GSM Network

Introduction S.H.Jamali

Structure of Talk
GSM Network & Its Elements Some Procedures Layers in GSM Radio Channels Frequency Bands Power Classes Burst Structure Logical Channels Frame Structure Some Procedures Logical Channels

Structure of Talk

GSM NETWORK
(Elements)

GSM Network

OMC PSTN
G M S C
HLR AUC EIR

B S C

B T S

B T S

HS
B T S

MS

B T S

VLR

B S C

B T S

B T S

M S C

B T S

B T S

GSM NETWORK
(MS)

GSM Network

SIM
43211

Processor & Memory

MS

Hardware & Software

SIM: Subscriber Identity Module (without SIM a Mobile is not Operational except for Emergency Calls) Permanent Information Temporary Information IMSI TMSI Authentication Key Additional GSM Services Access Control Class Subscriber Information ... Location Area Identity (LAI)

SIM CARD TCI

GSM NETWORK
(BTS)

GSM Network

BTS: Base Transceiver Station is the Radio Interface Between Mobile and Network Um
BSC

N TRX ~ 8 x N Traffic Channels N TRX ~ 100 x N Subscribers Cell Radius: BTS Power

Abis
MS

BTS

GSM NETWORK
(BSC)

GSM Network

MSC

BSC: Base Station Controller Monitors and Controls Several BTSs BSC Tasks: Frequency Administration The Control of a BTS BTSs Exchange Functions

BSC

GSM NETWORK
(MSC)

GSM Network

(G)MSC
PSTN

VLR

HLR

AUC

(G)MSC: (Gateway)Mobile Switching Center is the Interface Between the Cellular Network and PSTN (Complete Exchange) HLR: Home Location Register Stores the Identity and User Data Belonging to a BSCs GMSC IMSI Authentication Key EIR The Address of Current VLR VLR: Visitor Location Register Contains the Relevant Data of All Mobiles Located in Serving (G)MSC TMSI Permanent Data as HLR

GSM NETWORK
(OMC)

GSM Network

OMC: Operation & Maintenance Center OMC Is Connected to MSC and BSC Monitors and Handles the Error Massage and Traffic Loads Controls BTS Configuration Through BSC

OMC

SOME PROCEDURES
(Switching On)

Some Procedures

f2 f1
B T S B T S

f4
B T S

f3

B T S

After a MS is Switched on: Scans the Whole GSM Band Stores and Sorts the Best Carriers (f3, f4,f1,f2) Detects the Base Frequency of the Best Cell Synchronizes Itself with the Cell (Time & Frequency) Reads the System Information from the Base Channel (LAI,CAI, Neighbor Cells, ) If the Current Location is not the Same as Previous One Registration (Location Updating)

SOME PROCEDURES
(Registration)

Some Procedures

43211

VLR

HLR

MS

BTS

BSC

(G)MSC

VLR

HLR

ACTION
Channel Request Channel Activation Command Channel Activation Ack. Channel Assignment Location Updating Request Authentication Request Authentication Response Authentication Confirm Assignment of New Area & TMSI Ack. of New Area & TMSI Entry of the New Aera & Identity into VLR and HLR Channel Release

SOME PROCEDURES
(Call Establishment) (MOC)
43211

Some Procedures

VLR

HLR

MS

BTS

BSC

(G)MSC

VLR

HLR

ACTION
Channel Request Channel Assignment Call Establishment Request Authentication Request Authentication Response Ciphering Command Ciphering Complete Set Up Message & Desired Number Call Proceeding, NW Routes the Call Assignment of a Traffic Channel Assignment Complete Ringing Alerting Connect Connect Ack. Exchange of Speech Data

Layers in GSM

Layers in GSM

CM (Call Management) MM (Mobility Management) RR (Radio Resources)

Layer 3

LAPDm

LAPD

MTP

Layer 2 Layer 1 HLR GMSC

Um

G.732

G.723

MS

BTS

BSC

MSC/VLR

FREQUENCY BANDS
(GSM900)
1. Primary GSM (124 Chan.)
890 MHz
0

Radio Channels

915 MHz
124

935 MHz 20 MHz Guard Band

0

960 MHz
124 124

Up-Link 25 MHz

Down-Link 25 MHz

2. Enhanced GSM (174 Chan.)

880 MHz 890 MHz
1023 0 974

915 MHz
124

Up-Link 25 MHz

10 MHz

10 MHz

10 MHz Guard Band

925 MHz 935 MHz

1023 0 974

960 MHz

Down-Link 25 MHz

FREQUENCY BANDS
(DSC1800)

Radio Channels

1710 MHz
512

1785 MHz
885

Up-Link 75 MHz 375 Chan.

