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What Is A Microarray?

This document discusses DNA microarrays and their use in analyzing gene expression. It begins by defining a DNA microarray as a grid of DNA spots containing probes used to detect complementary DNA or RNA sequences of interest. Microarrays allow researchers to globally survey gene expression by measuring mRNA levels in samples hybridized to the array. The document outlines different types of microarrays, including expression arrays which measure mRNA levels and indicate changes in gene expression, and resequencing arrays which detect single nucleotide polymorphisms. It emphasizes that microarray data measures relative rather than absolute mRNA levels, and that the relationship between mRNA and protein levels is complex. The remainder provides details about using microarrays to study how antipsychotic drugs affect breast cancer cells by influencing cholesterol synthesis

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Stephen Ngu Ming Hin
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views

What Is A Microarray?

This document discusses DNA microarrays and their use in analyzing gene expression. It begins by defining a DNA microarray as a grid of DNA spots containing probes used to detect complementary DNA or RNA sequences of interest. Microarrays allow researchers to globally survey gene expression by measuring mRNA levels in samples hybridized to the array. The document outlines different types of microarrays, including expression arrays which measure mRNA levels and indicate changes in gene expression, and resequencing arrays which detect single nucleotide polymorphisms. It emphasizes that microarray data measures relative rather than absolute mRNA levels, and that the relationship between mRNA and protein levels is complex. The remainder provides details about using microarrays to study how antipsychotic drugs affect breast cancer cells by influencing cholesterol synthesis

Uploaded by

Stephen Ngu Ming Hin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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20/04/12

What is a Microarray?
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Microarray has become a general term, there are many types now
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Microarray practical
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DNA microarrays Protein microarrays Transfection microarrays Tissue microarray

Well be discussing DNA microarrays

Louise Lutze-Mann

What is a DNA Microarray?


A grid of DNA spots (probes) on a support used to detect complementary sequences } The DNA spots can be deposited by
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} } }

DNA microarrays

Piezolectric (ink jet style) Pen Photolithography (Affymetrix)

The support can be plastic, glass, silicon (Affymetrix) RNA/DNA of interest is labelled and hybridizes with the array } Hybridization with probes is detected optically.
} }

Global survey of gene expression

cDNA Arrays

20/04/12

Types of DNA microarrays


What is measured depends on the chip design and the laboratory protocol: } Expression
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Expression arrays for breast cancer

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Resequencing Tiling
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Measure mRNA expression levels (usually polyadenylated mRNA) Detect changes in genomic regions of interest

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SNP ?...
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Tiles probes over an entire genome for various applications (novel transcripts, ChIP, epigenetic modifications) Detect which known SNPs are in the tested DNA
295 primary breast cancers Women under 53 years of age 70 genes found to be prognostic

Kaplan-Meier plot for 151 breast cancer patients followed for 10 years

What do Expression Arrays really measure? Gene Expression mRNA levels in a cell } mRNA levels averaged over a population of cells in a sample } relative mRNA levels averaged over populations of cells in multiple samples } relative mRNA hybridization readings averaged over populations of cells in multiple samples } some relative mRNA hybridization readings averaged over populations of cells in multiple samples
} }
}

Patients with a good signature derive no benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy

It appears that some transcripts just cant be detected accurately by these techniques.

Central Assumption of Gene Expression Microarrays


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The project
Patients with schizophrenia have a reduced cancer incidence compared with the rest of the population } We found that the drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia inhibit the growth of cancer cells
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The level of a given mRNA is positively correlated with the expression of the associated protein.
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Higher mRNA levels mean higher protein expression, lower mRNA means lower protein expression Protein degradation, mRNA degradation, polyadenylation, codon preference, translation rates, alternative splicing, translation lag

Other factors:
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This is relatively obvious, but worth emphasizing

20/04/12

Antipsychotic drugs affect the growth of breast cancer cells

The project
How? Why? We found is that these drugs impact cholesterol synthesis and transport in the cell } Cholesterol is required to synthesis membranes in new cells } Statins are drugs that block HMG-CoA reductase the first committed step in cholesterol synthesis } These drugs are currently in use to treat hypercholesterolaemia
} }

Response to a statin varies in the different breast cancer cell lines WHY?

Why the difference in response to statin?


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Two cell lines:


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MB-175 sensitive SK-BR-3 relatively resistant

} } } } }

Treated with 10 M mevastatin for 24 hrs RNA was isolated and used to make cDNA Microarray analysis Genes that are differentially regulated will be identified Need to confirm by RT-PCR YOU!!!!!!

Affymetrix Expression Arrays

http://www.affymetrix.com/technology/ge_analysis/index.affx

20/04/12

Data generated:
Gene identity SKBR-3 treated cells vs control MB175 treated cells vs control MB175 control vs SKBR-3 control MB175 treated vs SKBR-3 treated

Venn diagram showing genes shared between cell lines and/or treatment

3449 lines of data

Prac Class
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Prac class - Semi-quantitative RT-PCR


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Week 1
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Microarray on-line virtual experiment Tour of Ramaciotti Centre Isolate RNA Analysis of microarray results Reverse transcription of mRNA and PCR on cDNA Analysis and report writing

Week 2
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Treat cells (done for you) Harvest cells and isolate RNA using Trizol 2 cell lines
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MB-175 control and drug-treated SK-BR-3 control and drug-treated

Week 3
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Week 4
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Each pair of students will isolate RNA from one cell line, so 2 samples (control and treated) } Reverse transcribe mRNA (how?) } PCR with gene-specific primers which genes? } Analyse on gel
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Purity & Quantity of Sample

Nucleic Acid Quality Control


Dr. Helen Speirs
NanoDrop ND-1000

Need only 1 l of sample. No cuvette required. Broad spectral output. Detection limit 2 3000ng for RNA

Sample Quality

Purity & Quantity

Quality/Integrity

20/04/12

The Good Pure RNA

The Bad

The Bad Made Good

The Ugly - Trizol Contamination

clean

original

Intact RNA - eukaryotic


28S rRNA 18S rRNA

Assessing RNA Quality - Agilent Bioanalyzer Service

28S rRNA 18S rRNA

marker 5S region
28S rRNA 18S rRNA

28S rRNA 18S rRNA

5S rRNA

5S region

5S region

20/04/12

Partially Degraded RNA

Bacterial Contamination in Cultured Cells


28S marker 18S 23S

16S

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