water table should be lowered by minimum 0.5 m below the trench bottom. Due to harmful effect of water table variations on the trench bottom soil structure, lowering of the underground water table should include 24-hour periods. Moreover, excavated trench should be protected against inflow of rain water. Structures protecting trench walls should stand out at least 0.15 m above the adjacent ground, while ground surface should be suitably sloped for easier water removal. Any loose ground (dewatered for the time of construction) without grains exceeding 20 mm (not more than 16 mm in case of crushed stone) or cohesive soil satisfying the requirements for grounds with symbols ms, ss, be used as subgrade for the pipeline. Strength parameters of subgrade may not be worse than assumed in the design documentation (static calculations for the pipeline). If cohesive soil occurs at the trench bottom, a layer of loose ground backfi ll not less than 0.15 m thick and not less than 0.25 pipe diameter should be made before the pipeline is laid down. This backfill should be compacted up to 95% SPD. Pumping of underground water may be stopped only when the pipeline is completely backfilled. Civil engineering design must describe detailed method for trench dewatering.

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LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND

SELECTION OF PIPE STIFFNESS FOR THE TYPE OF GROUND Type of ground and degree of its compaction are crucial factors in construction of gravity pipelines.

top charge

1 2

upper back?ll

back?ll subgrade (bottom back?ll) b

Division of trench into zones of virgin soil (2) and the ground around pipeline (1) Layers of soil with different density

RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR SOIL COMPACTION The structural properties of the pipe zone backfill material are primarily dependent upon the type of material and the degree of compaction achieved. The degree of compaction can be varied by using different types of equipment and by varying the numbers of layers. Table represents groups of material classified in conformance with Annex A the degree of compaction expressed in Standard Proctor Density (SPD) for the three classes of compaction used in this prestandard, i.e W, M or N.
NOTE Proctor Density determined in accordance with DIN 18127

Class of compaction

Embankment group 4 3 2 1

N (not) M (moderate) W (well)

75-80 % 81-89 % 90-95 %

79-85 % 86-92 % 93-96 %

84-89 % 90-95 % 96-100 %

90-94 % 95-97 % 98-100 %

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND
Selected pipe stiffness should be verified by static calculations (e.g. according to Scandinavian Method). In general, it is assumed that the trench is dewatered prior to installation. If underground water is present, allowance for additional pipe load should be made in pipeline calculations. In general, selection of pipe stiffness depends on the type of virgin soil, top charge material and its density, thickness of cover above pipe, water table, size and geometry of load as well as the boundary values for given pipe. Matching pipeline stiffness with installation conditions should be agreed with the designer. Tables below show general values of ring stiffness relative to given ground properties
Recommended minimum stiffness for pipes laid in ground not exposed to traffic generated loads Pipe stiffness [kN/m2] Backfill material [Group] Class of density 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 W M W M W M W M W M W M W M W M 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 1 m < Thickness of cover < 3 m Virgin soil group 3 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 5 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 ** 8 8 8 8 8 ** ** ** 6 8 8 8 8 8 ** 8 ** 8 8 8 ** ** ** ** ** 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 ** 3 m < Thickness of cover < 6 m 4 4 4 8 4 8 8 8 8 8 ** ** ** **

4 4

4 4 4 8

*) In grounds with low carrying capacity, pipe foundation should be reinforced e.g. with geotextiles **) Static calculations are necessary for determination of geometry of trench and pipe stiffness.

Recommended minimum stiffness for pipes laid in ground not exposed to traffic generated loads Pipe stiffness [kN/m2] Backfill material [Group] Class of density 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 W W W W W W W W 4 2 4 8 1 m < Thickness of cover < 3 m Virgin soil group 3 8 8 8 4 5* 8 ** ** ** 8 8 8 ** 6* ** ** ** ** 8 8 ** **

4 4

8 8 ** ** 3 m < Thickness of cover < 6 m 4 8 4 8 8 8 **

*) In grounds with low carrying capacity pipe foundation should be reinforced e.g. with geotextiles **) Static calculations are necessary for determination of geometry of trench and pipe stiffness. In addition, when pipeline is laid under unsurfaced road (particularly if depth is small) pipeline may be covered with reinforced slabs for greater safety.