20 MHz Guard Band

1805 MHz
512

1880 MHz Down-Link 75 MHz 375 Chan.

885

POWER CLASSES
(GSM900)

Radio Channels

Power Class Max. Power of MS Max. Power of BTS 1 20 W (43 dBm) 320 W (55 dBm) 2 8 W (39 dBm) 160 W (52 dBm) 3 5 W (37 dBm) 80 W (49 dBm) 4 2 W (33 dBm) 40 W (46 dBm) 5 .8 W (29 dBm) 20 W (43 dBm) 6 10 W (40 dBm) 7 8 5 W (37 dBm) 2.5 W (34 dBm)

POWER CLASSES
(DSC1800)

Radio Channels

DCS1800 Power Class Max. Power of MS Max. Power of BTS 1 1 W (30 dBm) 20 W (43 dBm) 2 .25 W (24 dBm) 10 W (40 dBm) 3 5 W (37 dBm) 4 2.5 W (34 dBm) DCS1800 (Phase II) & GSM Micro BTS Power Class Max. Power of MS Max. Power of BTS 1 .25 W (24 dBm) 1.6 W (32 dBm) 2 .08 W (19 dBm) .5 W (27 dBm) 3 .03 W (14 dBm) .16 W (22 dBm)

TDMA FRAME
User 1

Radio Channels

TDMA Frame
5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2

577 uSec TDMA Frame: 4.615 mSec

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2

BTS Transmits (Down-Link) 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

MS Transmits (Up-Link)

TDD Advantages: No Duplexer in MS Long Battery Age

POWER-TIME TEMPLATE

Radio Channels

dB
+4 +1 -1 -6

-30

147 Bits

-70 or 36 dBm 0 10 18 28 570.8 580.8 588.8 598.8

uSec

POWER CONTROL & TIMING ADVANCE

tB tA
tB + TS
B TSn+1

Radio Channels

TS n+1 tA

Without Power Control & Timing Advance

A&B
A TSn

TS n TS n+1 tA tB
With Power Control & Timing Advance

Power Control

PC Is Performed with 2dB Steps PC Is Mandatory for Up-Link A PC Is Optional for Down-Link

TS n

BURST STRUCTURES
(Normal Burst)
5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2

Radio Channels

Coded Data (57)

Training Sequence (26) Stealing Flags (1)

Coded Data (57)

Tail Bits (3)

Tail Bits (3)

Guard Period (8.25)

BURST STRUCTURES
(Other Bursts)
Frequency Correction Burst
Fixed Bits (142) Tail Bits (3) Tail Bits (3) Guard Period (8.25)

Radio Channels

Synchronization Burst
Coded Data (39) Tail Bits (3) Synchronization Sequence (64) Coded Data (39) Tail Bits (3) Guard Period (8.25)

Random Access Burst

Synchronization Sequence (64) Tail Bits (8) Coded Data (36) Tail Bits (3) Guard Period (68.25)

LOGICAL CHANNELS

Radio Channels

Traffic Channels (TCH) FEC Coded Speech FEC Coded Data Broadcast Channels (BCH) BTS FCCH SCH BCCH MS

Control Channels (CCH) Common Control Channels (CCCH) PCH BTS RACH BTS Stand-Alone Associated Dedicated CCH CCH (ACCH) (SDCCH) BTS MS MS MS BTS MS

TCH/F TCH/F9.6 22.8 kb/s TCH/F4.8 TCH/F2.4 22.8 kb/s TCH/H TCH/H4.8 11.4 kb/s TCH/H2.4 11.4 kb/s

SDCCH/4 SDCCH/8

FACCH/F FACCH/H SACCH/TF SACCH/TH SACCH/C4 SACCH/C8

AGCH BTS MS

LOGICAL CHANNELS
(Control Channels)

Radio Channels

Control Channels move signaling between radios and network. Broadcast Channels: Provide sufficient information to MS for it
to synchronize with network. (Only BTS MS) BCCH: Specific System Parameters to identify network)
LAC (Location Area Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) Neighbor Cells Frequencies

FCH: Provides MS with the frequency reference of the system SCH: Provides MS with the
Training Sequence TDMA Frame Number (FN) BSIC (Base Station Identity Code)

LOGICAL CHANNELS
(Control Channels)

Radio Channels

Common Control Channels: Support establishment of a

dedicated link between a BTS and a MS. RACH: is used by MS to request a dedicated channel from the network. (Only BTS MS) PCH: is used for paging of a MS by the network. AGCH: is used by the network to respond to the RACH

Dedicated Control Channels: are used for the message

transfer (not traffic) between the network and MS. SDCCH: transfers signaling between BTS and MS. SACCH: carries control and measurement parameters is used to control the link quality between MS and BTS. FACCH: carries the same information as SDCCH. The difference is that FACCH replaces all or a part of traffic channel.

