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    Indice de Bromo

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    pons5
    This document describes a procedure for determining the bromine index (BI) of hydrocarbons using coulometric titration. The BI is a measure of unsaturated double bonds that react with bromine. In the method, bromine is generated electrochemically in a titration cell and reacts with the double bonds until the endpoint is reached. The BI is calculated based on the amount of bromine used. Standards with known BI values were accurately determined using this method with either a generator electrode with a diaphragm or without. The method was also used to determine the BI of samples like octene, decene, and toluene.

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    Indice de Bromo

    Uploaded by

    pons5
    148 views7 pages
    This document describes a procedure for determining the bromine index (BI) of hydrocarbons using coulometric titration. The BI is a measure of unsaturated double bonds that react with bromine. In the method, bromine is generated electrochemically in a titration cell and reacts with the double bonds until the endpoint is reached. The BI is calculated based on the amount of bromine used. Standards with known BI values were accurately determined using this method with either a generator electrode with a diaphragm or without. The method was also used to determine the BI of samples like octene, decene, and toluene.

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    Indice de bromo

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    This document describes a procedure for determining the bromine index (BI) of hydrocarbons using coulometric titration. The BI is a measure of unsaturated double bonds that react with bromine. In the method, bromine is generated electrochemically in a titration cell and reacts with the double bonds until the endpoint is reached. The BI is calculated based on the amount of bromine used. Standards with known BI values were accurately determined using this method with either a generator electrode with a diaphragm or without. The method was also used to determine the BI of samples like octene, decene, and toluene.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    148 views7 pages

    Indice de Bromo

    Uploaded by

    pons5
    This document describes a procedure for determining the bromine index (BI) of hydrocarbons using coulometric titration. The BI is a measure of unsaturated double bonds that react with bromine. In the method, bromine is generated electrochemically in a titration cell and reacts with the double bonds until the endpoint is reached. The BI is calculated based on the amount of bromine used. Standards with known BI values were accurately determined using this method with either a generator electrode with a diaphragm or without. The method was also used to determine the BI of samples like octene, decene, and toluene.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Application Bulletin 340 / e

    Bromine index (BI) by coulometric titration


    Of interest to

    General analytical chemistry

    Summary
    General
    This bulletin describes a procedure to determine the bromine index (BI) using coulometric titration. The bromine index is the fraction of reactive unsaturated compounds (mostly C=C double bonds) in hydrocarbons encountered in the petrochemical industry. The double bonds are split with the attachment addition of bromine:

    R-C=C-R

    Br2

    R - CBr - CBr - R

    The bromine index (BI) is the number of mg bromine (Br2) that are bound by 100 g sample.

    Generally this method is applicable for olefin-free hydrocarbons with a bromine index lower than 1000. Products with a bromine index larger than 1000 are typically determined by means of potentiometric titration as the bromine number. However, if longer titration times are acceptable coulometric analysis is possible as well. The bromine needed for the determination is generated directly in the titration cell by applying a current to the generator electrode. The current releases the stoichiometrically corresponding amount of bromine from the bromide-containing reagent by electrolysis. This means that the coulometric determination of the bromine index is an absolute method a titer does not need to be determined.

    Instruments and accessories


    2.851.0010 2.851.0110 2.852.0050 2.852.0150 Balance 851 Titrando with generator electrode with diaphragm 851 Titrando with generator electrode without diaphragm 852 Titrando with generator electrode with diaphragm 852 Titrando with generator electrode without diaphragm Resolution 0.1 mg

    Application Bulletin 340 / e Bromine index by coulometric titration Page 2/7

    Reagents
    Generator electrode with diaphragm
    For titrations using the generator electrode with diaphragm the following reagents are used: Working medium (Anolyte) 600 mL glacial acetic acid 260 mL methanol Filled up to 1000 mL with aqueous potassium bromide solution, c(KBr) = 1 mol/L. Katholyte Aqueous potassium chloride solution, c(KCl) = 0.2 mol/L.

    Generator electrode without diaphragm


    For titrations using the generator electrode without diaphragm only one reagent is required: Working medium 600 mL glacial acetic acid 260 mL methanol Filled up to 1000 mL with aqueous potassium bromide solution, c(KBr) = 1 mol/L

    Remark
    Generally the reagents are exchanged after addition of approximately 10 mL of sample. In case the reagent turns turbid, the reagent is exhausted and needs to be exchanged. Discard the contents of the titration vessel and fill it with fresh reagent. In case the generator electrode with diaphragm is used, change the katholyte as well.

    Samples
    BI standards (10, 100 and 1000) according to ASTM 2710 (Analytical Services, Inc.) Octene Decene Toluene

    Sample sizes
    Depending on the expected bromine index the sample size should be adapted. The following table shows Expected bromine index up to 10 10 to 100 100 to 1000 Redommended sample size 2 to 5 g 1 to 2 g 0.3 to 1 g

    Tab. 1: Recommended sample sizes depending on the expected bromine index

    Application Bulletin 340 / e Bromine index by coulometric titration Page 3/7

    Parameters
    Generally the following parameters have been used. I(pol) 1 A (with dia-

    Generator cur- auto mA rent1 phragm)

    400 mA (without diaphragm) Stirring rate Start drift Drift correction EP at Titration rate Stop drift Delay time
    1

    8 20 g/min off 200 mV


    1

    optimal drift & time 15 g/min 40 s

    Stop criterion

    Tab. 2: Parameters for BI determination There might be the need to adapt the generator current and the maximal titration rate (max. rate) to the sample which is analyzed.