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LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND

RECOMMENDED COMPACTION METHODS Table gives the recommended maximum layer thicknesses and the number of presses required to achieve the compaction classes for the various types of equipment and pipe zone backfill materials. Also inclded are recommended minimum cover thicknesses required above the pipe before the relevant piece of equipment can be used over the pipe.
Number of presses for compaction class Well Foot or hand temper min. 15kg Vibrating tamper min. 70kg Plate vibrator min. 50kg 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,35 0,60 1,00 1,50 0,15 0,25 0,35 0,50 0,25 0,10 0,15 0,25 0,30 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,10 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,20 min. 100kg min. 200kg min. 400kg min. 600kg Vibrating roller min. 15kN/m min. 30kN/m min. 45kN/m min. 65kN/m Twin vibrating min. 5kN/m min. 10kN/m min. 20kN/m min. 30kN/m Triple heavy roller (no vibration) min. 50kN/m 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,60 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,15 0,15 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,50 0,60 1,20 1,80 2,40 0,20 0,45 0,60 0,85 1,00 3 3 Moderate 1 1 Maximum layer thickness, in metres, after compaction for soil group
see soil group table

Equipment

Minimum thickness over pipe crown before compaction

m

0,15 0,30

0,10 0,25

0,10 0,20

0,10 0,15

0,20 0,30

REPLACEMENT OF SOIL If rocks, stones or hard soil are found it is necessary to exchange soil at the trench bottom. Running sand, organic soils and soils with tendency to change volume when damp may appear. In such instances project engineer has to take decision on the extent of soil exchange under the pipe and how to found the pipe on the new soil. Each case must be considered individually basing on professional experience. If soil is to be replaced involving unplanned additional deepening of the trench, the same material should be used for subgrade and the backfill and it should be compacted density of class W.

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
LAYING GRAVITY PIPELINES IN THE GROUND
GRAVITY PIPE WALL PASSES KONTI KAN SPIRAL pipe through concrete wall. This anchor wall pass remains tight up to 3 m column of water, provide rubber sleeves are used. In addition, the wall must be made of watertight concrete.
Diagrammatic of KK SPIRAL wall pass

1. Partition watertight concrete 2. PE anchor flange 3. Rubber sleeve 4. KK SPIRAL pipe

rubber sleeve Profile A dn=90-315 mm

rubber sleeve Profile B dn=355-1200 mm

FRANK TYPE THE RUBBER SEALING SLEEVES Sleeve may be installed on KK SPIRAL pipe in any location. Depending on design specification length L may differ. Additional tightness my be obtained using sealing sleeves (profile A or B) depending on conduit diameter. CONNECTIONS WITH RIGID STRUCTURES When a pipeline is passed through buildings, drains or retaining walls allowance for differences in settlement should be made while designing connections.
Diagrammatic view of connection of gravity pipeline with concrete wall

Legend: 1. Backfilling material well compacted (class W) 2. Virgin soil 3. Pipe 4. Fitting wall pass

Such materials as polyethylene / polypropilene are flexible enough to take existing displacements and may be connected as shown in Fig Pipes projecting from rigid structures should be effectively supported by the subgrade to minimize stresses caused by shearing forces and bending moments.
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DIMENSIONS
Signify dimensions and weights in the table are indicative and they are applying on class wich is responding on the require product. The signify values are medial values for manufacture. Table shows the guaranteed manufacturing values provided for by EN 13476 and SFS 5906:2004 standards.

