1

Analog and Digital Signals, Time and Frequency Representation of Signals

Required reading: Garcia 3.1, 3.2

CSE 3213, Fall 2010 Instructor: N. Vlajic

Data vs. Signal Analog vs. Digital Analog Signals

Simple Analog Signals Composite Analog Signals

Digital Signals

Data vs. Signal

Data information formatted in human/machine readable form

examples: voice, music, image, file

Signal electric or electromagnetic representation of data

transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path; thus, to be transmitted, data must be turned into energy in the form of electro-magnetic signals

Transmission communication of data through propagation and

processing of signals
Idea, Feeling, Knowledge

Data Sender

Coding

Signal

Signal

Decoding

Data Receiver

Channel or Communication Medium

Signal Representation
Signal Representation typically in 2D space, as a function of
time, space or frequency

when horizontal axis is time, graph displays the value of a signal at one particular point in space as a function of time when horizontal axis is space, graph displays the value of a signal at one particular point in time as a function of space

time

space

The time- and space- representation of a signal often resemble each other, though the signal envelope in the space-representation is different (signal attenuates over distance).

Signal Representation (cont.)

Example [ signal in time and space ]

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=35

Data vs. Signal Analog vs. Digital Analog Signals

Simple Analog Signals Composite Analog Signals

Digital Signals

Analog vs. Digital

Analog vs. Digital Data

on continuous values in some interval, e.g. voice, temperature, etc.

analog data representation variable takes digital data representation variable takes

on discrete (a finite & countable number of) values in a given interval, e.g. text, digitized images, etc.

Analog vs. Digital Signal

analog signal signal that is continuous

in time and can assume an infinite number of values in a given range (continuous in time and value) discrete (digital) signal signal that is continuous in time and assumes only a limited number of values (maintains a constant level and then changes to another constant level)

Analog vs. Digital (cont.)

Both analog and digital data can be transmitted using either analog or digital signals.

example: analog signaling of analog and digital data

will talk more about this later

Analog vs. Digital (cont.)

Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals

periodic signal completes a pattern within

some measurable time frame, called a period (T), and then repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods

T R s. t. s(t + T) = s(t), t - ,+
T - smallest value that satisfies the equation T is (typically) expressed in seconds

aperiodic signal changes without exhibiting

a pattern that repeats over time

t+T

t+2T

periodic analog signal

periodic digital signal

10

Data vs. Signal Analog vs. Digital Analog Signals

Simple Analog Signals Composite Analog Signals

Digital Signals

11

Analog Signals
Classification of (1) Simple Analog Signal into simpler signals Analog Signals

12

cannot be decomposed

sinewave most fundamental form of periodic analog signal mathematically described with 3 parameters

s(t) = A sin(2ft + )
(1.1) peak amplitude (A) absolute value of signals highest intensity unit: volts [V] (1.2) frequency (f) number of periods in one second unit: hertz [Hz] = [1/s] inverse of period (T)!
The origin is usually taken as the last previous passage through zero from the negative to the positive direction.

(1.3) phase () absolute position of the waveform relative to an arbitrary origin unit: degrees [] or radians [rad] A T = 1/f 0[s] 1[s]

(2) Composite Analog Signal composed of

multiple sinewaves

Simple Analog Signals

Phase in Simple measured in degrees or radians Analog Signals 360 = 2 rad

13

1 = 2/360 rad 1 rad = (360/2) = 57.29578 phase shift of 360 = shift of 1 complete period phase shift of 180 = shift of 1/2 period phase shift of 90 = shift of 1/4 period

5V 1s

= 0 or 360

= 90

= 180

http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/cal/h61sig/sig0001.html

Analog Signals
Example [ period and frequency ]
Unit seconds (s) milliseconds (ms) microseconds (s) nanoseconds (ns) picoseconds (ps) Equivalent 1s 103 s 106 s 109 s 1012 s Unit hertz (Hz) kilohertz (KHz) megahertz (MHz) gigahertz (GHz) terahertz (THz) Equivalent 1 Hz 103 Hz 106 Hz 109 Hz 1012 Hz

14

units of period and respective frequency

(a) Express a period of 100 ms in microseconds. 100 ms = 100 10-3 s = 100 10-3 106 s = 105 s (b) Express the corresponding frequency in kilohertz. 100 ms = 100 10-3 s = 10-1 s f = 1/10-1 Hz = 10 10-3 KHz = 10-2 KHz

Simple Analog Signals

15

Frequency in Simple rate of signal change with respect to time Analog Signals change in a short span of time high freq.

change over a long span of time low freq. signal does not change at all zero freq.
signal never completes ?? a cycle T= f=0, DC sig.

signal changes instantaneously freq. signal completes a cycle in T=0 f= ??

Time Domain Plot specifies signal amplitude at each instant of time

does NOT express explicitly signals phase and frequency

Frequency Domain Plot specifies peak amplitude with respect to freq.

phase CANNOT be shown in the frequency domain

Simple Analog Signals

16

One spike in frequency domain shows two characteristics of the signal: spike position = signal frequency, spike height = peak amplitude.

Analog signals are best represented in the frequency domain. Analog signals are best represented in the frequency domain.

Simple Analog Signals

Example [ time vs. frequency domain ]

17

http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/cal/h61sig/sig0002.html

Composite Analog Signals

Fourier Analysis any composite signal can be represented as a
combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies, phases and amplitudes

18

s(t) = A 1sin(2f1t + 1 ) + A 2sin(2f2 t + 2 ) + ...

periodic composite signal (period=T, freq. = f0=1/T) can be represented as a sum of simple sines and/or cosines known as Fourier series:

A0 s(t) = + [A ncos(2 nf0 t) + Bn sin(2nf0 t)] 2 n=1

With the aid of good table of integrals, it is easy to determine the frequency-domain nature of many signals.