    Calculation
    The result of the bromine index determination is calculated in mg/100g using the following formula:
    mg Bro min e Index 100 g EP 0.1 Sample size

    EP 0.1 Sample size

    = bromine, which has been produced to reach the endpoint [g] = calculation factor for mg/100g = weight of used sample [g]

    Filling of titration vessel


    Make sure that the equipment (titration vessel, generator electrode, indicator electrode, ) are clean. If the generator electrode with diaphragm is used, approximately 100 mL of the working medium are filled into the titration vessel. The generator electrode itself is filled with c(KCl) = 0.2 mol/L until working medium and potassium chloride solution have the same level. With the generator electrode without diaphragm only one reagent is required. To prepare the titration vessel, 100 mL of the working medium are filled into it. After conditioning wait until a stable drift of approximately 10 g/min is reached - the titration vessel is ready for the addition of sample and the subsequent determination of the bromine index.

    Application Bulletin 340 / e Bromine index by coulometric titration Page 4/7

    Examples of application
    Different substances with various bromine indexes have been analyzed. Following, examples of titration curves and results of these measurements are shown. All samples have been measured with a generator electrode with diaphragm, as well as with a generator electrode without diaphragm.

    Bromine index standards


    Three certified bromine index standard solutions have been analyzed. The standards consisted of cyclohexene and toluene and had BI values of 10, 100 and 1000 respectively.

    Fig. 1: Titration curve of cyclohexene standard solution Fig. 2: Titration curve of cyclohexene standard solution (BI 1000) with generator electrode without diaphragm. (BI 1000) with generator electrode with diaphragm.

    Generator electrode with diaphragm: Sample size [g] 2.6933 2.0541 2.4956 2.2577 2.6627 Mean value SD RSD BI [mg/100g] 10.53 10.59 10.54 10.63 10.67 10.6 0.06 0.56 Sample size [g] 1.7143 2.1335 2.2627 2.1036 2.4415 99.34 98.83 98.59 98.72 98.48 98.8 0.33 0.34 BI [mg/100g] Sample size [g] 0.1445 0.1974 0.2398 0.1224 0.2505 980.05 977.74 977.70 986.06 978.90 980.1 3.47 0.35 BI [mg/100g]

    Tab. 3: Cyclohexen Standard 10, 100 and 1000.

    Application Bulletin 340 / e Bromine index by coulometric titration Page 5/7

    Generator electrode without diaphragm: Sample size [g] 2.3335 2.5055 2.4255 2.5476 2.2755 Mean value SD RSD BI [mg/100g] 10.53 10.50 10.53 10.58 10.69 10.6 0.08 0.71 Sample size [g] 1.9641 2.0677 2.0471 2.1616 2.5692 99.30 99.06 98.90 98.97 98.61 99.0 0.25 0.25 BI [mg/100g] Sample size [g] 0.1458 0.1963 0.2115 0.1847 0.2626 978.09 978.26 979.78 982.24 976.73 979.0 2.10 0.21 BI [mg/100g]

    Tab. 4: Cyclohexen Standard 10, 100 and 1000.

    Octene
    To determine the BI value of octene, it was diluted with toluene. The calculated bromine index of the mixture was 543.

    Fig. 3: Titration curve of octene in toluene (BI 543) with Fig. 4: Titration curve of octene in toluene (BI 543) with generator electrode without diaphragm. generator electrode with diaphragm.

    with diaphragm Sample size [g] 0.4296 0.3362 0.3614 0.3437 0.2335 Mean value SD RSD BI [mg/100g] 527.3 513.7 526.8 518.0 518.7 520.9 5.93 1.14

    without diaphragm Sample size [g] 0.4342 0.4777 0.3637 0.3973 0.3497 BI [mg/100g] 523.7 518.5 535.3 517.7 542.8 527.6 11.03 2.09

    Tab. 5: Results of the octene determination

    Application Bulletin 340 / e Bromine index by coulometric titration Page 6/7

    Decene
    To determine the BI value of decene, it was diluted with toluene. The calculated bromine index of the mixture was 1247.

    Fig. 5: Titration curve of decene in toluene (BI 1247) Fig. 6: Titration curve of decene in toluene (BI 1247) with generator electrode without diaphragm. with generator electrode with diaphragm.

    with diaphragm Sample size [g] 0.4036 0.1913 0.2360 0.2523 0.3014 Mean value SD RSD BI [mg/100g] 1243.8 1257.6 1234.3 1242.4 1247.5 1245.1 8.48 0.68

    without diaphragm Sample size [g] 0.2252 0.2093 0.2395 0.2142 0.3110 1247.8 1224.8 1240.7 1228.9 1246.5 1237.7 10.39 0.84 BI [mg/100g]

    Tab. 6: Results of the decene determination

    Application Bulletin 340 / e Bromine index by coulometric titration Page 7/7

    Toluene
    Toluene was injected directly into the titration vessel.

    Fig. 7: Titration curve of toluene with generator elec- Fig. 8: Titration curve of toluene with generator electrode with diaphragm. trode without diaphragm.

    with diaphragm Sample size [g] 2.3040 2.2942 2.3295 2.2784 2.2258 Mean value SD RSD BI [mg/100g] 4.46 4.27 4.14 4.45 4.11 4.3 0.17 3.86

    without diaphragm Sample size [g] 2.3344 2.2631 2.2615 2.2151 2.3528 BI [mg/100g] 4.16 4.27 4.37 4.25 4.24 4.3 0.08 1.77

    Tab. 7: Results of the toluene determination

    Conclusion
    Due to the easier handling the use of a generator electrode without diaphragm is recommended for the determination of the bromine index. However, the results show that the bromine index can be determined with both types of generator electrodes (with or without diaphragm).

    Literature
    ASTM D 1492 08, Standard Test Method for Bromine Index of Aromatic Hydrogencarbons by Coulometric Titration

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