DN mm 1300 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000

OD mm 1422 1534 1655 1765 1975 2205

ID mm 1302 1404 1505 1605 1805 2005

Heigh of profile (H) mm 60 65 75 80 85 100

Thickness of profile (e) SN 4 mm 5 5,2 5,9 6,3 7 8,2 SN 8 mm 5,5 5,7 6,5 6,93 7,7 9 SN 10 mm 6,05 6,3 7,15 7,16 8,5 10

GRAVITY PIPE CONNECTIONS

IN-SITU CONNECTIONS WITH EXISTING COLLECTOR / MANHOLE
Dimensions of In-Situ connections

OD / ID OD 110 ID 110 OD 160 ID 160 OD 200 ID 200 OD 250 ID 250 OD 315 ID 300

Diametar of knife (mm) 114 125 166 193 208 240 262 295 337 355

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SPIRAL
GRAVITY PIPE CONNECTIONS
IN-SITU CONNECTOR SHOULD BE USED FOR MAKING CONNECTION WITH COLLECTOR OR MANHOLE.
Proceed as follows:

1. Define connection diameter

2. Cut suitable hole in the manhole wall

3. Place In-Situ connector in the hole

4. Insert connection pipe in the rubber In-Situ connector

SNAP-JOINT CONNECTION Before connection, pipes should be aligned coaxially and then one pipe end should be pushed into another with the use of excavator. Force F required to make this connection varies depending on pipe diameter. Snap on terminal is factory fitted on the pipe end. SNAP-JOINT Connection is a permanent joint.
di [mm] 1300 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 L [mm] 219 219 267 267 314 314

EXTRUSION WELDING CONNECTION Extrusion welding is connection of KK SPIRAL pipe with use of hand extruder using same material made PE/PP rod.

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GRAVITY PIPE CONNECTIONS

CROSS SECTION OF EXTRUSION WELDED CONNECTION
PREPARATION

H1

EXTRUSION WELDING

General guidelines for extrusion welding - Connection has to be made in dry conditions. Even minimum quantity of water may result in leaky connection. - Joint has to be protected against wind (particularly in winter season and during rain) - Prior to joining operation pipe ends should be cleaned and suitably prepared: pipe ends should be bevelled as shown in the above picture. Pipe surface adjacent to the chamfer should be ground gently so that extrusion material is applied to fresh pipe surface. - Since polyethylene can oxidize easily, bevelling and grinding operations should be done immediately before joining. - In case of secondary soiling, dirty spot should be cleaned and ground again. - Temperature of the PE rod should be 220 to 225C. - Extruder nozzle outlet air temperature should be in the range from 230 to 260C depending on ambient air temperature. During cold season blower air temperature should higher than during summer. Required tools: - Extruder (extruder type according to specific requirement) - Electric saw with vertical blade app. 30 cm long - Drill - Power source 4kW, 220 VAC Depending on installation conditions (dimensions of the trench) KK SPIRAL pipes may be welded: From the inside in narrow trenches From inside and outside in wide trenches From the outside pipe diameters up to 1300 mm Time needed to make connection depends on pipeline diameter. Any welding method requires electric power and compressed air available at construction site. Group responsible for making joints as well supervision of work to ensure correct installation of pipelines. Members of the Service Group are highly qualified Konti Hidoplast employees equipped with suitable tools: extruders and welding machines. The Service Group is also authorized to train personnel in installation of PE / PP pipelines and making joints directly at construction site as well as to issue certificates confirming participation in training course. Such certificate is often required during bidding to confirm qualifications of contractors personnel.

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
LEAK PROOF TESTS FOR GRAVITY PIPELINES
LEAK PROOF TEST OF GRAVITY PIPELINES (WITH FLOW CAUSED BY GRAVITY) General The following components are subjected to water-pressure test at the construction site: Gravity thermoplastics pipelines, in sections of limited length (e.g. between manholes); Pipelines composed of KK SPIRAL pipes 1000 m long Maximum; Manholes. Tested pipeline is filled with clean water and pressurized with definite hydrostatic pressure. Leaktightness is assessed by measuring amount of water necessary to fill in for retaining required pressure or water level in the pipeline.
Difference in height between pipeline axis and underground water table a (m) a<0 0<a<0.5 0.5<a<1.0 1.0<a<1.5 1.5<a<2.0 2.0<a<2.5 2.5<a<3.0 3.0<a<3.5 3.5<a<4.0 4.0<a<4.5 4.5<a<5.0 kPa 10.0 15.5 21.0 26.5 32.0 37.5 43.0 48.5 54.0 59.5 65.0 mm H2O 1000 1550 2100 2650 3200 3750 4300 4850 5400 5950 6500 Test pressure P01