2 A n = s(t)cos(2nf0 t)dt, n = 0,1,2, T0 2 Bn = s(t)sin(2nf0 t)dt, n = 1,2,3, T0

T

f0 is referred to as fundamental frequency integer multiples of f0 are referred to as harmonics

Composite Analog Signals (cont.)

during a single period of a given signal

19

Angular Frequency aka radian frequency number of 2 revolutions

2 = = 2 f T

simple multiple of ordinary frequency

A0 s(t) = + [A ncos(n0 t) + Bn sin(n0 t)] 2 n=1

T

2 A n = s(t)cos(n0 t)dt, T0 2 Bn = s(t)sin(n0 t)dt, T0

T

n = 0,1,2,...

n = 1,2,...

Composite Analog Signals (cont.)

Example [ periodic square wave ]
No DC component!!!

20

s(t) =

4A 4A 4A sin(2(5f)t) + ... sin(2(3f)t) + sin(2ft) + 5 3

three harmonics

adding three harmonics

With three harmonics we get an approximation of a square wave. With three harmonics we get an approximation of a square wave. To get the actual square, all harmonics up to should be added. To get the actual square, all harmonics up to should be added.
http://www.nst.ing.tu-bs.de/schaukasten/fourier/en_idx.html http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/sound/sound.html

Composite Analog Signals (cont.)

Example [ composite analog signal ]

21

http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/cal/h61sig/sig0009.html

Composite Analog Signals (cont.)

of Analog Signal

22

Frequency Spectrum range (set) of frequencies that signal contains Absolute Bandwidth width of signal spectrum: B = fhighest - flowest
of Analog Signal

Effective Bandwidth range of frequencies where signal contains most

of Analog Signal of its power/energy

square wave

3-harmonic representation

Composite Analog Signals (cont.)

Example [ frequency spectrum and bandwidth of analog signal ]
A periodic signal is composed of five sinewaves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700 and 900 Hz. What is the bandwidth of this signal? Draw the frequency spectrum, assuming all components have a max amplitude of 10V. Solution: B = fhighest - flowest = 900 - 100 = 800 Hz The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900.

23

Composite Analog Signals (cont.)

Example [ frequency spectrum of a data pulse ]

24

n 2A sin T sin( f ) or sin(x) n x f T T

envelope of frequency spectrum

periodic signal discrete freq. spectrum

aperiodic signal continuous freq. spectrum

What happens if 0 ???

Composite Analog Signals (cont.)

Composite Signals and no transmission medium is perfect each medium passes some frequencies and Transmission Medium
blocks or weakens others

25

composite signal sent at one end of transmiss.

medium (comm. channel), may not be received in the same form at the other end
passing a square wave through any medium

will always deform the signal !!!

communication channel

Channel Bandwidth range of frequencies passed by the channel

difference between highest and lowest frequency that channel can satisfactorily pass

26

Data vs. Signal Analog vs. Digital Analog Signals

Simple Analog Signals Composite Analog Signals

Digital Signals

Digital Signals
Digital Signals sequence of voltage pulses (DC levels) each pulse
represents a signal element

27

binary data are transmitted using only 2 types of signal elements ( 1 = positive voltage, 0 = negative voltage ) key digital-signals terms: bit interval time required to send a single bit, unit: [sec] bit rate number of bit intervals per second unit: [bps]

Most digital signals are aperiodic, Most digital signals are aperiodic, so it is not appropriate // correct to talk about their period. so it is not appropriate correct to talk about their period.

Digital Signals (cont.)

28

digital signal, with all its sudden changes, Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal is actually a composite signal having an
infinite number of frequencies

a digital signal is a composite signal with an infinite bandwidth if a medium has a wide bandwidth, a digital signal can be sent through it
some frequencies will be weakened or blocked; still, enough frequencies will be passed to preserve a decent signal shape

what is the minimum required bandwidth B [Hz] of a band-limited medium if we want to send n [bps]?

Digital Signals (cont.)

Assume our computer generates 6 bps. Possibilities (periodic combinations) : 000000, 111111, 110011, 101010 etc. 1. Best case: min # of changes min freq. of substitute analog signal

29

Example [ approximation of digital signals spectrum using 1st harmonic ]

2.

Worst case max # of changes max freq. of substitute analog signal

bit rate: n = 6 [bps] frequency: B = 3 [Hz]
B n 2

Exercise
1. Before data can be transmitted, they must be transformed to _______________. (a) periodic signals (b) electromagnetic signals (c) aperiodic signals (d) low-frequency sinewaves 2. In a frequency-domain plot, the vertical axis measures the _______________. (a) peak amplitude (b) frequency (c) phase (d) slope 3. In a time-domain plot, the vertical axis measures the _______________. (a) peak amplitude (b) amplitude (c) frequency (d) time 4. If the bandwidth of a signal is 5 KHz and the lowest frequency is 52 KHz, what is the highest frequency _______________. (a) 5 KHz (b) 10 KHz (c) 47 KHz (d) 57 KHz

30

Exercise
5. If one of the components of a signal has a frequency of zero, the average amplitude of the signal _______________. (a) is greater than zero (b) is less than zero (c) is zero (d) (a) or (b) 6. Give two sinewaves A and B, if the frequency of A is twice that of B, then the period of B is ________________ that of A. (a) one-half (b) twice (c) the same as (d) indeterminate from 7. A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps. (a) How long does it take to send out 10 bits? (b) How long does it take to send out a single character (8 bits)? (c) How long does it take to send a file of 100,000 characters?

31