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An Example OWL Ontology

This document provides an overview of the OWL ontology language, including its variants, syntaxes, and how it is used to build ontologies and represent knowledge. It demonstrates OWL concepts like classes, properties, individuals, and reasoning through examples in a sample ontology about people and their pets. The examples show how class definitions and relationships between individuals in the ontology allow logical inferences to be made.

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67 views24 pages

An Example OWL Ontology

This document provides an overview of the OWL ontology language, including its variants, syntaxes, and how it is used to build ontologies and represent knowledge. It demonstrates OWL concepts like classes, properties, individuals, and reasoning through examples in a sample ontology about people and their pets. The examples show how class definitions and relationships between individuals in the ontology allow logical inferences to be made.

Uploaded by

uatachi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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An Example OWL Ontology

A small OWL ontology


to demonstrate the syntaxes of OWL to demonstrate how to use OWL to demonstrate the utility of OWL to demonstrate reasoning in OWL

Three Variants of OWL


OWL Full an extension of RDF allows for classes as instances, modication of RDF and OWL vocabularies OWL DL the part of OWL Full that ts in the Description Logic framework known to have decidable reasoning OWL Lite a subset of OWL DL easier for frame-based tools to transition to easier reasoning
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Two Syntaxes for OWL


RDF/XML documents

http://www.cs.man/ac/uk/horrocks/ISWC2003/Tutorial/people+pets.owl.rdf

so that OWL is part of the Semantic Web so that OWL can be an extension of RDF so that RDF applications can parse OWL

abstract syntax
http://www.cs.man/ac/uk/horrocks/ISWC2003/Tutorial/people+pets.abs easier to read and write manually corresponds more closely to Description Logics and Frames

Living in the Semantic Web and World Wide Web


names in OWL are RDF URI references e.g., http://cohse.semanticweb.org/ontologies/people#pet often (informally) abbreviated via XML qualied names e.g., pp:pet data items belong to XML Schema datatypes e.g., XML Schema integers and strings generally written in RDF/XML form e.g., 78sd:integer, Susan8sd:string

How is OWL Used


1. build an ontology create the ontology name classes and provide information about them name properties and provide information about them (would be slightly inaccurate to say dene here) 2. state facts about a domain provide information about individuals 3. reason about ontologies and facts determine consequences of what was built and stated

Creating Ontologies
information in OWL is generally in an ontology ontologya branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being [Merriam-Webster Dictionary] an ontology determines what is of interest in a domain and how information about it is structured an OWL ontology is just a collection of information, generally mostly information about classes and properties Ontology([name] ...) ontologies can include (import) information from other ontologies Ontology([name] owl:imports(<name>) ...)
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Classes
What is a Class? e.g., person, pet, old a collection of individuals (object, things, . . . ) a way of describing part of the world an object in the world (OWL Full)

Example Classes

Class(pp:animal partial restriction(pp:eats someValuesFrom(owl:Thing))) Class(pp:person partial pp:animal) Class(pp:man complete intersectionOf(pp:person pp:male pp:adult)) Class(pp:animal+lover complete intersectionOf(pp:person restriction(pp:has_pet minCardinality(3))))

Example Classes

Class(pp:vegetarian complete intersectionOf(pp:animal restriction(pp:eats allValuesFrom(complementOf(pp:animal))) restriction(pp:eats allValuesFrom( complementOf(restriction(pp:part_of someValuesFrom(pp:animal))))))) DisjointClasses(pp:young pp:adult)

Properties
What is a Property? e.g., has father, has pet, service number a collection of relationships between individuals (and data) a way of describing a kind of relationship between individuals an object in the world (OWL Full)

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Example Properties

ObjectProperty(pp:eaten_by) ObjectProperty(pp:eats inverseOf(pp:eaten_by) domain(pp:animal)) ObjectProperty(pp:has_pet domain(pp:person) range(pp:animal)) ObjectProperty(pp:is_pet_of inverseOf(pp:has_pet)) DataProperty(pp:service_number range(xsd:integer)) SubPropertyOf(pp:has_pet pp:likes)

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Individuals
objects in the world belong to classes are related to other objects and to data values via properties

