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Lecture 1 - Introduction

Antennas convert radio waves into electrical signals and vice versa. The key components of an antenna system include the transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, duplexer, transmission lines, and combiner. Important antenna concepts are radiation patterns, impedance matching, polarization, and types including dipole, loop, fractal, and smart antennas. Advanced antenna systems use techniques like multi-beam and smart antennas to improve wireless coverage and capacity.

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Lalit Kultham
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55 views35 pages

Lecture 1 - Introduction

Antennas convert radio waves into electrical signals and vice versa. The key components of an antenna system include the transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, duplexer, transmission lines, and combiner. Important antenna concepts are radiation patterns, impedance matching, polarization, and types including dipole, loop, fractal, and smart antennas. Advanced antenna systems use techniques like multi-beam and smart antennas to improve wireless coverage and capacity.

Uploaded by

Lalit Kultham
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Antennas

Antennas can be thought of as a "transducer, that converts radio waves into electrical currents and voltages and vice versa - The human eye can detect EM waves in the visible region

Spacecraft antennas

Antenna System Components


Transmitter antenna Receiver antenna Duplexer Transmission lines Combiner Isolator other

Some Facts
Antenna Radiation Pattern
Same radiation pattern and gain for transmitting and receiving antenna

Transceiver
Transmitter and receiver electronics housed in a single unit Usually use a single antenna for both

Impedance Match
- Must be taken care of to reduce reflections between cables and inputs of antennas.

Main lobe maximum direction

Radiation patterns

1.0 Main lobe

Half-power Beamwidth (HPBW)


0 dB

Main lobe

0.5

Beamwidth between first nulls (BWFN)

- 3 dB

- 10 dB

Minor lobes
(b)

(a)

Isotropic Radiation Pattern


Characteristics
Completely non-directional antenna Radiates and receives equally well in all directions - Radiation pattern is spherical

Exists only as a mathematical concept Used as a reference

Antenna Polarization Polarization is an important property of EM Waves Orientation of E-field determines polarization
If electrical field is vertical, radio wave is polarized vertically If electrical field is horizontal, radio wave is polarized horizontally

Antenna of receiver should be oriented in same direction as polarization of transmitted field

Antenna Types

Radiation Pattern of Half-wave Dipole Antenna

3-D view

Vertical section

Horizontal section

Folded Dipole Antenna

Beam

Driven element length = l Reflector length = l/2 + 5%

Folded dipole antenna

Radiation pattern

Loop Antenna

Loop antenna

Radiation pattern in horizontal plane

Wide-Band Antennas

Fractal Antenna Design

- Similar to Bowtie antenna but more elements - Wide flare angle, Broadband (1.1GHz - 1.5GHz) - Dipole-like radiation pattern in all over the bandwidth.

g=19.4cm

SEM Photograph of an Array of Various Antenna Structures.

Signal Coverage Problems

Interference

Multipath condition

Co-Channel Interference

Advanced Antenna Systems


Are expensive Increase cell coverage and capacity without building additional sites Examples
Multi-beam antenna systems Smart antenna systems

Smart Antennas
Satellite

Helical and whip antennas for dual band applications

A meander antenna

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