FRAME STRUCTURE
(Hierarchy)
577 us
Coded Data (39) Synchronization Sequence (64) Coded Data (39)

Radio Channels

577 us
Coded Data (57) Training Sequence (26) Coded Data (57)

Burst TDMA Frame

4.616 ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 235.38 ms
0 1 49 50 0 1

120 ms
24 25

Multi-Frame

6.12 s 0 1 49 50 Super-Frame

1
3h, 28min, 53s, 760ms

24

25
Hyper-Frame

2046 2047

FRAME STRUCTURE
(Channel Combinations)
I. TCH/FS+FACCH/FS+SACCH/FS

Radio Channels

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

II. III.

TCH/HS(0,1)+FACCH/HS(0,1)+SACCH/HS(0,1) TCH/HS(0)+FACCH/HS(0)+SACCH/HS(0) +TCH/HS(1)+FACCH/HS(1)+SACCH/HS(1)

T t T t T t T t T t T t S t T t T t T t T t T t T s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

FRAME STRUCTURE
(Channel Combinations)
IV. FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH0

Radio Channels

F S BCCH CCCH F S
0 1 2-5 6-9 10 11

CCCH
12-19

F S
20 21

CCCH
22-29

F S
30 31

CCCH
32-39

F S
40 41

CCCH
42-49

I
50

F=FCCH, S=SCCH, CCCH (PCH, AGCH), I=Idle

(Down Link)

R R
0 1

R R
10 11

R R
20 21

R R
30 31

R R
40 41

R
50

R=RACCH

(Up Link)

FRAME STRUCTURE
(Channel Combinations)
V.
F S 0 1 F S 0 1 BCCH 2-5 BCCH 2-5

Radio Channels

FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4+SACCH/4
CCCH F S CCCH 6-9 10 11 12-15 CCCH F S CCCH 6-9 10 11 12-15 CCCH F S 16-19 20 21 CCCH F S 16-19 20 21 SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SACCH SACCH I F S F S #0 #1 #2 #4 #0 #1 50 30 31 40 41 22-25 26-29 32-35 36-39 42-45 46-49 SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SACCH SACCH I F S F S #0 #1 #2 #4 #2 #3 50 30 31 40 41 22-25 26-29 32-35 36-39 42-45 46-49

F=FCCH, S=SCH, CCCH (PCH, AGCH), I=Idle

(Down Link)
SDCCH SACCH SACCH R R R R R R #3 #2 #3 4 5 14 15 16 17 0-3 6-9 10-13 SDCCH SACCH SACCH R R R R R R #3 #0 #1 4 5 14 15 16 17 0-3 6-9 10-13 R 17-32 R 17-32 R R R R 33 34 35 36 R R R R 33 34 35 36 SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH R R #0 #1 #2 45 46 37-40 41-44 47-50 SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH R R #0 #1 #2 45 46 37-40 41-44 47-50

R=RACCH

(Up Link)

FRAME STRUCTURE
(Channel Combinations)
VI. VII. BCCH+CCCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/8

Radio Channels

SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SACCH SACCH SACCH SACCH I I I #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #4 #5 #6 #7 48 49 50 0-3 4-7 8-11 11-15 16-19 20-23 24-27 28-31 32-35 36-39 40-43 44-47 SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SACCH SACCH SACCH SACCH I I I #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #0 #1 #2 #3 48 49 50 0-3 4-7 8-11 11-15 16-19 20-23 24-27 28-31 32-35 36-39 40-43 44-47

(Down Link)
SACCH SACCH SACCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SACCH I I I #5 #6 #7 #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #0 12 13 14 0-3 4-7 8-11 15-18 19-22 23-26 27-30 31-34 35-38 39-42 43-46 47-50 SACCH SACCH SACCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SACCH I I I #1 #2 #3 #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #4 12 13 14 0-3 4-7 8-11 15-18 19-22 23-26 27-30 31-34 35-38 39-42 43-46 47-50

(Up Link)

SOME PROCEDURES
f2 f1
B T S B T S

(Synchronization with Network)

Some Procedures

f4
B T S

f3

B T S

After a MS is Switched on: Scans the Whole GSM Band Stores and Sorts the Best Carriers (f3, f4,f1,f2) Detects the Base Frequency of the Best Cell (FCH)

SOME PROCEDURES
(Switching On)
Gets the Synchronization Information from SCH Training Sequence TDMA Frame No. Etc. Reads the System Information from BCCH LAI CAI, MNC Neighbor Cells Etc.