Required minimum test pressure: P01 = 10 kPa = 0,1 bar = 1,0 m column of water, and maximum 50kPa, on top of the pipe If underground water is present, test pressure depends on the difference of levels between pipeline axis and underwater water table P02 = P01 + 1,1 x a (m column of water]) (2) where: P01 = 1,0 m column of water, min or 5.0 m max a = pressure exerted by underground water (m column of water)

Test pressure values relative to pipeline level and underground water table

NOTE: 100 kPa = 1 bar = 1 atm = 10 m column of water.

Temperature of water inside pipeline during test: Tmean = 20C +T; T<10C (for gravity fl ow pipes)

Temperature of leakage makeup water: Ta = Tmean 3C

Hydraulic test procedure acc. to EN 1610

Test pressure or water level increased to:

Phase I: Phase II:

Pe1 = 1,0 + 1,1 a (column of water) Prior to starting Phase II maintain pressure Pe1 for at least 10 minutes Test pressure Pe1 = 1,0 + 1,1 a (m column of water) is maintained for half an hour by adding water to the pipeline (if necessary).Amount of makeup water is measured 3 times, always for 6 minutes, in litres (Q1,Q2,Q3). Conclusion of the test. Average value of Q1, Q2, Q3 is calculated: Qa = 1/3 x (Q1 + Q2 + Q3) (3) Next, Qa is transformed into Qap, expressed in litres/m x hour: k1 = 60 / 6 = 10 (1/hour) k2 = 1/L (L = lenght of section under test) Qap = Qa x k1 x k2 (4) Test result is satisfactory if Qap value remains in the shaded area - see Diagram 10.1.a

Phase III:

Explanation of symbols are used: L = ength of pipeline section under test; a = underground water table measured from pipe axis in the middle of tested section (1/2 L) Di = Pipeline inside diameter Pe1 = test pressure
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Test pressure may be calculated using the formula: Pe1 = P10 + 1,1 a (m column of water) (2) where: P10 = 1,0 m column of water (= 1,0 x 10-2 kPa)

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LEAK PROOF TESTS FOR GRAVITY PIPELINES

DIAGRAM EVALUATION OF WATER-PRESSURE TEST RESULTS BASED ON AMOUNT OF ADDED-UP WATER (GRAVITY PIPELINES) 2,5
Volume of make-up water per length unit and over specific time [l/m h]
2

1,5

0,5

values accepted for plastic pipes

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000
Inside diameter [mm]

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE TESTING OF GRAVITY PIPELINE BETWEEN MANHOLES
1. Additional water tank 2. Pressure equalizing equipment (when necessary) 3. Pressure gauge 4. Valve 5. Plug support 6. Plug 7. Valve

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE TESTING OF SEWAGE SYSTEM INSPECTION CHAMBERS
1. Additional water tank 2. Pressure equalizing

Legend: l = height of inspection chamber a = underground water table up to the pipeline axis Di = inspection chamber inside diameter Test pressure: as indicated in Table above or acc. to formula (2) Water-pressure test procedure is identical with that used for pipelines (Phases I to III). Test result is satisfactory if Qap value remains in the shaded area see Diagram

equipment (when necessary) 3. Pressure gauge 4. Plug 5. Chain 6. Valve

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
TYPE OF KK SPIRAL MANHOLES
TYPES OF KK SPIRAL MANHOLES

Reinforced concrete slabs MB20

Cast cover 600mm

PE stairs , welded on manhole PE manhole body from KK spiral PE bottom made of PE plates welded on manhole Reinforced concrete slabs MB20

PE stairs

BASE OF THE BOTTON

BASE OF COVER CAST COVER 600mm REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS MB20

