s2 1 2

1. A particle in a two dimensional box of sides a.
If a perturbation
V
= xy
is applied, nd the change in the energy of the ground state and the rst excited
state.
Unperturbed Wavefunctions and energies:
m,n
(x, y) =
2
a
sin
_
mx
a
_
sin
_
ny
a
_
(1)
E
(0)
m,n
=
h
2
2
2ma
2
_
m
2
+n
2
_
(2)
where m, n = 1, 2, . . ..
The ground state corresponds to m = 1 and n = 1 and is non-degenerate. First
order correction:
E
(1)
1,1
=
1,1
|xy|
1,1
(3)
=
_
2
a
_
2
_
L
0
xsin
2
_
x
a
_
dx
_
L
0
y sin
2
_
y
a
_
dy (4)
=
a
2
4
(5)
The rst excited level is two-fold degenerate. The two degenerate states are
1,2
and
2,1
. The perturbation matrix in this subspace is
_
a
2
4
_
8a
9
2
_
2
_
8a
9
2
_
2
a
2
4
_
(6)
After diagonalising the matrix, we get rst order correction to energy
a
2
_
1
4

_
8
9
2
_
2
_
2. A rotator whose orientation is specied by the angular coordinates and
performs a hindered rotation described by the Hamiltonian
H = AL
2
+B h
2
cos 2
with A >> B. Calculate the S, P and D energy levels of this system in the rst
order perturbation theory, and work out unperturbed energy eigenfunctions.
Let H
0
= AL
2
and H
1
= B h
2
cos 2. Eigenstates of H
0
are Y
lm
(, ) with energies
E
l
= A h
2
l(l + 1) and degeneracy
_
2
l + 1
_
. Y
lm
(, ) = P
lm
(cos ) e
im
.
(Y
lm
, cos 2Y
lm
) =
_
P
lm
(cos ) P
lm
(cos ) d cos
_
e
i(m
m)
cos 2d
= C
m,m
2
For S state, there is no rst order correction. For P states, The hamiltonian matrix
is
_
_
0 0 B h
2
a
0 0 0
B h
2
a 0 0
_
_
(7)
where a =
_
Y
11
Y
11
d =
3
8
_
0
sin
3
d
_
2
0
cos (2) e
2i
d =
1
2
. Hence the P
level splits into three levels.
1
3. For a particle of mass m moving in the potential
V =
1
2
kx
2
+
1
2
ky
2
+xy
Find the approximate expressions for energy of the ground state and the rst
excited state.
Unperturbed system is isotropic harmonic oscillator. Energies are given by (n
x
+
n
y
+ 1) h. Corresponding eigenstates are denoted by |n
x
, n
y
. Perturbation is
H
= xy =
h
2m
(a
x
+a
x
)(a
y
+a
y
)
Ground state is non-degenerate. First order correction is zero. Excited state is
two-fold degenerate. The states are |0, 1 and |1, 0. The perturbation matrix is
_
0
h
2m
h
2m
0
_
Perturbed energies are then
h
2m
.
4. A particle of mass m and a charge q is placed in a box of sides (a, a, b), where
b < a. A weak electric eld
E = E(y/a, x/a, 0)
is applied. Find the energy of the ground state and the rst excited state.
The potential energy due to applied electric eld is qExy/a. Unperturbed energies
are
E
l,m,n
=
h
2
2
2m
_
l
2
+m
2
a
2
+
n
2
b
2
_
(8)
Ground state is nondegenerate. First excited state is two-fold degerate. What is the
degeneracy of the second excited state? Solution is simillar to that of problem 1.
5. Find the shift in the ground state energy of a 3D harmonic oscillator due to
relativistic correction to the kinetic energy.
Relativistic Correction: H
= p
4
/(8m
3
c
2
). Ground state wavefunction is
000
(r) =
_

_
3/2
e
2
r
2
/2
where =
_
m/ h. The correction term is given by
E
(2)
n
=
1
8m
3
c
2
p
4
(9)
=
1
2mc
2
(p
2
/(2m))
2
(10)
=
1
2mc
2
(H
0
(1/2)m
2
r
2
)
2
(11)
=
1
2mc
2
((E
(0)
0
)
2
E
(0)
0
m
2
r
2
+ (1/4)m
2
4
r
4
) (12)
Using
r
2
=
_

_
3
_

0
r
2
e
2
r
2
(4r
2
dr) =
3
2
2
(13)
r
4
=
_

_
3
_

0
r
4
e
2
r
2
(4r
2
dr) =
15
4
4
(14)
We get, E
(2)
n
= (7/32)( h)
2
/(mc
2
)
2
6. If the general form of a spin-orbit coupling for a particle of mass m and spin S
moving in a central potential V (r) is
H
SO
=
1
2m
2
c
2
S L
1
r
dV (r)
dr
,
what is the eect of the coupling on the spectrum of 3D harmonic oscillator?
For HO, the perturbation is
H
SO
=

2
2mc
2
S L
We can solve the HO in spherical polar coordinates (See Mathews and Venkatesan
pg:142). The energy eigenvalues are given by E
nlm
= (n + 3/2) h, where n =
0, 1, . . ., l = n, n 2, . . .. The corresponding wavefunctions are
nlm
= R
nl
Y
lm
,
where is a spin state. Here we can use the states |nlsjm >
J
. Alternatively, use
nondegenerate perturbation theory. The correction is given by
E
(1)
nlsjm
=
h
2
2
2mc
2
_
l
2
if j = l + 1/2
l+1
2
if j = l 1/2
3

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1. A particle in a two dimensional box of sides a.

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