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MIT24 244F09 Hand01

C.I. Lewis formulated five systems of modal logic called S1 through S5. S1 and S2 are the weakest systems while S4 and S5 are "normal" systems. Lewis developed these systems from the ground up using strict implication rather than material implication. The document then provides Lewis's original axiomatization of S1 and defines S2 as S1 plus one additional axiom. It concludes by giving an alternative modern formulation of S2 in terms of axiom schemata and rules of inference.

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32 views3 pages

MIT24 244F09 Hand01

C.I. Lewis formulated five systems of modal logic called S1 through S5. S1 and S2 are the weakest systems while S4 and S5 are "normal" systems. Lewis developed these systems from the ground up using strict implication rather than material implication. The document then provides Lewis's original axiomatization of S1 and defines S2 as S1 plus one additional axiom. It concludes by giving an alternative modern formulation of S2 in terms of axiom schemata and rules of inference.

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24.

244, Modal Logic Fall, 2009

C. I. Lewis's S1and S2
Lewis formulated five systems of modal logic of increasing strength: S1 to S5. Only the last two are normal systems, in a sense to be defined, but the weaker systems are of some interest. His idea was not to build modal logic on top of the standard extensional propositional logic, but to give axiom system from the ground up. He thought that Russells analysis of implication as material implication was unsatisfactory, and should be replaced by a different account. The standard account of negation, conjunction and disjunction were okay, in his view, and of course the material conditional is definable in terms of these other truth functional connectives, but Lewis thought of his strict implication as an alternative to the material conditional. The Lewis systems were first formulated in the early years of modern symbolic logic, not long after the publication of Russell and Whiteheads Principia Mathematica. The method was purely syntactic. Systems of axioms and rules were rigorously formulated, but the semantic interpretation was entirely informal. I will give Lewiss original axiomatization for S1, then state one additional axiom that, when added to S1 yields S2. Then I will give a more modern formulation for S2 that is equivalent to Lewiss system. The primitive symbols are propositional variables p, q, r, etc., parentheses, and three connectives: ~ for negation,  for conjunction (Lewis used a dot), and  for possibility. The axioms use a defined connective,  for strict implication, which has the following definition: (  ) =df ~(~). (Lewis used a hook symbol) Axioms 1. (pq)  (qp) 2. (pq)  p 3. p  (pp) 4. ((pq)r)  (p(qr)) 5. p  ~~p 6. ((p  q)(q  r))  (p  r) 7. (p(p  q))  q Rules 1. Substitution of provably necessary equivalents 2. Uniform substitution of sentences for sentence letters 3. Adjunction (If |-  and |-  , then |- () ) 4. Strict detachment (If |-  and |- (  ), then |- )

S2 has all of the axioms and rules of S1, plus one additional axiom: 8. (p  ~p)  (p  q)

An Alternative Formulation of S2 Axiom schemata A1. All tautologous sentences


A2.   
A3. (  )  (  )
Rules R1. If |-   , and |- , then |- 
R2. If  is an axiom, then |- 
R3. If |- (  ), then |- (  )

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24.244 Modal Logic


Fall 2009

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