=10%

=10%

PE STAIRS

CONCRETE MB10
2

2 2

Manholes can be made of combination of KK spiral pipe and rotomolded parts. And then is possible these kind of manholes:
MODULAR UPER PART MODULAR EXTENSION WITH STEPS STAIRS KK SPIRAL PIPE

KK SPIRAL PIPE FLAT BOTTOM

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TYPE OF KK SPIRAL MANHOLES

TANGENTIAL MANHOLE This type of manhole is tangencionaly positioned related to the vertical pipe, which means is moved from the middle. The tangencional part of the manhole is being made in diameters from ID1300 to ID 2000mm, and the vertical part is ID1000mm. The manholes are made from polyethylene, and the only diference is that the tangencial pipe the horizontal one is made of polyethylene / polypropilene - KK SPIRAL pipe. The vertical part (the body) can be made in hights according to the requests of the buyer (10-12 m), and it can be made from spiral pipe or rotomolded parts. On the inside it has built in stairs. The upper part the cover of the manhole is conus shaped eccentric opening. The major advantage is stable, flexible, low weight, easy access, selfcleaning and permanent onstruction.

COVER OF MANHOLE Usualy the manholes are being installed in a way so that the upper part of the manhole the cover is being positioned on the upper edge on the field on top of which comes the concrete plate, which evens the load. The advantage of these manholes is that the outside load is not directly transferred to the manhole but it is transferred through the concrete ring in the surrounding soil. The manhole cover is also made of polyethylene, conus shaped with eccentric hole and there are two different hights of it avalible.

INSTALATION OF PE / PP MANHOLES PE / PP manholes installed in earth behavior similar as PE / PP pipe. The manholes, pipes and connection parts, all together are construction, where stability and function safety are based on mutual functions of all integrated parts, bedding and filling. The site work, like bedding, connection of manhole with pipes, side backfilling and main backfilling, make compact system which insure proper function of whole manhole system in according with standards requirements.

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
INSTALLATION OF KK SPIRAL MANHOLES
Soils belonging to group 1-3 may be used for subgrade, backfill and top charge. Soils of the group 4-6 (cohesive and organic soils) are not recommended. In tank backfill zone soil should be replaced with that belonging to group 1-3.
Installation in dry soil

Installation in watered soil - Konti Hidroplast manhole buoyant force may be calculated with the use of Konti Hidroplast computer program.

Depending on the underground water level, manhole may be provided with heavy bottom. Standard height of heavy bottom chamber h2=30cm. Eccentric or T-connection manholes do not need anchoring with special heavy slabs. Buoyancy is compensated by collecting pipe.
Manhole with heavy bottom ?lled with lean concrete T-connection or eccentric manhole with nonedd for heavy bottom

Types of soil. Compaction densities

Type of soil Group Example of soil Compaction in SPD%

Loose Loose Loose Cohesive Organic Organic

1 2 3 4 5 6

Gravel - gap grained, valley and beach gravel Sand - gap grained, dune sands, deposited sands, valley sands Clay sand, sand-clay mix gap grained, watered sand Inorganic loam, fine sand, stone dust, highly plastic clay Multi-fractional loose soil with humus Peat and other highly organic soils

98 ? 100 96 ? 100 93 ? 96 -------

Anchoting of manhole in wet soil

- concrete inlet

Depending on the underground water level, manhole may be provided with heavy bottom. Standard height of heavy bottom chamber h2=30cm. Heavy bottom chamber should be filled with lean concrete. For this reason, lower part of the bottom is provided with two opposite filler pipes for pouring the concrete in. After the concrete is pored in, the fillers should be closed using a PE / PP plug.
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INSTALLATION OF KK SPIRAL MANHOLES

CHECKING HYDROSTATIC STABILITY OF SEWAGE MANHOLES In order to check hydrostatic stability of a sewage manhole we should compare the design value of hydrostatic lift exerted on the manhole with the sum of values of the bearing forces (tare weight and friction of the soil against the external lateral surface of the manhole). The calculation diagram is shown in fig Checking of hydrostatic stability refers to such design cases, where the ratio between the nominal diameter of the collector and diameter of manhole chamber does not exceed 0.7 and the nominal diameter of manhole is at least 800 mm. In other cases, especially when the collector diameter is larger than diameter of manhole chamber, the calculation of additional load can be neglected. If the condition for manhole hydrostatic stability is not met, the manhole must be equipped with a loading chamber filled with concrete, placed in the bottom part of the manhole.
Manhole with a loading chamber.