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Example Individuals

Individual(pp:Tom type(owl:Thing)) Individual(pp:Dewey type(pp:duck)) Individual(pp:Rex type(pp:dog) value(pp:is_pet_of pp:Mick)) Individual(pp:Mick type(pp:male) value(pp:reads pp:Daily+Mirror) value(pp:drives pp:Q123+ABC)) Individual(pp:The42 type(pp:bus) value(pp:service_number "42"xsd:integer))

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The OWL View of Life


OWL is not like a database system no requirement that the only properties of an individual are those mentioned in a class it belongs to no assumption that everything is known How many pets does Mick have? (Answer: at least one) classes and properties can have multiple denitions statements about individuals need not be together in a document
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Using OWL (Building Ontologies)


determine how the world (domain) should work determine the classes and properties in the domain determine domains and ranges for properties determine characteristics of classes add individuals and relationships as necessary some individuals belong here iterate until good enough package all this into an ontology hope that someone else has done most of the work just import all that work build the OWL ontology ask whether the ontology is consistent ask whether the classes are coherent
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Using OWL (for a Particular Task)


populate the world (for a particular task) determine the individuals needed for the task determine the relationships between individuals often this will be easy information already in some database, etc. write the information in OWL ask whether the information is consistent ask whether other information is entailed

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What Follows in the Example Ontology

Class(pp:old+lady complete intersectionOf(pp:elderly pp:female pp:person)) Class(pp:old+lady partial intersectionOf( restriction(pp:has_pet allValuesFrom(pp:cat)) restriction(pp:has_pet someValuesFrom(pp:animal)))) Every old lady must have a pet cat. (Because she must have some pet and all her pets must be cats.)

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What Follows in the Example Ontology

Class(pp:cow partial pp:vegetarian) Class(pp:mad+cow complete intersectionOf(pp:cow restriction(pp:eats someValuesFrom(intersectionOf(pp:brain restriction(pp:part_of someValuesFrom pp:sheep)))))) There can be no mad cows. (Because cows, as vegetarians, dont eat anything that is a part of an animal.)

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What Follows in the Example Ontology


ObjectProperty(pp:has_pet domain(pp:person) range(pp:animal)) Class(pp:old+lady complete intersectionOf(pp:elderly pp:female pp:person)) Class(pp:old+lady partial intersectionOf(restriction(pp:has_pet allValuesFrom(pp:cat)) restriction(pp:has_pet someValuesFrom(pp:animal)))) Individual(pp:Minnie type(pp:elderly) type(pp:female) value(pp:has_pet pp:Tom)) Minnie must be a person (because pet owners are human) and thus is an old lady. Thus Tom must be a cat (because all pets of old ladies are cats).
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What Follows in the Example Ontology (extended)


Class(pp:animal+lover complete intersectionOf(pp:person restriction(pp:has_pet minCardinality(3)))) Individual(pp:Walt type(pp:person) value(pp:has_pet pp:Huey) value(pp:has_pet pp:Louie) value(pp:has_pet pp:Dewey)) DifferentIndividuals(pp:Huey pp:Louie pp:Dewey) Walt must be an animal lover. Note that stating that Walt is a person is redundant.
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What Follows in the Example Ontology


Class(pp:van partial pp:vehicle) Class(pp:driver partial pp:adult) Class(pp:driver complete intersectionOf(restriction(pp:drives someValuesFrom(pp:vehicle)) pp:person)) Class(pp:white+van+man complete intersectionOf(pp:man restriction(pp:drives someValuesFrom(intersectionOf(pp:white+thing pp:van))))) Class(pp:white+van+man partial restriction(pp:reads allValuesFrom pp:tabloid))
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What Follows in the Example Ontology

Individual(pp:Q123+ABC type(pp:white+thing) type(pp:van)) Individual(pp:Mick type(pp:male) value(pp:reads pp:Daily+Mirror) value(pp:drives pp:Q123+ABC)) Mick drives a white van, so he must be an adult (because all drivers are adults). As Mick is male, thus he is a white van man, so any paper he reads must be a tabloid, thus the Daily Mirror is a tabloid.

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Can All This Really be Done?


quite a bit is going on here reasoning in OWL is difcult next part of tutorial

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