Some Procedures

If the Current Location is not the Same as Previous One Performs Registration (Location Updating)

SOME PROCEDURES
(Registration)

Some Procedures

43211

MS

BTS

BSC

(G)MSC

ACTION
Channel Request Channel Assignment Location Updating Request Authentication Request Authentication Response Request to Transmit in Chipered Mode Ack. Of Chiphered Mode Assignment of New Area & TMSI Ack. of New Area & TMSI Channel Release

RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH

SOME PROCEDURES
(Call Establishment) (MOC)
43211

Some Procedures

RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH FACCH FACCH FACCH FACCH TCH

MS

BTS

BSC

(G)MSC

ACTION
Channel Request Channel Assignment Call Establishment Request Authentication Request Authentication Response Ciphering Command Ciphering Complete Set Up Message & Desired Number Call Proceeding, NW Routes the Call Assignment of a Traffic Channel Assignment Complete Ringing Alerting Connect Connect Ack. Exchange of Speech Data

LOGICAL CHANNELS
(Block Diagram)
Data Signaling Speech
Speech Encoder

Logical Channels

Channel Encoder

Interleaving

Encryption

Burst Building

Modulation

IF & RF TX

VAD
Channel Comfort Noise

Speech

Speech Decoder

Signaling Data

Channel Decoder

De-Interleaving

Decryption

Burst DeBuilding

Equlization & Demodulation

IF & RF RX

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Speech Coder)
BFI Bad Frame

Logical Channels

VAD
Voice, 13 bits 8000 S/s

Speech Coder Comfort Noise

Voice Frame

D T X

Voice Frame

Speech Decoder Comfort Noise

Voice, 13 bits 8000 S/s

SID Frame

SID Frame

Transmitter VAD: Voice Activity Detection SID: SIlence Descriptor

Receiver

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Speech Coder)
Speech Coder: RPE-LTP RPE-LTP: Regulated Pulse Excited Long Term Prediction
STRC
36 bits 50 bits 132 bits 78 bits

Logical Channels

Ia Class I Ib Class II

ADC

20 msec 160 x 13 bits 104 kb/sec

Source Encoder

RPE
188 bits

LTRC
36 bits

2080 bits/ 20 msec = 104 kb/s

260 bits/ 20 msec = 13 kb/s

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Channel Coder)
d (k) d (k) & BFI
^
Block Encoder Bit Reordering Bit ordering ConvoluTional Encoder ConvoluTional Decoder

Logical Channels

260 Bits 50 3 50 132 Parity Bits 132 4 78 Tail Bits 78

Block Decoder

(53,50) Block Encoder

Rate 1/2 Convolutional Encoder

189 Bits 378 456 Bits 0 1 2 57 Bits 3 4 5 6 7 78

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Interleaving)
a) Partitioning
0 1 2 57 Bits 3 4 5 6 7

Logical Channels

Speech Frame # N

b) Block Diagonal Interleaving

Frame # N+1 0 4 1 5 2 6 3 7

0 4

1 5

2 6

3 7

Frame # N

Frame # N-1

1 5

2 6

3 7

0 4

1 5

2 6

3 7

c) Inter-Burst Reordering

Training Sequence

Normal Burst

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Modulation)
Differential Encoder Gaussian Shaping Filter Phase Modulator

Logical Channels

Normalized Filter Bandwidth: BT

BT > 0.3 BT = 0.3 BT < 0.3

fc

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Frequency Hopping)
f4 f3 f2 f1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 F4 f4 F3 f1 F2 f3

Logical Channels

F1 f2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

No Hopping

Hopping

Frequency Hopping Technique, used in GSM is Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) SFH improves the performance of the system by combating the multipath fading Interference Implementation of Frequency Hopping is Optional in BTS Mandatory in MS

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Equalization)

Logical Channels

Multi-Path Fading Channel Large Bandwidth of RF Channels (200 kHz) Frequency Selective Fading Frequency Selective Fading

Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

Equalizer Removes ISI

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
(Equalization)
Hilly Environment

Logical Channels

Rural Environment

.5

10

15

20

uSec 25

10

15

20

uSec 25

Urban Environment

Adaptive Equalizer Channel Estimator

Demodulator

.5

10

15

20

uSec 25