Calculation of forces exerted on the manhole: The value of hydrostatic lift:

The value of friction force of the soil against the lateral surface of a manhole in homogenous backfill:

Calculation of the value of friction force of the soil against the lateral surface of a manhole in complex ground and water conditions is shown below. In accordance with the requirements of the limit state method, for the first limit state (load capacity), the value of unbalance forces should be multiplied by an appropriate increasing coeffi cient while bearing forces - by a decreasing coeffi cient. Adopting the most economical values of correcting factors (provided they are admissible by the standard) (1,1 i 0,9), the necessary anchoring force is as follows: where: Gw tare weight of manhole. If the calculated value of anchoring force is greater than zero,bearing force should be increased by means of a loading chamber filled with concrete whose depth can be calculated as follows:

H - depth of channel bed [m] h - ground water level above the channel bed [m] h2 - height of loading chamber [m] Dz - outer diameter of the chamber [m] Dw - inner diameter of the chamber [m] w - volume weight of water [kN/m3] 'b - effective volume weight of concrete ('b =b w ) [kN/m3] - volume weight of the ground [kN/m3] - angle of internal friction of the soil [rad]

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF PE AND PP PIPES

Loading and unloading of pipes on pallets should be effected with the use of fork lifts with smooth forks. Pallets may not be damaged and should be strong enough not to present risk to personnel. Pipes loaded individually must be suspended on soft slings such as polyester belts of suitable strength. Use of rods, hooks or metal chains may lead to damages when pipes are incorrectly handled.

Trucks with flat loading platform or special vehicles for transport of pipes should be used. No nails or other elements may protrude from the platform. Side boards should be fl at and without sharp edges. Pipes with biggest diameters should be loaded directly on the platform. Individually loaded pipes should be separated with wooden slats so the slings may be threaded between pipe layers for unloading. In case of socket pipes, sockets should not touch one another. Pipes should be bound together tightly so they would not move during transport. During transport pipes should not hang down more than five times nominal diameter and not more than 2 metres (smaller value applies).

During unloading pipes must not be dropped in the uncontrolled manner. Otherwise, mechanical damage may occur. Pipes should be transported to a storage yard. Strength of plastic pipes decreases when temperature drops. Therefore, particular caution is needed when unloading plastic pipes in low ambient temperatures.

For manual unloading polyester slings should be used. Unloaded pipes must not produce any hazard to personnel. Lifting equipment and proper slings should be used when unloading heavy pipes. Nobody is allowed to stay under the suspended load or within reach of the crane.

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TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF PE AND PP PIPES

Pipe storage yard should be accessible to personnel, e.g. quality control staff. Easy access should be also provided for further transport. Pipes must not be stored near open fire, sources of heat or dangerous substances: fuel, solvents, oils, paints, etc. Wooden separators should be used during storage of pipes - in the same way as in transport. Wooden slats should be flat and wide to avoid deformation of pipes. Biggest diameter pipes should be placed at the bottom. In case of socket pipes deformation of sockets should be avoided (alternating arrangement).

Pipes should not rest directly on the floor. It is necessary to use supports - similar to wooden slats placed between pipes. Distance between supports should not exceed 2.5 m. The floor should be flat and without sharp elements. Stacking height should not exceed 3-4 m.

Pipe stacking height

System Maximum approximate stacking height h [m]

KK SPIRAL

3,0 - 4,0 m

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KONTI KAN PE/PP

SPIRAL
FITTINGS
FITTINGS Manholes can be very easy connected to pipes with whole range of different fitting fabricated from KONTI KAN Pipes.

90

DN

45

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Z
N D 1

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Tel: 00 389 00 389 00 389 00 389

034 034 034 034

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